Program Book

Community Service Project

AP STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(A STATUTORY BODY OFGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRAPRADESH)
COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT
On

CROP ROTATION
By

SK.AMANULLAH (22JN1A3346)

Under the guidance of

D r. P. KALYANI, M.Tech,PhD.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Sree venkateswara college of engineering

NAAC ‘A’ Grade Accredited Institution, An ISO 9001::2015 Certified Institution
(Approved by AICTE and New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU,Ananthapur)

North Rajupalem(Vi), Kodavalur (M), S.P.S.R. Nellore(Dt)-524316

2023-2024
 Program
Book For
Community Service Project

Name of the Student : SK.Amanullah

Name of the College : Sree Venkateswara College Of Engineering

Registration Number: 22JN1A3346

Period of CSP: 6 WEEKS From: 16 May To: 27 June 2024

2024

Title: CROP ROTATION

Name &Address of Community/Habitation : NORTH RAJUPALEM, NELLORE.

 Community Service Project Report
Submitted in accordance with the requirement or the degree of B.Tech

Name ofthe
: Sree Venkateswara College Of Engineering
College
: Computer Science And Engineering
Department

Name of the Faculty Guide : Dr.P.Kalyani,Mtech,PhD.,

Title :PLANTATION

Duration of the CSP : FROM :16 May TO: 27 June 2024

Name of the 2024
Student : SK.Amanullah

Programme of Study : B.tech

Year of study : 3rd year

Register Number : 22JN1A3346

Date of Submission :
 Student’s Declaration
I SK.Amaullah , a student of III year B.Tech Program, Reg. No. 22JN1A3346 of the Department of
CSE, in SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING College do hereby declare that I have
completed the mandatory community service from May 16 2024 to June 27 2024 in Plantation Program
under the Faculty Guideship of Dr.P.Kalyani,M.Tech.PhD, Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING in SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.

(Signature and Date)

Endorsements

Faculty Guide

Head of the Department

Principal
 Certificate from Official of the Community

This is to certify that Sk.Amanullah Kumar Reg.No: 22JN1A3346 of SREE VENKATESWARA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING underwent community service in CROP ROT ATION from 16th May 2024
to 27th June 2024.
The overall performance of the Community Service Volunteer during his/her
community service is found to be (Satisfactory/Good).

Authorized Signatory with Date and Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge everyone who has helped us in every stage of this
project. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in preparation of this
project.

My most sincere and grateful acknowledgments to Dr. P. GUNASEKHAR, CHAIRMAN who took
keen interest and encouraged us in every effort throughout this course.

I own my gratitude to Dr. C. PRAKASH RAO, Mtech,PhD., Principal, SREE VENKATESWARA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NELLORE and DR. P. KALYANI, M.Tech,PhD., Head of the
department, Computer Science And Engineering, for giving us the opportunity to to do this community
service project on the topic CROP ROTATION.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere deep sense of gratitude to our DR. P. KALYANI,
M.Tech,PhD Department of Computer Science And Engineering, for her significant suggestions and help in
every respect to accomplish the report.

I would like to thank Community Service Project coordinator Mrs.T.Anusha,M.Tech., for her
persisting encouragement and keen interest in discussions have benefited us to an extent that cannot be spanned
by words.

Also I would like to thank FARMERS AND RAJUPALEM GRAMA PANCHAYATH, for their constant
support and encouragement.

Finally I am thankful to the technical and non-technical staff of SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING, NELLORE, and also parents, friends and all my well-wishers for their assistance in
finishing the Community Service Project Successfully.

SK.Amanullah 22JN1A3359
 CHAPTER 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Crop rotation is a system of designing how to cycle a piece of land through various crops,
reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. It is how successful farmers nurtured
their land over generations, and remains vitally important for farmers today wanting to nourish their local
environment whilst growing good, healthy food.

The practice of crop rotation dates back to antiquity. Roman agronomists 2000 years ago thus
recommended the practice of alternating legumes and cereals in a rotation, including the use of legumes as green
manure. This is also a valuable practice in current organic farming systems. Our team will be trained in
this work and this will help us develop a passion for crop rotation. Schools in urban areas, where land for kitchen
gardens is not available, vegetables will be planted in pots. Green vegetables like a gourd, bitter gourd will be
planted in pots. These activities will increase the interest of the children in nature and inculcate in them the
feeling of preserving the environment.

OBJECTIVES:

✧Increase genetic diversity.

✧Promote more usage of natural pesticides.

✧Ensure the right soil cultivation at the right time.

✧Keep and build good soil structure and fertility.

✧Control pests, diseases and weeds.

 CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY

Crop rotation was practiced in India, since thousands of years. The great Indian civilization
thrived on Crop rotation and was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, till the British ruled it.
In traditional India, the entire agriculture was practiced using Crop rotation techniques, where the fertilizers,
pesticides, etc., were obtained from plant and animal products. The cow, not only provided milk, but also
provided bullocks for farming and dung which was used as fertilizers to improve the soil nutrients.

Crop rotation refers to the cultivation of different crops on a particular piece of land over
time. The succession of crops to be grown is carefully designed to ensure soil nutrients are sustained, pest
populations are controlled, weeds are suppressed and soil health is built. A crop rotation will cycle through
cash crops (such as vegetables), cover crops (grasses and cereals) and green manures (often legumes). The
exact sequence of crops will vary depending on local circumstances, with the critical design element being
an understanding what each crop contributes and takes from the soil.

For instance, nitrogen depleting crop should be preceded by a nitrogen fixing crop. The
central idea is to have the crops themselves sustain soil health, rather than planting the same crop year in, year
out, and then repairing soil health through fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides

SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:

⦿ Small land holding.

⦿ Poor infrastructure facilities.

⦿ Lack of technology knowledge.

⦿ Convert organic farm.

⦿ Neighbouring farmers will co-operate organic material such as animal dung and other crop waste used
for fuel purpose.
⦿ Organic material are bulky in nature, very difficult store and high price.

⦿ City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and needles.

⦿ Bio control agent are available only few selected insect needle.

⦿ Complicated organic certification process and high fees

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Students will understand how soil fertility is determined and how

plant nutrient deficiencies are identified.
 Students will understand the factors affecting the need to find sustainable practices for
production of food, feed and fiber crops and how to implement and evaluate them.

 Students will be able to identify soil types and how they are formed and ways to
modify soil structure and drainage to reduce erosion and improve water quality and
water availability to plants.
 CHAPTER 3
COMMUNITY SERVICE PART

Crop rotation, planting a different crop on a particular piece of land each growing season, is
required in organic crop production because it is such a useful tool in preventing soil diseases, insect pests,
weed problems, and for building healthy soils. Plants exude a spectrum of photosynthates into the soil that
are unique to each plant species, and these root exudates influence the soil microbial biodiversity, which, in
turn, supports soil function and plant health Crop rotations must fit with the farm’s production system,
equipment, labor, and market demand for the farm’s crops.

Different plants have different nutritional needs and are susceptible to different pathogens and pests.
If a farmer plants the exact same crop in the same place every year, as is common in conventional farming, she
continually draws the same nutrients out of the soil. Pests and diseases happily make themselves a permanent
home as their preferred food source is guaranteed. With monocultures like these, increasing levels of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides become necessary to keep yields high while keeping bugs and disease at bay. Crop
rotation helps return nutrients to the soil without synthetic inputs.

ACTIVITIES DONE:

☑Mulching.

☑Application of organic manure/organic fertilizers.

☑Crop rotation.
☑Use of medicinal plant products to control diseases, pests and parasites.
☑Rearing of livestock on natural feed stuffs without use of chemical additives.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK (16/05/2024 – 23/05/2024)

Person In-
DAY BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY LEARNING OUTCOME charge
& Signature
ACTIVITY
DATE

We visited a library near the surroundings

Day –1
of our area and asked the details of books
related to Crop rotation.
Books are only things which
has an infinite knowledge
about anything.

Researched thoroughly about

Day -2 It helped us a lot.
Crop rotation by the help of
“Agricultural Practices” named
book.

How effective is ethylene absorber Mangoes are

Day-3 sachets to delay ripening and harvested in June-
rotting Day-mangoes under July under of
ambient condition? humid conditions
and high
temperature more
than 40 degree
Celsius.
I wonder that if I would
What is the relationship between know the mathematical
Day-4 root depth and root propagation relationship to find the
with the Day-growth of shout system roof propagation of a
of a plant? fibrous rooted coconut
(Coccus nucifera) or a tap
mango tree (Mangifera
indica) then I can Install
it in a better place if need
to have a building where
ready was planted.

How Does Crop Rotation Control By changing the

Day-5 Pests? crop type, pests
specific to certain
plants are less
likely to thrive.

Which Crop Is Grown During Zaid crops require

Day-6 the Zaid Season in India? less water and
have shorter
growth durations.
 WEEK -1 REPORT

SIGNIFICANCE OF CROP ROTATION :

 Reduces pest and disease problems: Certain pests and diseases tend to target specific crops.

 By rotating crops, you can disrupt the life cycles of these pests and diseases, making it harder
for them to establish themselves.

 Reduces reliance on fertilizers and pesticides: Crop rotation can help to improve soil fertility
and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers.

 It can also help to control pests and diseases naturally, reducing the need for pesticides.

 Improves crop yields: Healthy soil leads to healthy crops. By improving soil health, crop
rotation can help to increase crop yields.

 Reduces soil erosion: Different crops have different root structures. By rotating crops, you can
help to protect the soil from erosion.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK (24/05/2024 – 30/05/2024)

LEARNING Person In-

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE charge
DAY OUTCOME Signature
DAILY ACTIVITY
& DATE

We visited Rajupalem There are rare people

Day –1 village which is who believe in
cultivating the farms. themselves
irrespective of
other’s.

We conducted a survey to know the details Knowing something

Day - 2 of farmers. is better than
nothing.

Day-3 Can natural farming mitigate climate Organic farming

change; does crop rotation contribute to avoids synthetic
climate change and mitigation technologies fertilizers and
for sustainable agriculture? pesticides, whose
production relies on
fossil fuels and
releases greenhouse
gasses.

Day-4 What are the aspects of diversification in Diversification

agricultural productive activities and includes two aspects,
difference between crop diversification and one relates to
crop rotation? diversification of crop
production and the
other relates to a shift
of workforce from
agriculture to other
allied activities and
non-agricultural sector.
Analyze the environmental and economic
Day-5 impacts of crop rotations aimed at Crop rotation is the
increasing food security and reducing practice of planting
water scarcity in different regions or different crops
climates. sequentially on the
same plot of land to
improve soil health,
optimize nutrients in
the soil, and combat
pest and weed
pressure.

Day-6 How can crop rotations be used to common rotation

improve soil health and fertility, reduce might involve planting
pest and disease pressure, and increase a nitrogen-fixing
yields? legume crop, followed
by a cereal crop, and
then a vegetable crop.
 WEEK – 2 REPORT

SURVEYING THE VILLAGE:

 Farmers’ Practices: Gather information on the current crop rotation practices in the village. Understand
which crops are grown, their sequence, and any variations based on seasons.

 Crop Calendar: Create a crop calendar for the village. Note when each crop is sown, harvested, and
rotated.This helps identify patterns and potential improvements.

 Soil Health: Assess soil health indicators such as nutrient levels, organic matter content, and pH.

 Pest and Disease Management: Investigate how crop rotation impacts pest and disease control. Are certain
crops rotated to break pest cycles? Document any successful strategies.

 Farmer Perspectives: Interview farmers to understand their motivations for specific crop rotations.Are
they diversifying for risk management or optimizing yields.

 Resource Constraints: Consider labour availability, water availability, and other resources. Some crops may
require more labour during planting or harvesting.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK (31/05/2024 – 06/06/2024)

Person In-
DAY BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY LEARNING OUTCOME charge
& DATE ACTIVITY Signature

Survey reveals the truth

Day –1 By the analysis of our survey , we found behind the things.
that the farmers are financially low.

We found that many problems like

pest controlling, weed management Problems for the plants
Day - 2 and limited supply of food etc. need pest controllers.

1. sugar beet - winter wheat

What is the best way to calculate the
- spring barley
yield of an entire crop rotation
2. field bean - winter wheat
including different kind of crops and
Day - 3 - winter barley - silage
different yield levels ? maize
3. oilseed rape - winter
wheat
- winter barley - spring oat
Cucumber double cropping
system is a typical intensive
Need the expert opinions and production model in China
Day - 4 suggestion on adopted with winter–spring (WS)
cropping system. I was little season and an autumn–
confused to identify the winter (AW) season
proposed cropping system in annually under plastic
my experiments. greenhouse vegetable
cultivation
(PGVC) structure.
1.Sandy soil
2.Chay soil
Types of soils 3.Loamy soil
Day - 5 4.Silty soil
5.Chully soil

There are various

organizations worldwide that
focus on promoting and
Day - 6 encouraging research and
Horticultural organizations
education in all branches of
horticultural science; such
organizations include The
International Society for
horticulture Sciences.
 WEEK – 3 REPORT

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS :

 As per our survey on the last week, we realized that the farmers are being suffering
from some problems in their farming.

 We went to the farms of the farmers to know the issues of plantation

facing currently.

 Since the farmers are facing financial issues, they can’t afford pest controllers
for their farms.

 As per our analysis, the farmers also suffering from loss for their products as
the organic products doesn’t bringing them profits.
ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK (07/06/2024 – 13/06/2024)
DAY
& DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
The solutions for the problems are time
Day –1 taking like rotating the crops and soil
preparation and harvesting etc.
We also realized that the marketing for
Day-2 organic products are also be a greater
solution for problems faced by organic
farmers.
Importance of Horticulture
Day-3
What are tillage and crop
establishment options for the
Day-4 sustainable rice-wheat systems and
how to reduce compaction and soil
erosion by reduced tillage?
What is the role of crop diversification
in sustainable agriculture and how crop
Day-5 diversification can benefit farmers,
consumers and the environment?
What is diversified system of farming
how it is beneficial to small and
Day-6 marginal farmers in India and role of
crop diversification in improving
household food security?
Person In-
charge
LEARNING OUTCOME Signature
Everything has a solution
unless we see it as a
problem.
Marketing plays a key role
in every business.
Horticulture enriches diets
Horticulture specifically,
growing fruits and vegetables
provides
critical nutrients for a
balanced diet
Sustainable rice-wheat systems
benefit from a range of tillage
and crop establishment options
designed to enhance soil
health and productivity.
Crop diversification plays
a crucial role in sustainable
agriculture by enhancing
resilience, improving soil
health, and increasing
biodiversity.
A diversified system of
farming involves cultivating a
variety of crops and integrating
livestock and other agricultural
activities on the same piece of
land. This approach contrasts
with monoculture, where only
one crop is grown.
 WEEK- 4 REPORT

SOLUTIONS FOR PROFITING CROP ROTATION :

 There are so many problems facing by the organic farmers based on

different categories.

 We researched and understand how to reduce these problems.

 For
the better growth of the plant, they must follow some methods like vermi
compost,seed harvesting.

 We also understood that the marketing of these products are also plays a key role
in profiting the farmers.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK (14/06/2024 – 20/06/2024)
DAY
& DATE
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
Day –1 We created some awareness in the
village by encouraging the Crop rotation.
We visited some areas near
to Rajupalem village to create
Day -2
awareness about organic
farming.
Why Indian farmers should
diversify their cropping
pattern from cereals to
Day -3
assertion reason and why
is agricultural
diversification essential for
sustainable development?
crop diversification ensures
varieties of proven benefit in
food security, climate
Day -4
change, soil rejuvenation.
does any outcome of crop
diversification undermines
benefits?
The effect of rain in
different months of the
cropping season on dry
Day -5
wheat yield
Modern technology and
synchronized cultivation
creating narrow genetic base
Day -6
foster biodiversity loss.
Could crop diversification
promote regenerative
agriculture and
reduce climate change risk?
Person In-
charge
LEARNING OUTCOME Signature
Awareness is nothing but
making someone understood
about something.
Creating awareness in
someone encourages
their talent.
Indian farmers should consider
diversifying their cropping
patterns from cereals to a
wider range of crops for
several compelling reasons.
Firstly, the assertion lies in the
need to mitigate risks
associated with
overreliance on a single crop.
While crop diversification
offers numerous benefits such
as enhanced food security,
improved resilience to climate
change, and soil rejuvenation,
it can also present challenges.
Rainfall during different
months of the cropping season
can significantly affect the
yield of dry wheat, with
varying impacts depending on
the timing and amount of
precipitation.
Crop diversification is a
powerful strategy for
tackling climate change due
to its multifaceted benefits
for agricultural systems and
ecosystems.
 WEEK – 5 REPORT

AWARENESS TOWARDS CROP ROTATION :

 Everything needs some awareness though the thing has its importance, we need
to create some awareness.

 We went to a rural area and grouped some villagers to create awareness.

 To encourage crop rotating procedures, we made them understood the benefits

of Crop rotating.

 The people understood that the crop rotation is better than the
conservative farming.
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SIXTH WEEK (21/06/2024 – 27/06/2024)
DAY
& charge
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DAILY
DATE
ACTIVITY
Day –1 We get signed in the report by the farmer
who helped us for our project.
Day-2
We also get signed in the report by the
Community VRO of that village.
How does climate change affect crop
diversification and need for diversification in
agriculture to boost farmers income in India
Day-3 and why diversification of cropped area is
important for food security?
How crop diversification is helpful to
stabilize the yield of the crop in the system
and crop diversification and resilience of
Day-4 agriculture to climatic shocks?
What is crop diversification for climate
resilience and strategies can be taken for
diversification of crops and climate resilience
Day-5 building among farmers through crop residue
management?
How is crop diversification helpful to stabilize
the yield of the crop in the system and important
aspects of diversification of agriculture activity? crops as they can grow in less
Day-6
Person In-
LEARNING OUTCOME Signature
Everyone has their
importance by their
own way.
Simplicity defines
their character.
Crop diversification provides
better conditions for food
security and enables farmers
to grow surplus products for
sale at market and thus help to
obtain increased income to
meet other needs related to
household well-being.
Through crop diversification,
farming households can spread
production and income risk
over a wider range of crops,
thus reducing livelihood
vulnerability to weather or
market shocks.
Crop diversification is one of
these sustainable practices, and
can take different forms and
scales and maintenance of
“multiple source of
production, and varying what
is produced across farming
landscapes (intercropping) and
overtime
(crop rotation).
Crops such as pulses, coarse
grains are known as hardy
nutrient and less water
available areas. These crops
even help in fixing nitrogen in
soil which is one of the very
essential components for
crops
growth.
 WEEK – 6 REPORT

AUTHORISED SIGNATORY :

 For the proof of our project, we need to get signed on our report by the
respective community heads.

 Firstly, we went to our project area .We asked the farmers to sign
the report in activity log book.

 Secondly ,since we had done our project in the community, we went to the
municipal office.

 We got signed by the VRO of that community in our project report.

 CHAPTER 5
OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION

A sample of 310 farmers was taken from 13 selected blocks. The

information collected with the help of questionnaire from the farmers by personal
interview method pertained to brief socio- economic profile of household and farm,
farm size, organic manures and pesticides used by farmers. A broad view of socio-
economic parameters of the respondents studied here included age, education,
family size and composition.

Age of respondents: The average age of the sample farmers came out to 46 years,
varying from 39 years to 51

Family size: The state has 1196thousand rural households of which 896 thousand
are in farming and the rest 25%have to depend upon off-farm employments.

Educational level: Nearly 60% of them were educated either up to high school
or intermediate level. Another 8% of them were graduates and 2.6% were
qualified up to master's level.

Farm size: The average operational holding was 5.6 acres, About 40% farmers
were marginal with less than 2.5 acre area and 28% of small farmers having area
of 2.5 to
5.0 acres, 22% were semi- medium (5-10 acres) and 7.7%as medium, Only 1.9%
could be rated as large farmers in the study sample. In spite of small farm size owned
and operated by large percentage of farmers, they had their own tractors.

Although many of them having small farm holdings were

having pooled tractors i.e.. 3-4 small farmers owned one tractor to ascertain the
availability of machine in time of need and avoid dependence on hired One.
Questionnaire
1. Are you currently involved in organic farming?
2. If yes, how long have you been practicing organic farming?
3. What motivated you to start organic farming?
4.What challenges have you faced while practicing organic farming?
5.What aspects of organic farming have you found to be the
most beneficial?
6. What advice would you give to someone who is interested in starting organic
farming?
7.Do you think organic farming is a viable option for large-scale
commercial farming?
8.Are there any other factors that you believe are important for successful
organic farming?
 PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION

Organic products are often appraised for their benefits to health and the environment.
There is a lot of hype around organic and not wrongly so. But when it comes to farming and producing
organic food, you should be aware that it also requires a lot of effort to deal with. The many challenges
of organic farming.

However, young and farmers interested in joining the organic farming bandwagon should
not be deterred from it. Instead, they should be aware of them in order to make an informed choice and be
better prepared to deal with those challenges. The Challenges of Organic Farming that Farmers Have to Deal
With,

1. Time is Critical
One of the main problems of organic farming is that of timing. This does not
concern all cases, but generally, organic produce and meats require efficient supply chains to reach the
market quicker.

2. Pests Want your Organic Products

Another critical challenge of organic farming is that of pest infestations that are as
old as farming itself. Pests such as rodents or insects, if not controlled, are responsible for the
destruction of crops. For that reason, humans have been using chemicals known as pesticides to deal
with them effectively for a long time now. However, as many of those chemicals are not of natural
origin and are toxic to the environment, they are not allowed in organic farming.

3. It is Harder to Market Organic Products

As mentioned above, in organic agriculture it is important that products reach the
market quickly in order to remain fresh and nutritious. However, living in a culture where commuting long
distances and online ordering is the norm, organic produce is at a disadvantage.
For this reason, organic farmers need to find local channels of distributing their
products that may not always be possible. Alternatively, farmers should invest in top-quality climate
control vehicles to allow longer transportation. That way, organic products can reach distant markets
where demand is high.

4. Limited Supply of Organic Food

One final challenge of organic farming is that production yields are lower compared
to conventionally grown food. In addition to lower production, mainly due to not using industrial fertilizers,
herbicides and pesticides, organic agriculture also requires more land to meet the previous production
levels.
 Short-term and long term action plan for possible solutions for the problems
identified and that could be recommended to the concerned authorities for
implementation.

Organic farming isn’t just a trend. It’s a sustainable lifestyle that has many
important benefits over non-organic farming. Whether you’re already a farmer, looking to transition toward
organic farming methods, or you’re wondering how to start an organic farm, there is plenty of information
to help you get started. Fortunately, you’ve come to the right place to learn everything from the benefits of
organic farming to tips on how to farm organically.

Organic action plans provide a framework for integrating policies and measures in
order to encourage organic sector development. Action plans serve as a strategic instrument for
governments and the sector as a whole to achieve policy goals. This is particularly important where
multiple policy goals such as organic sector growth and development, economic, market and rural
development and environment, public health and societal benefits need to be considered. Action plans
vision help create synergies and avoid contradictory policies whilst also ensuring that different measures
are complementary. Furthermore, action plans allow specific bottlenecks to be better addressed and they
enable broad stakeholder involvement in policy formulation. They depend on effective and inclusive
forums to develop a strategic vision

SHORTTERM &LONGTERMACTION PLANS

➤ Start with a plan.

➤ Consult other organic farmers.
➤ Know the correct time to plant.
➤ Wait until the soil temp is optimal for generation increasing nutrients in the soil through cover
crops, manure, etc.
➤ Consider the climate.
➤ Consider other eco-friendly options.
➤Transition slowly.
➤ Introduce friendly insects.
➤ Harvest Right.
➤ Rotate your crops.

ACTIVITIES TO DO:

❖ Soil preparation
❖ Sowing
❖ Manuring
❖ Irrigation
❖ Weeding
❖ Harvesting
❖ Storage
 Description of the Community awareness programme’s conducted w.r.t the problems
and their outcomes.
crop rotation is a form of agriculture that focuses on the cultivating more crops
and materials to produce crops and raise livestock, without the use of synthetic chemicals and
genetically modified organisms (GMOs). One way to promote crop rotation is through
awareness programs, which aim to educate people about the benefits of

crop rotating agriculture and encourage them to support and engage in this type of farming.
Awareness programs for crop rotation can take many forms, such as workshops,
seminars, conferences, and educational materials such as pamphlets and videos. These programs can be
organized by organic farming organizations, government agencies, schools, and other groups. They can
be targeted at different audiences, such as farmers, consumers, policymakers, and educators.

The goals of crop rotation awareness programs may include:

◈ Providing information about the principles and practices of crop rotation, such as the cultivating
different crops and pest control methods.
◈ Highlighting the environmental benefits of crop rotation, such as reducing soil
erosion, preserving biodiversity, and improving water quality.
◈ Discussing the health benefits of organic food, such as being free of synthetic chemicals and
GMOs.
◈ Sharing success stories and case studies of organic farmers and their experiences.
◈ Discussing the challenges and obstacles faced by organic farmers, and
Offering solutions and resources to help them overcome these challenges.
◈ Encouraging consumers to support organic farming by purchasing organic products and supporting
local organic farmers.
◈ Advocating for policies and regulations that support and promote organic farming.

Overall, awareness programs for organic farming can play an important role in
promoting this type of agriculture and increasing its adoption. By providing information and resources,
these programs can help to raise awareness about the benefits of organic farming and encourage more
people to support and engage in this sustainable and healthy form of agriculture.

Some of the potential outcomes of these programs may include:

◆ Increased knowledge and understanding about organic farming among the target audience.
◆Greater interest in and support for organic farming among consumers,
policymakers, and other stakeholders.
◆ More consumers purchasing and consuming organic products.
◆ More farmers adopting organic farming methods and transitioning to organic agriculture.
◆Increased awareness about the environmental and health benefits of organic
farming.
 Report of the mini-project work done in the related subject w. r. t the
habitation/village.

Rajupalem is a small village where organic farming is eventually sprouting.

The farmers in the village had no any qualifications like higher studies and professional degree. Even
though, they are brilliant in their farming skills. There are small number of farmers who have
large amount of land to cultivate. Most of the farmers are cultivating their

organically.

As with any farming method, organic farmers may have a variety of opinions and feedback on their
experiences. Some common themes that organic farmers may discuss include the challenges of managing pests
and diseases without synthetic chemicals, the importance of building healthy soil, and the need for support and
recognition from the broader community.

Additionally, some organic farmers may express concerns about the high costs of organic certification
and the difficulty of competing with conventional farmers who use cheaper, synthetic inputs.

Crop Rotation is a method of agriculture that focuses on producing food in a sustainable

and environmentally-friendly way.

The main objectives of organic farming are to:

▷ Produce high-quality food that is free from harmful chemicals and pesticides
▷ Improve the health and well-being of both the plants and animals involved in farming.
▷ Protect the environment by conserving natural resources and reducing pollution.
▷ Promote biodiversity by supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species.
▷ Enhance the lives of farmers and farm workers by providing a safe and healthy working
environment.
▷ Support local communities and economies by promoting the use of local, organic products.
Overall, the goal of organic farming is to create a balanced and sustainable system
that benefits both the environment and the people who rely on it.
 I. INTRODUCTION

Crop rotation refers to the cultivation of different crops on a particular piece of land over time. The
succession of crops to be grown is carefully designed to ensure soil nutrients are sustained, pest populations
are controlled, weeds are suppressed and soil health is built. A rotation will cycle crop through cash crops
(such as vegetables), cover crops (grasses and cereals) and green manures(often legumes). The exact
sequence of crops will vary depending local circumstances, with the critical design element being an
understanding what each crop contributes and takes from the soil. For instance, nitrogen depleting crop
should be preceded by a nitrogen fixing crop.

General Principles to Guide Crop Rotations

1) Follow a legume crop with a high-nitrogen-demanding crop.
2) Grow less-nitrogen-demanding crops…in the second or third
year after a legume sod.
3) Grow annual crops for only one year in a particular location
4) Don’t follow one crop with another closely related species.
5) Use crop sequences that promote healthier crops.
6) Use crop sequences that aid in controlling weeds.
7) Use longer periods of perennial crops on sloping land.
8) Try to grow a deep-rooted crop…as part of the rotation.
9) Grow some crops that will leave a significant amount of residue.
10) When growing a wide mix of crops…try grouping into blocks according to
plant family, timing of crops, (all early season crops together, for example), type of
crop

(root vs. fruit vs. leaf), nutrient needs, or crops with similar cultural practices
II. PRINCIPLES OF CROP ROTATION
Principle of health:

1. Crop rotation Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil,
plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
2. Healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people.
3. Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems.

Principle of ecology:

1. Crop rotation Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles,
work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
2. This principle roots crop rotation to cultivate more than one or two in one field.

Principle of fairness:

1. Crop rotation Agriculture should build nutricious land for cultivation

2. regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
3. Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world,
both among people and in their relations to other living beings.

Principle of care:

1. Crop rotation Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner

to protect the land and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.
2. This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in
management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture.
III. COMPONENTS OF CROPROTATION

Crop rotation: This involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in

field over a period of time, with the goal of improving soil fertility and controlling pests.

Vermicompost: It is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red
wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste,
bedding materials, and vermi cast. This process is called vermicomposting, while the rearing of worms for
this purpose is called vermiculture.

Green manure: This involves planting cover crops, such as clover or legumes, which are then plowed
back into the soil to add nutrients and improve soil structure.

Composting: This involves the decomposition of organic materials, such as plant matter and animal
manure, to create a nutrient-rich soil amendment that can be used to fertilize crops.

Biological pest control: This involves using natural predators, such as ladybugs and lacewings, to
control pest populations, rather than using chemical pesticides.

Soil conservation: Organic farmers may use techniques such as contour planting, strip cropping, and
terracing to prevent soil erosion and improve soil health.

practices: Organic farming often involves using sustainable practices, such as conserving water
and energy, reducing waste, and protecting natural habitats.
IV. BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

WEED MANAGEMENT

1. Preventive methods

➤Weed free crop seed

➤Weed free manure
➤ Clean harvesting and ploughing equipment.

2. Cultural method

➤ Smother crop
➤ Cover crop
➤ Crop rotation
➤ Drip irrigation

3. Mechanical method

➤ Stale seed bed

➤Hand weeding
➤ Hoeing
➤ Moving
➤ Mulching
➤ Burning

4. Soilsolrization
5. Allelopathyex
Ex: marigold :congress grass

PEST MANAGEMENT
1. Physical method

➤ Mechanical control
➤ Light trap
➤ Pheromone trap
➤ Nylon net

2. Cultural method

➤ Field and plant sanitation

➤ Crop rotation
➤ Trap cropping Ex: cabbage: mustard- diamondback moth
➤ Water management
➤ Adjusting time ofsowing
DISEASE CONTROL

Crop rotation helps to control common root and stem diseases that affect row
crops.

Crop rotation is highly effective against diseases whose pathogens have a small
host range and require soil or crop residue to overwinter. For such diseases, rotating anon-host crop
immediately after a host crop prevents the pathogen from reproducing.

The pathogen inoculum, ordinarily preserved in crop debris, does not have the
necessary conditions for its survival and the disease spread is controlled. For
example, soybean cyst nematode populations can be cut in half by rotating soybean
with wheat and corn.

In the absence of crop rotation, growing the same crop on a particular land year
after year gives pathogens continued optimal conditions, and their population will
increase rapidly.

PEST CONTROL

Crop rotation can be used as a tool to manage those insects which are nonmobile, whose larvae or eggs
overwinter in soil and which have a narrow range of crops to feed on.
For instance, corn rootworms can be managed effectively with
Rotation crop rotation. These insects lay eggs in the cornfields they live
on, and emerge to damage subsequent

crops. Rotating a non-host crop immediately after a corn crop

means that emerging larvae starve due to scarcity of food.
Note that this practice is ineffective in some areas where
rootworm
populations have developed mechanisms to survive crop rotation.
WEED CONTROL
Including cover crops into crop rotation systems provides greater competitions to the weeds for
their basic needs such as nutrients, space and light. Cover crops ultimately crowd out the weeds,
Slowing down weed growth and proliferation for a reduced weed population in subsequent crops.

NECESSITY OF CROP ROTATION FARMING

 Sustainable and eco-friendly technology.

 𝖣It improves quality, shelf and nutritive value of the farm produce.

 𝖣It encourages sustainable livelihood of the producers as well as safeguards consumers

health. It improves the physical, chemical and biological health of the soil.

 𝖣Promotes healthy use of the natural resources and minimizes all forms of
the pollution.

 𝖣It enhances and sustains biological diversity within the system.

 CHAPTER 6

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE MINI PROJECT

RECOMMENDATIONS :
Research and learn about crop rotation practices:
There are many resources available to help you learn about organic farming, including books,
websites, and local organizations.

Start small: If you are new to crop rotation, it may be helpful to start with a small plot or a
few container plants. This can help you learn the basics of organic farming and see what
works best for your specific location.

Use organic seeds and seedlings: Using organic seeds and seedlings can help to
ensure that your plants are grown without the use of synthetic chemicals.

Use natural fertilizers and pest control methods: Instead of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides,
consider using natural alternatives, such as compost, green manure, and natural predators.

Maintain soil health: Soil health is essential for successful organic farming. Use techniques
such as cover cropping, mulching, and crop rotation to improve soil structure and fertility.

Practice water conservation: Water conservation is important for all types of farming, but it
is particularly important in areas with limited water resources. Consider using drip irrigation and
other techniques to conserve water.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. Croprotation is an effective way to produce healthy and nutritious food while

protecting the environment.

2. Crop
rotation reduces the use of synthetic chemicals, which can be harmful to the environment
and human health.

3. Croprotation
promotes biodiversity, which helps to maintain the balance
of ecosystems and preserve natural resources.

4. Croprotation is an important contributor to global food security, providing healthy

and affordable food to people in developing countries.

5. Crop
rotation supports sustainable development, helping to reduce poverty and
improve livelihoods in rural communities.
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project
Student Name :
T.V.SUJAN KUMAR
Registration No:
22JN1A3359 To: June
Period 27 2024
Date ofofEvaluation:
CSP: From:
May
Name16of2024
the Person in-charge:
Dr.P.KALYANI,Mtech,PhD.,

Address with mobile number:

RAJUPALEM VILLAGE(9110328116)

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Pro activeness 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11) Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12) Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13) Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14) Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name : T.V.SUJAN KUMAR

Registration.No: 22JN1A3359
Period of CSP: 6 weeks
From: 16/05/2024
To : 27/06/2024
Date of Evaluation:
Name of the Person in-charge: Dr.P.KALYANI,Mtech,PhD.,
Address with mobile number: RAJUPALEM VILLAGE (9110328116)

Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:

Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self-evaluation

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11) Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12) Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13) Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14) Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

PHOTOS