HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE

1 Marks Questions
1. Write the full expansion of HIV.
Answer: Human immuno-deficiency virus.
2. Write the full form of IUCD.
Answer: Intra-uterine contraceptive device.
3. Name the type of fission carried out by Amoeba.
Answer: Binary fission.
4. What is vegetative propagation?
Answer: It is the formation of new plants from vegetative parts (e.g., stem, leaf, root, bud) of
a parent plant.
5. List two functions performed by ovaries in a human female.
Answer:

1. Formation of ova
2. Secretion of hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
6. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate in the reproductive
process?.
Answer: It produces mutations which give rise to useful, harmful and neutral variations in
the progeny.
7. Name the hormone, secretion of which is, responsible for dramatic changes in appearance in
girls when they approach 10-12 years of age.
Answer: Estrogen (= oestrogen) produced by growing follicles inside the ovary.
8. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Answer: Cell multiplication is essential for reproduction either as a means of multiplication in
unicellular organisms or as a means of development of multicellular body from a single
celled zygote. Cell multiplication cannot occur without DNA replication or DNA copying
because each new cell must carry the full DNA complement.
9. Mention the common mode of reproduction found in

1. Amoeba
2. Planaria.
Amoeba Binary fission in any plane.

Answer: Planaria: Transverse binary fission.

10. Name any two types of asexual reproduction.

Answer: Fission, Spore formation.
11. State the method used for growing rose plants.
Answer: Artificial method of vegetative propagation by stem cuttings and bud grafting.
12. State what type of method is used for growing jasmine plant.
Answer: Layering, a type of artificial method of vegetative propagation.
13. No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population. Why?
Answer: Due to presence of variations.
14. “Cell division is a type of reproduction in unicellular organisms”. Justify.
Answer: In unicellular organisms cell division is a mode of reproduction as it produces two
individuals or daughters by division of the parent cell.
15. Name the type of reproduction which
(a) involves gametes
(b) Does not involve gametes.
Answer:
(a) Sexual reproduction
(b) Asexual reproduction.
16. Define puberty.
Answer: It is the beginning of development for sexual maturity which occurs at the age of
10-14 years in girls and 13—15 years in boys. Fully formed primary sex organs start secreting
hormones for slow development of secondary sex organs and secondary sex characters.
17. Name the life process of an organism that helps in the growth of its population.
Answer: Reproduction.
18. Name two simple organisms having the ability of regeneration.
Answer: Hydra, Planaria.
19. Where is DNA found in the cell?
Answer: Nucleus, plastids and mitochondria.
20. Name the type of reproduction mostly seen in unicellular organisms.
Answer: Asexual reproduction through cell division as binary fission, multiple fission,
sporulation, budding.
21. Define sexual reproduction.
Answer: It is a mode of reproduction in which offspring are formed by the process of
formation and fusion of gametes.
22. In human female reproductive system where does fertilization occur?
Answer: In fallopian tube at ampulla—isthmus junction.
23. Name the parts where germ cells of a flower are located.
Answer: Male — in anther of stamen.
Female — in ovule of carpel.
24. Name the part of Bryophyllum where buds are produced for propagation.
Answer: Leaf notches.
25. What is DNA?
Answer: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a self replicating biochemical that is carrier of
genetic informationfor expression of hereditary traits and transfer to the next generation.
26. What happens when a Planaria gets cut into two pieces?
Answer: Each piece grows (regenerates the missing parts) to form a complete animal.
27. Name the method by which Hydra reproduces commonly. Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer: Hydra reproduces commonly by budding (also regeneration). It is a method of
asexual reproduction.
28. List two unisexual flowers.
Answer: Water Melon, Papaya.
29. Why is fertilization not possible without pollination?
Answer: Fertilization requires bringing of male gametes to the female gamete which is
possible only when pollen grain is brought from the anther to the stigma in the process of
pollination.
30. What happens when a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length?
Answer: The elongated mature filament of Spirogyra breaks to form smaller pieces or
fragments. The fragments grow to form mature filaments. .
31. What are those organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individual? Give
one example of such organism.
Answer: Bisexual or hermaphrodite, eg. Mustard, Hydra.
32. List two functions of ovary of human female reproductive system.
Answer:

1. Formation of ova
2. Secretion of hormones estrogen and progesterone.
33. Name the method by which Spirogyra reproduces under favourable conditions. Is this
method sexual or asexual?
Answer:

1. Fragmentation
2. Asexual method.
34. Flow does Planaria reproduce? Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:

1. Transverse binary fission and regeneration

2. Asexual method.
35. How does Plasmodium reproduce? Is this method sexual or asexual?
Answer:

1. Multiple fission,
2. Asexual method.
36. When a cell reproduces, what happens to its DNA?
Answer: DNA replicates and forms its copy at the time of cell reproduction.
37. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical at times. Give one reason.
Answer: Error in DNA copying due to incorporation of wrong nucleotide.
38. Why is variation important for a species?
Answer: Variation provides adaptability to changing environment and increased fitness in
the struggle for existence.
39. Name the organs producing
(i) male germ cells / sperms and
(ii) female germ cells / ova respectively in humans.
Answer:
(i) Testis
(ii) Ovary.
 40. What is fertilisation? Where does it occur in a human female?
Answer: Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes to form diploid zygote. In
human female, it occurs in ampulla part of fallopian tube.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is placenta? State its two roles during pregnancy.

Answer: Placenta is a spongy vascular structure formed by the joint activity of maternal and
foetal tissues in the wall of uterus that connects foetus with uterus.
Roles:

1. Providing nutrition to the foetus.

2. Taking away wastes of the foetus.
2. Compare the vegetative propagation of Bryophyllum and Money plant.
Answer: In Bryophyllum, vegetative propagation occurs through the agency of leaves that
fall on moist soil. In Money Plant, vegetative propagation occurs with the help of stem
cuttings bearing at least one leaf and its axillary bud. A single leaf of Bryophyllum can
produce several plants. A leafy stem cutting of Money Plant forms only a single plant.
3. (a) Where are the male germ cell and female gamete produced in a flower ?
(b) State the significance of variation in reproduction.
(c) Mention the principle of regeneration.
Answer:
(a) Male Germ Cell (Male Gamete). Formed inside the pollen tube or pollen grain from
generative cell.
Female Gamete (Oosphere). Inside embryo sac part of ovule.
(b) Significance of Variation in Reproduction

1. It provides individuality to each living organism,

2. It helps individuals in the struggle for existence,
3. Variation is a source of preadaptation.
(c) Principle of Regeneration: It is the ability of an individual to form lost or broken part,
sometimes the entire individual from a piece of the parent body through dedifferentiation of
mature cells and activity of reserve cells. The ability to form a new individual from a part of the body
is well developed in simple animals like Hydra and Planaria. It is restricted to the formation of only
broken parts in complex organisms.

4. (a) Name two bacterial STD infections.

(b) How do oral pills prevent pregnancy?
Answer:
(a)
i. Gonorrhoea caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
ii. Syphilis caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum.
(b) Oral pills contain progestin (= progesterone) alone or in combination with estrogen. They
prevent pregnancy by inhibition of ovulation, making uterine wall unsuitable for implantation
alongwith unsuitable changes in cervical mucus and activity of fallopian tubes.
5. Explain how ovary functions both as reproductive organ as well as endocrine gland.
Answer: Reproductive Organ. Ovary produces ova, one every lunar month for possible
fertilization and formation of foetus.
Endocrine Gland. Maturing ova or follicles present in ovary secrete oestrogen (= estrogen)
while empty follicle develops into corpus luteum that secretes progesterone.
6. What is the information source in the cell nucleus for making proteins. State the basic events
in reproduction.
Answer:

1. Information Source. DNA

2. Basic Events in Reproduction. DNA replication, growth of cellular machinery and cell
division.
7. (a) Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration considered as asexual type of
reproduction?
(b) Which among the following reproduces by spore formation: Bryophyllum, Rhizopus,
Hydra ?
Answer:
(a) Asexual Reproduction: Budding, fragmentation and regeneration are all considered to be
modes of asexual reproduction as they involve formation of new individuals from single
parents without fertilization or fusion of gametes.
(b) Rhizopus.
8. Draw labelled diagram of
(a) Spore formation in Rhizopus
(b) Regeneration in Planaria.
Answer:
(a)
 (b)

9. “Multicellular organisms cannot divide cell by cell”. List two reasons to justify this
statement.
Answer:

1. In multicellular organisms, cell by cell division is a method of growth and not a method
of multiplication as in unicellular organisms.
2. Multicellular organisms have developed complex and specialised reproductive
structures which are not possible in single celled organisms.
10. (a) Name the process by which pollen grains are transferred from anther to stigma. Mention
any one external agent which performs this process in some flowers. .
(b) Differentiate between its two types. Give one example of each.
Answer:
(a)

1. Pollination
2. Air/Insects.
(b) Two types, self pollination and cross pollination. Self pollination is transfer of pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower (e.g., Commeliria, Wheat) while cross
pollination is transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower
of the same species (e.g., Salvia).

11. (a) Name the organ which helps in providing nutrition to embryo. Where is it located?
(b) What causes the delivery of child from mother’s uterus?
Answer :( a) Placenta is the organ which provides nourishment to the embryo. It is formed
jointly by embryo and uterus. Placenta is located in the uterus of the mother.
 (b) Foetal ejection reflex is produced in response to signals from fully formed foetus and its
supporting placenta.
12. List the modes of pollination and define each of them.
Answer: Pollination is of two types, self pollination and cross pollination.
Self Pollination. It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same
flower, e.g., Commelina, Wheat.
Cross Pollination. It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another
flower of the same species, e.g., Salvia.
13. (a) Differentiate between unisexual and bisexual flowers.
(b) Which of the following plants produce unisexual flowers: Watermelon, Hibiscus, Mustard,
Papaya?
Answer :( a) Unisexual flowers are those flowers which possess only one type of
reproductive organs, either stamens or carpels. Bisexual flowers are those flowers which
have both the types of reproductive organs, i.e., stamens and carpels.
(b) Watermelon, Papaya.
14. (a) List two events during binary fission in Amoeba.
(b) In which two of the following organisms, regeneration takes place: Lion, Planaria, Hydra,
Lotus.
Answer:
(a)
1. Elongation of nucleus followed by division into two.
2. Cleavage of cytoplasm in between the two daughter nuclei to form two daughter cells.
(b) Regeneration. Planaria, Hydra.

15. (a) Which organ is responsible for implantation of zygote?

(b) State the function of fallopian tubes.
Answer:
(a) Zygote (in the form of blastocyst) gets implanted in uterus with the help of villi.
(b)
i. Fallopian Tubes,
ii. Conduct ovum from ovary to uterus,
iii. Fertilization occurs inside fallopian tube.
16.
(a) Name the structure in human male reproductive system that delivers the sperms from
the testes to the urethra.
(b) Name the structure in human female reproductive system which delivers the egg from
the ovary to the uterus.
Answer:
(a) Vas deferens
(b) Fallopian tube.
17.
(a) Write the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.
(b) Name the male and female parts of a flower.
 Answer:
(a) Advantage of Sexual Reproduction. Sexual reproduction introduces variations and
maintains the vigour and vitality of the individuals.
(b) Male—Stamens.
Female—Carpels.
18.
(a) Differentiate between reproduction and regeneration.
(b) Name any two organisms which grow by regeneration.
Answer:
(a) Reproduction is the formation of new individuals by the grown up organisms with the
help of propagules or germ cells. Regeneration is growth of injured parts of the individuals
for repair and replacement of lost parts.
(b) Planaria and Hydra can grow by regeneration.
19. What is pollination? How does it take place?
Answer: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma. Pollination
between anther to the stigma of the same flower is called self pollination. It occurs through
contact between the two.
Pollination between anther of one flower and stigma of another flower is cross pollination. It
requires an external agency which may be abiotic (wind, water) or biotic (insects, birds, bats,
worms, etc.).
20. How is the process of binary fission in Amoeba different from that of Leishmania?
Answer: In Amoeba, binary fission can occur in any plane. In Leishmania the plane of division
is vertical.

3 MARKS QUESTION

1. Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented by use of mechanical barriers,

especially condoms.
(a) Name the following:

1. Thread like non-reproductive structures present in Rhizopus.

2. Blobs, that develop at the tip of the non-reproductive threads in Rhizopus.
(b) Explain the structure and function of structures released from the blobs in Rhizopus.
Answer:
(a)

1. Hyphae (singular hypha).

2. Sporangia (singular sporangium).
(b) The structures released by blobs or sporangia are spores. Spores of Rhizopus are thick
walled dark coloured and multinucleate. They are dispersed by air. After falling on a suitable
substratum, each spore gives rise to a new mycelium.

2. (a) Define pollination. Why is it necessary for reproduction in flower bearing plants?
(b) Write one reason to explain why cross pollination is preferred over self pollination?
Answer:
 (a) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma. It is essential
because the male gametes of flower bearing plants are nonmotile. On stigma a pollen grain
germinates and sends male gametes to embryo sac by means of a pollen tube.
(b) Cross pollination produces variations and maintains vigour of the plants.
3. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Answer: “significance of Sexual Reproduction”
a. Due to reshuffling of chromosomes and crossing over, sexual reproduction brings about
variations in almost all characters so that no two individuals are similar. Variations are
essential for recognition, individuality and competitiveness. They may not protect
individuals under adverse conditions but survival of species depends upon pre-adaptive
variations.
b. Better Adaptability. Increased variability due to sexual reproduction is helpful to
organisms in better adaptability to changes in environment.
c. Vigour and Vitality. It maintains the vigour and vitality of the individuals.
d. Harmful Traits. Harmful traits are often kept suppressed because of reshuffling of gene
pairs that occurs during gamete formation and fusion.
e. Near Uniformity of Population. Due to the flow of genes amongst individuals during
sexual reproduction, the uniformity of population is maintained where there is a broad
resemblance of all the individuals with one another.
f. Genetic changes brought about by sexual reproduction play an important part in
evolution of new forms.
4. Draw diagrams to explain the regeneration that takes place in each of the body parts of
Planaria when its body is cut into three pieces. Name any other organism in which a similar
process can be observed.
Answer:
(a)

(b) Hydra.
5. On cutting the body of an organism into many pieces, it was observed that many of these
pieces developed as new individuals. Name the process and list two organisms in which this
process may be observed. Draw a schematic diagram to illustrate the changes that are likely
to be observed during the development of new individuals in any one of the organisms
named.
 Answer:
(i) Regeneration,
(ii) Planaria, Hydra.

6. Write one difference between asexual and sexual modes of reproduction. Which species is
likely to have better chances of survival, the one reproducing asexually or the one
reproducing sexually? Justify your answer.
Answer :( a) Difference: Asexual reproduction is mono parental, with no gametes, no meiosis
and very little variations. Sexual reproduction is generally biparental involving fusion of
gametes, meiosis and lot of variations.
(b) Better Chances of Survival. Sexually reproducing.
Reason:

1. Due to reshuffling of chromosomes and crossing over, sexual reproduction produces

variations in almost all characters,
2. Sexual reproduction maintains as well as improves vigour and vitality of the
individuals,
3. Variability and vitality are helpful to organisms in better adaptability to environment.
7. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproductive
process? How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is a
combination of DNA copies of two individuals?
Answer:
(a) Inaccuracy in DNA Copying . Even small errors of DNA copying produce variations or
mutations. Some of these mutations may be drastic as to kill the cells and stop the
reproductive process. Others are minor and form the basis of varied traits.
(b) DNA Amount: The parents are diploid (2n) as each of them has two sets of chromosomes
(DNAs). They form haploid (n) male and female gametes through the process of meiosis. The
haploid gametes have one set of chromosomes (DNAs). During fertilization, one male
gamete fuses with one female gamete. It restores the diploid (2n) chromosome/DNA
number in the offspring that is formed from fusion product or zygote (2n).
8. (a) How would you relate the following methods to asexual reproduction?

1. Binary fission
2. Spore formation?
(b) State any advantage of using sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.
Answer:
(a) Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from a part of a single parent without
formation and fusion of gametes.

1. In binary fission a fully grown unicellular individual divides into two similar individuals
or daughters directly.
 2. In spore formation a single cell or sac of the parent produces a number of reproductive
bodies which get dispersed and form new individuals on germination. There is no
meiosis or gamete formation in both the cases.
(b) Advantage of Sexual Reproduction. Sexual reproduction introduces variations and maintains the
vigour and vitality of the individuals.

9. Name the type of asexual reproduction demonstrated by the following organisms:

(a) Amoeba
(b) Rhizopus
(c) Planaria
(d) Plasmodium
(e) Spirogyra
(f) Bryophyllum.
Answer:
(a) Amoeba. Binary fission.
(b) Rhizopus. Spore formation or sporulation
(c) Planaria. Regeneration
(d) Plasmodium. Multiple fission,
(e) Spirogyra. Fragmentation
(f) Bryophyllum. Vegetative reproduction by foliar buds.
10. .List six specific characteristics of sexual reproduction.
Answer:
a. Biparental
b. Meiosis
c. Haploid gametes
d. Fertilization
e. Diploid zygote
f. Variations.
11. What are chromosomes? Explain how in sexually reproducing organisms the number of
chromosomes in the progeny is maintained.
Chromosomes are linear strands of DNA and associated proteins that occur in nucleus of
eukaryotic cells, carry genes and function in transmission of hereditary information.
Answer: The parents are diploid (2n) as each of them has two sets of chromosomes (DNAs).
They form haploid (n) male and female gametes through the process of meiosis. The haploid
gametes have one set of chromosomes (DNAs). During fertilization, one male gamete fuses
with one female gamete. It restores the diploid (2n) chromosome/DNA number in the
offspring that is formed from fusion product or zygote (2n).
12. List four points of significance of reproductive health in a society. Name any two areas
related to reproductive health which have improved over past 50 years in our country.
Answer:

1. People can lead a safe, responsible and satisfying reproductive life.

2. Provides protection from catching STDs.
 3. Advantage of small family, care of the children as well as their proper upbringing
4. Less mortality among the new borns.
5. Maintenance of proper health of the mother and lesser chances of maternal mortality.
Improvement:

1. Reduction in the rate of population growth.

2. Decrease in the spread of STDs.
3. Adoption of small family norm.
13. Explain how surgical methods used for men and women respectively help in contraception.
Answer:
Reversible Sterilisation: It is surgical technique that prevents passage of sperms in males and
ova in females. The technique is called reversible because by another surgical procedure the
passage-way can be restored. Reversible sterilisation is otherwise permanent method of
contraception. It is of two types, vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females.

1. Vasectomy: The two vasa deferentia of the male are blocked by cutting a small piece
and tying the rest. This prevents passage of sperms from testes into semen.
2. Tubectomy: A portion of both the fallopian tubes is excised or ligated to block the
passage of ovum.
14. (a) Define germination.

(b) From the given diagram identify the incorrectly labelled parts.
Answer:
(a) Germination. Beginning of growth or sprouting of a propagule like spore, seed or bud is
called germination. It requires a particular set of external and internal conditions.
(b) Incorrectly Labelled Parts:

1. Male germ cell

2. Pollen grain
3. Pollen tube
4. Ovule.
 15. Give reason as to why the following processes are different from each other,
(a) Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium.
(b) Regeneration and fragmentation.
(c) Binary fission and fragmentation.
Answer:
(a) Under favourable conditions Amoeba multiplies by binary fission while Plasmodium
multiplies by multiple fission.
(b)

Regeneration Fragmentation

It is breaking up the body of an organism into

1. Process. It is the ability to repair injured parts and
grow lost parts.
2. Cells. Ability of regeneration depends upon the
occurrence of stem cells and dedifferentiated cells.
two or more functional parts.
The cells of the fragments possess the ability
to divide and bring about growth of the
fragments.

3. Occurrence. It occurs in more advanced organisms. It occurs in organisms having simple

structure.

(c)

Fission Fragmentation

Fragmentation is found in multicellular

1. Organisms. It occurs in unicellular organisms. organisms.

2. Nucleocytoplasmic Division. It occurs prior to fission. Cells grow and divide after fragmentation.

3. Multiplication. It gives rise to new individuals. Pieces of the parent individual grow to form
daughter individuals.
4. Products. The daughters formed after fission are
equal. The products of fragmentation are generally
unequal anc dissimilar.
Ex. Amoeba
Ex. Spirogyra.

16. Budding is type of asexual reproduction used by Hydra.

(a) What is meant by asexual reproduction? How is it different from sexual reproduction?
(b) Name any other type of asexual reproduction used by Hydra. Define it.
Answer: Budding is a mode of asexual reproduction in Hydra as the propagules is a bud or
outgrowth of somatic body of the animal.
(a) Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from specialized or
unspecialized somatic parts of a single parent.
Difference: Asexual reproduction is monoparental, with no gametes, no meiosis and very
little variations. Sexual reproduction is generally biparental involving fusion of gametes,
meiosis and lot of variations.
 (b) Regeneration: It is the ability of an individual to form lost or broken part, sometimes the
entire individual from a piece of the parent body through dedifferentiation of mature cells
and activity of reserve cells. The ability to form a new individual from a part of the body is
well developed in simple animals like Hydra and Planaria. It is restricted to the formation of
only broken parts in complex organisms.
17. What is the importance of DNA copying during reproduction? Why are offspring formed by
asexual reproduction genetically similar to their parents?
Answer: Importance of DNA Copying: DNA carries hereditary information not only for
controlling cellular functions but also all the structural and functional traits of organism. It is
because of the latter that single celled zygote is able to form the whole multicellular
organism. During reproduction there is formation of new cells which must carry the same
amount and type of hereditary information as present in the parent cell. This is accomplished
by DNA copying, which occurs prior to each cell division. DNA copying is not error proof.
Errors give rise to variations.
Offspring formed by Asexual Reproduction. Asexual reproduction is uniparental. The genetic
material present in the offspring is unaltered copy of DNA present in the parent. Therefore,
they are genetically similar to the parents.
18. (a) A women had undergone surgical method for preventing unwanted pregnancies. Does
this protect her from getting sexually transmitted diseases?
(b) How can AIDS be prevented?
Answer:
(a) No, it does not prevent the coming together of body fluids during sex.
(b) Prevention of AIDS,
i. Use of barrier method of contraception like condom,
ii. Protection from getting infected, by blood contact like infected needles, syringes or
transfusion,
iii. Proper sterilisation of dental equipment,
iv. Prevention of sexual contact with AIDS positive persons,
v. Prevention of pregnancy by AIDS positive patients.
19. Rhizopus is an organism which reproduces by spore formation.
(a) What is meant by spore formation?
(b) What does the reproductive part or blob of Rhizopus contain?
(c) Why are these structures protected by thick walls?
Answer :( a) Spore Formation. It is the formation of minute unicellular asexual reproductive
disseminules which on germination give rise to new individuals.
(b) Blob or reproductive part of Rhizopus is sporangium. It contains spores.
(c) Thick Walls of Spores. Spores are dispersed by air currents. They have to face dry, hot,
cold and other hostile conditions. Thick wall protects the spores from unfavourable
environment.
20. How does the uterus prepare itself and nurture the growing embryo? What happens when
the egg is not fertilized?
Answer: Preparation: Under the influence of hormones from pituitary and growing Graafian
 follicle, the endometrium of uterus thickens, develops blood vessels and glands for
nourishing the future embryo.
Nutrition for Growing Embryo. The contact region between embryo and endometrium grows
into placenta. Placenta helps the embryo in obtaining nourishment (and oxygen) from blood
sinuses of the uterus.
When Egg is not Fertilized: Glands present in the mucosa of uterine endometrium begin to
degenerate. This sloughs off the endometrial lining, releasing a lot of mucus and blood. It is
called menstruation. Menstruation lasts for 3-5 days.

5 MARKS QUESTION

1.
(a) Identify A, B and C in given diagram and write their functions,

(b) Mention the role of gametes and zygote in sexually reproducing organisms.
Answer :( a) A-stigma: Reception of pollen grains and providing nutrients to pollen grains for
their germination
B-pollen tube: Carrying of male gametes to inside the ovule for fertilization.
C-egg: Forms zygote and then embryo after fertilization.
(b) Gamete: It is haploid sex cell that brings traits in pure form from its parent for
incorporation in the offspring. Zygote. Forms embryo.
2. (a) Draw a sectional view of human female reproductive system and label the following
parts:
(b)

1. Where development of egg occurs

2. Where fertilization takes place.
Answer:(a)

Label

1. Ovary
2. Fallopian tube.
(b)

1. Endometrium thickens, becomes glandular and highly vascular. The contact region
between embryo and uterine wall grows into placenta. Placenta helps the embryo in
obtaining nourishment and oxygen from blood sinuses of the uterus. It also helps in
transfer of wastes from embryo to the blood of the mother.
 2. Glands present in the mucosa of uterine endometrium begin to degenerate. This
sloughs off the endometrial lining, releasing a lot of mucus and blood. It is called
menstruation. Menstruation lasts for 3-5 days.
3. (a) Write the function of placenta in human females,
(b) List four ways of preventing pregnancy. State two advantages of using such preventive
methods.
Answer :(a) Placenta: It is a special double layered, spongy tissue connection between the
foetus and uterine wall found in pregnant females. It has finger-like outgrowths or villi which
are in contact with blood sinuses present in the uterine wall.
Role:

1. Attachment: Placenta attaches the foetus to uterine wall.

2. Villi: Placenta has finger-like outgrowths or villi which develop a large surface area for
fixation and absorption.
3. Nutrients: Placenta picks up nutrients from mother’s blood and passes it to the blood
of the foetus.
4. Waste Products: Waste products produced by the foetus passes out through the
placenta into mother’s blood.
5. Gases: Foetus obtains oxygen supply from mother’s blood and eliminates carbon
dioxide through placenta.
(b) Methods of Contraception:

1. Mechanical Barriers like condoms, cervical cap, diaphragm.

2. Oral Contraceptives or oral pills like Mala D, Saheli
3. Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCD) like loop, bow, Cu-T.
4. Surgical Methods like vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females.
4.
(a) Name the respective part of human female reproductive system

1. that produces eggs

2. where fusion of egg and sperm takes place and
3. where zygote gets implanted.
(b) Describe in brief what happens to the zygote after it gets implanted.
Answer :( a)

1. Ovary
2. Fallopian tube (isthmus)
3. Uterus.
(b) Zygote/blastocyst after implantation grows to form embryo/foetus. The region of
implantation forms placenta. The foetus remains attached to placenta by means of umbilical cord.
Through placenta, embryo is in contact with blood sinuses of the uterus for obtaining nutrients and
elimination of wastes. The fully formed foetus undergoes parturition.

5. (a) Give an example each of a unisexual and a bisexual flower.

(b) Mention the changes a flower undergoes after fertilization.
 How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is a combination
of DNA copies of two individuals?
Answer:
(a) Unisexual Flowers: Papaya.
Bisexual Flower: Mustard.
(b) DNA Amount: The parents are diploid (2n) as each of them has two sets of chromosomes
(DNAs). They form haploid (n) male and female gametes through the process of meiosis. The
haploid gametes have one set of chromosomes (DNAs). During fertilization, one male
gamete fuses with one female gamete. It restores the diploid (2n) chromosome/DNA
number in the offspring that is formed from fusion product or zygote (2n).
6. (a) Write the name of the human male reproductive organ that produces sperms and
secretes a hormone.
Describe the changes the uterus undergoes

1. to receive the zygote

2. If zygote is not formed.
3. Name the hormone secreted and state its function.
(b) Write the site of fertilization and the part where the zygote gets implanted in the human female.
(c) State, in brief, how an embryo gets its nourishment inside the mother’s body.
Answer:
(a) Testis. Hormone. Testosterone.
Function of Testosterone

1. Regulates sperm formation

2. Brings about puberty changes in males.
3. Maintains male secondary organs and traits.
(b) Site of Fertilization. Isthmus part of fallopian tube. Site of Implantation. Uterus.
(c) Nourishment of Embryo: Embryo gets nourishment from mother’s body with the help of placenta
through a cord called umbilical cord. Placenta contains many finger-like villi from the chorion
covering of the embryo. They occur in contact with blood sinuses of the mother present in the
endometrial lining of uterus. All nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, etc.) diffuse from
mother’s blood into villi and from there to embryo through the umbilical cord.

7.
(a) Define fragmentation and regeneration,
(b) Can these two methods equated to be the same ? Answer with reason
(c) Give an example each of the organisms using the above methods.
Answer:
(a) Fragmentation. It is breaking of an individual into two or more pieces with each piece
growing to form the mature individual.
Regeneration. It is the ability of an individual to form lost or broken part, sometimes the whole
individual.
(b) The two are not similar. Regeneration involves dedifferentiation, proliferation and
differentiation to form lost parts. Fragmentation produces pieces where cells continue to divide
resulting in growth of new individual. A repair is not involved.
(c) Regeneration. Hydra, Planaria. Fragmentation. Spirogyra, Marchantia.
8.
Define the following processes:
(a) Fertilization
(b) Vegetative propagation
(c) Menstruation
(d) Regeneration
(e) Binary fission.
Answer:
(a) Fertilization: The union of male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (ovum) to form
a diploid zygote is called fertilization.
(b) Vegetative Propagation: It is the formation of new plants from vegetative parts (e.g.,
stem, leaf, root, bud) of a parent plant.
(c) Menstruation: It is discharge of blood, mucus and broken pieces of endometrial lining in
reproductively active females which occurs for 3-5 days at regular intervals of 28 days (lunar
month). It occurs in response to non-fertilization of ovum and non-availability of
progesterone hormone.
(d) Regeneration: It is ability of an individual to form lost or broken parts, sometimes the
entire individual I from a piece of the parent body. The ability to form the whole individual
from a piece of parent body is found only in simple animals like Hydra and Planaria. It does
not occur in complex organisms like humans, birds, lizards etc. Here regeneration is limited
to repair or regeneration of minor parts. It is because the tissues and organs are highly
differentiated in complex animals.
9.
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D in the diagram.

(b) What is pollination? State its significance.

(c) How does fertilization occur in flowers? Name the parts of the flower that develop into
 1. seed and
2. Fruit after fertilization.
Answer:
(a) A—Pollen grain.
B—Pollen tube.
C—ovary.
D—Egg/oosphere.
(b) Pollination. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower is called
pollination.
Significance- It carries the immobile pollen grains to the stigma for formation of male gametophyte
and fertilization.
(c) After falling on a suitable stigma the pollen absorbs water and nutrients. It produces a pollen
tube that grows through the style and reaches the ovary. Its tip contains a tube nucleus and two
male gametes. The pollen tube enters an ovule, strikes against one synergid of the embryo sac and
bursts open to release its contents. One male gamete fuses with the egg to form zygote while the
other fuses with secondary nucleus to produce primary endosperm nucleus.

1. Seed—ovule,
2. Fruit—ovary.
10.
(a) Identify the leaf shown.

(b) Name the method used by the above leaf for reproduction.
(c) Give three advantages for the method used.
(d) Give two examples of plants which can be grown by this method.
Answer:
(a) Bryophyllum
(b) Vegetative propagation
(c)

1. It is quicker method of propagation.

2. It gives rise to a genetically uniform propagation.
3. Good qualities of a variety can be maintained indefinitely.
(d) Sugarcane, Bougainvillea.
 11. Justify the following statements :
(a) Variation is beneficial for the species over a period of time.
(b) New offspring produced are similar to their parents, but not identical
(c) Binary fission is different in Amoeba and Leishmania.
Answer:
a) Many of the variations are pre-adaptations which have no immediate benefit to the
individuals. However, they remain in the population. Whenever, environment undergoes a
drastic change, the pre-adaptations present in some members of the population allow the
latter to survive, grow and regain its former size. Therefore, it is not necessary that variations
are beneficial to individuals developing them but can prove useful to the species.
(b) New offspring are similar to their parents because they have obtained the genetic traits
from the same. They are, however, not identical because of chance separation, chance
combination of chromosomes and recombination of genes due to crossing over.
(c) In Amoeba, binary fission can occur in any plane. In Leishmania the plane of division is
vertical.
12. Explain what happens when :
(a) Testosterone is released in males
(b) Pollen grain falls on the stigma of the flower,
(e) Egg fuses with sperm cell,
(d) Planaria is cut into many pieces,
(e) Buds are formed at the notches of Bryophyllum leaf.
Answer:
(a) Testosterone,

1. Regulates formation of sperms,

2. Puberty changes in boys.
3. Maintenance of secondary sexual characters in males.
(b) Pollen Grain. If pollen grain and stigma are compatible, the pollen grain absorbs water and
nutrients from the stigma. It germinates and forms a pollen tube. Pollen tube passes into stigma and
then style for reaching the ovary.
(c) Egg Fuses with Sperm Cell. The act is called fertilization. It produces a diploid zygote which later
on grows into embryo.
(d) Cutting of Planaria. Each piece begins to regenerate, anterior end forms the anterior body parts,
while posterior end gives rise to posterior body parts. Regeneration occurs with the help of stem
cells and dedifferentiated cells (from differentiated ones).
(e) Bryophyllum Leaf. Buds present in the marginal notches of Bryophyllum leaf sprout and produce
plantlets under suitable conditions. They help in vegetative multiplication.

13. Differentiate between the following:

(a) Pollen tube and style,
(b) Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium,
(c) Fragmentation and Regeneration,
(d) Bud of Hydra and Bryophyllum.
 (e) Vegetative propagation and spore formation
Answer:
(a) Pollen Tube and Style: Pollen tube is an outgrowth of pollen grain meant for carrying the
male gametes to ovule. Style is a stalk-like structure of carpel (= pistil) that is meant for
lifting the stigma above the level of ovary.
(b) Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium: Under favourable conditions Amoeba multiplies by
binary fission while Plasmodium multiplies by multiple fission.
(c) Fragmentation and Regeneration:
Fragmentation: It is breaking of an individual into two or more pieces with each piece
growing to form the mature individual.
Regeneration: It is the ability of an individual to form lost or broken part, sometimes the
whole individual.(d) Bud of Hydra and Bud of Bryophyllum. In Hydra, bud is an outgrowth of
the body which gets transformed into new animal that separates to lead an independent life.
In Bryophyllum buds develop from the notches of the leaf. After falling on ground, the buds
sprout and from plantlets.
(e) Vegetative Propagation and Spore Formation: In vegetative propagation new plants
develop from specialised or unspecialised multicellular parts of the parent plant that
function as propagules, e.g., Bryophyllum. Sugarcane. In spore formation, the individual
parent produces unicellular reproductive bodies that get dispersed and form new individuals
on germination, e.g., Rhizopus.
14. (a) Write the functions of the following parts in human female reproductive system:

1. Ovary
2. Oviduct
3. Uterus.
(b) Describe the structure and function of placenta.
Answer:
(a)

1. Ovary. Formation of ova and secretion of hormones, estrogen and progesterone.

2. Fallopian Tube. Passage of ovum, site for fertilization.
3. Uterus. Implantation and nourishment of embryo.
(b) Placenta: It is a special double layered, spongy tissue connection between the foetus and
uternine wall found in pregnant females. It has finger-like outgrowths or villi which are in
contact with blood sinuses present in the uterine wall.
Role:

1. Attachment: Placenta attaches the foetus to uterine wall.

2. Villi: Placenta has finger-like outgrowths or villi which develop a large surface area for
fixation and absorption.
3. Nutrients: Placenta picks up nutrients from mother’s blood and passes it to the blood
of the foetus.
4. Waste Products: Waste products produced by the foetus passes out through the
placenta into mother’s blood.
 Answer:(a) Vegetative propagation is the formation of new plants by using vegetative parts
of a parent plant as propagules e.g., stem (Sugarcane, Bougainvillea, Potato), root (Sweet
Potato, Dahlia), leaf (Bryophyllum), bud (Agave).
Advantages:

1. It is the only known method of multiplication of seedless plants like Banana and
Sugarcane.
2. It is a quicker method as vegetatively reproduced plants bear flowers and fruits earlier
than plants raised through seeds.
3. All the individual plants are clones of one another and their parent so that the crop is
genetically uniform.
4. Good quality of a variety can be maintained indefinitely.
(b) Banana, Jasmine.

16. (a) State in brief the function of the following organs in the human female reproductive
system: Ovary, Fallopian tube, Uterus.
(i) What is menstruation? Why does it occur?
Answer :( a)
i. Ovary: Formation of ova and secretion of hormones, estrogen and
progesterone.
ii. Fallopian Tube: Passage of ovum, site for fertilization.
iii. Uterus: Implantation and nourishment of embryo.
(b) Menstruation:
It is discharge of blood, mucus and broken pieces of endometrial lining in reproductively
active females which occurs for 3-5 days at regular intervals of 28 days (lunar month). It
occurs in response to non-fertilization of ovum and non-availability of progesterone
hormone.