Solutions Solubon po Bireay Coropound (3) Soluton is a hornageneous MOistwe Gh -tuw .(8) ade coropourhs (8) eSolutten wy a combinBon %H Solute sb Solvent — SOLE wouter , Sugar canter feon....-- Stale , oo the Jey por Ben of the substance present In coy Suton “Ineo ax Solu. cSdvernt . i the asy portion, a, the Substance present Sr ony. Soludty is tnwon as Solvent» SX fn Salt uate 5 galt te Solute A unter is Solvent. Type of asoluteon, | a Posed on Solu Bilely goluttons axe classed jew three types « Ir Sofurated » cfoluf on. 2 unasituroted | soluton ‘ @ super ahfivnted olution. Sahat sobitrnce ot % defined as a olution invest in chic @ Unclinalved molecules G the dolufe 4 equilib iin,| f . HD destlued Solute « un ckatirated Solutions «_ Contains. ° (eon Ht 18 clefined ax a eoluttion in tbiey ranmouht Oh Solute than in a Satearated Solute at “given temperature, Supa Saturated Solutiony | at a gen => Raed on phpican three Sypes » I Gaseour — foluatory 2. Liquid 3: Solid holutrory, , Soluleeng, Gaseous Solutron, , In genes and | lub iu Gos Gon lent re Ga, Uguids, ckfired as sohetton ehieh e@ thon In A Sturated temnperccture 7 State cSoluforn age clauifted Into Solutoon, solvent fs gos soled . » Gos os Ay “Gar — Corhonated conse Pertiume Gor shut porticl(2% Uiguid — Solutzony 7 om Bn Gauid Goluteorn, Sdlvent i Gauid ond solule is Gas Goud” sottd. —~ Geuid — o, in cater — anid — Aleohol + Lyid — salt wate: 3 Seid” Sluliory , Fn solrd” solutions“ Solvend 36 soled O coluse A Gar , liquid, solid. ¢ Se > solids champhoy -Napthatene ball, | : | Solid biqu Solid 5 90 crear 2 +h in Ma. | Sotid ud . Solid —5 Alloy wrecks , | Mole concept. endle Js cleKred 04 mon of the substance cahich Contains 6:022% 10 (Brag advo Narobey,elernen tony unit) _ > Aryagodve ‘Nuroke = 6: on 10 electrons, i ' | SIP 8 ‘Geandosid tempera ture 4 Premure) sary, Liber. 1 mole ot atom - ct “of atom | a § ML of oom. Pdmele of cram enptecule - of male a 6M yn of molecuP wt of Son J nple of fon 2 OT Om Gmw ‘of ion. Nor, vormpound a wat of sceoopeuts SM wm of compound « No" A mpvlecntes = Nor A moles %° Aveagadyd cum bes. NO+ By atony No: 8, atom vagordro Numbes _% Atomic _ Velunme = Nos gy. rooles Xx stp Q2r-y) , » Bod the emg ht 4) of — fo redler, of Sulphen?Cs>> a moles of sulphur No of moter = WE 9mMw wt os Novot rortes K OMB wh + Qx Br » we = “ = oy 4 ; ve para a . y ey pvt 2) Prd the weight” of & oF calcium Curbo rate (carer) ? 4) F Fool, of Calor, | §Mw 2 Cate 4 - i oe YONIT+Y & Nor dh ovple, = te = 100 6m cot > NOB mile, ye Ohi = 8% lov pat emadY's 8) Find the weyht of keto, contains a.reales fn iH) D > enol, °F skefon NOB moles » tot Fel oy “emu Wt assH1e@), OS ye mle eons 2S yrasy wt a4sq . DS eabeptots De enfight O- mlasiy Jy. Naglog- Stabe preset ter 9) coleutat athe raid roles In 129 fy Orone (od), SF oly 2 mts ae ayy! °3 tie? pespeanler tS, a Gra = 3 Ge) y Eien = Us. q 20°25 § Colutabe the no" moles fo ag § ssufplindioside « Pov dy orm. wt ee as8) How . mary « otecater = % “ Nitkogién pres In “—e Nitiogen eo » ay cols 5h 6m ‘ N, coll 2 =204) 28 2 28 = Os "NOB erolecatey ~ Nod mole x) Magodvo. = Be Sore X 6+ 023x Io 13 = 3-0NSX to T 8) Caleulote “the 90. § cnnleeutes present ty Ma dr Coy. 8) Nh moles 2 wl “om Cor x ! = 24206) ak = HL 1 = Hy = OQsS ’ Ne B enolecutes i No reoles fvagadya a3 = O'S K $.622% yo . 23 = fe SOS4xX jo°.G) Hove rranyy lor resent ty alg a elbntne gu Gh). Nov Gy motty wot el omes > 2 BSS 4395 4 iY > H HW = orl No Dy odo, Nor A evoles % Avogadro's Nambeq At mietty . a3 oO} x 6-023%10 X Q. 1% = 4/2046 x Io - § Hous rane clon, Pree Ory % ef Ozone (o2) , Mov By eonfey = et oo Gms 2 eHeEGY > 3) “> ue Wb | 2 | & > FON No: % adorns = nov Q mmoles ¥ Arogoche's Hur bes Rabid, | 23 O's6 B GOrBR1O F 3~ 23 = 2+89%K10.- 8) thes mouth —volure ceeupsed by the 4g of hyjdregen( bot No ay ereles — ~ qmwee L = 2 Nolume = Ndi mmole 4 Sop (au), = UK prey = W468 Bie. Tovlasity + roast 46 defect oy Noh rool dy Seluke Proved Jn one Lhe, of Saleen’ TE te dered by 9g? bot M ~ me 1200 ~ Gmus v wt = MX GmMwx vy 1000 ' oa Neutolzatton . MM ave n = : PL M— rnrlesiy of Fist sloluton, Mi — volume of fst Solution, MN — —ANO- Dy rales of fst Solirton , oi — prolarty Of Steond srlulion . NM, — Molume of fewnd — sglutton. re — Neh motes ‘of Second. Soliton ,| Mixed Solution, ms TMT MaMa Ytv = rootanity tp Fast Solution | Mi volume Rect cfoluteory . |} meleaity Setond olution j | % ~ Melame 2 Second Anlateony IS) ole lee The rooariby a 4g of Mask pretent In sooret Solution, a) Given hh Neotl 72 a 4g. Noo = so00me peat! 1m +_tat_ x 1000 Foo quo 4 sZt yf wor No +o00 Mr OM, CoLleulate the molaviy of 196g of Nas tog pret ~ Som — Solution « Given dale Noy Co3 Me gu wt = 10-69 V> Sooms .tol 1000 Seman aa lo 1000 > ——— § 106 500 Oe 8) cal tol the woenlt of o1M cSolubon . Hy sey Present Int Lite Gwen data, « thse Ve | Lhe =1000 me « 7 80)4+32+ 4s) . ; we =7 : - ao > 498 t M =o4 I tot = Mx GMX 1000 Ole Ex looo 40 00 = Fee 8) Colewlot vhs weit of 6 2 igint ™ Nog Coy Present Sy 2 dite — Solution. Given debe Ve Qkthe . Qoorp2 . wot = 9 / Mro-L wl 2 M% &mloxy 1000 = O:'2% 06x 2000 a eae 1000 = ynyg,NSoy dad the, ralesihy of Hato, A) roolty ok Noou is) aomnk % O-01mM of ook mea usth tere of | M, = O-olM Vo = Gomme m = 2 Y = (6 me @ NOH + Hysoy ——s Nap y+ oH50 pow” Gd \ N Hyd- He Py set worker, Ds NOB poole, 3 Noon ~ 2 B= Mor ronla B Hysoy = |. Mv) My, V2 h, ny m= MM y wR, h, My : ) 0101x%, a alg. © 9st VM? = 0:'00S., 9) caleutat the volume Gunter ble added tworne of OOM fel. Solubron so gE orM sdluitter,,A Refore dtlutemn roptanity of Hel: 6 ‘am Volume of = HR = Joome . Ata dlutzen. erthooity b Het = om Volume & Het 1 ” mV, = MV, ys OM Ma f > OL 100 { 0+) | Mo = Roo mL 4) Sco of oMot Solutron it dilute! fo lotcomL + Colette . The rela fy of dhlited Solu bn, M,> Ol m2 7 MN) = ON OR ”Bee 5 9, some of 0-2mM oF Hel Solutzen, i osm of mised Solution, M, 2 O- : Lt Os Ny, 4 > So Mee, IDd M~ MN, Move a Mot Me ~ 02% SO + O-5%)00 2 ee, So+)00 Vormolit, & defined eqpuverlent welg % Solute b> DL iA homed bs Sw the ety Geur N = > Nx Geox Vv yD00 6Mw wt Geo = / is eomed wth soome of Ht Solution, Glulot tte resultant a1 tumbe, of ger Preient in A Lbe of Solution, unit of Newel in “Normal,” Basic / acidity valency % elector, ,fav autdy t 5mw gew = “Bosiihy . CA) A, Sou , gew = eed CY tet ce Post city > es 7 = 36'S 8 for Boe, , any mv Ad de a) CH Nao com uo Cb) '@6H), Gew = Gm > a4 2. 2 34. Sal — 2 Na, Coz ——5 ratty tos? Geo = Smo volonug of election | = BE seg. Ta a& gain.J) Galewlale Hla Neral of Nazloy Pret jn 10-6 rovlie Bien das, | Ne 9 we = 10-69 No, Co Vs qooome > 106. Gea: SMe Valen of eleewer 104 J calentofe the amout of Htoy present Jn Soom solutiery cok ovena ty OM Given dot, Neo Gages = Smee ae am = Soomh . ua. “ wl = ox Yax 50d 1000 = Us. ) eolewtae. tis Volume oF ay of Ney lor, Contam Qn. Given daG. N=aQdy ) Nz wt Ve* 1 Gew a wt Joo® ve Oe Gew N 3 Soo - ere sa xX O43 > » Soo $3 Vz Some - colrbrte tbe rovenelity of =e preset i 1-0 9fhe Ve Dov me Gew: §Mbo valency of elechon. Bs 7 ” > BBS you 1000 Gew v ~ [59 Bees x Lpeo looo OUlg n- Colutate lee aroount of Novenabihy OrQ2N Gen be Ha present ty Looornt eit N=o-a. ]sHorsie enodet Bokvs Roky peepoted Bis theory 0% the fouls of Ricthenford They | ! | & plonk's quent Theory. $F Rucherovd — eaplaing electrons coe revatving around the nude es, XX plnk's Sold electrons are epir ov dose of enagy datos place. postulates of Roby. theony . XX Elechons ou ‘evalving raaaind the nuclear fr acloced Cheat spotty - These erveular path, ae dalled ovbi. % The orbis ann represented oo “Fem py (8) 1,2,3,4. AK elethon dees nol foxe 2 gain energy The dhital called “stattomasy orbits « the orbit toa definite energy , $0 «there called 27294 level xX when 4 hen the elechen Limp © foyer emagg, level Te hP enogy lovd the difference jx abeovb ¢ % tohen the eleetvon —gumps higher to Jocoen enogy level the deere 16 ensmiasion. >. &-& bv] ———__]! & D+ second RNerGQ feneh, f > tut mK " has " > PNK, content a « Rrequeney . Ths Ongularn noomnentem of elecheor’ arn be aleulakd ‘s Pre =) TY]:wt >? Vz jovto me . wt = OR % 36S ¥ poo Oe = {O.Qx 36-5 wt = #39. Abid Actos £ BAséS > The comporinds are elanitied Into three PEL med on thets ehernfead fehaviowy. they ore fr acids , + Bawes, 3: -solh - Properties of Acids — 1 acd “Hank blue Greta Fo Red. 2 Adds age attuh to ‘tatte- . 2. Pedy reoct “esttly boxe vo fom ogtt and cater. 4 Add, ase -eowosive fy nature, Properl2e, of Baye, ee ee VRose teary weed Cams to blue . 2 Rus axe Gila te tah.cot cetds te form S0lk eR woot: | —>Boe reacts |> Thee are so te Touch. Arehanius — contept > Ths theey 36 psvoposed be Arrehenion, feued oo thee hn 2aton. > According le This Meme eo A, Obes An agid , 18 O * substance: ? gobich gaves hydregy jon Cr). 40 otic solction.. : t es He —y tf er Hy s0y — ony ee A Pare 36 a cubetance’! which ‘afives“haydhdaine ions Gi): fin aerytory - solution, . ! ete =. KOH 9 Kt on - i 2 ~ CoGH), —> py? Q0H- Nevtrol aoteon —— neutralliagion -4s oO procoy Yq bre hydwogen ten of actd — and hyelietine Fon By hue, ke ‘combine — cto fem__-woater sMBlocuts , Naw Hel Noclp Hp strengshy ©} acids and Bases —__ aH Stergth of an acid @) a hese + $4 deteSimine on the basic vale of fontratemn. Strong acid, AN odd — eobich — Fond 2e4 compl tely and produce | fosge mg HT sony, eXE Heal , H, Soy, weak oid ay AD atid — eohrehy Yoni2es sbgttty and produce LUA 0-H Son, SZ CHaCooH , tyloy. Strong boxe a A base which jonires greet ars Frtduce Large we Go OW fons. eX SVaOH , KOH. weak base ! fy hae chick “fonizer sUgttly ard prrosluce (ex | * ner ay off for. thie NHY OHSog Lireitodions — of Arereheiious Teeny — Theo Ht only applica (a bu Gequiteus ~ Solictony, Or Hee ck ay ON add Jn water but not in * ) Bendenk . DTW Heo feslue -to explodn “octd metas In Cor and So, and basic pater th Nh, >. This “Ye ory doi nat exploing he ach dt oxide, aud bea te oxide . Go +t, —> ©Cox cao+ Soy > @60y >THE steers door nat explain the hudvatcon OF “hyphregen Yon in aquiou, solution, Doni Product gf woke, (R05). The product of mmptiy’ Concentrate of thyelvogen ion GY end hudlyoaion, colton A known ay wionie Kw > GP) OH. 7 The unit of kw it jon [ox]. acquis preduet Of untey, ovale, ate. at ase tue ale of Ko 3s fund to be “tx ig! mia > tle aolbeot bw Pneweones pst Increasing temperdliae:) >2 af The “OCB ON TA ny CH= CA = wx mote 7 of The solution WK cctdte, GJ s (oF) - Cu} s x0 whey SM ite solution jy lyic BI6I — 80 ete, significance of eee a 2b 3s post do. Caleetale CH] fora concenhakion when wo knee ‘tho values of Gi] mes ko CB) at ty pouthb 4 catextaé (on) tom ee when ee fnew tee values oF Cy )iam ond Ke: | 5 Fs chal foi : TA] 2 k 2 OI | ‘ 28 HH P concept Se the pM roncepl i4 convinient te UP the ocidt& CH] of atlute eolatzons \ Dt cea Sin troduced hy &Pe Sorenson -yr > Ke de oed phos fi\ows, “PY js the Neg Bl ve a | legevithm of — Hydvagtn fon - concentrattons’[expressed tn ty ef acquious -tolut ton] . | | [Penta pT, = toy fi), ‘ “© bs aa > Aa Gr) . “<@ Cys om 7 Srilaaly the Hyevotine ‘ion concen testo crepes a _ @ Pr Loy Gn). | @ “86iT te fal @ pois v6". The sum of p" Wy i Given , | | | | 2 D eulate the pM ote of Bol py of Hed sabitan OO)N of He soluteon, 4 Hel sy pte” pls weg (7 .~ "09 (orot) v fey CIR = ~ fog Cif © dey (84) = hey Gol] = Loqio* an 3 Gf tog as Nkega) | © 91° Cdeg =) => Quy pls a @ colertate she pl walue of OOS M of Hida, solution. Given , © es B&H ows m of He$oy Solutton. | 9H 5 005+ B10 Sool. | + Hy Sy > gy ye sor r PU s ~ 609 GT, ~ - Leg Gj] = -leage) 2 -1og 16 . _ 2 Log 10 Co fegio =), 1 pt a | op 5 Colleutok ” | the P" volue of 0-0lM bt Naot soliton, Given , pt keer COM of NOOH SoluteNooH —5 nat oH. pn > ~ Log (ori. = -.log [o-01) > -hey (785 es tot " ~dog + ~hog tet = hog oe = 2fog io C: Log, 10> ) > ag) SOP eB H Pa PR nay, H Pies phy FU-1y rips yu Buffer soluteoy 5 solutton which Yeyict any change in * H pT alae on ote dilvbon. @) on action, ob SrotAse yt amounGs of app acd COS otehale base | % brown a butter wolaoy, ,Buffer seluttons are clauifed nda tuo fypon n 1 Netdie buffer solutron | |: Ry Basie, buffer sole ten, 1. Addie butter solution -— Adidic, beaffer: “cola tion, | aro” pre poord by Miaiog selutioms of ak adds and their salt of \ Strong koves . male i metre Oe. acidic’ acid cand Sodium “acitabe CH,COOH + *CHa COON « 2 Ble buffer solucteon ae te \ : . Basic «buffer iolutons ae prepared by rising solutions of uxok bases and thelr “sare ot Shera cacids. ext : =F unpre Of lommontum hydroxide’ and Primoniium Chloride NHYOH oF NO” Wir Oe Peplicoforms, of buffer soluts on 1 — he ase uted . to Control. pil of: Solution, In chemieak "arabe, Irduthiel synthetic reactors | enzymes lyse, oer | are called odabyied . veactons, | : . ree ; : > Budfey. colutrom, oF used in ceater softening Process - DThre phy a tigntficant role, ty bio-chemreat procen,