MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE

PART II

7/18/2020
Chapter 1.
FUNCTION AND LIMITS

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 Contents
Exercise 1.1 .................................................................................................. 1
Exercise 1.2 .................................................................................................. 4
Exercise 1.3 ..................................................................................................... 8
Exercise 1.4 ................................................................................................... 12
Class 12 Chapter 1 www.notes.pk.com
Function: 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
If A and B be two non-empty sets then f is said to be a *log10 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚.
function from set A to set B written as ;𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and *log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚.
defined as x) Hyperbolic Function:
𝑖)𝐷𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 =
𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓 2 2
Domain: 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥
The set of all possible inputs of a function is called 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
domain. 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
*the domain of every function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined. 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
xi) Inverse Hyperbolic function:
*the valves at which at 𝑓(𝑥) becomes undefined or
complex valued will be excluded from real numbers. sinh−1 𝑥 = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , ∀𝑥
*domain is also known as pre-images. cosh−1 𝑥 = ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) , 𝑥 ≥ 1
Range: 1 1+𝑥
The set of all possible out puts of a function is called tanh−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 1−𝑥
range. 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
*range is also known as images. csch−1 𝑥 = ln ( + ),𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥 |𝑥|
Types of functions:
1 √1 − 𝑥 2
i) Algebraic function: sech−1 𝑥 = ln ( + ),0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥 𝑥
Any function generated by algebraic operations is
1 𝑥+1
known as algebraic function. Algebraic functions are coth−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 𝑥−1
classified as below.
xii) Explicit function:
ii) Polynomial function:
If y is easily expressed in terms of x, then y is called
A function P of the form
explicit function.
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
+ 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
xiii) Implicit function:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛−2 . 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0
If the two variables x and y are so mixed up such that
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛
y cannot be expressed in terms of x, then this type of
− 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
function. Symbolically𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
xiv) Parametric function:
iii) Linear Function:
If x and y are expressed in terms of third variable (say
If the degree of polynomial function is 1. Then it is
t) such as 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 =
called linear function.
𝑔(𝑡) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
iv) Quadratic Function:
Called parametric equations.
If the degree of polynomial function is 2. Then it is
xv) Even function:
called a quadratic function.
A function 𝑓 is said to be an even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for
v) Identity function:
every 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓.
A function for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑥 is called
xvi) Odd function:
identity function. It is denoted by 𝐼
A function 𝑓 is said to be odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) for
vi) Constants Function:
every number x in the domain of 𝑓
A function for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑏 is called
constant function.
vii) Rational function: Exercise 1.1
𝑝(𝑥) Q1. Given that
The quotient of two polynomials such as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝒂)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊)𝒇(−𝟐)
viii) Exponential Function:
𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒂) 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)
A function in which the variable appears as exponent
Solution:
(power) is called exponential function.
(𝑎)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑒. 𝑔; 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐
(𝑖)𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 − (−2) = 4 + 2 = 6
ix) Logarithmic Functions:
𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 0 = 0
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 𝑜, 𝑎
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1)
≠ 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
= 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1

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= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑝 = 4𝑥 → (𝑖)
𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 4) = ((𝑥 2 + 4)2 − (𝑥 2 + 4) Area:
= 𝑥 4 + 16 + 8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑎 = 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √𝐴
= 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 + 12 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4(𝑖)𝑓(−2) = √−2 + 4 = √2  𝑃 = 4√𝐴
𝑖𝑖)𝑓(0) = √0 + 4 = √4 = 2 b) The area A of a circle as a function of its
𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = √𝑥 − 1 + 4 = √𝑥 + 3 circumference C.
𝑥𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 4) = √𝑥 2 + 4 − 4 = √𝑥 2 + 8 Solution:
𝒇(𝒂+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒂) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Q2. Find 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝒉 Then
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒙)𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒊𝒗)𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Circumference:
Solution: 𝑐
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟗
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) {6(𝑎 + ℎ) − 9} − (6𝑎 − 9) 𝑐 2 𝑐2 𝑐2
=  𝐴 = 𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋. ( ) =
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
ℎ ℎ 𝑐2
(6𝑎 + 6ℎ − 9 − 6𝑎 + 9) 6ℎ  𝐴 = 2𝜋
= = =6
ℎ ℎ (𝑪)𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
=
ℎ ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
1 𝑎+ℎ+𝑎 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒:
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )}
ℎ 2 2 𝑉 = 𝑥×𝑥×𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑥 3 → (𝑖)
1 2𝑎 + ℎ ℎ
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) } Area of base:
ℎ 2 2
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √𝐴 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3 3
1 ℎ ℎ  𝑉 = (√𝐴) ⇒ 𝑉 = 𝐴2
= {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎 + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) }
ℎ 2 2 Q4. Find the domain and range of the functions g
𝒊𝒊𝒊) (𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 defined below.
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = (𝑎 + ℎ)3 + 2(𝑎 + ℎ)2 − 1 (𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5
𝑎 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 ℎ + 3𝑎ℎ2 + 2𝑎2 + 2ℎ2 + 4𝑎ℎ − 1
3
𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, +∞), 𝑅𝑦 = (−∞, +∞)
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 − 1 𝑖𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 − 4 < 0
ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 < 4 𝑜𝑟 − 2 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑎3 + ℎ3 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ2 + 2𝑎2 + 2ℎ2 + 4𝑎ℎ − 1 − 𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 1
=
ℎ
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − (−2,2), 𝑅𝑦 = [0, +∞)
ℎ(ℎ2 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ + 2ℎ + 4𝑎) (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1
=
ℎ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 1 < 0 𝑜𝑟
= ℎ2 + 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎ℎ + 2ℎ + 4𝑎 𝑥 < −1 𝑠𝑜 𝐷𝑔 = [−1, +∞)
𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝑖𝑣) 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3|
𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, +∞), 𝑅𝑦 = [0, ∞)
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 6𝑥 + 7 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −2
= 𝑣) 𝑔𝑥 = {
ℎ ℎ 4𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > −2
1 𝑎+ℎ+𝑎 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 𝐷𝑦 = (−∞, −2] ∪ (−2, +∞)
= (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
ℎ 2 2 𝑅𝑦 = (−∞, −5] ∪ (−11, +∞)
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
1 2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 𝑣𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ −1
(−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) 𝑥+1
ℎ 2 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − {−1} ∵=
𝑥+1
2 𝑎+ℎ ℎ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 − {1} =
ℎ 2 2 𝑥+1
Q3. Express the following (a) the perimeter P of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
square as a function of its area A. 𝑥 2 − 16
Solution: 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 4 𝑔(−1) = −1 + 2
𝑥−4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒 “𝑥” 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =1
Perimeter:
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𝑥 2 − 16 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → (𝟏)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝑅 − { 4} ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 → (𝟐)
𝑥−4
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) From (1)
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 − {8} = 𝑥
𝑥−4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → (3)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) = 4 + 4 = 8 From (2)
Q5. Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐) = −𝟑, 𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → (4)
𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝑏
Squaring and adding (3) and (4)
Solution:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 ( ) + ( ) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )2
𝑎 𝑏
 𝑓(2) = (2)3 − 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 1
= cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
 −3 = 8 − 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 1 𝑥2 𝑦2
 -4a+2b+12=0 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
 −2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 6 = 0 → (𝑖)
 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 + 𝑏(−1) + 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 → (1)
 0 = −1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 → (2)
 −𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 → (𝑖𝑖) From 1)
 (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 6 = 0 𝑥 𝑥2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ⇒ 2 = sec 2 𝜃 → (3)
−𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 𝑎 𝑎
−3 + 6 = 0 ⇒ −3𝑎 = −6 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 From 2)
Put in 𝑖𝑖) − 2 − 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 = −2 𝑦 𝑦2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 2 = tan2 𝜃 → (4)
Q6. A stone falls from a height of h after 𝒙 second is 𝑏 𝑏
approximately given by 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 (3) − (4)
𝑥2 𝑦2
i) when is the height of the stone when  𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃
(a)𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄? 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝒃)𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝒄)𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄  𝑎2
− 𝑏2 = 1
𝒅) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅. Q8.prove the identities
Solution: 𝒊) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
ℎ(𝑥) = 40 − 10𝑥 2 Solution:
(𝑎) ℎ(1) = 40 − 10(1)2 = 40 − 10 = 30 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑏) ℎ(1.5) = 40 − 10(1.5)2 = 40 − 22.5 = 17.5𝑚  2. . =
2 2 2
𝑐) ℎ(1.7) = 40 − 10(1.7)2 = 40 − 28.9 = 11.1𝑚  𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑖𝑖) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ(𝑥) Hence 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
=0 𝑖𝑖𝑖) sech2 𝑥 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) = 40 − 10𝑥 2 Solution:
 0 = 40 − 10𝑥 2
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒙
 10𝑥 2 = 40 2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
 𝑥2 = 4 =1−( 𝑥 ) = 1 −
 𝑥 = ±2 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
 𝑥 = 2 , (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 − 2) (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2) − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2𝑥 −2𝑥
Q7. Show that the parametric equation: (𝑒 + 𝑒 + 2) − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2)
=
𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
2
𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 4 2
= 𝑥 = ( )
Solution: (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 → (𝟏) 1 1 2
𝒚 = 𝑥 −𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 ⇒ 𝒕 = 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊) 𝑒 +𝑒
𝟐𝒂 ( 2 )
𝒚 𝒚𝟐
 𝒙 = 𝒂 (𝟐𝒂) 𝟐 = 𝒂. 𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝒚𝟐
(iii) csch2 𝑥 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
𝟐
 𝒙= 𝟒𝒂
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 Solution:
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔𝒆
𝒙𝟐
+
𝒚𝟐
=𝟏 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 =( 𝑥 ) − 1 = −1
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
Solution:

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𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1; 𝑔 = 𝑥−1 , 𝑥 ≠ 1
3
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 S0lution:
2
4 2 3
= 𝑥 =( 𝑥 ) (𝑎)𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( )
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥−1
2 3 6 6+𝑥−1
1 1 = 2( )+1= +1 =
=( 𝑥 −𝑥 ) = = 𝑐𝑠𝑒ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑒 −𝑒 sinh2 𝑥 5+𝑥
2 =
𝑥−1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = coth2 𝑥 − 1
b) 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 1)
Q9. Determine whether the given function 𝒇 is even 3 3
or odd. = =
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 2𝑥
Solution: c) 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 + 1) + 1 = 4𝑥 + 3
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + (−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 3
d) 𝑔𝑜𝑔(𝑥)=𝑔(𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥−1) =
 = −(𝑥 3 + 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) 3
𝑥−1
−1
 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑. 3 3(𝑥 − 1) 3(𝑥 − 1)
 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 = = =
3 − (𝑥 − 1) 3 − 𝑥 + 1 4−𝑥
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 2)2 ≠ ±𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥−1
𝟏
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑. 𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 5 Solution:
 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥√(−𝑥)2 + 5 𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
 = −𝑥√𝑥 2 + 5 = −𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑. = 𝑓( ) = √ + 1 = √ =
1
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥
v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6 1
1 𝑏)𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(√𝑥 + 1) = 2
⇒𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6 (√𝑥 + 1)
[(−𝑥)2 ] + 6 1
1 =
= (𝑥 2 )3 + 6 𝑥+1
1 2
( )
= (𝑥 2 ) 3 + 6 = 𝑥 3 + 6 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐) 𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(√𝑥 + 1) = √√𝑥 + 1 + 1
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛. 1 1 1
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙 𝑑)𝑔𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( 2 ) = = = 𝑥4
𝒗𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝑥 1 2 1
( 2) 𝑥4
(−𝑥)2 −(−𝑥) −𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥
 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 +1
= 𝑥 2 +1 (𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟏
, 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟐
3 √𝒙−𝟏
(𝑥 −𝑥)
 =− 𝑥 3 +1
= −𝑓(𝑥) Solution:
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑑. a)𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
Composition of function: 1
𝑓((𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) =
If f is a function from set A to set B and g is a function √(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 1
from set B to set C then composition of f and g is
denoted by 1 1 1
= = =
(𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 √𝑥 4 +1+ 2𝑥 2 −1 √𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)
Inverse of a function: 𝟏
Let 𝑓 be a bijective (1 − =
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 )𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝟏
𝐴 𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑏 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓: 𝐴 𝒃) 𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈 ( )
√𝒙 − 𝟏
→ 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −1 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 (𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜)𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑖. 𝑒 = [( ) + 𝟏] = ( + 𝟏)
−1
𝑓 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑓 : 𝑅𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝟐
𝟏+𝒙−𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
=( ) =( )
Exercise 1.2 𝒄)
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
Q1. The real valued functions 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 are defined 𝟏
below. find 𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇 ( )
√𝒙 − 𝟏
(𝒂)𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) (𝒃)𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) (𝒄)𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) (𝒅)𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙)

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𝟏 𝟏 𝑦−8
= = 𝟏
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8 ⇒ =𝑥
−2
𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝑦−8
√ −𝟏 ( )  𝑥=
√𝒙 − 𝟏 √𝒙 − 𝟏
−2
𝑦−8
−𝟏\𝟐  𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = ⇒∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
−2
𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 −1 (𝑦)
=( )  𝑓 =𝑥
√𝒙 − 𝟏 Replace y by x we have
𝟏 𝑥−8
√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐
√𝒙 − 𝟏  𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = −2
=( ) =√ −1−8 9
𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔  𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 −1 (−1) = −2
=2
d)
𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟕
= 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) Solution:
𝟐 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕
= ((𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝟏)
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕
(iv) 𝒚−𝟕
𝟐
 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟑
𝟒 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏
√𝒙 𝒚−𝟕 𝟑
Solution:  𝒙= ( )
𝟑
𝒂) 𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))  ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) ⇒ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚−𝟕 𝟑
= 𝒇( ) = 𝟑( ) − 𝟐( )  𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = ( )
√𝒙 √𝒙 √𝒙 𝟑
𝟖 𝟒𝟖 𝟖 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟖𝒙 Replace y by x we have
= 𝟑(𝟏𝟔/𝒙𝟐 ) − = 𝟐 − = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒙−𝟕 𝟑
b)  𝒇 = ( )
𝟑
𝟏
𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) −𝟏 (−𝟏) −𝟖 𝟑
Put 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒇 = (𝟑)
= 𝒈(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 Verification:
= = = 1 1 2
√𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐) 𝒙√𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑥−7 3 𝑥−7 2
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 [( ) ] = 3 [( ) ] +7
c) 3 3
𝒇𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
𝑥−7
𝟒 𝟐 = 3( )+7= 𝑥−7+7 = 𝑥
= 𝟑(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐(𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) 3
d) 1
𝟏 −1 −1 (3𝑥 3
3𝑥 2 + 7 − 7 3
𝟐 −
𝟐
𝑓 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 + 7) = ( )
3
𝒈𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒈 ( ) 1
√𝒙
𝟏 3𝑥 3 3
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −
𝟐 =( ) =𝑥
= = = 𝟐( ) 3
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝒙 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
√ ( )
√𝒙 √𝟐 iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 9)3
𝟏  𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 9)3
√𝒙 𝟐 √𝒙 √√𝟐 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = (−𝑥 + 9)3
= 𝟐 ( ) = 𝟐√ = √𝟐. √𝟐 1
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝑦 3 = −𝑥 + 9
 𝑦 5 − 9 = −𝑥
1
= √𝟐√𝒙  𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦5
1
Q2.  𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 9 − 𝑦 3
For the real valued function f defined below, find (∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥
(𝒂)𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) (𝒃)𝒇−𝟏 (−𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
1
𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 3
1
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖 Put 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 −1 (−1) = 9 − (−1)3 = 9 − (−1) = 0
Solution: Verification:
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 8 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒇 (𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒇 (𝟗 − 𝒙𝟑 ) = [− (𝟗 − 𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟗]

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𝟏 𝟑  𝒙(𝒚 − 𝟏) = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏
= (−𝟗 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗) = 𝒙 𝟒𝒚−𝟏
 𝒙= 𝒚−𝟏
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
𝒇 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒇 ((−𝒙 + 𝟗) ) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = ,𝒙 ≠ 𝟏
= 𝟗 − ((− − 𝒙 + 𝟗)𝟑 )𝟑
= 𝟗 − (−𝒙 + 𝟗) 𝒙−𝟏
By def. of inverse function.
=𝟗+𝒙−𝟗=𝒙
−1 (𝑥)) 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {1}
Hence 𝑓(𝑓 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {4}
iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏 iii)
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
Let 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 1
𝒙−𝟏 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ −3
 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝑥+3
1
 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3} ∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3 , 𝑥 ≠ −3
 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟏 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {0} 𝑦 =
1
𝑥+3
 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝟐) = 𝟏 + 𝒚 1
𝟏+𝒚 By def. of inverse 𝑥+3=𝑦
 𝒙=
𝒚−𝟐
1
 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒙 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅 − {0} 𝑥= −3
𝟏+𝒙 𝑦
 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 1
𝒙−𝟐
𝟏+(−𝟏) 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3} 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = − 3, 𝑥 ≠ 0
 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = −1, 𝒇 −𝟏 (−𝟏)
= =𝟎 𝑥
−𝟏−𝟐
𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅 − {−3}
Verification:
𝟏+𝒙 iv)
𝟏+𝒙 𝟐( )+𝟏 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 , 𝑥 ≥ 5
𝒇 (𝒇 −𝟏 (𝒙))
= 𝒇( )= 𝒙−𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝟏+𝒙 𝐷𝑓 = [5, +∞) , 𝑅𝑓 = [0, +∞)
𝒙−𝟐−𝟏 By definition of inverse function.
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙) + 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = [0, +∞), 𝑅𝑓−1 = 𝐷𝑓 = [5, +∞)
= =
𝟏 + 𝒙 − (𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑 Limits of functions:
𝒙−𝟐
Hence 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function then a number L is said to be
Q3. limit of 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑥 approaches to a from both left
Without finding the inverse, state the domain and and right hand side of a , symbolically it is written as;
range of 𝒇−𝟏 ) 𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙−𝟒
,𝒙 ≠ 𝟒 And read as “limit of 𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 as approaches to a is
𝟏
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟑
,𝒙 ≠ −𝟑 equal to L”

Theorems on limits of functions:

𝒊𝒗) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)^𝟐 , 𝒙 ≥ 𝟓 i) lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) +

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Solution: lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
i) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟐 =𝐿+𝑀
∵ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐 ii) lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) −
<𝟎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝒐𝒓 𝒙 < −𝟐 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎
𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟐, +∞), 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞) =𝐿−𝑀
By definition of inverse function, iii) lim [𝑘, 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑫𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞) iv) lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
By definition of inverse function, 𝐿𝑀
𝑫𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑹𝒇 = [𝟎, +∞), 𝑹𝒇−𝟏 = 𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟐, +∞) 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
v) lim (𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
=𝑀
ii) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏 𝑛
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟒
,𝒙 ≠𝟒 vi) lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝒙−𝟏
𝑫𝒇 = 𝑹 − {𝟒}, ∵ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟒 , 𝒙 ≠ 𝟒 Theorem:
𝒙−𝟏 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
𝑹𝒇 = 𝑹 − {𝟏} 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟒 Prove that lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
 𝒚𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏 And 𝑎 > 0
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Proof: Theorem:
Case 1: 𝟏 𝒏
Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝒆
𝒙→+∞ 𝒏
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 0 Using Binomial theorem we have
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 𝑛
(1 + ) = 1 + 𝑛 ( ) +
1 𝑛(𝑛−1) 1 2
( ) +
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 1 3
( ) +⋯
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 0 𝑛 𝑛 2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛
𝑛−1 𝑛−2 (𝑛−3) 2 𝑛−2 𝑛−1
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 +𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑎 +𝑎 1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
= lim =1+1+ ( )+ ( )( )+….
2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
1 1 1 1 2
2+ (1 − ) + (1 − ) (1 − ) + ⋯
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦( 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛−2 𝑎 + 𝑥(𝑛−3) 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 ) 2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 1 2 3
= 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 . 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 . 𝒂𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝒂𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 → ∞, , , . . 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 Thus,
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 1 𝑛 1 1 1
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 lim (1 + ) = 2 + + + + ⋯
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2! 3! 4!
𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 = 2 + 0.5 + 0.16667+..
Case 11: = 2.718281
Suppose n is +ve. Thus,
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 − 𝒗𝒆 1 𝑛
(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓) lim (1 + ) = 𝑒
𝑥→+∞ 𝑛
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒙−𝒎 − 𝒂−𝒎 Deduction:
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 1
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 We know that
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙−𝒎 − 𝒂−𝒎 ) . = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 . 𝒏 ) = 1 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
𝒂𝒎 − 𝒙𝒎 𝟏 lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 → (1)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 1 1
𝒙𝒎 − 𝒂𝒎 −𝟏 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) ( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑥 → 0
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
𝒙𝒎 − 𝒂𝒎 −𝟏 So (i)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒎 𝒎 ) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂
−𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒙 = 𝒆
𝒙→𝟎
𝒎𝒂𝒎−𝟏 ( 𝟐𝒎 )
𝒂 Theorem:
−𝒎𝒂𝒎−𝟏−𝟐𝒎 = −𝒎𝒂(−𝒎−𝟏) = 𝒏𝒂(𝒏−𝟏) Prove that
Thus 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ∵ 𝒏 = −𝒎 𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Proof:
𝑎𝑥 − 1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥
Theorem: 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒚
√𝒙+𝒂−√𝒂 𝟏 So 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)
Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂
=𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 √𝒂
As 𝒙 → 𝟎 , 𝒚 → 𝟎 𝒔𝒐
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: 𝒚
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 0 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏+𝒚)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝒚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 √𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)
= lim ( × ) 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥→0 𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝑥+𝑎−𝑎 𝒚→𝟎 𝟏 𝒚→𝟎 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟑
= lim 𝒚
𝑥→0 𝑥(√𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎) 𝟏
𝟏
1 = = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂 ∵ 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝒚)𝒚 = 𝒆
= lim 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒆 𝒚→𝟎
𝑥→0 (√𝑥 + 𝑎 + √𝑎)
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺
1 𝒂𝒙 −𝟏
= lim Thus 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂
𝑥→0 (√𝑎 + √𝑎) 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
1 Deduction:
= lim 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝑥→0 (2√𝑎) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑎 Since we know that
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 lim = 1/2√𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
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𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏 𝜃 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂 → (𝒊) 𝑜𝑟 1 < <
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂 = 𝒆 𝒊𝒏(𝟏)𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝜃 → 0
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏 lim (1) > lim > lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝜃→0 𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0
Important results to remember: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙 ) = ∞ 1 > lim >1
𝜃→0 𝜃
𝒙→+∞
𝟏 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝒊𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( −𝒙 ) = 𝟎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒙→−∞ 𝒙→−∞ 𝒆 lim =1
𝒂 𝜃→0 𝜃
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝟎 𝒆𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝒙→±∞ 𝒙
The Sandwich theorem: Exercise 1.3
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
Q1. Evaluate each limit by using theorems of limits.
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) For all numbers 𝑥 in some open
𝑖) lim (2𝑥 + 4)
interval containing "c" itself .𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥→3
𝑥→𝑐 Solution:
lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑏/𝑤
𝑥→𝑐 lim (2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→3
𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥)𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 = lim 2𝑥 + lim 4 = 2(3) + 4 = 10
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
Theorem:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑖𝑖) lim (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→1
If 𝜃 is measured in radian, then lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃 Solution:
Proof: = 3(1)2 − 2(1) + 4 = 3 − 2 + 4 = 5
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 1)𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4
𝑥→3
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: √(3)2 + 3 + 4 = √16 = 4
A 𝑖𝑣) lim 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 4
𝑥→2
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: (2)√(2)2 − 4 = 0
𝜃 𝑣) lim (√𝑥 3 + 1 − √𝑥 2 + 5))
𝑥→2
√(2)3 + 1 − √(2)3 + 5 = 3 − 3 = 0
O
C B D 2𝑥 3 +5𝑥
(𝑣𝑖) lim
𝑥→−2 3𝑥−2
3
2(−2) + 5(−2) −16 − 10 26 13
= =− =
1 3(−2) − 2 −8 −8 4
Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙)
2 Q2. Evaluate each limit by using algebra techniques.
1 |𝐴𝐶|
= |𝑂𝐵||𝐴𝐶| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥3 − 𝑥
2 |𝑂𝐴| 𝑖) lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1
1
= (1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) |𝐴𝐶| = |𝑂𝐴|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Solution:
2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 0
1 lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 |𝐴𝐶| = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
2 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = |𝑂𝐴| = |𝑂𝐵| = 1 = lim = lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
1
Area of sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 = lim 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = (−1)(−1 − 1) = 2
2 𝑥→−1
1 1 𝑖𝑖)
= (1)2 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 2 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
1 lim ( 2 )
Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐷 = (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙) 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥
2
1 |𝐴𝐷| Solution:
= |𝑂𝐴||𝐴𝐷| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2 |𝑂𝐴| 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 0
1 lim ( 2 ) ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 |𝐴𝐷| = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥 0
2 2
𝑥(3𝑥 + 4) 3𝑥 2 + 4
Now by (1) = lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 1
1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 𝜃 < 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2
3(0) + 4 4
2 2 2 = = =4
𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 𝜃 < 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 0+1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑜𝑟 < < × (÷ 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑥 3 −8 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 lim 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→2

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(𝑥)3 − (2)3 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
= lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6 ℎ→0 ℎ(√𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥) 1
= lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 2(𝑥 + 3)
+ ℎ + √𝑥)
ℎ→0 √𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥) 11
= lim = =
𝑥→2 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) √𝑥 + √𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑥 (2)2 + 4 + 2(2) 12
2
𝑖𝑥)
= lim = =
𝑥→2 𝑥+3 2+3 5 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
𝑖𝑣) lim
𝜃→𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 0 Solution:
lim 3
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
𝑥→1 𝑥 −𝑥 0 lim 𝑥 𝑚−𝑎𝑚
0
(0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
(𝑥 − 1)3 𝜃→𝑎
= lim ∵ (𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 lim 𝑥 − 𝑎
= lim ( 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) = 𝑥→𝑎
(𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚
lim = lim lim
𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→1 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
(1 − 1)2 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= =0 = (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
1(1 + 1) 𝑚𝑎𝑚−1 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑣) 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛−1−𝑚+1 = 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑥3 + 𝑥 𝑚 𝑚
lim ( ) Q3. Evaluate the following limits.
𝑥→−1 𝑥2 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
Solution: 𝑖) lim
𝑥 3 +𝑥 0
𝑥→0 𝑥
lim ( ) ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 Solution:
𝑥→−1 𝑥 2 −1 0
2
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥2 (−1)2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 0
lim ( ) lim = = lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥→−1 𝑥 − 1 −1 − 1 −2
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥
𝑣𝑖) = 7 (lim ) = 7(1) = 7
𝑥→0 7𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 32 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
lim ∵ lim =1
𝑥→4 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝜃→0 𝜃
Solution: 𝑖𝑖)
2𝑥 2 − 32 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim3 2
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 lim
𝑥−4 𝑥 − 4𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑥
2(𝑥 2 − 16) 2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) Solution:
= lim 2 = lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) 𝑥→4 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)
2(𝑥 + 4) 2(4 + 4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 0
lim = =1 lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥2 42 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑣𝑖𝑖) lim 𝜋
= 𝑥→0𝑥180 ∵ 10 = 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑
√𝑥 − √2 √𝑥 + √2 𝜋𝑥
lim × 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 √𝑥 + √2 180
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
(√𝑥) − (√2) lim π
= lim 𝑥→0 180
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 + √2 = 𝜋𝑥 ×
180
𝑥−2 1 1 180
lim = lim = π π
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 − √2 𝑥→2 √𝑥 + √2 √2 + √2 1× =
180 180
1
= Iii)
2√2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 Solution:
lim 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
ℎ→0 ℎ lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
Solution: 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√𝑥+ℎ−√𝑥 0
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = lim ×
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥 1 − cos2 𝜃
= lim × = lim
ℎ 0→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
ℎ→0 √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥

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1 − cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
= lim = lim lim ( 2
) ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑥→0 sin 𝜃 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim = = =0 lim ∵ sin 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
2
𝜃→0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0 1 − cos 2 𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 1
iv)  sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0  lim (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(1 +
lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥→0
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜋 − 𝑥 = 𝑡 1 1 1 1
 = lim 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1+cos(0) = 1+1 = 2
 𝑥 = 𝜋−𝑡 𝜃→0
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 → 𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 → 𝑜 ix)
So
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin(𝜋 − 𝑡) sin2 𝜃
lim = lim lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑥 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝜃→0 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 Solution:
= lim ∵ sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡→0 𝑡 sin2 𝜃 𝑜
=1 lim ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝑜
𝑣) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 lim lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1.0 = 0
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0
lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑥)
Solution: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 0
lim
lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 0
× 𝑎𝑥
lim ( 𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥
( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
0
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
× 𝑏𝑥 1 1 1 − cos2 𝑥
𝑏𝑥 = lim ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = lim ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
lim 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑥 1 × 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
= (𝑥→0 )= = 1 sin2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 1 × 𝑏𝑥 𝑏 = lim ( ) ( ) = lim . lim
lim × 𝑏𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑏𝑥
vi) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 = lim . lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 xi)
Solution: 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝜃
𝑥 0 lim
lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝜃→0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝜃
𝑥→0
1 Solution:
= lim 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝜃 𝑜
𝑥→0 lim (𝑜) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑥𝑥 𝜃→0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑞𝜃
= lim 𝑥.
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑝𝜃 𝜃 2
𝑥 2 sin2 ( 2 ) (lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 ) )
𝜃→0
= lim . lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝜃→0 𝑞𝜃 𝑞𝜃 2
2 sin2 (lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 2 𝜃→0
= (lim ) . lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝
= (1)−1 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1.1 = 1 (lim 𝑝𝜃2 × 𝑝𝜃 )
𝜃→0 2 𝑝𝜃 2
vii) (1 × 2 )
= 2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2 =
lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑞 𝑞𝜃 2
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑞𝜃 (1 × 2)
(lim 2 × )
Solution: 𝜃→0 𝑞𝜃 2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 0 2
lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝2 𝜃 2
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0
= 24 2 = 𝑝2 /𝑞2
2
2 sin 𝑥 𝜃
= lim 2
∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 sin ( ) 𝑞 𝜃
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 4
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 xii)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
 = 2 (lim ( 𝑥 ) 2
= 2(1) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥→0 lim
(viii) 𝜃→0 sin3 𝜃
Solution:
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
lim ( ) lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 sin2 𝜃 𝜃→0 sin3 𝜃
Solution:
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1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 3 6
= lim 3
( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) = lim (1 + 3𝑥)𝑥×3 = lim (1 + 3𝑥)3𝑥
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1 6
= [lim (1 + 3𝑥) ] = 𝑒 6 3𝑥
1 𝑥→0
= lim 3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑣𝑖𝑖)
𝜃→0 sin 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= lim (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = lim 1/ sin2 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 1
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 𝜃→0
lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑥2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→0
= lim 2
= lim Solution:
𝜃→0 1 − cos 𝜃 𝜃→0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1
1 1 1 lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑥2
= = = 𝑥→0
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 1 2 2
2 1
Q4.express each limit in terms of 𝒆 = lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )2𝑥2 = [lim (1 + 2𝑥 2 )2𝑥2 ] = 𝑒 2
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝒏) 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝒏→∞
1
Solution: lim (1 − 2ℎ)ℎ
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 ℎ→0
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝒏) Solution:
𝒏→∞
𝟐 1 1
𝟏 𝒏 = lim (1 − 2ℎ)ℎ = lim (1 + (−2ℎ))ℎ
= [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟐 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 −2 1 −2
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 = lim (1 + (−2ℎ))−2ℎ = [lim (1 + (−2ℎ)) ]
−2ℎ
ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
−2
Solution: =𝑒
𝟏
𝒏 𝟐
𝟏 𝑖𝑥)
= [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟐 𝑥 𝑥
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
lim ( )
𝑥→0 1 + 𝑥
𝟏 𝒏 Solution:
iii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟑𝒏) 𝑥 𝑥
𝒏→∞
lim ( )
Solution: 𝑥→0 1 + 𝑥
𝟑𝒏 𝟏 1 + 𝑥 −𝑥 1 𝑥(−1)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 = lim ( ) = lim ( + 1)
[ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = [𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + )] 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝒏 𝑥 −1
1
𝟏 = [lim ( + 1) ] = 𝑒 −1
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 𝒆𝟑
𝒊𝒗) (𝑥)
𝒏 1
𝟏 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − ) lim ( ),𝑥 < 0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑥→0 1
Solution: 𝑒𝑥 +1
𝒏 −𝒏 −𝟏 Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + (− )) = [ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + (− )) ]
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑒𝑥 − 1
−𝟏 1 ) lim (
=𝒆 𝑥→0
𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝒗)
Since 𝑥 < 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 > 𝑜
𝟒 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 → 0 , 𝑡 → 0
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 1 1
Solution: 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑒𝑡 − 1
𝑠𝑜 lim ( ) = lim ( )
𝟒 𝒏 𝑥→0 1 𝑡→0 1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) 𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑡 + 1
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 1 1
𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 1 1 11
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 ( )
−1
𝑒𝑡 −1 𝑒0 −1 𝑒 ∞∞ −1
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = [ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝟒 = lim = = 1 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑡→0 1 1 1
1 1 𝑒∞ + 1 +1
𝑒𝑡 + 1) ∞
𝑣𝑖) ( ( + 1) 𝑒0
2 0−1 1
lim (1 + 3𝑥) 𝑥 = = − = −1
𝑥→0 0+1 1
Solution: 𝒙𝒊)
2
lim (1 + 3𝑥) 𝑥
𝑥→0

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𝟏 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏
,𝒙 > 𝟎 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 5
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 = −2
Solution: 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5) = 2(1)2 + 1 + 5
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑥→+ 𝑥→1
𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝒆𝒙 +𝟏 = −2
𝟏 𝐴𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝟏) So,
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −2
𝒙→𝟎 𝑥→1
𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝑖𝑖)
𝟏)
𝑥 2 −9
𝒆𝒙 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑐 = −3
𝑥−3
𝟏 Solution:
(𝟏 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒆∞
𝟏−∞ 𝟏−𝟎 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
= 𝒆𝟎= = = =𝟏
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝟎 𝑥2 − 9
(𝟏 + 𝟏 ) 𝟏 + 𝒆∞ 𝟏 + ∞ lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3 𝑥−3
𝒆𝟎 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
The left hand limit: lim = lim − 𝑥 + 3 = −3 + 3 = 0
𝑥→−3− (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥→−3
𝑖𝑓 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑥→𝑎
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 a𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 "𝑎" 𝑥2 − 9
(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − ∞ 𝑡𝑜 𝑎)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +
𝑥→−3+ 𝑥→−3 𝑥 − 3
𝑥→𝑎
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
lim = lim + 𝑥 + 3 = −3 + 3 = 0
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕: 𝑥→−3+ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥→−3

𝑖𝑓 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

𝑥→𝑎 So,
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 a𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 a(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑎 𝑡𝑜 ∞) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥→−3
𝑥→𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡.
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5|, 𝑐 = 5
𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂 )
Solution:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓
𝑥→𝑎 L.H.S
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−|𝑥 − 5| = 5 − 5 = 0
𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→5 𝑥→5
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 R.H.S
Continuous Function: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+|𝑥 − 5| = 5 − 5 = 0
A function f is said to be continuous at a number 𝑥 = 𝑥→5+ 𝑥→5
As
𝑜 𝑖𝑓
𝑖) 𝑓(𝑎)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑖) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. 𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 So
= 𝑓(𝑎)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
Discontinuous function: 𝑥→5
A function 𝑓(𝑥)is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if Q2. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) i)
𝑥→𝑎 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = { ,𝒄 = 𝟐
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟐
 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 Solution:
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆
 Any function which does not satisfied at least lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 + 5) = 2(2) + 5 = 9
one of three conditions of continuous is called 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
R.H.S
discontinuous.
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(4𝑥 + 1) = 4(2) + 1 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Exercise 1.4 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5
Q1. Determine the left hand limit and the right hand  𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 5 = 9
limit and then find the limit of the following As 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜
functions when 𝒙 → 𝒄 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
𝒊) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟓, 𝒄 = 𝟏 𝑥→2
 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Solution: 𝑥→2

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ii) Solution:
3𝑥 − 1𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑚𝑥) = 3𝑚
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑓(𝑥) = {4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(−2𝑥 + 9)
2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= −2(3) + 9 = 3
Solution:
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑓(3) = 𝑛
L.H.S
Given that 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(3𝑥 − 1) = 3(1) − 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1  3𝑚 = 3
R.H.S  𝑚=1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥) = 2(1) = 2 We know that for a continuous function
𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 ⇒ 𝑓(1) = 4 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑎𝑠 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. 3𝑚 = 3 = 𝑛
𝑥→1
But lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(1)hence f(x) is discontinuous.  𝑛 = 3, 𝑚 = 1
𝑥→1
i)
𝟑𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟑
Q3.if 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 − 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐
𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
𝟑 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐
Solution:
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟐
= lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑚𝑥) = 3𝑚
Solution: 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
i) 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 )
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑥=2 = (3)2 = 9
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆; . lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓(3) = (3)2 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= (2)2 − 1 = 3 Given that 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 3 = 3  3𝑚 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
 𝑚=3
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 ⇒ 𝑓(2) = 3
√𝟐𝒙+𝟓−√𝒙+𝟕
∵ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. Q6. If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙−𝟐
,𝒙 ≠𝟐
𝑥→2
𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) 𝒌 ,𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑥→2 Find value of 𝒌 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒔.
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2
Solution:
ii) 𝑥 = −2
𝑎𝑡𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑓(2) = 𝑘
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆; . lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑥 2 − 1) 0
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 √2𝑥+5−√𝑥+7
Now lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (0) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
= (−2)2 − 1 = 3 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim − 3 𝑥 = 3(−2) = −6 √2𝑥 + 5 − √𝑥 + 7 √2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 = lim ×
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓(−2) = 3(−2) = −6 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 √2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7
∵ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 ≠ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 𝑠𝑜 . 2𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥 − 7
= lim
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2 𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏 𝑥−2
Q4. If 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒏𝒅 "𝒄" = lim
𝒄 + 𝟐, 𝒙 > −𝟏 𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕. 1
𝒙→−𝟏
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: = lim
𝑥→2 (√2𝑥 + 5 + √𝑥 + 7)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 1 1
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑥 + 2) = −1 + 2 = 1 =
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 (√2(2) + 5 + √2 + 7) 6
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(𝑐 + 2) = 𝑐 + 2 ∵ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2so
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
Given that lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 . 𝑠𝑜 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→−1 𝑥→2
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 1
 6
= 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 = 1/𝟔
 1+𝑐+2
 1−2=𝑐
 𝑐 = −1
Q5. Find the value of m and n, so that given function
𝒇 is continuous 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝑚𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3 A project of: www.notespk.com
{ 𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 Contact or Suggest Us: info@notespk.com
−2𝑥 + 9 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3

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