Fourier Transform

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof.
, DYPIU 1
Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 2
f(t)
f(s)
Prepared by: Dr.

Anju Chaurasia, 3
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
What is Transform?
• To convert/shift from one form to another form or one domain to another domain.
Time domain?
• A time-domain graph shows how a signal changes with time, whereas a frequency-
domain graph shows how much of the signal lies within each given frequency band over
a range of frequencies.
• In time domain, signals are represented by amplitude on Y axis and time on X axis.

• If the function is not assumed to be periodic…
• When range of any function extends to the limit as infinity….
The role of Fourier series in the solution process will be taken by Fourier integrals.

Dirichlet’s conditions for the Fourier integral
Condition for existence of Fourier Transform
then the Fourier integral representation of f(t), converges to f(t) at all points where f(t) is
continuous
and to the average of the right- and left-hand limits of f(t) where f(t) is discontinuous (that
is, to the mean of the discontinuity).
THE FOURIER INTEGRAL
Letting L → ∞ in a Fourier series leads to the introduction of a different type of representation
called a Fourier integral representation, where the function f(x) is defined for all x and need not be
periodic.
This representation forms the basis of an integral transform called the Fourier transform
THE FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM

Let f(x) satisfy the following condition:
1. f(x) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions in every finite interval -L ≤ x ≤ L.
2. converges, i.e. f(x) is absolutely integrable in -∞ < x < ∞. Then
The Fourier’s integral theorem states that (1)
where, (Fourier integral representation of a function f(x) )

COMPLEX FORM OF THE FOURIER INTEGRAL
(Fourier integral of a function f(x) )
Eq. (1) can be equivalently written as,
That can be reduced in the form; Using
(2)
(Complex Form of the Fourier Integral)
Eq. (2) can also be written as a product of exponential functions
(3)
9
Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU
THE FOURIER INTEGRAL

Further solution

Find the Fourier integral representation of

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia,15
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
What is the main difference between Fourier series and Fourier transform?
Fourier series is an extension of the periodic signal as a linear combination of sine and cosine,
while the Fourier transform is a process or function used to convert signals in the time domain
to the frequency domain.
 Fourier transform takes a waveform that appears to be messy and reduces it to a

summation of frequency components.
 Fourier Series deal with functions that are periodic over a finite interval. e.g. −1 < x < 1, -
-π < x < π . The function is assumed to repeat outside this interval.
 If the range is infinite, we can use a Fourier Transform.

Why to convert a signal expressed in the Time domain into its spectrum in the frequency
domain ?
• The frequency domain representation of a signal allows you to observe several

characteristics of the signal.
• If we look at the signal from a different mathematical perspective that broadens the
options to analyze or to process the signal.
• These signals are either not easy to see, or not visible at all when you look in the time
domain.
• Therefore it is often more comfortable to work in the frequency domain.
• Converting a signal into its frequency spectrum, allows frequency analysis (which
frequency is present?), frequency filtering (remove some annoying frequencies), and the
registration of signals.
• It is very easy to speed up or slow down speech or music, to adapt to media at different
sample rates in the frequency domain, and again nearly impossible in the time domain.
Prepared by: Dr.
Anju Chaurasia, 17
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
Fourier Transform
A Fourier Transform is an integral transform that re-expresses a function in terms of different
sine waves of varying amplitudes, wavelengths, and phases, etc.
 The complex exponential form of the Fourier series representation of a periodic function
emerges as a special case of the Fourier transform.
 While Fourier transforms first found most application in the solution of partial differential
equations, it is probably true to say that today Fourier transform methods are most heavily
used in the analysis of signals and systems.

FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS
The (infinite) Fourier Cosine transform of f(x), 0 < x < ∞, is defined as
The (infinite) Fourier sine transform of f(x), 0 < x < ∞, is defined as

Find the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine transforms of the function
21
Find the Fourier sine transforms of the function : f(x) =1/x

Find the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine transforms of the function: f(x) = e-x , x >0
23 Prof., DYPIU
Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst.
Find the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine transforms of the function : f(x) = e-ax H.W.

Few Special Functions

Mathematical Representation of Unit Step Function
A function representing a unit step at t = a may be obtained by a horizontal translation of
duration a
shows a function that maintains a zero value for all values of t up to t = a and a value of
1 for all values of t ≥ a.
Prepared by: Dr.

Anju Chaurasia, 26
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
Exponential function
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Asst. Prof., DYPIU
Rectangular pulse
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Anju Chaurasia, 28
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
the unit sinc function
Triangular Function
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Anju Chaurasia, 30
Asst. Prof., DYPIU
FOURIER TRANSFORM AND ITS INVERSE
(3)
(Complex Form of the Fourier Integral)
The expression of Eq. (3) in brackets is a function of w, is denoted by , and is called the Fourier
transform of the function f ,
Putting v = x, we have (4)
(Fourier transform of the function f)
with this, (3) becomes (5)
and is called the inverse Fourier transform of

The process of obtaining the Fourier transform from a given f is also called the Fourier transform or the
Fourier transform method.

Dirichlet’s conditions for the Fourier integral
Condition for existence of Fourier Transform
(i.e. the area under the curve must be finite.)
then the Fourier integral representation of f(t), converges to f(t) at all points where f(t) is
continuous
and to the average of the right- and left-hand limits of f(t) where f(t) is discontinuous (that
is, to the mean of the discontinuity). Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 33
1. Does the function have a Fourier transform representation ?
Sol.
Since the area under the curve of is infinite, it follows that | f(t)|dt is
not bounded,
So, the conditions of Theorem (Dirichlet’s condition) are not satisfied. We can confirm that the
Fourier transform does not exist.

35
2. Expresses f(t) in the frequency domain, and is analogous to resolving it into harmonic
components with a continuously varying frequency ω. (The ‘one-sided’ exponential function )
where f(t) is the Heaviside unit step function.
Sol.
We can show that the area under the graph is bounded. Dirichlet’s conditions:, a Fourier transform
exists.
36
Ans. Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 37

Fourier Transform

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Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof.

Prepared by: Dr.

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 5

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 6

THE FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM

1. f(x) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions in every finite interval -L ≤ x ≤ L.

2. converges, i.e. f(x) is absolutely integrable in -∞ < x < ∞. Then

The Fourier’s integral theorem states that (1)

where, (Fourier integral representation of a function f(x) )

(Fourier integral of a function f(x) )

Eq. (1) can be equivalently written as,

That can be reduced in the form; Using

Eq. (2) can also be written as a product of exponential functions

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 10

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 13

Prepared by: Dr. Anju Chaurasia, Asst. Prof., DYPIU 14