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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Change the percent to a fraction or mixed number. Simplify if necessary.

1) 55% 1)
11 11 1 1
A) B) C) 1 D) 5
40 20 10 2

2) 175% 2)
1 3 1 7
A) 17 B) 1 C) 3 D)
2 4 2 8

3) 7% 3)
7 7 7
A) 7 B) C) D)
100 1000 10

3
4) % 4)
5
3 3 1
A) B) C) D) 6
5 500 10

1
5) 87 % 5)
2
87 7 3 179
A) B) C) 1 D)
100 8 4 200

Change the percent to a decimal.

6) 31% 6)
A) 0.2 B) 0.031 C) 3.1 D) 0.31

7) 410% 7)
A) 41 B) 4.1 C) 4.11 D) 0.41

8) 452% 8)
A) 45.2 B) 4.52 C) 0.452 D) 4.53

9) 89.5% 9)
A) 0.785 B) 0.0895 C) 8.95 D) 0.895

10) 0.9% 10)

A) 0.09 B) 0.009 C) 0.9 D) 0.01

4
11) % 11)
5
A) 0.28 B) 0.008 C) 0.0008 D) 0.8

1
12) 4 % 12)
5
A) 0.0042 B) 420 C) 0.42 D) 0.042

1
 3
13) 48 % 13)
8
A) 0.048375 B) 4837.5 C) 4.8375 D) 0.48375

5
14) 37 % 14)
8
A) 3.7625 B) 0.037625 C) 3762.5 D) 0.37625

1
15) 178 % 15)
4
A) 17.825 B) 1.7825 C) 0.07825 D) 178.25

Change the decimal to a percent.

16) 0.77 16)
A) 0.077% B) 770% C) 77% D) 7.7%

17) 0.5 17)

A) 500% B) 0.5% C) 50% D) 0.05%

18) 0.687 18)

A) 68.7% B) 0.687% C) 687% D) 0.0687%

19) 0.868 19)

A) 86.8% B) 868% C) 0.0868% D) 0.868%

20) 6.3 20)

A) 0.0063% B) 630% C) 0.63% D) 63%

21) 5 21)
A) 250% B) 0.05% C) 0.5% D) 500%

22) 0.025 22)

A) 25% B) 0.0025% C) 0.25% D) 2.5%

23) 0.0468 23)

A) 0.468% B) 46.8% C) 0.00468% D) 4.68%

24) 1.34 24)

A) 234% B) 134% C) 1840% D) 1340%

25) 1.295 25)

A) 142.45% B) 1295% C) 1424.5% D) 129.5%

Change to a percent.
19
26) 26)
20
A) 9.5% B) 47.5% C) 1000% D) 95%

2
 4
27) 27)
10
A) 4% B) 40% C) 400% D) 0.4%

8
28) 28)
9
1 1 8 8
A) 1 % B) 11 % C) 88 % D) 8 %
8 4 9 9

1
29) 29)
3
1 1 1 1
A) % B) 3 % C) % D) 33 %
300 3 3 3

313
30) 30)
500
3 13 305 187
A) 62 % B) 6 % C) 15 % D) 1 %
5 50 313 313

29
31) 31)
90
2 2 1 3
A) 32 % B) 3 % C) 31 % D) 3 %
9 9 29 29

6
32) (Round to the nearest whole percent.) 32)
7
A) 87% B) 86% C) 10% D) 9%

1
33) 5 33)
9
2 1 1 1
A) 66 % B) 5 % C) 511 % D) 51 %
3 9 9 9

3
34) 2 34)
5
A) 26,000% B) 26% C) 2600% D) 260%

7
35) 7 35)
10
A) 7.7% B) 0.77% C) 770% D) 77%

Replace □ with < or >.

1
36) 6 □ 650% 36)
5
A) > B) <

3
 3
37) □ 42% 37)
7
A) > B) <

1
38) % □ 50% 38)
2
A) > B) <

1 1
39) □ % 39)
80 8
A) > B) <

5
40) 8 □ 855% 40)
9
A) < B) >

Solve the problem.

41) A serving of cooked white rice provides 3% of the daily value of an essential mineral. Express this 41)
percent as a fraction.
3 3 3 1
A) B) C) D)
10 100 1000 3

42) An employee had 2% deducted from his paycheck for deposit in the company 401K plan. Express 42)
this percent as a fraction.
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
500 5 2 50

43) Housing sales for the month of May were up 21% from April. Express this percent as a fraction. 43)
79 21 21 1
A) B) C) D)
100 100 1000 21

44) Sales of a particular product increased 33% over last year's sales of the product. Express this 44)
percent as a fraction.
67 1 33 33
A) B) C) D)
100 33 100 1000

45) A bowl of oatmeal supplies 15% of the minimum daily requirement of an essential vitamin. 45)
Express this percent as a fraction.
15 1 17 3
A) B) C) D)
100 15 20 20

46) A stock increased in value by 141%. Write this percent as a simplified mixed number. 46)
41 39 43 41
A) 2 B) 1 C) 1 D) 1
100 100 100 100

4
 4
47) A school accepts of its applicants. What percent of the applicants does the school accept? 47)
5
A) 8% B) 90% C) 80% D) 70%

11
48) Bob's rent is of his income. What percent of his income goes to pay the rent? 48)
20
A) 65% B) 50% C) 55% D) 60%

19
49) The population of a city is 1 times what it was ten years ago. Write this mixed number as a 49)
20
percent.
A) 214% B) 195% C) 95% D) 176%

3
50) The value of a stock is now 2 times what it was worth 5 years ago. Write this mixed number as a 50)
10
percent.
A) 230% B) 227% C) 130% D) 215%

51) A record store downtown is offering 1% off all purchases for the month of December. Express this 51)
percent as a decimal.
A) 1 B) 0.01% C) 0.1 D) 0.01

52) Only 0.5% of those polled had heard the news. Express this percent as a decimal. 52)
A) 0.0005 B) 0.05 C) 0.5 D) 0.005

53) At State University, 57% of the students are female. Express this percent as a decimal. 53)
A) 0.0057 B) 0.57 C) 57 D) 0.057

54) At a certain company, 64.5% of the employees have engineering degrees. Express this percent as a 54)
decimal.
A) 645 B) 6.45 C) 0.0645 D) 0.645

55) The telethon raised 845% of its anticipated goal. Express this percent as a decimal. 55)
A) 0.845 B) 84.5 C) 8.45 D) 845

56) 0.0062 of all products produced at a certain factory contain defects. Express this decimal as a 56)
percent.
A) 0.062 B) 62% C) 6.2% D) 0.62%

57) 0.004 of all math majors at a certain university double major in music. Express this decimal as a 57)
percent.
A) 4 B) 0.04% C) 4% D) 0.4%

58) Rainfall decreased by 0.166 this year. Express this decimal as a percent. 58)
A) 16.6% B) 0.0166% C) 0.166% D) 1.66%

59) Sales this year were 2.6 times last year's sales. Express this decimal as a percent. 59)
A) 0.026% B) 2.6% C) 26% D) 260%

5
60) Attendance this year was 9.614 times greater than last year. Express this decimal as a percent. 60)
A) 0.09614% B) 961.4% C) 96.14% D) 9614%

61) An exam is given to the sixth graders at Emerson School and Lincoln School. 0.83 of the students at 61)
Emerson School and 78% of the students at Lincoln School passed the exam. Which school had the
better result?
A) Emerson School B) Lincoln School

62) An exam is given to the sixth graders at Emerson School and Lincoln School. 0.80 of the students at 62)
Emerson School and 90% of the students at Lincoln School passed the exam. Which school had the
better result?
A) Emerson School B) Lincoln School

63) Bob scored a total of 477 points, out of 542 points possible, in Math 120. An A is given to students 63)
who have a course average of at least 90%. Bob tells his friend that he has earned a grade of A in
the course. Is he correct?
A) Yes B) No

64) Bob scored a total of 460 points, out of 500 points possible, in Math 120. An A is given to students 64)
who have a course average of at least 90%. Bob tells his friend that he has earned a grade of A in
the course. Is he correct?
A) No B) Yes

65) Sarah missed 82 points, out of 542 points possible, in Math 120. An A is given to students who have 65)
a course average of at least 90%. Bob tells his friend that he has earned a grade of A in the course.
Is he correct?
A) No B) Yes

66) Sarah missed 40 points, out of 510 points possible, in Math 120. An A is given to students who have 66)
a course average of at least 90%. Bob tells his friend that he has earned a grade of A in the course.
Is he correct?
A) Yes B) No

67) Tuan struck out 7 times in 112 at-bats playing baseball. Fred tells his friend that he has struck out 67)
less than 8% of the time. Is he correct?
A) No B) Yes

68) Tuan struck out 14 times in 115 at-bats playing baseball. Fred tells his friend that he has struck out 68)
less than 8% of the time. Is he correct?
A) No B) Yes

69) Lin purchased shares of a stock for $9.46 per share forty years ago. Today the stock is worth $ 69)
571.29 per share. Express to the nearest percent the ratio of what the stock is worth now to what
the stock was worth when she purchased it.
A) 1% B) 60% C) 609% D) 6039%

70) Lin purchased shares of a stock for $1.12 per share forty years ago. Today the stock is worth $ 70)
524.09 per share. Lin says the ratio of what the stock is worth now to what the stock was worth
when she purchased it is greater than 25,000%. Is Lin correct?
A) Yes B) No

6
Solve the problem. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
71) What is 70% of 200? 71)
A) 1400 B) 14 C) 140 D) 1.4

72) What is 0.6% of 4000? 72)

A) 240 B) 2 C) 2400 D) 24

73) What is 95% of 4160? 73)

A) 395,200 B) 39,520 C) 3952 D) 395

74) What is 83% of 344? 74)

A) 28.55 B) 2855.2 C) 28,552 D) 285.52

75) Compute 8.1% of 43 meters. 75)

A) 348 meters B) 3.48 meters C) 34.8 meters D) 0.35 meters

76) Compute 2000% of 319 hours. 76)

A) 63,800 hours B) 638 hours C) 638,000 hours D) 6380 hours

77) Compute 180% of 4060 highways. 77)

A) 7308 highways B) 731 highways
C) 73,080 highways D) 730,800 highways

1
78) Compute 5 % of 89 inches. 78)
5
A) 0.05 inches B) 46.3 inches C) 463 inches D) 4.63 inches

Solve the problem.

79) A mutual fund invests $114,800 in utility stocks and earns 1% per year on the investment. How 79)
much money is earned per year?
A) $1148 B) $11,480 C) $1,148,000 D) $11,480,000

80) A chemical solution contains 1% potassium. How much potassium is in 2.5 mL of solution? 80)
A) 250 mL B) 0.025 mL C) 0.25 mL D) 25 mL

81) A discount store had monthly sales of $118,400 and spent 12% of it on advertising. How much was 81)
spent on advertising?
A) $98,667 B) $142,080 C) $14,208 D) $986,667

3
82) The First Nations Bank pays 7 % interest per year on certificate accounts. What is the annual 82)
4
income on a certificate account of $64,400? Round to the nearest dollar.
A) $49,910 B) $92,000 C) $4991 D) $920,000

83) A decorator has 74 clients, 50% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients. 83)
A) 37,000 clients B) 3700 clients C) 37 clients D) 370 clients

7
 84) 40.5% of the students at a certain college are men. If the total number of students at the college is 84)
3800, how many female students are there?
A) 1539 B) 2281 C) 2261 D) 1900

Find the base. Round to the nearest hundredth unless otherwise indicated.
85) 73 is 80% of what number? 85)
A) 9.13 B) 58.4 C) 91.25 D) 912.5

86) 23 is 8% of what number? 86)

A) 2875 B) 287.5 C) 28.75 D) 184

87) 40% of what number is 54? 87)

A) 135 B) 1350 C) 21.6 D) 13.5

88) 97 birds is 50% of what number of birds? 88)

A) 48.5 B) 19.4 C) 194 D) 1940

89) 23 nurses is 6% of what number of nurses? 89)

A) 38.33 B) 3833.3 C) 138 D) 383.33

90) 49% of what number of meters is 73 meters? 90)

A) 67 B) 148.98 C) 0.67 D) 1489.8

91) 70% of what number of factories is 65 factories? 91)

A) 928.6 B) 92.86 C) 45.5 D) 9.29

92) 148 retail stores is 35% of what number of retail stores? 92)
A) 42,286 B) 2.36 C) 422.86 D) 4228.6

93) 67 plants is 0.73% of what number of plants? 93)

A) 1.09 B) 109 C) 9178.08 D) 91,780.8

1
94) 3 % of what number of coats is 51 coats? Round to the nearest whole number. 94)
2
A) 146 B) 14,570 C) 2 D) 1457

Solve the problem.

95) Matthew has $5600 invested in the stock market. This amounts to 40% of his total savings. How 95)
much has Matthew saved?
A) $140,000 B) $14,000 C) $14,010 D) $14,100

96) Andrew has $16 deducted from his paycheck each week for health insurance. This amounts to 4% 96)
of his gross income. What is his gross income?
A) $450 B) $4000 C) $400 D) $390

97) It is determined that 75% of the student body of Piper School attended an after-school assembly. If 97)
135 students attended the assembly, how many students are enrolled at the school?
A) 192 B) 177 C) 184 D) 180

8
 98) A company's profit amounted to 20% of its sales. If the profits were $2 million, then what was the 98)
total of the company's sales?
A) $8 million B) $12 million C) $10 million D) $11 million

99) A banquet dinner is being organized by a club. The members are to pay 20% of the actual cost of 99)
their dinner, with the club making up the difference. Club members are told that they are to pay $4
to attend. What is the actual cost of the dinner?
A) $22 B) $21 C) $18 D) $20

100) The appliance store where the Scott family shops offers a 5% discount for paying cash. The Scott 100)
family received a discount of $36. What was their total bill before the discount?
A) $180.00 B) $720.00 C) $7.20 D) $1.80

Find the percent.

101) What percent of 28 is 21? 101)
A) 80% B) 75% C) 70% D) 65%

102) What percent of 27 is 9? 102)

1 1
A) 200% B) 33 % C) 132 % D) 66%
3 3

103) What percent of 36 is 24? 103)

1 2
A) 70% B) 33 % C) 66 % D) 65%
3 3

104) 24 is what percent of 24? 104)

A) 1% B) 0% C) 200% D) 100%

105) 75 is what percent of 60? 105)

A) 130% B) 80% C) 125% D) 120%

106) 22 miles is what percent of 88 miles? 106)

A) 30% B) 15% C) 25% D) 20%

107) 80¢ is what percent of 48¢? 107)

2
A) 160% B) 166 % C) 170% D) 165%
3

108) What percent of 45 pizzas is 3 pizzas? 108)

1 1 2
A) 6 % B) 6 % C) 6% D) 6 %
3 2 3

1
109) What percent of 5 is ? 109)
2
A) 12% B) 10.5% C) 15% D) 10%

110) 1.7 is what percent of 4? 110)

A) 43.5% B) 40.5% C) 42.5% D) 47.5%

9
Solve the problem.
111) Matthew has saved a total of $10,400, of which $2600 is invested in the stock market. What percent 111)
of his total savings is invested in the stock market?
A) 20% B) 25% C) 30% D) 35%

112) Andrew's gross income each week is $600. Andrew has $12 deducted for health insurance. What 112)
percent of his gross income is deducted for health insurance?
A) 4% B) 2% C) 1% D) 12%

113) 135 students attended an assembly at Piper School. The student enrollment at the school is 180. 113)
What percentage of the students attended the assembly?
A) 80% B) 65% C) 55% D) 75%

114) 135 students attended an assembly at Piper School. The student enrollment at the school is 540. 114)
What percentage of the students did not attend the assembly?
A) 85% B) 60% C) 75% D) 70%

115) In Little League, Andrew hit 5 home runs in 20 at-bats. What percent of the at-bats were home 115)
runs?
A) 30% B) 35% C) 23% D) 25%

116) In Little League, Andrew hit 3 home runs in 60 at-bats. What percent of the at-bats were not home 116)
runs?
A) 92% B) 100% C) 97% D) 95%

117) A banquet dinner is being organized by a club. The actual cost of the dinner is $28 per person. The 117)
members are to pay $7 to attend, with the club making up the difference. What percentage of the
dinner's cost is the member to pay?
A) 15% B) 25% C) 20% D) 17%

118) A banquet dinner is being organized by a club. The actual cost of the dinner is $35 per person. The 118)
members are to pay $7 to attend, with the club making up the difference. What percentage of the
dinner's cost is the club going to pay?
A) 80% B) 75% C) 90% D) 85%

119) In basketball, Matthew made 255 baskets in 600 attempts. What percent of his attempts were 119)
made?
1 1
A) 43% B) 42 % C) 43 % D) 41%
2 2

120) During one year, the Cheung's real estate bill included $285 for county services. Of this amount, 120)
$52 went to the highway department. What percent did the county highway department receive?
(Round answer to two decimal places.)
A) 18.25% B) 81.75% C) 1482.00% D) 17.89%

Find the percent increase or decrease.

121) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 121)
30 42 ?
A) 40% increase B) 45% increase C) 45% decrease D) 40% decrease

10
 122) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 122)
10 4 ?
A) 58% increase B) 60% decrease C) 60% increase D) 70% decrease

123) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 123)

28 49 ?
A) 75% increase B) 65% decrease C) 87% increase D) 80% increase

124) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 124)

40 20 ?
A) 40% decrease B) 50% decrease C) 40% increase D) 45% decrease

125) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 125)

16 36 ?
A) 75% decrease B) 125% increase C) 175% increase D) 100% increase

126) Original Value New Value Percent Increase or Decrease 126)

200 291 ?
1 1 1
A) 45 % increase B) 44 % decrease C) 47% increase D) 46 % increase
2 2 2

Compute the sales tax. Round to the nearest cent, if necessary.

127) Selling Price Rate of Sales Tax Sales Tax 127)
$10 4.3% ?
A) $4.80 B) $4.30 C) $0.93 D) $0.43

128) Selling Price Rate of Sales Tax Sales Tax 128)

$10 8.4% ?
A) $8.90 B) $84.00 C) $8.40 D) $0.84

129) Selling Price Rate of Sales Tax Sales Tax 129)

$88.38 8.1% ?
A) $7.16 B) $7.66 C) $71.69 D) $7.93

Selling Price Rate of Sales Tax Sales Tax

130) 1 130)
$26 8 % ?
2
A) $2.11 B) $2.26 C) $2.21 D) $2.41

Selling Price Rate of Sales Tax Sales Tax

131) 1 131)
$34.84 3 % ?
2
A) $1.27 B) $1.30 C) $1.12 D) $1.22

Compute the commission. Round to the nearest cent, if necessary.

132) Sales Rate of Commission Commission 132)
$70 2% ?
A) $1.20 B) $1.40 C) $1.30 D) $2.45

11
 133) Sales Rate of Commission Commission 133)
$130 7% ?
A) $11.80 B) $7.90 C) $19.10 D) $9.10

134) Sales Rate of Commission Commission 134)

$480.47 3% ?
A) $14.96 B) $5.66 C) $14.41 D) $16.81

135) Sales Rate of Commission Commission 135)

$48.42 8.1% ?
A) $4.22 B) $3.02 C) $6.47 D) $3.92

Sales Rate of Commission Commission

136) 1 136)
$174 3 % ?
2
A) $7.59 B) $6.09 C) $3.69 D) $13.66

Compute the discount and sale price. Round to the nearest cent.
137) Original Price Rate of Discount Discount Sale Price 137)
$210 10%
A) Discount: $18.90, Sale Price: $191.10 B) Discount: $21.00, Sale Price: $189.00
C) Discount: $23.10, Sale Price: $186.90 D) Discount: $10.50, Sale Price: $199.50

138) Original Price Rate of Discount Discount Sale Price 138)

$300 30%
A) Discount: $87.00, Sale Price: $213.00 B) Discount: $93.00, Sale Price: $207.00
C) Discount: $45.00, Sale Price: $255.00 D) Discount: $90.00, Sale Price: $210.00

139) Original Price Rate of Discount Discount Sale Price 139)

$47.80 10%
A) Discount: $4.30, Sale Price: $43.50 B) Discount: $2.39, Sale Price: $45.41
C) Discount: $5.26, Sale Price: $42.54 D) Discount: $4.78, Sale Price: $43.02

Calculate the simple interest and the final balance. Round to the nearest cent, if necessary.
140) Principal Interest Rate Time (in years) Interest Final Balance 140)
$600 8% 4 ? ?
A) Interest: $197; Final Balance: $797 B) Interest: $195; Final Balance: $795
C) Interest: $192; Final Balance: $792 D) Interest: $190; Final Balance: $790

141) Principal Interest Rate Time (in years) Interest Final Balance 141)
$600 6% 20 ? ?
A) Interest: $720; Final Balance: $1320 B) Interest: $742; Final Balance: $1342
C) Interest: $736; Final Balance: $1336 D) Interest: $710; Final Balance: $1310

142) Principal Interest Rate Time (in years) Interest Final Balance 142)
$950 5% 7 ? ?
A) Interest: $325.50; Final Balance: $1275.50 B) Interest: $330.00; Final Balance: $1280.00
C) Interest: $342.87; Final Balance: $1292.87 D) Interest: $332.50; Final Balance: $1282.50

12
 143) Principal Interest Rate Time (in years) Interest Final Balance 143)
$975 5% 20 ? ?
A) Interest: $955.00; Final Balance: $1930.00 B) Interest: $964.50; Final Balance: $1939.50
C) Interest: $975.00; Final Balance: $1950.00 D) Interest: $935.00; Final Balance: $1910.00

144) Principal Interest Rate Time (in years) Interest Final Balance 144)
$20,000 3% 3 ? ?
A) Interest: $1742.43; Final Balance: $21,742.43
B) Interest: $2000.00; Final Balance: $22,000.00
C) Interest: $1800.00; Final Balance: $21,800.00
D) Interest: $1700.00; Final Balance: $21,700.00

Calculate the final balance after compounding the interest. Round to the nearest cent, if necessary.
145) Principle Interest Rate Time (in years) Final Balance 145)
$600 5% 3 ?
A) Final Balance: $696.88 B) Final Balance: $90.00
C) Final Balance: $694.58 D) Final Balance: $704.98

146) Principle Interest Rate Time (in years) Final Balance 146)
$450 5% 4 ?
A) Final Balance: $556.98 B) Final Balance: $90.00
C) Final Balance: $549.48 D) Final Balance: $546.98

147) Principle Interest Rate Time (in years) Final Balance 147)
$375 6% 7 ?
A) Final Balance: $573.86 B) Final Balance: $566.36
C) Final Balance: $157.50 D) Final Balance: $563.86

148) Principle Interest Rate Time (in years) Final Balance 148)
$225 5.1% 2 ?
A) Final Balance: $22.95 B) Final Balance: $248.54
C) Final Balance: $258.59 D) Final Balance: $251.04

149) Principle Interest Rate Time (in years) Final Balance 149)
$250 8.6% 5 ?
A) Final Balance: $377.65 B) Final Balance: $379.01
C) Final Balance: $378.17 D) Final Balance: $107.50

Solve the problem.

150) Sales of frozen pizza for a club fund-raiser increased from 500 one year to 590 the next year. What 150)
was the percent of increase?
A) 84.7% B) 15.3% C) 18% D) 82%

151) By switching service providers, a family's telephone bill decreased from about $50 a month to 151)
about $44. What was the percent of decrease?
A) 12% B) 6% C) 13.6% D) 13%

13
 152) A telephone costs $176. If the sales tax rate is 8%, how much tax is charged and what is the total 152)
price? Round your answers to the nearest cent.
A) $14.08, $190.08 B) $12.32, $188.32
C) $140.80, $316.80 D) $15.84, $191.84

153) A set of chairs costs $257. The sales tax is $5.14. What is the sales tax rate and what is the total price 153)
paid?
A) 4%, $262.14 B) 2%, $262.14 C) 3%, $262.14 D) 0.2%, $262.14

154) In a sale, the price of a computer is reduced from $1560 to $1392. Find the discount and the rate of 154)
discount. Round the discount rate to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary.
A) $158; 10.1% B) $168; 10.8% C) $168; 12.1% D) $158; 11.4%

155) Bicycles are often on sale in September. The regular price of one bicycle is $94.95. With a 25% 155)
discount, what is the sale price of the bicycle? Round to the nearest cent.
A) $23.74 B) $23.24 C) $70.71 D) $71.21

156) If inflation is 5% a year compounded annually, what will it cost in 8 years to buy a house currently 156)
valued at $75,000?
A) $91,380.22 B) $110,809.16 C) $116,349.62 D) $105,532.53

157) Sumi Kato's savings account has a balance of $767. After 4 years, what will the amount of interest 157)
be at 3.5% compounded annually?
A) $119.15 B) $113.15 C) $306.80 D) $102.15

158) You borrow $3200 from a friend, agreeing to pay 8% simple interest on the loan. If you promise to 158)
pay the entire amount back after 3 years, how much money must you pay at that time?
A) $4018 B) $4368 C) $3968 D) $3958

159) What is the markup percent on a diamond for which the markup is $1834 and the selling price is 159)
$4634?
1 3 1
A) 65 % B) 60% C) 67 % D) 64 %
2 4 2

Rewrite.
160) 80% as a fraction 160)
4 8 2
A) B) 8 C) D)
5 5 5

1
161) 12 % as a fraction 161)
2
1 1 29 3
A) B) C) D)
4 8 200 25

162) 395% as a decimal 162)

A) 0.395 B) 39.5 C) 3.95 D) 3.96

163) 9% as a decimal 163)

A) 0.9 B) 9 C) 90.0 D) 0.09

14
 164) 0.001 as a percent 164)
A) 0.001% B) 1% C) 0.01% D) 0.1%

165) 45 as a percent 165)

A) 450% B) 4.5% C) 0.45% D) 4500%

7
166) as a percent, rounded to the nearest whole percent. 166)
8
A) 10% B) 89% C) 88% D) 9%

1
167) 1 as a percent 167)
5
A) 120% B) 12,000% C) 12% D) 1200%

Solve.
168) What is 60% of 500 kilometers? 168)
A) 30 km B) 3 km C) 300 km D) 3000 km

169) Find 120% of 3460. 169)

A) 415,200 B) 4152 C) 41,520 D) 415

170) 5% of what number is 19? 170)

A) 430 B) 380 C) 370 D) 3800

171) 5% of what number is 18? (Round to the nearest whole number.) 171)
A) 1 B) 100 C) 360 D) 4

172) What percent of 60 is 21? 172)

A) 300% B) 35% C) 0.35% D) 3%

173) What percent of 65 is 520? 173)

1
A) % B) 800% C) 80% D) 8%
8

174) To make car payments, a teenager borrows $700 from a relative for 7 years at 3% simple interest. 174)
Find the amount of simple interest that is due.
A) $300.00 B) $14.70 C) $33.33 D) $147.00

175) A lab technician has 7800 milliliters of a solution. 3% is acid. How many milliliters are acid? 175)
A) 3340 ml B) 2340 ml C) 234 ml D) 334 ml

176) A customer paid $6.42 in sales tax on a set of chairs that cost $321. What was the sales tax rate? 176)
A) 3% B) 4% C) 0.2% D) 2%

177) A mine produces an ore that is approximately 50% iron. How much ore must be mined to produce 177)
50 pounds of iron?
A) 25 lb B) 1000 lb C) 100 lb D) 10 lb

15
178) A movie ticket service sells tickets over the phone at 25% off the full price plus a $$0.75 per ticket 178)
service charge. What is the total cost of 2 tickets that sell for $9 at full price?
A) $13.50 B) $12.00 C) $24.00 D) $15.00

179) An art school began ten straight years of materials fee increases by raising its materials fee from $ 179)
600 to $879. Find the percent increase.
1 1 1
A) 48% B) 45 % C) 47 % D) 46 %
2 2 2

16
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

1) B
2) B
3) B
4) B
5) B
6) D
7) B
8) B
9) D
10) B
11) B
12) D
13) D
14) D
15) B
16) C
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) B
21) D
22) D
23) D
24) B
25) D
26) D
27) B
28) C
29) D
30) A
31) A
32) B
33) C
34) D
35) C
36) B
37) A
38) B
39) A
40) B
41) B
42) D
43) B
44) C
45) D
46) D
47) C
48) C
49) B
50) A
17
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

51) D
52) D
53) B
54) D
55) C
56) D
57) D
58) A
59) D
60) B
61) A
62) B
63) B
64) B
65) A
66) A
67) B
68) A
69) D
70) A
71) C
72) D
73) C
74) D
75) B
76) D
77) A
78) D
79) A
80) B
81) C
82) C
83) C
84) C
85) C
86) B
87) A
88) C
89) D
90) B
91) B
92) C
93) C
94) D
95) B
96) C
97) D
98) C
99) D
100) B
18
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

101) B
102) B
103) C
104) D
105) C
106) C
107) B
108) D
109) D
110) C
111) B
112) B
113) D
114) C
115) D
116) D
117) B
118) A
119) B
120) A
121) A
122) B
123) A
124) B
125) B
126) A
127) D
128) D
129) A
130) C
131) D
132) B
133) D
134) C
135) D
136) B
137) B
138) D
139) D
140) C
141) A
142) D
143) C
144) C
145) C
146) D
147) D
148) B
149) A
150) C
19
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

151) A
152) A
153) B
154) B
155) D
156) B
157) B
158) C
159) A
160) A
161) B
162) C
163) D
164) D
165) D
166) C
167) A
168) C
169) B
170) B
171) C
172) B
173) B
174) D
175) C
176) D
177) C
178) D
179) D

20
Another random document with
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 Fig. 220. Fig. 221.

131. Pine.—Fig. 221. Very variable, very light and soft in “soft” pine, such as
white pine; of medium weight to heavy and quite hard in “hard” pine, of which
longleaf or Georgia pine is the extreme form. Usually it is stiff, quite strong, of even
texture and more or less resinous. The sapwood is yellowish white; the heartwood,
orange brown. Pine shrinks moderately, seasons rapidly and without much injury; it
works easily; is never too hard to nail (unlike oak or hickory); it is mostly quite
durable, and if well seasoned is not subject to the attacks of boring insects. The
heavier the wood, the darker, stronger and harder it is, and the more it shrinks and
checks. Pine is used more extensively than any other kind of wood. It is the
principal wood in common carpentry, as well as in all heavy construction, bridges,
trestles, etc. It is used also in almost every other wood industry, for spars, masts,
planks, and timbers in ship building, in car and wagon construction, in cooperage,
for crates and boxes, in furniture work, for toys and patterns, railway ties, water
pipes, excelsior, etc. Pines are usually large trees with few branches, the straight,
cylindrical, useful stem forming by far the greatest part of the tree.
132. Spruce.—Fig. 222. Resembles soft pine, is light, very soft, stiff, moderately
strong, less resinous than pine; has no distinct heartwood, and is of whitish color.
Used like soft pine, but also employed as resonance wood and preferred for paper
pulp. Spruces, like pines, form extensive forests; they are more frugal, thrive on
thinner soils, and bear more shade, but usually require a more humid climate.
“Black” and “white” spruce as applied by lumbermen, usually refer to narrow and
wide ringed forms of black spruce.
 Fig. 222. Fig. 223.

Broad-Leaved Woods.
133. Ash.—Fig. 223. Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, quite tough, not durable in
contact with soil, straight grained, rough on the split surface and coarse in texture.
The wood shrinks moderately, seasons with little injury, stands well and takes a
good polish. In carpentry ash is used for finishing lumber, stairways, panels, etc.; it
is used in shipbuilding, in the construction of cars, wagons, carriages, etc., in the
manufacture of farm implements, machinery, and especially of furniture of all
kinds, and also for harness work; for barrels, baskets, oars, tool handles, hoops,
clothespins, and toys. The trees of the several species of ash are rapid growers, of
small to medium height with stout trunks; they form no forests, but occur scattered
in almost all broad-leaved forests.
134. Basswood.—Fig. 224. (Lime tree, American linden, lin, bee tree): Wood
light, soft, stiff but not strong, of fine texture, and white to light brown color. The
wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and stands well; it is used in carpentry,
in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, both turned and carved, in
cooperage, for toys, also for paneling of car and carriage bodies. Medium to large
sized trees, common in all Northern broad-leaved forests; found throughout the
Eastern United States.
Fig. 224.
 Fig. 225. Fig. 226.

135. Birch.—Fig. 225. Wood heavy, hard, strong, of fine texture; sapwood
whitish, heartwood in shades of brown with red and yellow; very handsome, with
satiny luster, equaling cherry. The wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and
stands well and takes a good polish, but is not durable if exposed. Birch is used for
finishing lumber in building, in the manufacture of furniture, in woodturnery for
spools, boxes, wooden shoes, etc., for shoe lasts and pegs, for wagon hubs, ox
yokes, etc., also in wood carving. The birches are medium sized trees, form
extensive forests northward and occur scattered in all broad-leaved forests of the
Eastern United States.
136. Butternut.—Fig. 226. (White Walnut.) Wood very similar to black walnut,
but light, quite soft, not strong and of light brown color. Used chiefly for finishing
lumber, cabinet work and cooperage. Medium sized tree, largest and most
common in the Ohio basin; Maine to Minnesota and southward to Georgia and
Alabama.
 Fig. 227.

137. Cherry.—Fig. 227. Wood heavy, hard, strong, of fine texture: sapwood
yellowish white, heartwood reddish to brown. The wood shrinks considerably in
drying, works and stands well, takes a good polish, and is much esteemed for its
beauty. Cherry is used chiefly as a decorative finishing lumber for buildings, cars
and boats, also for furniture and for turnery. It is becoming too costly for many
purposes for which it is naturally suited. The lumber-furnishing cherry of this
country, the wild black cherry, is a small to medium sized tree, scattered through
many of the broad-leaved woods of the western slope of the Alleghanies, but
found from Michigan to Florida and west to Texas.
138. Chestnut.—Fig. 228. Wood light, moderately soft, stiff, not strong, of
coarse texture; the sapwood light, the heartwood darker brown. It shrinks and
checks considerably in drying, works easily, stands well, and is very durable. Used
in cabinet work, cooperage, for railway ties, telegraph poles, and locally in heavy
construction. Medium sized tree very common in the Alleghanies, occurs from
Maine to Michigan and southward to Alabama.
 Fig. 228. Fig. 229.

139. Elm.—Fig. 229. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough; moderately durable
in contact with the soil; commonly cross-grained, difficult to split and shape, warps
and checks considerably in drying, but stands well if properly handled. The broad
sapwood whitish, heart brown, both shades of gray and red; on split surface rough,
texture coarse to fine, capable of high polish. Elm is used in the construction of
cars, wagons, etc., in boat and ship building, for agricultural implements and
machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery, and harness work, but particularly in the
manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the beautiful figures, especially of the
tangential or bastard section, are just beginning to be duly appreciated. The elms
are medium to large sized trees, of fairly rapid growth, with stout trunk, form no
forests of pure growth, but are found scattered in all the broad-leaved woods of our
country.
140. Gum.—This general term refers to two kinds of wood usually distinguished
as sweet or red gum, and sour, black, or tupelo gum, the former being a relative of
the witch-hazel, the latter belonging to the dogwood family.
Sweet Gum. Fig. 230. (red gum, liquidambar); Wood rather heavy, rather soft,
quite stiff and strong, tough, commonly cross-grained, of fine texture; the broad
sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish brown; the wood warps and shrinks
considerably, but does not check badly, stands well when fully seasoned, and
takes good polish. Sweet gum is used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furniture,
for cut veneer, for wooden plates, plaques, baskets, etc., also for wagon hubs, hat
blocks, etc. A large sized tree, very abundant, often the principal tree in the
swampy parts of the bottoms of the Lower Mississippi Valley; occurs from New
York to Texas and from Indiana to Florida.
 Fig. 230. Fig. 231.

141. Hickory.—Fig. 231. Wood very heavy, hard and strong, proverbially tough,
of rather coarse texture, smooth and of straight grain. The broad sapwood white,
the heart reddish nut brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and checks considerably, is not
durable in the ground, or if exposed, and, especially the sapwood, is always
subject to the inroads of boring insects. Hickory excels as carriage and wagon
stock, but is also extensively used in the manufacture of implements and
machinery, for tool handles, timber pins, for harness work and cooperage. The
hickories are tall trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small
groves, but usually occur scattered among other broad-leaved trees in suitable
localities.
Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but is also extensively used in the
manufacture of implements and machinery, for tool handles, timber pins, for
harness work and cooperage. The hickories are tall trees with slender stems,
never form forests, occasionally small groves, but usually occur scattered among
other broad-leaved trees in suitable localities.
142. Maple.—Fig. 232. Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, and tough, of fine
texture, frequently wavy grained, thus giving rise to “curly” and blister” figures; not
durable in the ground or otherwise exposed. Maple is creamy white, with shades of
light brown in the heart; shrinks moderately, seasons, works and stands well,
wears smoothly and takes fine polish. The wood is used for ceiling, flooring,
paneling, stairway and other finishing lumber in house, ship and car construction; it
is used for the keels of boats and ships, in the manufacture of implements and
machinery, but especially for furniture, where entire chamber sets of maple rival
those of oak. Maple is also used for shoe lasts and other form blocks, for shoe
pegs, for piano actions, school apparatus, for wood type in show bill printing, tool
handles, wood carving, turnery and scroll work.

Fig. 232.

The maples are medium sized trees, of fairly rapid growth; sometimes form
forests and frequently constitute a large proportion of the arborescent growth.
143. Oak.—Fig. 233. Wood very variable, usually very heavy and hard, very
strong and tough, porous, and of coarse texture; the sapwood whitish, the heart
“oak” brown to reddish brown. It shrinks and checks badly, giving trouble in
seasoning, but stands well, is durable and little subject to attacks of insects. Oak is
used for many purposes; in shipbuilding, for heavy construction, in common
carpentry, in furniture, car and wagon work, cooperage, turnery, and even in wood
carving; also in the manufacture of all kinds of farm implements, wooden mill
machinery, for piles and wharves, railway ties, etc. The oaks are medium to large
sized trees, forming the predominant part of a large portion of our broad-leaved
forests, so that these are generally “oak forests” though they always contain a
considerable proportion of other kinds of trees. Three well marked kinds, white,
red, and live oak are distinguished and kept separate in the market. Of the two
principal kinds, white oak is the stronger, tougher, less porous, and more durable.
Red oak is usually of coarser texture, more porous, often brittle, less durable, and
even more troublesome in seasoning than white oak. In carpentry and furniture
work, red oak brings about the same price at present as white oak. The red oaks
everywhere accompany the white oaks, and like the latter, are usually represented
by several species in any given locality. Live oak, once largely employed in
shipbuilding, possesses all the good qualities (except that of size) of the white oak,
even to a greater degree. It is one of the heaviest, hardest and most durable
building timbers of this country; in structure it resembles the red oak but is much
less porous.

Fig. 233.

144. Sycamore.—Fig. 234 (button wood, button-ball tree, water beech): Wood
moderately heavy, quite hard, stiff, strong, tough, usually crossgrained, of coarse
texture, and white to light brown color; the wood is hard to split and work, shrinks
moderately, warps and checks considerably but stands well. It is used extensively
for drawers, backs, bottoms, etc., in cabinetwork, for tobacco boxes, in cooperage,
and also for finishing lumber, where it has too long been underrated. A large tree,
of rapid growth, common and largest in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, at home
in nearly all parts of the eastern United States.

Fig. 234. Fig. 235.

145. Tulip Wood.—Fig. 235. Tulip tree. (yellow poplar, white wood): Wood quite
variable in weight, usually light, soft, stiff but not strong, of fine texture, and
yellowish color; the wood shrinks considerably, but seasons without much injury;
works and stands remarkably well. Used for siding, for paneling, and finishing
lumber in house, car and shipbuilding, for sideboards and panels of wagons and
carriages; also in the manufacture of furniture, implements and machinery, for
pump logs, and almost every kind of common woodenware, boxes, shelving,
drawers, etc. An ideal wood for the carver and toy man. A large tree, does not form
forests, but is quite common, especially in the Ohio basin; occurs from New
England to Missouri and southward to Florida.
146. Walnut.—Fig. 236. Black Walnut. Wood heavy, hard, strong, of coarse
texture; the narrow sapwood whitish, the heartwood chocolate brown. The wood
shrinks moderately in drying, works and stands well, takes a good polish, is quite
handsome, and has been for a long time the favorite cabinet wood in this country.
Walnut formerly used, even for fencing, has become too costly for ordinary uses,
and is to-day employed largely as a veneer, for inside finish and cabinet work, also
for turnery, for gunstocks, etc. Black walnut is a large tree, with stout trunk, of rapid
growth, and was formerly quite abundant throughout the Alleghany region,
occurring from New England to Texas, and from Michigan to Florida.
Fig. 236.
 CHAPTER XIII.
Wood Finishing.

147. Wood Finishes.—Finishes are applied to wood surfaces (1)

that the wood may be preserved, (2) that the
appearance may be enhanced.
Finishing materials may be classed under one or the other of the
following: Filler, stain, wax, varnish, oil, paint. These materials may
be used singly upon a piece of wood or they may be combined in
various ways to produce results desired.
148. Brushes.—Good brushes are made of bristles of the wild
boar of Russia and China. These bristles are set in
cement and are firmly bound by being wrapped with wire in round
brushes or enclosed in metal in flat brushes. Fig. 237.
 Fig. 237. Fig. 238.

A large brush, called a duster, is used for removing dust or loose

dirt from the wood, Fig. 238. Small brushes, used for tracing, usually
have chiseled edges, Fig. 239.
Bristle brushes are expensive and should be well cared for.
Brushes that have been used in shellac and are not soon to be used
again should be cleaned by rinsing them thoroughly in a cup of
alcohol. This alcohol may be used later for thinning shellac.
 Fig. 239.

Varnish and paint brushes should be cleaned in turpentine. If they

are to be laid away for some time, a strong soap suds, or lather
made from some of the soap powders, should be well worked into
the brush, after the preliminary cleansing. It should then be carefully
pressed into proper shape and laid away flat on a shelf. When the
brush is to be used again, it should first be washed out, to get rid of
all the soap.
Brushes that are used from day to day should be kept suspended,
when not in use, as in Fig. 240, so that their bristles shall be kept
moist, without their touching the bottom of the bucket or can.
 Fig. 240. Fig. 241.

Since alcohol evaporates rapidly, shellac cans with cone tops

should be used or, better, a can in which the brush handle may
extend through the top.
Fig. 241 shows a can which is made double. Varnish is kept in the
inner portion and water in the outer ring. The cover fits over the inner
can and into the water space, thus sealing the varnish air-tight but
removing all danger of the cover’s sticking to the sides of the can.
The brush is suspended from the “cleaning wire” so that its bristles
rest in the liquid.
If delicate woods are to be varnished, stone or glass jars would
better be used to hold the liquid, for metal discolors it slightly.
 Fig. 242. Fig. 243.

149. General Directions for Using Brush.—(1) Hold the brush

as in Fig. 242. (2) Dip
the end of the brush in the liquid to about one-third the length of the
bristles. (3) Wipe off the surplus liquid on the edge of the can, wiping
both sides of the brush no more than is necessary to keep the liquid
from dripping. A wire stretched across the can as in Fig. 243
provides a better wiping place for the dripping brush. In wiping the
brush on the edge of the can, some of liquid is likely to “run” down
the outside. (4) Using the end of the brush, apply the liquid near one
end of the surface to be covered. (5) “Brush” in the direction of the
grain. (6) Work towards and out over the end of the board, leveling
the liquid to a smooth film of uniform thinness. The strokes should be
“feathered,” that is, the brush should be lowered gradually at the
beginning of the sweep and raised gradually at the close, otherwise,
ugly “laps” will result. The reason for working out over the ends
rather than from them will appear with a little thought. (7) Now work
toward the second end. The arrows, Fig. 244, show the general
directions of the final or feathering strokes.

Fig. 244.

Edges are usually covered first and adjoining surfaces afterward.

It frequently happens that surplus liquid runs over a finished
surface, especially when working near the arrises. This surplus can
be “picked up” by wiping the brush upon the wire of the bucket until
the bristles are quite free of liquid, and giving the part affected a
feathering sweep.
If the object has an internal corner, work from that out over the
neighboring surfaces.
Panels and sunk places should be covered first. Afterward, the
raised places, such as stiles, rails, etc., may be attended to.
Wherever possible the work should be laid flat so that the liquid may
be flowed on horizontally. This is of especial advantage in
varnishing. Vertical work should always be begun at the top and
carried downward.
 Tracing consists in working a liquid up to a given line but not over
it, such as painting the sash of a window. Tracing requires a steady
hand and some practice. A small brush is generally used and the
stroke is made as nearly continuous as the flow of the liquid will
allow. Fig. 245.

Fig. 245.

150. Fillers.—Fillers are of two kinds, paste and liquid. They are
used to fill up the wood pores and thus give a smooth,
level, non-absorbent surface, upon which other coverings may be
placed. Paste fillers are for use upon coarse grained woods such as
oak and chestnut, while liquid fillers are for close grained woods
such as Georgia pine.
 Fillers are not a necessity, especially the liquid, but the saving
affected by their use is considerable. Not only are they cheaper than
varnish but one or two coats of filler will take the place and permit a
saving of two or three coats of the more expensive material.
Liquid filler should be applied evenly with a brush and allowed to
dry twenty-four hours, after which it may be sanded smooth with No.
00 paper. It is used mainly upon large work such as porch ceilings
and interior finish, like Georgia pine. On fine cabinet work, one or
two coats of thin white shellac is used as a filler upon close grained
wood. Shellac forms a surface which after twenty-four hours, can be
sandpapered so as to make a very smooth surface. Varnish applied
to the bare wood has a tendency to darken and discolor it. Filling
with shellac preserves the natural color.
Paste filler is sold by the pound in cans of various sizes. The best
fillers are made of ground rock crystal mixed with raw linseed oil,
japan and turpentine.
For preserving the natural color of the wood, filler is left white; for
Flemish, it is colored brown; for antique and weathered finishes, it is
dark. Fillers can be purchased ready colored.
151. Filling with Paste Filler.—(1) Thin the filler with turpentine
until it makes a thin paste. (2) With a
stiff-bristled brush, force the filler into the pores of the wood and
leave the surface covered with a thin coating. (3) Allow this to stand
until the filler has “flatted,” that is, until the “gloss” has disappeared
and the filler becomes dull and chalkish. The time required for this to
take place varies. Twenty minutes is not unusual. (4) Rub the filler off
just as soon as it has flatted—do not let it stand longer, for the longer
it stands the harder it is to remove. Rub across the grain as much as
is possible, using a wad of excelsior. Finish fine work by going over it
a second time with a cloth, rubbing with the grain as well as across,
that the “high lights” may be clear of filler.
On fine work use a felt pad to rub the filler into the pores, and rub
off with a cloth only.
Twenty-four hours should be allowed the filler to harden. One
filling is sufficient for ordinary work; on fine work the above process
is sometimes repeated after the first filling has hardened.
 The striking contrasts in the grain of wood such as oak and
chestnut, obtained by the use of colored fillers, are due to the dark
filler’s remaining in the open grain but being wiped off of the close
grain—the “high lights.”
On quarter-sawed oak, each flake is sometimes sanded with fine
paper, No. 00, to remove the stain that the contrast may be sharper.
Excelsior and rags used in cleaning off filler must not be allowed to
lie around but must be burned for they are subject to spontaneous
combustion and are dangerous.
152. Stains.—Stains are used to darken the high lights of wood
preparatory to the application of a relatively darker
filler. By varying the intensity of the stain different results may be
obtained with the same color of filler. Stains are also used without
fillers.
There are three kinds of stains: (1) water, (2) oil, (3) spirit. Each
kind has its advantages and its disadvantages.
Wood stains are cheap, penetrate the wood deeply, and are
transparent. They cause the grain of the wood to “rough up,”
however, and for this reason are used mainly upon hard woods
which require darkening before the application of a filler. The wood is
sanded before the filler is applied. Where water stain is not to be
followed by filler, it is customary to thoroughly moisten the surface to
be covered with water alone. After this has dried, the surface is
sanded with fine paper and the stain applied. The stain does not
raise the grain as it otherwise would.
Water stains may be applied with a brush or a sponge. They are
sometimes heated that they may enter the wood more deeply. Any
coloring matter that can be dissolved in water will make a wood dye
or stain.
Oil stains, like water stains, are often used to stain wood before
filling. They are more generally used where no filling is desired. They
are easier to apply evenly than water or spirit stains. They do not
raise the grain of the wood like the other stains. On the other hand,
they do not penetrate and therefore cannot color hard woods dark.
Neither do they give the clear effects.
Most oil stains are applied with a brush, after which the surface of
the wood is immediately wiped clean with a cloth.