Unit - 5

BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Multiple Choice Question

1. If molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment ,the sigma bonding orbitals used by
M (atomic number < 21) are
(a) pure p (b) sp hybrid (c) sp2 hybrid (d) sp3 hybrid.
2. The pair of molecules forming strongest hydrogen bonds are
(a) SiH4 and SiF6 (b)

(c) (d) H2O and H2.

3. Carbon suboxide (C3O2) has recently been shown as a component of the

atmosphere of Venus. Which of the following formulation represents the
correct ground state Lewis structure for carbon suboxide?
(a) : O : C: :C:C: O : (b) : O::C::C:C::O:
(c) (d)

4. The types of bonds present in CuSO4.5H2O are only

(a) electrovalent and covalent
(b) electrovalent and co-ordinate
(c) electrovalent, covalent and co-ordinate covalent
(d)covalent and co- ordinate covalent

5. The electronic configurations of four elements are given in brackets

L (1s22s2 p1), M (1 s22s2 2p5)
Q (1s22s2 2 p63 s1),R (1s22s2 2p2) The element that would most readily form a
diatomic molecule is
(a) Q (b) M (c) R (d) L.
6. Which of the following has a linear structure ?
(a) CCl4 (b) SO2 (c) C2H2 (d) C2H4.
7. In [Cu (NH3)4] SO4, Cu has the following hybridisation
(a) dsp2 (b) sp3 (c) sp2 (d) sp3d2.
8. The angle between the overlapping of one s-orbital and one p-orbital is
(a) 180º (b) 120º (c) 109º28’ (d) 120º, 60º.
9. Of the following hydrides which one has the lowest boiling point ?
(a) AsH3 (b) SbH3 (c) PH3 (d) NH3

10. Which of the following does not apply to metallic bond ?

(a) Overlapping valence orbitals (b) Mobile valency electrons
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 (c) Delocalized electrons (d) Highly directed bonds.

11. H2O has a net dipole moment while BeF2 has zero dipole moment because
(a) H2O molecule is linear while BeF2 is bent
(b) BeF2 molecule is linear while H2O is bent
(c) Fluorine has more electro-negativity than oxygen
(d) Beryllium has more electronegativity than oxygen

12. The molecule/ion which has pyramidal shape is

(a) PCl3 (b) SO3 (c) (d)

13. Which one of the following is paramagnetic?

(a) (b) CN- (c) CO (d) NO+
14. The molecule which has zero dipole moment is
(a) CH2Cl2 (b) BF3 (c) NF3 (d) ClO2

15. In a homonuclear molecule which of the following set of orbitals are

degenerate ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)

16. Among LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3 and CCl4, the covalent bond character follows the
order
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

17. The complex ion [Co(NH3)6]3+is formed by sp3 d2 hybridisation. Hence the ion
should possess
(a) Octahedral geometry (b) Tetrahedral geometry
(c) Square planar geometry (d) Tetragonal geometry.

18. Which statement is NOT correct?

(a) A sigma bond is weaker than a -bond
(b) A sigma bond is stronger than a -bond
(c) A double bond is stronger than a single bond
(d) A double bond is shorter than a single bond.

19. Which one shows maximum hydrogen bonding ?

(a) H2O (b) H2Se (c) H2S (d) HF

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20. Linear combination of two hybridized orbitals belonging to two atoms and
each having one electron leads to a
(a) Sigma bond (b) Double bond
(c) Co-ordinate covalent bond (d) pi bond.

21. Which one of the following formulae does not correctly represent the bonding
capacities of the two atoms involved?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

22. In compound X, all the bond angles are exactly 109028’.X is

(a) Chloromethane (b) Carbon tetrachloride
(c) Iodoform (d) Chloroform.

23. Which one of the following has the shortest carbon carbon bond length ?
(a) Benzene (b) Ethene (c) Ethyne (d) Ethane

24. Which type of bond is not present in HNO2 molecule

(a) Covalent (b) Co-ordinate
(c) Ionic (d) Ionic as well as co-ordinate

25. Which structure is linear ?

(a) SO2 (b) CO2 (c) (d)

26. The type of bonding in HCl molecule is

(a) Pure covalent (b) Polar covalent
(c) Highly polar (d) Hydrogen bonding

27. The percentage of s–character in the hybrid orbitals sp, sp2 and sp3 follows
the pattern.
(a) sp3 > sp2 > sp (b) sp > sp2 > sp3
2 3
(c) sp = sp > sp (d) sp = sp2 = sp3

28. Among the following, which compound will show the highest lattice energy ?
(a) KF (b) NaF (c) CsF (d) RbF.

29. Amongst LiCl, RbCl, BeCl2 and MgCl2, the compounds with the greatest and
the least ionic character respectively are
(a) LiCl and RbCl (b) RbCl and BeCl2
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 (c) RbCl and MgCl2 (d) MgCl2 and BeCl2
30. Which of the following has a bond formed by the overlap of sp–sp 3 hybrid
orbitals ?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
31. Which of the following has zero dipole moment?
(a) ClF (b) PCl3 (c) SiF4 (d) CFCl3
32. The distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of the O 2 molecule is
as follows
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

33. NH3 has a much higher boiling point that PH3 because
(a)NH3 has larger molecular weight
(b)NH3 undergoes umbrella inversion
(c) NH3 forms hydrogen bond
(d) NH3 contains ionic bonds whereas PH3 contains covalent bonds.
34. Which of the following will have a low heat of fusion ?
(a) a covalent solid (b) metallic solid
(c) an ionic solid (d) a molecular solid
35. The element X of group VA combines with the element Y of group VIA. The
resulting compound may have the formula
(a) X2Y3 (b) X5Y6 (c) X3Y2 (d) X6Y5
36. The dielectric constant of H2O is 80. The electrostatic force of attraction
between Na+ and Cl- will be
(a) reduced to 1/40 in water than in air
(b) reduced to 1/80 in water than in air
(c) will be increased to 80 in water than in air
(d) will remain unchanged
37. The weakest among the following types of bonds is
(a) ionic (b) covalent (c) metallic (d) H-bond.

38. Which of the following does not have a tetrahedral structure ?

(a) (b) (c) (d) .
39. Which of the following pairs will form the most stable ionic bond ?
(a) Na and Cl (b) Mg and F (c) Li and F (d) Na and F
40. Linus Pauling received the Nobel prize for his work on
(a) atomic structure (b) photosynthesis
(c) chemical bonds (d) thermodynamics
41. The distance between the two adjacent carbon atoms is largest in

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 (a) Benzene (b) Ethene (c) Butane (d) Ethyne

42. Which of the following statements is not correct ?

(a) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining
into molecular orbitals
(b) sp2-hybrid orbitals are formed from two p-atomic orbitals and one
s–atomic orbital
(c) dsp2 – hybrid orbitals are all at 90º to one another
(d) d2sp3–hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular
octahedron.
43. Bond order is a concept in the molecular orbital theory. It depends on the
number of electrons in the bonding and antibonding orbitals. Which of the
following statements is true about it ?
The bond order
(a) cannot be a negative quantity
(b) has always an integral value
(c) can assume any value, positive or negative, integral of fractional,
including zero
(d) is a non-zero quantity.

44. Which one of the following hydrogen halides has the lowest boiling point ?
(a) HF (b) HCl (c) HBr (d) HI

45. Which concept best explains the fact that o-nitrophenol is more volatile than
p-nitrophenol ?
(a) resonance (b) hyperconjugation
(c) hydrogen bonding (d) steric hindrance
46. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration for diatomic
nitrogen ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)

47. Which of the following has sp2 –hybridization ?

(a) C2H6 (b) C2H4 (c) BeCl2 (d) C2H2
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48. The structure and hybridization of Si (CH3)4is
(a) bent sp (b) trigonal, sp2 (c) octahedral, sp3d (d) tetrahedral,sp3
49. The maximum number of water molecules that one water molecule can hold
through hydrogen bonding is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8.

50. Among the following species, identity the isostructural pairs

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

51. KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The compound contains the species
(a) K+ , F- and H+ (b) K+,F- and HF (c) K+ and [HF2]- (d)[KHF]+ and F2

52. Among the following compounds the one that is polar and has the central
atom with sp2 hybridisation is
(a) H2 CO3 (b) SiF4 (c) BF3 (d) HClO2
53. Which contains both polar and non –polar bonds ?
(a) NH4Cl (b) HCN (c) H2O2 (d) CH4.
54. Which one of the following compounds has sp2-hybridisation ?
(a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) N2O (d) CO.

55. Which of the following has the highest dipole moment ?

(a) AsH3 (b) SbH3 (c) PH3 (d) NH3
56. N2 and O2 are converted into monocations, and respectively. Which of
the following is wrong ?
(a) In , N-N bond weakens (b) In , the O-O bond order increase
(c) In , paramagnetism decreases (d) becomes diamagnetic.
57. The high density of water compared to ice is due to
(a) H-bonding interactions (b) dipole-dipole interactions
(c)dipole-induced dipole interactions
(d) induced dipole–induced dipole interactions
58. An element (X) forms compounds of the formula XCl 3,X2O5 and Ca3X2 but
does not form XCl5 . Which of the following is the element X ?
(a) B (b) Al (c) N (d) P
59. The hybridization of S atom in SO2 is
(a) sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 (d) sp3d.

60. In , the formal charge on each oxygen atom and the P-O bond order
respectively are
(a) -0.75, 0.6 (b) -0.75, 1.0 (c) -0.75, 1.25 (d) -3, 1.25.
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61. The metallic lustre exhibited by sodium is explained by
(a) diffusion of sodium ions (b) excitation of free protons
(c) oscillation of loose electrons (d)existence of body centred cubic lattice.

62. The number of electrons shared in each outermost shell of N2 is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5.

63. Which of the following will be octahedral ?

(a) SF6 (b) (c) (d)

64. The hydrogen bond is strongest in

(a) F –H…O (b) F-H….F (c) O-H…S (d) O-H…N

65. The correct order of increasing C-O bond length of CO, , CO2 is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

66. The hybridization of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in and are

2 3 2 2 3
(a)sp ,sp and sp respectively (b) sp,sp and sp respectively
2 3
(c) sp ,sp and sp respectively (d) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively

67. The compound MX4 is tetrahedral. The number of formed in the

compound is
(a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) Six.

68. The number of antibonding electron pairs in molecular ion on the basis
of molecular orbital theory is (at. no. O =8)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5.

69. Hydrogen bonding is maximum in

(a) Ethyl chloride (b)Triethylamine (c) Ethanol (d) Diethyl ether.

70. Among the following ions, the p-d overlap could be present in
(a) (b) (c) (d)

71. Among the following, electron deficient compound is

(a) CCl4 (b) PCl5 (c) SF2 (d) BCl3

72. Which of the following is not paramagnetic?

(a) (b) CO (c) (d) NO

73. Each carbon in carbon suboxide is

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 (a) sp2 –Hybridized (b) sp3-Hybridized
(c) sp-Hybridized
(d) sp2-Hybridized but linked with one co –ordinate bond
74. Consider the following statements. The common features of the molecules
BF3, CO and NO are that
I. all are Lewis acids
II. all are gaseous in nature
III. all contain unpaired electrons
IV. all do not conform to the octet rule.
Which of the above statements are correct ?
(a) I and II (b) III and IV (c) I and III (d) II and IV

75. Consider the following statements

I. A sigma ( ) bond is formed when two s-orbitals overlap
II. A pi ( ) bond is formed when two p-orbitals axially overlap
III. A - bond is weaker than - bond .
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I alone (d) II alone

76. Among H2O, H2S , H2Se and H2Te, the one with the highest boiling point is
(a) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
(b) H2Te because of higher molecular weight
(c) H2S because of hydrogen bonding
(d) H2Se because of lower molecular weight.

77. The correct order of hybridization of the central atom in the following species
NH3,[PtCl4]2-, PCl5 and BCl3 is
(a) dsp2, dsp3 , sp2 and sp3 (b) sp3, dsp2 dsp3, sp2
(c) dsp2, sp2 ,sp3 dsp3 (d) dsp2, sp3 , sp2 dsp3
78. The common features among the species ,CO and NO+ are
(a) bond order three and isoelectronic
(b) bond order three and weak field ligands
(c) bond order two and -acceptors
(d) isoelectronic and weak field ligands.

79. Which one of the following arrangements of molecules is correct on the basis
of their dipole moments ?
(a) BF3> NF3 >NH3 (b) NF3 > BF3 >NH3
(c) NH3 > BF3> NF3 (d) NH3 > NF3 > BF3

80. Which of the following molecular species has unpaired electron (s) ?
(a) N2 (b) F2 (c) (d) .

81. Which of the following hydrocarbons has the lowest dipole moment ?
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 (a) (b)

(c) CH3CH2C  CH (d) CH2 = CH – C  CH

82. The nodal plane in the -bond of ethene is located in

(a) the molecular plane
(b) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
(c) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which bisects the carbon –
carbon sigma bond at right angle
(d) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which contains the carbon-
carbon -bond.

83. In XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 , the number of lone pairs on Xe is respectively
(a) 2,3,1 (b) 1,2,3 (c) 4, 1, 2 (d) 3,2,1
84. In which of the following species is the underlined carbon having sp 3-
hybridisation ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)

85. Which of the following statements is true ?

(a) HF is less polar than HBr
(b) Absolutely pure water does not contain any ions
(c) Chemical bond formation takes place when forces of attraction overcome
the forces of repulsion
(d) In covalency, transference of electrons takes place

86. Which of the following statements is not correct for sigma- and pi- bonds
formed between two carbon atoms?
(a) Sigma bond is stronger than a pi-bond
(b) Bond energies of sigma and pi-bonds are of the order of 264 kJ/mol and
347 kJ/mol.
(c) Free rotation of atoms about a sigma bond is allowed but not in case of a
pi- bond
(d) Sigma – bond determines the direction between carbon atoms but a pi-
bond has no primary effect in this regard.

87. Which of the following pair of molecules will have permanent dipole moment
for both members ?
(a) NO2 and CO2 (b) NO2 and O3 (c) SiF4 and CO2 (d) SiF4 and NO2

88. Which one of the following compounds has the smallest bond angle in its
molecule?
(a) OH2 (b) SH2 (c) NH3 (d) SO2

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89. Paramagnetism of oxygen is explained on the basis of its electronic
configuration of
(a) (b) (c) (d)

90. Which of the following leads to bonding?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

91. Among the following, the molecule with highest dipole moment is
(a) CH3Cl (b) CH2Cl2 (c) CHCl3 (d) CCl4

92. Which of the following, are isoelectronic and isostructural ?

(a) (b) (c) (d) .

93. What type of hybridisation takes place in the N-atom Of NH3 ?

(a) sp2 (b) sp3 (c) dsp2 (d) sp

94. If Z-axis is taken as the molecular axis, then  orbitals are formed by
(a) 2px and 2pz (b) 2px and 2px (c) 2s and 2py (d) 2s and 2pz

95. Which bond angle  would result in the maximum dipole moment for the
triatomic molecule XY2 as shown below.

(a) 90º (b) 120º (c) 150º (d) 180º

96. A pair of compounds which have odd electrons in the group NO,CO,
ClO2,N2O5,SO2 and O3 are
(a) NO and ClO2 (b) CO and SO2 (c) ClO2 and CO (d) SO2 and O3

97. The cyanide ion, CN- and N2 are isoelectronic. But in contrast to CN - , N2 is
chemically inert, because of
(a) low bond energy (b)absence of bond polarity
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 (c) unsymmetrical electron distribution
(d) presence of more number of electrons in bonding orbitals.

98. A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If the bond distance is 1
Å, what percentage of electronic charge exists on each atom?
(a) 12% of e (b) 19% of e (c) 25% of e (d) 29% of e

99. In which of the following set of molecules is the order of boiling points
incorrect ?
(a) Xe > Ar >He (b) HF > HCl > HBr
(c) H2O>H2Se>H2S (d) C3H8 > C2H6 > CH4.

100. The electronic configurations of four elements are :

The formulae of ionic compounds that could be formed between them are
(a) L2P, RL,PQ, R2Q (b) LP, RL, PQ, RQ
(c) P2L, RL, PQ,RQ2 (d) LP,R2L, P2Q, RQ.

101. AICl3 is covalent while AIF3 is ionic. This fact can be justified on the basis of
(a) Valence bond theory (b) Crystal structure
(c) Lattice energy (d) Fajan Rule

102. B10C2H12 is isoelectronic with

(a) (b) (c) (d)

103. The nature of - bond in perchlorate ion is

(a) O (d )-Cl(p ) (b)O(p )-Cl(d )
(c) O(d )-Cl(d ) (d)O(d )-Cl(d ).
104. Among the following diatomic molecules, the shortest bond length is to be
found in
(a) C2 (b) N2 (c) O2 (d) F2
105. Consider the given figure showing that possible levels of the energy of ion
depending on internuclear distance versus potential energy of the system .

It may be easily assumed that the ground state of the molecular hydrogen
ion, corresponds to the lowest level which means that
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 (a) Curve 1 represents the most stable state of the system for ion
(b) Curve 2 represent the most stable state of the system for ion
(c) Curve 1 indicates that the molecular hydrogen ion is formed
(d) Curve 2 represents the energy level of the antibonding region.

106. Match List I (species) with List II (Hybrid orbitals used by the central atom in
their formation) and select the correct answer:
List I A. B. C. D.
List II 1. sp 3
2. dsp 2 3
3. sp dz 2
4. dx2-y2sp3
A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4
(b) 3 4 2 1
(c) 4 2 1 3
(d) 4 3 2 1

107. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer :
List I (ion) A. B. C. D.
List II 1. Linear 2.Pyramidal 3. Tetrahedral 4. Square 5. Angular
(shapes) planar
A B C D
(a) 1 2 4 5
(b) 4 5 2 3
(c) 1 5 4 3
(d) 5 1 3 4

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 Unit - 5
BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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 Answers Key

Q. Ans Q. Ans Q. Ans Q. Ans Q. Ans Q. Ans Q. Ans

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
1 C 17 A 33 C 49 B 65 D 81 B 97 B
2 C 18 A 34 D 50 C 66 B 82 A 98 C
3 C 19 A 35 A 51 C 67 D 83 D 99 B
4 C 20 A 36 B 52 A 68 C 84 B 100 C
5 B 21 D 37 D 53 C 69 C 85 C 101 D
6 C 22 B 38 B 54 B 70 B 86 B 102 A
7 A 23 C 39 B 55 D 71 D 87 B 103 B
8 A 24 D 40 C 56 D 72 B 88 B 104 B
9 C 25 B 41 C 57 A 73 C 89 B 105 B
10 D 26 B 42 A 58 C 74 D 90 B 106 D
11 B 27 B 43 A 59 B 75 C 91 A 107 C
12 A 28 B 44 B 60 C 76 A 92 A
13 A 29 B 45 C 61 D 77 B 93 B
14 B 30 A 46 C 62 B 78 A 94 B
15 B 31 C 47 B 63 A 79 D 95 A
16 C 32 B 48 D 64 B 80 C 96 A
SOLUTIONS
1. Since; e molecule (MX3) has zero dipole moment therefore, it must have
triangular planar geometry and accordingly the hybridization of central
metal atom (M) must be sp2.

2. Carboxylic acids have strong inter –molecular H-bonding

3. In (c), each C and O atom has octet of electrons.

4.

The bond between Cu2+ and ion is ionic ; between S and O in ions
2+
and between H and O atoms in H2O are covalent ; those between Cu and
H2O molecules are coordinate.
5. Non-metals readily form diatomic molecules by sharing of electrons. Element
M has seven electrons in its valence shell and thus needs one
more electron to complete its octet, Therefore, two atoms share one electron
each to form a diatomic molecule (M2)

6. C2H2 has linear structure.

7. Electronic configuration of Cu2+ is

8. The overlap between s – and p –orbitals occurs along internuclear axis and
hence the angle is 180º.

9. NH3 undergoes H- bonding and hence has the highest b.p. Among the
remaining hydrides i.e., PH3, AsH3 and SbH3 and BiH3, the b.p. increases as
the size of the element increases and hence the magnitude of the van der
Waal’s forces of attraction increases. Thus, PH3 has the lowest b.p.

10. Metallic bonds have electrostatic attraction on all sides and hence do not
have directional characteristics.
11. BeF2 is linear and hence has zero dipole moment while H 2O, being a bent
molecule, has a finite or non-zero dipole moment.
12. PCl3 has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair, therefore, in accordance with
VSEPR theory , it has pyramidal shape .

13. Only has old number of electrons and hence is paramagnetic .

All the remaining molecules/ ions, i.e, and NO+
,have even number of electrons which are paired and hence are
diamagnetic.

14. BF3 is triangular planar and hence has zero dipole moment.

15. and have equal energy and hence are degenerate .

16. As we move from Li Be B C, the electonegativity (EN) increases and

hence the EN difference between the element and Cl decreases and
accordingly the covalent character increases.
Thus option (c) i.e. is correct

17. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with six bond pairs must be
octahedral.
18. A -bond is stronger than a -bond hence option (a) is not correct.

19. H2O shows maximum hydrogen bonding because each H 2O molecule is

linked to four H2O molecules through hydrogen bond.

20. Linear combination of two hybridized orbitals leads to the formation of sigma
bond .

21. In the asterisked carbon has a valency of 5 and hence this

formula is not correct.

22. All bond angles in CCl4 are of 109º 28’.

23. Because of the triple bond, the carbon –carbon bond distance in ethyne is
shortest.

24. H–O–N = O does not have ionic and coordinate bonds.

25. CO2 has sp-hybridization and is linear. SO2 and are planar (sp2) while
is tetrahedral (sp3).

26. has polar covalent bond.

27. Percentage of s–character decreases as sp (50%) > sp2 (33.3%) > sp3 (25.0%).

28. For compounds containing ions of same charge, lattice energy increases as
the size the ions decrease. Thus, NaF has highest lattice energy.

29. Electronegativity difference (EN) is highest in RbCl (3 – 0.8 = 2.2) and least
in BeCl2 (3-1.5 =1.5) and hence option (b) is correct.

30.

31. SiF4 is a symmetrical tetrahedral molecule and hence its dipole moment is
zero.

32. Both and antibonding orbitals have one electron each and hence
option (b) is correct.

33. NH3 has much higher b.p than PH3 due to H-bonding .

34. Molecular solids have van der Waal’s forces of attraction and hence usually
have low heats of fusion, i.e., melting points.

35. Element (X) of group VA (or 15) has a normal valency of three while element
(Y) of group VIA (or 16) has a normal valency of 2. Therefore, the formula of
the compound is X2Y3.
36. Electrostatic forces of attraction are reduced to 1/80th in water.

37. H- bond is the weakest.

38. BH3 has sp2-hybridization and hence does not have tetrahedral structure
while all others have tetrahedral structures.

39. The stability of the ionic bond depends upon the lattice energy which is
expected to be more between Mg and F due to +2 charge on MG atom.

40. Chemical bonds.

41. The C-C bond distance decreases as the multiplicity of the bond increases.
Thus, bond distance decreases in the order :butane (1.54Å) > benzene
(1.39 Å) > ethene ( 1.34 Å) >ethyne ( 1.20 Å).
42. Statement (a) is not correct as hybridisation is not a prior phenomenon.
43. Bond order cannot be negative because number of bonding electrons is
always greater than anti bonding electrons.

44. HCl does not have H-bonding but H-F has extensive H- bonding. Therefore,
boiling point of HCl is lower than that of HF. Amongst HCl, HBr and Hl the
molecular size of HCl is the smallest and has the weakest van der Waal’s
interactions and thus has the lowest b. p.
45. o-Nitrophenol undergoes intramolecular H –bonding and hence exists as a
monomer but p- nitrophenol undergoes intermolecular H – bonding and
hence exists as an associated molecule. Therefore, o-nitrophenol is more
volatile than p- nitrophenol.

46. Configuration (c) is correct.

47. C2H4 has sp2-hybridization.

48. Si(CH3)4 has sp3-hybridization and is thus tetrahedral.

49. Four as shown below :

50. [NF3 and H3O+] are pyramidal while [ and BF3] are planar. Hence answer
(c) is correct.

51. F- forms H- Bond with HF, therefore, the species [ H…F-H] - or exists
and hence option (c) is correct.

52. SiF4 and HClO2 have sp3-hybridization while H2CO3 and BF3 have sp2 –
hybridization.

The resultant dipole moment of two B – F bonds is equal and opposite to the
dipole moment of third B–F bond. Hence BF3 is non-polar molecule. In
contrast, the dipole moment of two OH bonds is not equal to that of C=O
bond and hence H2CO3 has a resultant dipole moment and thus is a polar
molecule.
53. In H-O-O-H, O-H bonds are polar but O –O bond is non –polar.

54. Only SO2 has sp2 hybridization while all the remaining molecules,
i.e. CO2,N2O and CO have sp- hybridization.

55. Amongst the molecules listed, in NH3, the electronegativity difference

between N (3.0) and H (2.1) is the maximum and hence NH 3 has the highest
dipole moment.

56. B.O. in N2 = (10 – 4)/2=3

B.O. in = (9 – 4)/ 2 =2.5
B.O. in O2 = (10 – 6)/2 =2.0
B.O. in
contains one unpaired electron and hence is paramagnetic. Therefore
option (d) is wrong . All other statements are correct.

57. H –bonding interactions.

58. Since the element X forms XCl 3, X2O5 and Ca3X2, therefore, it must be N or P.
Since it does form MCl5, therefore, it must be N since it has no d- orbitals to
expand its covalency from 3 to 5. Therefore, X must be N.

59. Total no. of valence electrons in SO2 = 6 + 2  6 = 18

Now and
Thus, sum of
and hence type of hybridization is sp2.

60. The structure of is

Here three units negative charge is shared by four O atoms and five bond
pairs are shared between four P-O bonds
Formal charge = – 3/4 = - 0.75
B.O. of P-O bond = 5/4 = 1.25.

61. Metallic lustre is due to oscillation of loose electrons.

62. Each N atom in N2 molecule shares three electrons, i.e., :N::N:

63. SF6 has six bond pairs and hence according to VSEPR theory, it should be
octahedral.
64. Because of highest electronegativity of F, F-H…F hydrogen bond is the
strongest.

65. From VB theory, B.O. in CO, i.e. : that of O = C = O is 2 while that

of ion is 1.33. Since the bond length increases as the bond order
decreases, i, e., CO < CO2 < . Thus option (d) is correct.

66. In , total no. of valence electrons = 5 + 2  6 – 1 = 16

Now
Thus, type of hybridization is sp.
In , total no. of valence electrons = 5 + 3  6 + 1 = 24
Now, 24  8 = 3 (Q1) + 0 (R1) = 3
Thus, type of hybridization = sp2.
In ions, total no. of valence electrons = 5 + 1  4 – 1 = 8
Now 8  2 = 4 (Q1) + 0 (R1) = 4
Thus, type of hybridization is sp3.
Combining all the results, option (b) is correct.

67. Since MX4 is tetrahedral, therefore, total number of XMX is six.

68. No. of antibonding electron pairs in

69. Strength of H- bond depends upon the electronegativity of the atom carrying
the H-atom. Since O is more electronegative than N, therefore, H- bonding is
maximum in ethanol.

70. In P is sp3- hybridized. It forms four P—O, -bonds by overlap of sp3-

orbitals of P with p–orbital of O. The  bond is, however, formed by overlap
of p-orbital of O and d –orbital of P.

N and C, on the other hand, cannot form bond since they do not have
d-orbitals.

71. Only BCl3 is electron deficient.

72. Only CO has even number of electrons (14) and hence is not paramagnetic,
all others are paramagnetic e.g.,
have odd number of electrons.

73. sp-Hybridized (O = C= C= C =O).

74. All are gaseous molecules and do not conform to the octet rule. Thus, option
(d) is correct.

75. Only statement I is correct.

76. H2O has highest boiling point due to hydrogen bonding.

77. Hybridization of N in NH3 = sp3, that of Pt2+ in [PtCl4]2- = dsp2, that of P in

PCl5 = dsp3and that of B in BCl3 = sp2
78. All the species are isoelectronic since each one of them has 14 electrons
distributed in the MO’s as under:

and Thus B.O = .

80. has one unpaired electron in orbital.

81. (b) is symmetrical with linear structure and will, therefore, have zero dipole
moment.

82. The molecular plane does not have any -electron density.

83. Xe has 8 electrons in the outermost shell. In XeF 2, 2 electrons of Xe are

shared with two F atoms to form two covalent bonds i.e., there are 2 bond
pairs. The remaining 6 electrons form 3 lone pairs. Likewise in XeF 4, there
are 4 bond pairs and the, remaining 4 electrons form 2 lone pairs and in
XeF6, there are 6 bond pairs and the remaining two electrons form one lone
pair.
O
84.

85. A chemical bond is formed when forces of attraction are greater than the
forces of repulsion.

86. Bond energy of sigma bond is greater than that for pi bond) (C – C = 347
kJ/mol, C = C = 619 KJ/mol i.e., for bond, it is = 619 –347 = 272 kJ mol-1.

87.  for O = C = O and

 NO2 and O3 are bent molecules with permanent dipole moment.

88. Bond angle of H2S is smallest because S- atom is large in size and has low
electronegativity.

89. (b) on the basis of electronic configuration.

90. Overlap of s and p-orbitals along the internuclear axis leads to bonding.
91. CH4 molecule being symmetrical has zero dipole moment. Replacement of
one of the H- atoms by Cl – atom increases the dipole moment. The increase
is rather more than expected because bond moments of C—H bond and
C—Cl bond reinforce each other.
In CHCl3, the resultant of C—H and C—Cl bond moments oppose the
resultant of two C- Cl bond moments.

In CH2Cl2, the resultant of two C-H bond moments adds to the resultant of
two C—Cl bonds moments.
In CH3Cl, the resultant of two C-H bond moments adds to the resultant of C
—H and C—Cl bond moments.
The molecule CCl4 being symmetrical, has zero dipole moment.

92. No. of electrons in

No. of electrons in
Hence they are isoelectronic. Further Total no. of valence electrons in

Total no. of valence electrons in

Now
 Hybridisation of central atom in both cases is sp 2. Hence they are
isostructural also.

93.
94.

95. The dipole moment of two dipoles inclined at an angle  is given by the
equation, cos 90 = 0. As the angle increases from
90–180, the value of cos  becomes more and more –ve and hence resultant
decreases. Thus dipole moment is maximum when  = 90º.

96. Total no. of electrons in

NO = 7 + 8 = 15, ClO2 = 17 + 2  8 = 33, CO = 6 + 8 = 14
SO2 = 16 + 2  8 = 32, O3 = 8  3 = 24
Only NO and ClO2 have odd electrons.

97. Both and N2 molecules have the same MO diagrams but differ only in
bond polarity. Thus N2 is inert due to absence of bond polarity while ion
is reactive due to presence of bond polarity.

98. Fractional charge () on each atom

Percentage of electronic charge

99. Amongst HF, HCl and HBr, boiling point of HF is the highest. Out of HCl
and HBr, HBr has a higher boiling point due to increase in molecule size or
molecular mass. Thus, option (b) is incorrect.
Rest of the options are correct.

100. P has one electron in the valence shell while Q has 7 and L has 4, therefore,
it forms ionic compounds of the types: PQ, P2 L
Futher, R has two electrons in the valence shell while Q has 7 and L has 4,
therefore, it forms ionic compounds of the types : RL and RQ 2. Thus option
(c), i.e., P2L RL, PQ, R2Q is correct.

101. Smaller the size of the anion (F-) lesser is its polarization and hence more is
the ionic character. Thus AICl3 is covalent while AIF6 is ionic – Fajan rule.
102. Total number of electrons :
in B10C2H12 = 10  5 + 2  6 + 12  1 = 74

Thus, is isoelectronic with .

103. Ground state outer electronic configuration of Cl is

Sp3- -Hybridization
Therefore, 3 bonds in perchlorate ion, are formed by overlap of p- orbitals
on O and d-orbitals on Cl. Thus, option (b) is correct.

104. B.O. in C2 = B.O. in N2 =

B.O. in O2 = ; B.O. in F2 =
Since the B.O is maximum in N2, therefore, N2 has the shortest bond length.

105. Curve 2 represents the most stable state because in this curve energy
decreases as the atoms come close together and there is minimum in the
curve where energy is minimum and hence stability h maximum.
106. In Mn is in +2 oxidation state.

In is in +2 oxidation state

In is in +3 oxidation state
 In is the central atom. In the ground state, we have

107.