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Statistics for People Who Think They

Hate Statistics 6th Edition Salkind Test


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Salkind, Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2017

Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions

Test Bank
Multiple Choice

1. What does your research question help to guide?


a. hypothesis
b. correlation
c. sampling error
d. average score
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What does a hypothesis help you determine?


a. techniques to be used
b. variability
c. average score
d. sampling plan
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The _______ is defined as an “educated guess” that describes the relationship between
variables.
a. research question
b. hypothesis
c. theorem
d. postulate
Ans: b
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The _______ is a more testable version of a research question.
a. hypothesis
b. theorem
c. postulate
d. theory
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In a study, a _______ is drawn from a _______.


a. sample; larger population
b. sample; smaller population
c. population; smaller sample
d. population; larger sample
Ans: a
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Optimally, it is possible to generalize your results from _______ to _______.


a. your population; a smaller sample
b. your sample; a smaller population
c. your population; a larger sample
d. your sample; a larger population
Ans: d
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following refers to the group you wish to generalize your results to?
a. population
b. sample
c. sampling error
d. general group
Ans: a
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Hypothesis testing relates to _______.
a. the sample
b. the population
c. multiple populations
d. samples and populations
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of a null and research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which is formulated first?


a. a theorem
b. the research hypothesis
c. the null hypothesis
d. research postulates
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which is formulated second?


a. the research hypothesis
b. research theories
c. alternative postulates
d. the null hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that ______.
a. both the null and alternative hypotheses are true
b. the alternative hypothesis is true
c. neither the null nor alternative hypotheses are true
d. the null hypothesis is true
Ans: d
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis?
a. the null hypothesis
b. the alternative hypothesis
c. the research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following can be tested directly?


a. the null hypothesis
b. the research hypothesis
c. both the null and research hypotheses
d. all hypotheses
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following can only be tested indirectly?


a. the null hypothesis
b. the research hypothesis
c. the alternative hypothesis
d. all hypotheses
Ans: a
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. What will you have if there is no difference between sample and population values?
a. a high sampling error
b. a low but positive sampling error
c. no sampling error
d. It cannot be determined.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. A _______ is a statement of equality between sets of variables.
a. null hypothesis
b. research hypothesis
c. nondirectional research hypothesis
d. directional research hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups but does not specify
the direction of the difference.
a. null hypothesis
b. directional research hypothesis
c. nondirectional research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups and also specifies the
direction of the difference.
a. null hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. directional research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following is a directional test?


a. a one-tailed test
b. a two-tailed test
c. the research hypothesis
d. the null hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
a. a one-tailed test
b. a two-tailed test
c. a research hypothesis
d. all hypotheses
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What does generalizability mean?


a. Results may be applied to the population studied.
b. Results apply only to the sample studied.
c. Sampling error is high.
d. The sample does not represent the population.
Ans: a
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. A representative sample allows you to generalize your results to a _______.


a. smaller sample
b. smaller population
c. larger population
d. larger sample
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _______.
a. population
b. sample
c. sampling error
d. general group
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which of the following provides you with a measure of how well your sample approximates
the population?
a. generalizability
b. population
c. sampling error
d. hypothesis
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your
sample?
a. It is small.
b. It is large.
c. It is representative.
d. It is nonrepresentative.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following represents a research hypothesis?


a. H1: X1 < X2
b. H0: 
c. H1: 
d. H1: X1 = X2
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis?


a. H1: X1 < X2
b. H0: 
c. H1: 
d. H1: X1 = X2
Ans: b
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. A greater difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that
you will have _______ sampling error.
a. lower
b. higher
c. no
d. infinite
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that
you will have _______ sampling error.
a. higher
b. lower
c. no
d. infinite
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

30. What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?
a. one-tailed test
b. two-tailed test
c. nonparametric test
d. frequency test
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?
a. one-tailed test
b. two-tailed test
c. nonparametric test
d. frequency test
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. Null hypotheses refer to _______.
a. the sample
b. both samples and populations
c. multiple samples
d. the population
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Research hypotheses refer to _______.


a. the population
b. multiple samples
c. multiple populations
d. the sample
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

34. What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: d
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is
specified?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not
specified?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following symbols represents the null hypothesis?


a. H1
b. 
c. X1
d. H0
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following symbols represents the first research hypothesis?
a. H1
b. 
c. X1
d. H0
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which of the following symbols represents the theoretical average of the population for one
group?
a. H1
b. 
c. X1
d. H0
Ans: b
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. A hypothesis is best defined as ______.
a. a difficult-to-define question
b. an educated guess
c. cause-and-effect analysis
d. a scientific inquiry
Ans: b
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. What are the two main categories of hypotheses?


a. null and research
b. null and sample
c. research and population
d. research and sample
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. A sample is best defined as ______.


a. the first 20% of the population
b. the last 20% of the population
c. a smaller group selected from a given population
d. a smaller group selected from the general populace
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The differences between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy

43. When the sample accurately represents the population, the results of the study are said to
have a high degree of _______.
a. quality
b. validity
c. error
d. generalizability
Ans: d
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The differences between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics
of a population?
a. sampling accuracy
b. sampling error
c. sampling generalizability
d. sampling consistency
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The differences between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Wolf cubs born in northern woods will grow thicker fur than wolf cubs born in southern
woods. This research hypothesis is an example of a _______.
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. mutual hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

46. A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a _______.


a. research hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. definitive hypothesis
d. postulative hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

47. “There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber
diets.” This is an example of a(n) _______.
a. null hypothesis
b. alternative hypothesis
c. directional hypothesis
d. nondirectional hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and
Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.
a. a directional research hypothesis
b. a nondirectional research hypothesis
c. a null hypothesis
d. either a null or research hypothesis
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

49. If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores
from Classroom B, you would have a _______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?


a. There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
b. There is a negative relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
c. There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
d. There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?


a. There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
b. There is a large relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
c. There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
d. There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
52. When writing a null hypothesis, what type of letters are used?
a. Arabic
b. Greek
c. Roman
d. Latin (English)
Ans: b
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

53. When writing a research hypothesis, what type of letters are used?
a. Arabic
b. Greek
c. Roman
d. Latin (English)
Ans: c
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

54. The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the
_______.
a. sample; population
b. direction; sample
c. population; direction
d. population; sample
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis?


a. H1: X1 < X2
b. H0: 
c. H1: 
d. H1: X1 ≠ X2
Ans: d
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. If you were to hypothesize that there is no relationship between reaction time and problem-
solving abilities, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

57. If you were to hypothesize that there is a positive relationship between reaction time and
problem-solving ability, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

58. If you were to hypothesize that there is a relationship between reaction time and problem-
solving ability, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

59. If you were to hypothesize that communication students and history students will differ on
their oral communication measures, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

60. If you were to hypothesize that communication students will have a higher average score on
the oral communication measures, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Individuals in a representative sample should match as closely as possible to the


characteristics of the population.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The null hypothesis can only be tested indirectly.


Ans: T
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Having a large degree of sampling error does not affect generalizability.


Ans: F
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. A one-tailed test would be used with a directional research hypothesis.
Ans: T
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. If you are unsure whether the null or research hypothesis is true, you can assume that the
research hypothesis is true.
Ans: F
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Hypotheses should reflect the theory or literature on which they are based.
Ans: T
Answer Location: What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Null hypotheses always refer to the sample.


Ans: F
Answer Location: Some Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. A good hypothesis is stated as a question.


Ans: F
Answer Location: Some Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Hypotheses do not have to posit a relationship between variables.


Ans: F
Answer Location: Some Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer
1. What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
Ans: The most important role of the hypothesis is to reflect the general problem statement or
question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the first place.
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Why is it important to have a precise and clear research question?


Ans: It is important to have a clear research question because it is your guide in the creation of
your hypothesis, which is the foundation of your research.
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What purposes does the null hypothesis serve?


Ans: First, the null hypothesis acts as a starting point, since it is the state of affairs that is
accepted as true in the absence of any other information. The second purpose of the null
hypothesis is to provide a benchmark against which observed outcomes can be compared to see
how likely it is that these outcomes are due to some other factor. The null hypothesis helps to
define a range within which any observed differences between groups can be attributed to chance
or due to something other than chance.
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is the difference between the nondirectional research hypothesis and the directional
research hypothesis?
Ans: A nondirectional research hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, but the direction
of the difference is not specified. For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice
are different from the test scores of individuals who did not receive practice. A directional
hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, and the direction of the difference is specified.
For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice are greater than the test scores of
individuals who did not receive practice.
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?


Ans: The research hypothesis is the hypothesis that is tested directly during the research process.
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Why is a representative sample important?


Ans: A representative sample matches, as closely as possible, the characteristics of the
population. It is important to have a representative sample so that the research results based on
the sample can be generalized to the population.
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What are four differences between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?
Ans: The null hypothesis and the research hypothesis differ in four ways. (1) The null hypothesis
states there is no relationship between variables, while the research hypothesis states that there is
a relationship between two variables. (2) The null hypothesis always refers to the population,
while the research hypothesis always refers to the sample. (3) The null hypothesis must be
indirectly tested (since it is impossible to test an entire population), whereas the research
hypothesis can be directly tested. (4) The null hypothesis is always written using Greek letters,
while the research hypothesis is always written in Roman letters.
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Write the following statement in the form of an equation: There is no difference between IQ
scores of freshmen at State University and freshmen at University State.
Ans: H0: su = us
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. According to the book, what are five characteristics of a well-written hypothesis?


Ans: A good hypothesis (1) is stated in a declarative form, (2) posits a relationship between
variables, (3) reflects a theory or a body of literature that it is based on, (4) is brief and to the
point, and (5) is testable.
Answer Location: What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
Learning Objective: The criteria for judging a good hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Define null hypothesis and research hypothesis.


Ans: The null hypothesis is a statement of equality between a pair of variables. The research
hypothesis is a statement of inequality between two variables.
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
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vieraalla valkeni luunsa, huuhtomat hyisen laineen, kattamat
kukkivan kauneuspuunsa, mainitsemattomat maineen.

1910.

Ildiko.

— Ildiko, Ildiko, Burgundin ilves, miksi sa murhasit mun? —


Attila, Attila, ah, älä kuole, kuolleista herätän sun!

— Ildiko, ah hius-himmeä, miksi


teit teon vilpillisen?
— Attila, ah sotalaumojen surma,
syy oli rakkauden.

— Rakkausko raudan sun morsius-yönäs


syöksi mun syömeeni näin?
— Miksi et hellemmin hehkunut mulle,
katsoit tähtihin päin?

— Katsoin ma tähdistä kohtalon teitä,


polkuja mun sekä sun.
— Ollut et enää hunnini hurja,
uskoton unhotit mun!

— En ole entinen Attila enää,


Jumalan vitsa ma lien.
— Surmaavat sulhonsa Burgundin neitseet,
tietävät petturin tien.
1912.

Turha kauna.

Turha sun mulle on kaunaa kantaa, retkeni rientää jo


taivahan rantaa, kohta, kohta sen taaksi haihtuva on elon
harhaisen haaksi.

Mahtuvat sinne syyttävät sanat,


laulujen laineet ja venhojen vanat,
kenties kun olen siellä,
muistaa voit mua muullakin miellä.

Koe mua hetkinen, hetkinen sietää!


Pyydä en suotta, sen Sallimus tietää,
sama, mi tielleni johti
Sun, jolle lempeni leimuta tohti.

Taikka jos ahdas on maapallo meille,


keskenkin tulla voin Tuonelan teille.
sattui jo surmaava nuoli,
voit pian virkkaa: ma voitin, hän kuoli.

Mut älä ilmaa myrkytä multa!


Tukehtuessakin syöksen ma tulta,
poltan tyrmäni, haen
ylleni taivahan talvisen laen.

1912.
Dies irae.

Ystäväni yksin lähti, jäin kuin kylmä taivon tähti katsomahan


kulkuansa, muistamahan murhettansa.

Eikö palausta konsa?


Ei, on tullut tuomionsa,
lyönyt hetki, juossut hiekka,
noussut kuolon kuuramiekka.

On nyt hetki suurin hällä:


ostettava elämällä
kutsumuksen kultamuru,
itselönsä ikisuru.

Sydän kiertyy synkän miehen.


Rauta iskee rautatiehen,
liehuu liina, katoo juna;
sammui pilven viime puna.

Nyt on tehty murhatyöni,


nyt on yksinäiset yöni,
nyt voin itkeä ma ilmi,
mitä kestin kuivin silmin.

Hulluus varmaan suuni sulki,


nyt voin huutaa tuskan julki:
tahtonut en itse tätä,
tein ma pakkotehtävätä!

Sull' on elo eessä, mulla


takanani tuiretulla.
Sulle ollut este oisin,
jos ma oisin tehnyt toisin.

Myöskin inha itselleni.


Särkyköön mun sydämeni,
menköön onni sun ja minun!
Nyt on voitonseppel sinun.

Vaan jos takaisin hän palaa?


Jos hän mua muistaa salaa?
Silloin helmahansa heityn,
syöksyn syvyyteen ja peityn!

1912.

Mennyt.

Putosivat puista lehdet, pilvilöistä sateet, ei pudonnut


tuskan taakka minun mielestäni,

Muutti linnut maille muille,


aalto jääksi jäätyi,
yksin yön pimeän lintu
rinnassani laulaa.

— Oi Jumala, sano minulle,


milloin kesä tulee?
— "Silloin, koska kirkonkellot
matkallesi soittaa."
— Oi Jumala, vielä virka,
milloin päivä nousee?
— "Silloin, kun vihanta virpi
kummullasi kukkii."

— Hyvä Jumala, etkö luule,


että armas palaa?
— "Palajaa, kun vieras sulho
vierellänsä kulkee."

— Lausu, laupias Jumala,


vielä viime sana:
yletänkö ystävääni
Tuonen tuolta puolen?

Vaiti on Jumala, vaiti


meri, maa ja metsä,
yksin yössä mielipuoli
puhelee ja huutaa,

1912.

Kevät kirkkahin.

Kevät kirkkahin, mitä virkkaisin, jos armahain tulis


vastahain?

"Älä muuta kuin


sula silmin, suin,
kuole riutuen
kera hankien!"

Kevät kirkkahin,
mitä virkkaisin,
jos antais hän
mulle elämän?

"Älä muuta kuin tee tenhoutuin vala valkoinen kera


kukkien!"

1912

Loukatut.

Orjat, kytketyt yhteen, loukatut sydämehen saakka,


ranteissa rautaiset kahleet, harteilla hallava taakka!

Emme me yhtyä voi,


emme myös erota saata,
lempiä emme, mut emme
myöskään lemmestä laata.

Tein minä vääryyttä sulle,


siitä mun sydämeni murtui,
teit sinä vääryyttä mulle,
siitä mun tunteeni turtui.

Sultakin kuollut on herkin.


Tiedän, se on oma syyni.
Menneet on onnemme keväät,
eess' ikitalvi on tyyni.

Mutta kun nään sinut jälleen,


silloin mun silmäni vettyy,
taas käsi hyljätty kohoo,
taas sydän pettynyt pettyy.

Nään, miten sielusi sunkin


kurkottaa mua kohti,
kuulen, kun sydämesi nyyhkii,
kerran mi toivoa tohti.

Lasket sa leikkiä jälleen;


taas käsi tarjottu vaipuu.
Muuta ei meillä kuin muistot,
murhe ja toistemme kaipuu.

Orjat, kytketyt yhteen,


loukatut sydämehen saakka,
ranteissa rakkauden kahleet,
harteilla töittemme taakka!

1912.

Runokirje.

Rakastettu, armastettu
iankaikkisesti!
Kuinka kuolis lempeni,
mi nyt jo kaikki kesti?

Saat Sa olla armoton


ja saat sa olla paha!
Jälleen kun ma muistan Sun,
ma sulan niinkuin vaha.

Saat Sa olla uskoton,


ja että ootkin, tiedän!
Kuolla olin kerran tuosta,
hymysuin nyt siedän.

Täällä, tähtitarhassani,
hiljaisuus on pyhä.
Tänne kuulut Sinä vain,
Sa ainut, armas yhä.

Tule tänne, tähti-yöhön,


tänne, niissä olit,
ennen kuin Sa menit pois
ja toisen omaks tulit!

Tääll' on taikalinna tehty


Sulle surun puista,
ollehesta onnestain
ja uuden haaveiluista.

Tule! Etkö nää jo, kuinka


sydämeni riutuu,
koko maailma ympärillä
himmenee ja hiutuu.
Sammuu sanat, säveleet,
ja kaikki kaunis hajoo.
Tule, tumma, armas lapsi!
Ylevinkin vajoo.

Mikä vaipuu, vaipukoon!


Mun rakkauteni kestää.
Suuri suru, suuri tieto
meiltä eron estää.

1912.

Näky.

Minä nään, miten isäsi muisto sun sielussas himmenee,


miten itsekin himmenen siellä ajan vierressä, vitkalleen; sama
kohtalo sunkin saartaa, myös sen, jota rakastat, pois, pois,
ah, ijäksi mennen, kera lempesi katoat.

Ah, kaukainen jälkipolvi, mi teet kuin kerran ma, mi


kurkoitat unikuvaa elon entävän kuilusta; se pettää, se pettää,
se pettää kuin hän, jolle lempeni jää, pois, pois, ah, ijäksi
mennen ikityhjyyteen häviää.

1912.

Maria Antoinette.
Maria! Miks suutelet mua, mun haaveeni haltiatar? Ma vaan
olen kreivi von Fersen, sa Ranskan valtiatar. Sun polkusi
kumpuja kulkee, ma mies olen alhainen, on liikaa jo, että sa
arvaat polon rintani rakkauden.

Maria! Maria! Miks jälleen mua suulle sa suutelet? Sen


nähdä voi vihamiesi, sitä varmaan sa muista et, hyvä nimesi
mulle on kallis, sun mainees on maine maan, jos lempemme
ilmi tulee, moni kulkevi kuolemaan.

Maria! Miks et mua kuule? Maria! Miks suutelet taas? Sua


eikö liikuta henkes, ei mainees, ei maine maas? Maria! Sa
tiedät, että sua yksin ma rakastan, vuoks lempeni nyt sinut
hylkään, käyn kaukaiseen sotahan.

Mitä mulleko jää, Maria? Pyhä lempeni mulle jää, jää mulle
mun onneni muistot ja puhdas tuntoni tää. Olet kallis sa mulle,
Maria, mut kalliimpi kuin sinäkin, on mulle mun kilpeni kirkas,
vala viimeisen ritarin.

1912.

Kunnia hälle!

Kysytään kerran,
kuinka en sortunut silloin,
kun olin kurja,
pelkäsin itseäni illoin,
kun koko maailma
vastassa seisoi kuin muuri,
eik' ollut mulla
muuta kuin murheeni.

Vastaan ma silloin:
ei ollut ansio oma,
sortunut oisin,
ollut jo raunio soma,
mutta mua auttoivat
maailman vaikeimmat kädet,
kirkkaimmat silmät,
vienoimmat kyynelevedet.

Hän teki kaikki,


minä en mahtanut mitään;
hän näki kaikki,
häntä mun siunata pitää;
kaikki hän kesti,
kaikki hän kärsi ja kantoi,
esiin rakasti, —
rohkaisi, anteeksi antoi.

Kunnia hälle,
henkeni morsiamelle!
Kukkia hälle,
kukkien kuningattarelle!
Helmiä hälle,
helmelle ihmisyys-uskon!
Huntuja hälle,
hunnulle huomisen ruskon!

1912.
Siellä puut punalle paistoi…

(1913)

1.

Veneretki.

Kelmeä kesäinen yöhyt yli maiden, merten; veno vettä


viiltämässä.

Kaunoista venossa kaksi;


toinen sulho suuri,
toinen morsian totinen.

Soutelevat, joutelevat.
Neiti vieno virkkaa:
"Minne matka morsiamen?"

Syttyvi urohon silmä:


"Katso kaikkianne,
nää etkö utuista nientä?"

Luo silmän selälle neiti;


"Kuin kuparilanka
hämärästä häämöttävä."

Soutelevat, joutelevat.
Mies väkevä virkkaa:
"Etkö jo enempi nähne?"
Katsahtavi hiussorea:
"Kuin hopeasolki
idän alta kuumottavi."

Soutelevat, joutelevat.
Onnen poika puhuu:
"Koht' eikö koti jo paista?"

Helkähtävä hienosormi:
"Niinkuin kiiltävänne
kaartuvi sylistä vetten."

Meren sankari sanovi:


"Siell' on Terhensaari,
siellä korkea kotimme

nousussa punaisen päivän


laulussa sinisen linnun;
siell' on matkan määrä."

2.

Terhensaari.

Tuosta rantahan tulevat; kultakaislat kaikkialla häilyy,


soittavat somerot alla askelien onnellisten, hiekat heläjää,
mullat muhajaa, veenvalamat, raakunkuoret jalan alla
rauskaa; laituri lahen perällä, luona ulpukat utuiset.
Polku lahden pohjukasta, puron vartta vastamaata nousu,
siinä lempeä lepikko, tuomilehto tuoksuvainen, viita vipajaa,
kaste kimaltaa; polun kaidan kahdenpuolen vesiperhot leijaa,
leikkivät sudenkorennot lehdillä pajun ja raidan.

Kunnahalla kuusimetsä, kuusten alla talo niinkuin linna,


teräksestä portti tehty, porras silkillä silattu, sametilla tie,
marmorilla maa; peräseinä peuran luusta, akkunat
merenvahaiset, katot kissankultahiset.

Katselevat, kummastuvat "Oishan tuossa tupa onnellisten,


vaan on mennä liian pieni liian pieni tulla tuonne, kun on
kyynärää kahta kaikkiaan koti korkeuinen. Liekö linna
kääpiöiden, lasten leikkimaja? Ei meille sjjoa siinä, meren
suuren soutajille."

Istuvat sydämin synkin polun päähän, linnan portin eteen.

3.

Sininen lintu.

Se lauloi sininen lintu: "Ihmis", ihmiskullat, kuinka teiss' on


tuhma tieto autuudesta elon!

Kuinka nousta nuori kukka


voisi vanhan mieleen,
suven henki heilimöidä
syksyisessä puussa?
Suljettu on suuri onni,
taivas kiinni hälle,
jok' ei lapsen lailla tule
Terhensaaren linnaan.

Lähtehessä kylpekäätte
kuusikummun alla,
virran vienon paaterella
päivää paistatelkaa.

Murhemuistot entisyyden
tuonne kaikki jääkööt,
tuskat öitten tummien
ja hikihelmet päiväin.

Elo niinkuin ensi kerran


silmillänne nähkää,
kun ei huolta huomenkoiton
eikä eilis-ehtoon.

Maan ei liene mahtajille


Terhenlinna tehty,
tehty vain on tulla niiden,
joill' on unhon-lahja;

joill' on kyky kummastella, ilo ihmetellä, usko aina uudistua,


toivo toinen olla.

4.
Metamorfoosi.

Kuulivat he virren kumman; käsi kädessä kulkivat kivistä


tietä linnunlaulu-Iaaksoon, siinä lähde läikkyväinen, vesi vailla
pohjaa.

Katsoivat kuvastimehen; kuvan näkivät kumpainenkin


itsestänsä, elon entismuistot otsillensa uurtunehet, surut
sielunsilmäin.

Koettivat kädellä vettä; iho värähti, valvahti pyhä vavistus


sydänkammioissa, kulki verta kumpaisenkin kasvot
kalventaen.

Virkahteli valju impi: "Sydän minulla sykkyräksi sylkähtävi,


kun ma tuumin tuonne syöksyä sylihin aallon syvän,
pohjattoman."

Vastasi vakava sulho: "Veri minulla niinkuin seinä seisahtavi


auvon aavistusta, uskallusta onnen uuden; sylitysten
syöstään!"

Verhot vaatteiden valahti; hetevesihin heilahti heleät varret,


painui alle pinnan, nousi kohta päätä kaksi virran vienon
kalvoon.

Päätä kaksi kaunokaista, hyvä-hymyistä, auvon nuoren


autuasta, unho-onnellista; katsoi taivahan sinehen, sukeltausi
jälleen.
5.

Luonnonlapset.

Leikkivät nyt lapset kaksi Terhensaaren tanterella, liepeellä


utuisen linnan.

Kiittävät kiloa päivän: "Armas aurinko, antaja pyhän


elämän, aina paistaos, ällös polttele poroksi ihmis-onnea,
kukkia ijäisen niitun!"

Kumartavat Luojan kuuta "Kaunis kumppani, kaitsija elon


unien, herätä haaveita, älä ärjyjä sydämen, sielun peikkoja;
ole oikea toveri!"

Yötäkin ylistelevät: "Tähdet kirkkahat, kynttilät Jumalan


juhlan, olkaa lempeät, älkää ankarat ijäti kuin on kohtalo, kuin
sen vaskiset vasamat!"

Kuuntelevat kuu ja päivä, tähdet lempeät lupaavat.

Meri yksin ympärillä huoahtaa ja huutaa raskahasta


rinnastansa: "Luonnon laajan lapset! Kaikki on katoova
kerran, unen saaret uppoo, painuvi paraskin haave, pilvilinna
hienoin."

Laulahtavat lapsikullat: "Niinpä kauniisti nukumme pohjalla


meren sinisen, lemmenkukkien lomassa."
Lauluja ja ballaadeja.

Pyhäkkö.

On yö, kun astuin kammioos,


oli aamu, kun heräsin suuteloos,
miten kadulle pääsin, ma tuskin muistan;
ma seison ja katson ja päätäni puistan.

Ei varmaankaan lie totta tää.


Niin kaunis mun päätäni pyörryttää.
Niin ihana ollako ihminen voi?
Kuin joulukirkko mun sieluni soi.

Sa armas laps! Sa auringon laps!


Sa maailman kirkkaus kiharahaps!
Miten saatoit sa olla niin kaunis ja hyvä,
niin valoisa, lempeä, lämmin ja syvä!

Ah, luulin jo, että päällä maan


ei minulla onnea ollutkaan,
ja ett' olin päivän jo nurjalla puolla,
ei eessäni muuta kuin jäätyä, kuolla.

Ja luulin jo, että syrjähän


olin syösty ma pöydästä elämän,
mua ettei muistaisi, lempisi kukaan,
ei ottaisi muiden ihmisten mukaan.
Ja tunsin jo, ett' olin kummitus vain,
hymyn huomasin hyytyvän huulillain,
ei käynyt leikki, ei käynyt työ,
yli sieluni lankesi lauluton yö.

Ja nyt! Miten kaikki on muuttunut!


Taas kukkivat tuntehet tallatut,
taas lyö läpi rintani elämän helke,
käy unhotus murheen ja unien välke.

Mut kuinka ma arvata saatoinkaan,


sa että voit anteeksi antaa vaan
ja että mua muistaisit, lempisit sinä,
jolle niin olin tuskaa tuottanut minä?

Ja maailman polkuja matkaten,


miten uskalsin, onneton, uskoa sen,
mull' että ois ainainen koti siellä,
polo, josta ma poistuin niin korskalla miellä?

1913.

Hyvä peto.

Peto on minun armaani, vaan peto hyvä, ei haavoita


silmänluontinsa syvä, ei tahdo hän tappaa, kynsiä, purra, vain
hiipiä hiljaa ja kauniisti surra, pään painaa olkahan lemmityn
miehen, elon siirtää kuin laskevan auringon tiehen, hänet
kiertää katseella hyväilevällä, niin kärsimys-kirkkaalla, surun-
kipeällä, ja heittää maailman yli yön hunnun ja tuntea kuolon
ja rakkauden tunnun.

Peto on minun armaani, vaan peto arka, hän askelta


säikkyy, hän ääntä jo karkaa, kun kutsut, hän pelkää, kun
huudat, hän lymyy läpi lehvikön vain helosilmänsä hymyy;
hänet saada voi saaliiksi ahdistamalla, kun vuori on eessä ja
jyrkänne alla, voit vangita hänet ja kotiisi kantaa, mut silloin
hän saattaa iskunkin antaa, voi hyväillen hyökätä, suudellen
purra ja itse sun haavojas haikeimmin surra.

Peto on minun armaani, vaan peto soma, ei tahdo hän olla


pyytäjän oma, hän tahtovi tulla, kun hällä on mieli, ei silloin,
kun kutsuu lempijän kieli, jos väistyt, hän seuraa, jos
hyökkäät, hän haihtuu, jos etsit, hän elämän-murheeksi
vaihtuu, hänet parhaiten voitat, kun suot hänen mennä, et
itkuas näytä, et vastaansa ennä, hän kärsiä tahtoo ja onneton
olla — ja yöstänsä tummasta syliisi tulla.

1913.

Leikkiä.

Leikkiä lyöden
sun luoksesi tulin,
mutta ma murheesi
hehkuhun sulin.

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