Human Rights Notes Jd

Human Rights (BS English 4th semester)
FALL SEMESTER 2022

Name: Junaid Ali Raza
Contact: 03245937493
Course contents
● What are Human Rights (HR)?

● Evolution of the Concept of HR
● Four Fundamentals in HR: freedom, equality, justice, and human dignity
● Universal Declaration of HR
● Three Key Principles in HR: inalienability, indivisibility and universality
● Are HR Universal? (debate/ discussion etc)
● HR in South Asia: Issues
● Rights of Women
● Rights of Children (debate/ discussion on child labor, etc)
Human Rights Notes (Bs English 4th semester)
What are Human Rights (HR) ?

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world,
from birth until death. These rights are universal, inherent and inalienable(‫ناقابل تالفی‬
ِ )
meaning they apply to everyone, regardless of nationality, sex, race, color, religion,
language, or any other status.
Rooted in the principles of dignity, fairness, equality, and respect, human rights aim to
protect individuals from abuse and injustice and to promote freedom and well-being.
These principles serve as the foundation for a just society.
Human rights encompass a broad range of rights and freedoms that are considered
essential for all individuals.The right to life and liberty guarantees that every individual
has the right to live and to be free from interference. Freedom of speech allows
individuals to express their ideas, opinions, and beliefs without fear of censorship,
punishment, or retaliation. (‫ )انتقامی کاروائی‬Freedom of religion ensures that every person
can practice, change, or choose their religion or beliefs without facing discrimination,
ُ )or coercion(‫)جبر‬.Additionally, human rights include the right to work,
persecution,( ‫ظلم و ستم‬
which ensures fair and favorable conditions of employment, the right to education, which
provides access to knowledge and skills necessary for personal development and
participation in society, and the right to participate in government, which enables
individuals to have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives.
The protection and promotion of human rights are essential for ensuring dignity, justice,
and equality for all individuals and communities worldwide.
Definitions of Human Rights by different authors and

institutions
● United Nations (UN): The UN defines human rights as "rights inherent to all human
beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other
status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and
Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Contact : 03245937493 Government Graduate college Zafarwal
torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and
many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination."
● Amnesty International: Amnesty International defines human rights as "the basic
rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.
They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe, or how you choose
to live your life."
● European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR): The ECHR, established by the
Council of Europe, states that human rights are "rights and freedoms which are
inherent to all human beings and which include civil and political rights such as the
right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and fair trial, as well as economic,
social, and cultural rights."
● Nelson Mandela: Mandela, the anti-apartheid revolutionary and former President
of South Africa, championed human rights as foundational to democracy and social
progress, focusing on the rights of individuals to dignity, equality, and justice.
● Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi, a leader of the Indian independence movement, viewed
human rights through the lens of non-violence (ahimsa) and emphasized the rights
of individuals to freedom, self-determination, and equality.
These diverse perspectives on human rights, focusing on themes such as justice, equality,
dignity, and the role of individuals and communities in upholding and promoting human
rights worldwide.
Objectives of Human Rights
The objectives of human rights generally include:
1. Protection: Ensuring the protection of individuals from discrimination, abuse, and other
violations.
2. Equality: Promoting equality and non-discrimination among all people, regardless of

race, gender, religion, or other characteristics.
3. Justice: Upholding principles of justice, fairness, and accountability in society and

governance.

4. Freedom: Safeguarding fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, assembly,

and religion.
5. Dignity: Respecting the inherent dignity and worth of every individual.
These objectives aim to create a framework where every person can live with dignity,
equality, and freedom, supported by legal and societal protections.
Kinds of Human Rights
Human rights are inherent to all humans, regardless of their nationality, race, gender,
religion, language, or sexual orientation. The concept of human rights may not be new, but
it’s gone through significant changes over time. In the past, only the rights of privileged
groups of people were respected. In 1948, the newly-formed United Nations General
Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This codified the
necessity of human rights for all. International law, national constitutions, and other
conventions support and expand on the UDHR. What kinds of human rights exist?
Human rights can be broadly categorized into civil and political rights, economic rights,
social rights, and cultural rights. Here's a brief overview of each category:
1.Civil and Political Rights:
These rights include freedoms such as the right to life, liberty, and security; freedom of
expression, the right to privacy; and the right to a fair trial.
● Right to Life: Every individual has the right to life and security of person, meaning
protection of life and freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment.
● Freedom of Expression: This includes the right to express opinions, seek, receive,
and impart information and ideas through any media, regardless of boundaries.
● Right to Privacy: Individuals have the right to privacy and protection against unlawful
interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence.

● Right to a Fair Trial: This encompasses the right to a fair and public hearing by an
independent and neutral body, innocent until proven guilty, and the right to legal
counsel.
2. Economic Rights:
Economic rights include the right to work, the right to fair wages and equal pay for equal
work, the right to join trade unions, and the right to own property.
● Right to Work: Every person has the right to work, including the right to the
opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted.
● Right to Fair Wages and Equal Pay: This includes the right to just and favorable
conditions of work, protection against unemployment, and equal pay for equal work
without discrimination.
● Right to Social Security: Individuals have the right to social security and an adequate
standard of living, including the right to food, clothing, housing, and medical care
and necessary social services.
● Right to Join Trade Unions: Workers have the right to form and join trade unions for
the protection of their interests.
3. Social Rights:
Social rights encompass the right to education, the right to healthcare, social security
benefits, and access to essential services such as water, sanitation, and housing.
● Right to Education: Everyone has the right to education, which should be free, at
least in the elementary and fundamental stages.
● Right to Health: Individuals have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of physical and mental health.
● Right to Housing: This includes the right to an adequate standard of living, including
adequate housing, and the continuous improvement of living conditions.
● Right to Water and Sanitation: Everyone has the right to safe and clean drinking
water and sanitation facilities.

4. Cultural Rights:
Cultural rights protect individuals' rights to participate in cultural life, enjoy their own
culture, practice their religion, and use their language.
● Right to Participate in Cultural Life: Individuals have the right to participate in the
cultural life of the community,which can include participating in arts, music,
literature, theater, and other forms of cultural expression.
● Right to Enjoy One's Own Culture: People have the right to enjoy their own culture,
practice their own religion, and use their own language.
● Right to Preserve Cultural Identity: This includes the right to maintain, express, and
develop cultural identity, particularly of indigenous peoples and minorities.
These categories of human rights are protected in various international human rights
instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
and other regional and national laws and treaties. They aim to protect and promote the
dignity and well-being of all individuals worldwide.
Evolution of the concept of Human Rights

Introduction:
The concept of human rights is as old as civilization itself.The ideas of justice and human
rights have a long and rich history. They did not originate exclusively in any single
geographical region, country, century, manner, or political form of government or legal
system. Instead, they emerged from various places, societies, religious and secular
traditions, cultures, and means of expression over thousands of years. Indeed, they took
millennia to evolve.This is evident from the fact that, at almost every stage of human
development, there have been human rights documents in one form or another. However,
the belief that everyone, by virtue of their humanity, is entitled to certain human rights is
fairly new. Many ancient documents and religious teachings can be considered early forms
of human rights.

1.Cyrus cylinder (539 B.C):
The United Nations pinpoint the origin of Human Rights to the year 539 B.C. when the
troops of Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon. In the aftermath, he freed the slaves,
declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion, and established racial
equality. These precepts were recorded on a baked-clay cylinder known as the Cyrus
Cylinder, whose provisions served as inspiration for the first four Articles of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
2.Religious Teachings:
The leading religions like Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity and
Islam, in spite of their differences, contradictions and conflict, have a humanist perspective
that supports human rights and respects the dignity of all people.
Divine scriptures of Jews(Torah), Christians (The Bible)and Muslims(The Holy Quran)

address the questions of people's duties, rights, and responsibilities.
The last sermon of Prophet Muhammad {PBUH} (632 CE)
The last sermon of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), delivered during his farewell pilgrimage in
the year 632 CE, laid foundational principles that can be regarded as a charter for human
rights. This sermon is considered pivotal not only for Muslims but also for its universal
message promoting justice, equality, and dignity for all humanity.
Key Principles from the Last Sermon:
1. Equality of Humanity: Prophet Muhammad emphasized the equality of all humans,

regardless of race, ethnicity, or social standing. He declared, "All mankind is from Adam and
Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over
an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a
white, except by piety and good action." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 1623; Sahih Muslim, Hadith
2865)

2. Rights of Women: Addressing a large gathering, the Prophet highlighted the rights of
women and their dignified status within society. He said, "O People, it is true that you have
certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights over you. Remember that
you have taken them as your wives only under Allah's trust and with His permission." (Sahih
Muslim, Hadith 1218)
3. Sanctity of Life and Property: Prophet Muhammad emphasized the sacredness of

human life and property. He stated, "Your lives and your properties are sacred and inviolable
among one another until you meet your Lord." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 1739; Sahih Muslim,
Hadith 1739)
4. Justice and Fairness: The sermon underscored the importance of justice and fairness in
all matters. The Prophet declared, "Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you," emphasizing
the principle of reciprocity and respect. (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 2449; Sahih Muslim,
Hadith 2613)
5. Economic Justice: The Prophet condemned exploitative economic practices and called
for equitable treatment in financial dealings. He warned against interest (usury) and
exploitation in trade, ensuring fairness and ethical conduct in economic transactions.
(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 3881)
6. Abolition of Pre-Islamic Injustices:Prophet Muhammad called for the eradication of

pre-Islamic injustices, including tribal discrimination and social inequalities. He proclaimed,
"All practices of the days of ignorance are now under my feet." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1623)
In summary, the last sermon of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stands as a profound charter
for human rights, encapsulating timeless principles that advocate for the inherent dignity,
equality, and fair treatment of all individuals, regardless of their background or beliefs.
3.Magna Carta (1215)
The Magna Carta, also known as the Great Charter, is a pivotal document in the history of
human rights and constitutional law. Signed in 1215 during the reign of King John in
England, it emerged as a peace treaty between the king and rebellious barons seeking to
curtail royal authority. Its significance lies in establishing the principle that even monarchs

are bound by law, thus laying the foundation for the rule of law in modern legal systems.
Initially aimed at protecting the rights of nobles and freemen,Initially protecting nobles and
freemen, it ensured basic liberties like due process and trial by jury. Its legacy highlights the
vital roles of legal rights, accountability, and individual freedoms in democracies.
4.The petition of Rights (1628)
The Petition of Right (1628) was a formal complaint from the English Parliament to King
Charles I, addressing grievances about his disregard for the law. It demanded that taxes
should only be levied with Parliament's consent, not by the King alone. It also protested
against arbitrary imprisonment without trial and objected to the forced quartering of
soldiers in citizens' homes during peacetime, as well as the imposition of martial law. This
petition aimed to restrain the King's authority and safeguard the rights of English subjects
against unfair treatment.
5.The Bill of Rights (1689)
The Bill of Rights (1689) holds significant importance in English constitutional history. It was
enacted following the removal of King James II from the throne and establishes key
principles regarding the monarch's power and the rights of citizens. The Bill stipulates that
the King or Queen must obtain Parliament's approval to pass laws and raise taxes, thereby
limiting royal authority. It guarantees fundamental freedoms such as the right to regular
elections, free speech in Parliament, and protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
By codifying these rights, the Bill of Rights reinforced the role of Parliament and established
a framework for constitutional monarchy in England.
6.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

(1789)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) emerged during the French
Revolution, encapsulating revolutionary ideals of equality, liberty, and popular sovereignty.
It proclaims that all individuals are born free and equal in rights, including the rights to
liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. The Declaration emphasizes legal
equality, asserting that everyone is subject to the same laws and entitled to a fair trial. It

guarantees freedoms such as freedom of religion and speech, within limits necessary for
public order. This document reflected the revolutionary aspirations of the French people,
aiming to establish a just and egalitarian society based on democratic principles and
individual rights.
7.U.S Bill of Rights (1791)
The U.S. Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, consists of the first ten amendments to the United
States Constitution. These amendments were added to protect individual liberties and limit
the power of the federal government. The U.S Bill of Rights protects fundamental freedoms
such as speech, religion, and the press (First Amendment), the right to bear arms (Second
Amendment), and safeguards against unreasonable searches (Fourth Amendment) and
cruel punishments (Eighth Amendment). It ensures due process in legal proceedings and
reserves rights not listed for the people or states (Ninth and Tenth Amendments). These
amendments form a crucial safeguard against government overreach and uphold
individual liberties in America.
8. Geneva conventions (1864-2005)
The Geneva Conventions are a series of international treaties that establish standards of
humanitarian law in armed conflict. They were first adopted in 1864 and have been
updated and expanded over the years. The conventions aim to protect civilians and
prisoners of war during wartime by regulating the conduct of warring parties. Key
principles include the humane treatment of all individuals affected by conflict, the
protection of medical personnel and facilities, and rules governing the treatment of
prisoners.
Throughout the evolution, the Geneva Conventions have aimed to mitigate the effects of
armed conflict by establishing humanitarian standards and protecting the rights of
individuals affected by war, whether they are combatants or civilians. These treaties
collectively form the cornerstone of international humanitarian law, promoting respect for
human dignity and minimizing suffering during times of armed conflict.

9.International labor organization (1919)
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
dedicated to promoting and protecting labor rights, which are fundamental to human
rights. It sets international labor standards through conventions and recommendations
covering areas like fair wages, safe working conditions, and freedom from discrimination.
The ILO's Decent Work Agenda aims to ensure work is dignified and contributes to
sustainable development, aligning with broader human rights principles. With a tripartite
structure involving governments, employers, and workers, the ILO fosters dialogue and
consensus on labor issues, monitoring compliance to hold member states accountable and
advance social justice globally.
10.Universal declaration of Human Rights (1948)
After World War II, countries realized they needed a document to protect human rights. In
1945, President Harry S. Truman chose Eleanor Roosevelt to represent the U.S. at the
United Nations. She was famous for supporting human rights worldwide. In 1946, as chair
of the UN Commission on Human Rights, she led the effort to create a declaration of
human rights for everyone. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), drafted
under her leadership, was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It
inspired laws worldwide to protect people's rights. Later, it became part of the
International Bill of Human Rights, completed in 1966 and enforced in 1976, further
solidifying human rights protections globally.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in 1948, stands as a seminal document in the history of human rights. It asserts
that all individuals are born free and equal in dignity and rights, without distinction of any
kind. The UDHR delineates a comprehensive set of rights that every person is entitled to,
encompassing civil, political, economic, social, and cultural freedoms. These include the
rights to life, liberty, and security, freedom from slavery and torture, equality before the
law, and the right to work, education, and adequate living standards. Emphasizing
principles of universality and indivisibility, the UDHR serves as a guiding beacon for nations
and peoples worldwide, inspiring legal frameworks, policies, and movements aimed at

safeguarding and promoting human dignity and rights for all. Its enduring impact continues
to resonate across cultures and societies, reinforcing the fundamental principle that
human rights are inherent to every individual, regardless of their background or
circumstances.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the history of human rights reflects humanity's ongoing efforts to ensure
fairness, equality, and dignity for all. It started with basic ideas like freedom and equality in
ancient times. Over the centuries, important documents like the Magna Carta,Bill of Rights,
and the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (etc) were created to
protect people's rights and to address the needs of diverse populations. Today, human
rights continue to evolve, aiming to ensure everyone, regardless of who they are, is treated
with respect and fairness around the world.
Four fundamentals in HR: Freedom, Equality,

Justice and Human Dignity
The fundamentals in human rights refers to the essential principles or core values that
form the foundation of human rights. These are the basic elements that strengthen the
concept of human rights and guide their interpretation, implementation, and protection.
The fundamentals in human rights ensure that all individuals are treated with respect,
fairness, and dignity. It includes key principles such as
● Freedom
● Equality
● Justice
● Human Dignity
1.Freedom:
Freedom is an essential pillar of human rights, encompassing the ability of individuals to

act, think, and express themselves without interference or coercion (‫)جبر‬. It includes
freedoms such as speech, religion, assembly, and movement. Human rights declare that

every person should have the freedom to make choices about their life, beliefs, and
personal development.Here's a detailed exploration of different types of freedom:
● Freedom of Speech and Expression: This right allows individuals to express their
opinions, beliefs, and ideas without fear of censorship or retaliation(‫)انتقامی کاروائی‬. It
encompasses verbal, written, artistic, and symbolic forms of expression, fostering a
vibrant exchange of ideas essential for democratic societies.
● Freedom of Religion: This right ensures that individuals can practice, observe, or
change their religion or belief system freely, without coercion or discrimination. It
includes the freedom to worship, participate in religious rituals, and manifest one's
beliefs in public or private settings.
● Freedom of Movement: This right allows individuals to move within their own
country and to travel abroad. It includes the freedom to choose one's
residence(‫ )رہائش‬and to leave and return to one's country, except in limited
circumstances prescribed by law, such as national security considerations.
● Political freedom: Individuals have the right to participate in political processes,
including the right to vote, run for office, and engage in political activities without
discrimination or intimidation(‫) دھمکی‬. Political freedom ensures that governments
are accountable to the people they govern and that citizens can actively contribute
to shaping policies and decisions that affect their lives.
● Freedom of Information and Access to Knowledge: Individuals have the right to
seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless
of boundaries. This freedom underpins transparency, accountability, and informed
decision-making within societies, empowering individuals to participate actively in
civic life and hold authorities accountable.
These freedoms are essential for fostering individuals, promoting social justice, and
maintaining democratic societies where human rights are respected and upheld.
2. Equality:
Equality in human rights denotes that all individuals should be treated fairly and without
discrimination. It emphasizes equal opportunities and treatment regardless of
characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion or disability.Human rights advocate

for the elimination(‫ )کم کرنا‬of discriminatory practices and the promotion of inclusive policies
that ensure everyone has the same access to opportunities and resources.Here's a detailed
exploration of equality within the context of human rights:
● Equal Protection of the Law: Human rights affirm that all individuals are entitled to
equal protection under the law, without discrimination based on characteristics
such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or
socioeconomic status. This principle ensures that laws and legal procedures apply
equally to everyone and that justice is administered impartially.
● Equality of Opportunity: Human rights advocate for equal opportunities in
education, employment, healthcare, housing, and other areas of social and
economic life. This principle ensures that individuals have the same chances to
develop their talents, pursue their goals, and participate fully in society, regardless
of factors beyond their control.
● Gender Equality: Human rights emphasize gender equality, ensuring that women,
men, and individuals of all gender identities have equal rights, opportunities, and
protections under the law. This includes promoting equal pay for equal work and
ensuring equal representation and participation in decision-making processes.
● Social and Economic Equality: Human rights recognize the importance of social
and economic rights in achieving equality. This includes ensuring access to essential
services such as healthcare, education, housing, and social security, as well as
addressing economic disparities and promoting inclusive development that benefits
all members of society.
● Equality in Political Participation: Human rights ensure that all individuals have
equal opportunities to participate in political processes, including the right to vote,
run for office, and engage in political activities. This principle promotes inclusive
democracy and ensures that diverse voices and perspectives are represented in
decision-making processes..
Overall, equality within human rights is a principle that seeks to create a society where
every individual is treated with dignity, has equal opportunities to thrive(‫)آگے بڑھنا‬, and can
participate fully in all aspects of life without discrimination or prejudice (‫)تعصب‬. It serves as a
foundation for justice, fairness, and respect for the inherent worth and rights of all human
beings.

3. Justice:
Justice in human rights refers to the fair and equitable treatment of individuals and groups
based on principles of morality, equality, and the rule of law. Justice in human rights is a
foundational principle that ensures individuals are treated with dignity, fairness, and
equality under the law. It promotes the protection of human rights, the accountability of
governments and institutions, and the pursuit of societal well-being based on principles of
justice and human dignity. Let's explore each type of justice within the context of human
rights:
● Social Justice: Social justice focuses on addressing systemic inequalities and

promoting fairness in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges
(‫)سہولتیں‬within society.It aims to ensure that all individuals have equal access to
essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, and social security,
regardless of their background. Social justice seeks to eliminate discrimination,
marginalization, and barriers that prevent individuals from fully participating in
society.Examples: Gender Equality, Access to Education,Healthcare for All, Disability
Rights and Fair Housing.
● Economic Justice:Economic justice addresses economic inequalities and advocates
for fair distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities to ensure that all
individuals can achieve economic security and well-being.It emphasizes fair
wages(‫)تنخواہیں‬,decent working conditions, social protection, and access to economic
opportunities for all individuals. Economic justice seeks to reduce poverty, promote
sustainable development, and ensure that economic policies prioritize the needs
and rights of marginalized and vulnerable groups.Examples: Fair Wages, Social
Security, Affordable Housing Programs, Equal Pay for Equal Work, Unemployment
Benefits and Access to Financial Services.
● Legal Justice: Legal justice refers to the fair and impartial administration of laws
and legal systems, ensuring that individuals have access to justice, due process, and
protection of their rights under the law. It includes the right to a fair trial, legal
representation, access to legal remedies, and protection against arbitrary arrest.
Legal justice upholds the rule of law and ensures that laws are applied consistently
and transparently. Examples: Right to a Fair Trial, Due Process , Legal

Representation, Equal Protection Under the Law Right to Appeal, Access to Legal
Aid and Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
● Political Justice: Political justice concerns the fair representation and participation
of individuals in political processes, ensuring that everyone has the right to vote, run
for office, and engage in political activities without discrimination.It promotes
democratic principles, accountability of government institutions, and the protection
of civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, assembly, and association.
Political justice aims to uphold the rights of individuals to participate in
decision-making processes that affect their lives.Examples: Equal Voting Rights, Fair
Legal Representation,Freedom of Speech, Right to a Fair Trial, Equal Protection
Under the Law and Anti-Corruption Measures.
Each type of justice (social, economic, legal, and political) plays a crucial role in promoting
human rights, ensuring equality, and fostering inclusive societies where individuals can live
with dignity, freedom, and respect for their fundamental rights.
4. Dignity:
Dignity refers to the inherent worth and value of every human being. It entails respecting
individuals' autonomy, privacy, and personal integrity. Human rights recognize that all
individuals deserve to be treated with dignity, irrespective of their circumstances or
background. This includes protecting individuals from degrading treatment, exploitation, or
any form of abuse that undermines their inherent dignity as human beings.
● Inherent Worth and Value: Dignity refers to the intrinsic value and worth that
every human being possesses, simply by virtue of being human. This inherent worth
is universal and inalienable, meaning that it applies to every person equally and
cannot be taken away. It forms the basis for the recognition and respect of all
human rights.
● Respect and Non-Discrimination: Treating individuals with dignity involves
recognizing and respecting their inherent worth and ensuring that they are treated
with respect and without discrimination. Non-discrimination is essential to dignity.
Every person should be treated equally, regardless of race, gender, age, religion,
disability, sexual orientation, or any other characteristic.

● Autonomy and Empowerment: Dignity is closely tied to the concept of autonomy,

(‫)آزادی‬which is the ability of individuals to make their own choices and control their
own lives. Empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their lives is a
key aspect of upholding their dignity. This includes respecting their right to personal
autonomy, bodily integrity, and self-determination.
● Protection from Degrading Treatment: Protecting individuals from torture, cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment is crucial for maintaining their
dignity. Human rights frameworks explicitly prohibit any form of treatment or
punishment that humiliates or dehumanizes individuals. Ensuring humane
conditions in all contexts, such as prisons, detention centers, and care facilities, is
essential to preserving dignity.
● Economic and Social Rights: Ensuring access to basic necessities such as food,
water, shelter, healthcare, and education is fundamental to upholding dignity.
Economic and social rights are essential for a dignified life. This includes addressing
poverty, unemployment, and social exclusion, and ensuring that all individuals have
the resources needed to live with dignity and participate fully in society.
Universal declaration of Human RIGHTS (UDHR)

Introduction
The Universal Declaration of Humanity is a Rights (UDHR) milestone document in the

history of human rights. Drafted by representatives from different legal and cultural
backgrounds across the globe, it was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly
in Paris on December 10, 1948, as a common standard of achievements for all peoples. and
all nations. Its 30 Articles was the declaration of 1778-words.The UDHR sets out, for the
first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
The UDHR consists of a preamble and 30 articles outlining the view of the General
Assembly on human rights guaranteed to all people. Following is the overview of preamble
and articles that officially declared by the UDHR:

Overview of Preamble: (‫(دیباچہ‬،)‫)تمهیدی بیان‬
The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes that every person
has inherent dignity and equal rights. These rights are essential for freedom, justice, and
peace in the world. It reflects on the horrors of World War II, highlighting the need to
prevent such events by promoting human rights. The Preamble envisions a world where
people are free to speak and believe as they choose and are free from fear and want. It
emphasizes that protecting human rights through the law is crucial to prevent oppression
and tyranny. It calls for friendly relations between nations and universal respect for human
rights. The Preamble highlights the commitment of United Nations member states to
uphold these rights and encourages everyone to promote and respect them, aiming for
universal recognition and observance.
Articles of UDHR:
The UDHR consists of 30 articles, each outlining specific rights and freedoms that are
universally protected.
Article 1: Right to Equality
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says:
"Everyone is born free and equal. They have the same dignity and rights."
This means that every person is born with the same rights and should be treated equally.
No one should be discriminated against because of who they are. This article ensures that
everyone, regardless of race, color, gender, religion, or any other status, deserves to be
respected and treated fairly. It forms the foundation for all other human rights..
Article 2: Freedom from Discrimination
"Everyone should be treated the same way, no matter their race, color, religion, or any other
status."

This means that everyone should be treated fairly and equally. No one should be treated
differently or unfairly because of their race, skin color, religion, gender, or any other
reason. This article ensures that every person has the right to be respected and valued
Article 3: Right to Life, Liberty, and Security of Person
“Everyone has the right to live freely and safely”
It protects individuals from unlawful threats to their life or freedom, promoting human
dignity and security. This article guarantees that all people can live without fear,
emphasizing the fundamental right to a life free from harm and oppression.
Article 4: Freedom from Slavery
Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states:
"No one should be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in
all their forms.”
This means that no person should ever be treated as a slave or forced to work without their
consent. All forms of slavery, including buying and selling slaves, are strictly forbidden.
Everyone has the right to live freely and should never be owned or controlled by another
person. This article ensures that every individual is protected from any form of exploitation
or forced labor.
Article 5: Freedom from Torture
"No one should be tortured or treated in a cruel, inhuman, or degrading way.”
This means that no person should ever be subjected to severe pain or suffering, whether
physical or mental, as a form of punishment or for any other reason. It forbids any actions
that intentionally cause intense distress or harm to individuals. This article ensures that

everyone is treated with respect and humanity, protecting individuals from any form of
harsh or humiliating treatment.
Article 6: Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
"Everyone has the right to be recognized as a person before the law.”
This means that every person should be seen and treated as a legal entity in all places. It
ensures that everyone has the right to legal protection and to be recognized as having legal
rights and responsibilities, regardless of where they are. This article guarantees that
individuals can access justice and legal remedies, ensuring fairness and equality under the
law.
Article 7: Right to Equality before the Law
"All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of
the law."
This means that everyone should be treated equally by the law. No one should be unfairly
treated or discriminated against when seeking legal protection or justice. This article
ensures that all individuals, regardless of their background or status, have the right to fair
treatment and legal remedies. It promotes justice and equality under the law for everyone.
Article 8: Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
"Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law."
This means that everyone has the right to seek justice and receive a fair solution from their
country's courts if their rights are violated. It ensures that individuals can access legal
remedies when their fundamental rights, as guaranteed by their country's laws or

constitution, are infringed upon. This article underscores the importance of justice and
accountability in upholding human rights.
Article 9: Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
"No one should be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile.
This means that no one should be arrested, imprisoned, or deported without a fair legal
process. It ensures that everyone has the right to know why they are being detained and to
challenge their detention in court. This article protects individuals from unjust
imprisonment or forced exile, promoting fairness and justice in legal proceedings.
Article 10: Right to Fair Public Hearing
"Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial
tribunal, in the determination of their rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against
them.”
This means that everyone has the right to a fair trial in a public court. They should be
treated equally and have their case heard by judges who are not biased and are not
influenced by others. This article ensures that justice is served openly and fairly for all
individuals, whether they are defending their rights or facing criminal charges.
Article 11: Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
"Everyone accused of a crime has the right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. No one
should be blamed for a crime without clear evidence shown in a fair trial."
This means that if someone is accused of a crime, they should be seen as not guilty until it
is proven otherwise in a fair court of law. No one should be punished or treated unfairly
based on accusations alone. This article protects individuals from being wrongly judged or
punished without proper evidence and a fair legal process.

Article 12: Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, and
Correspondences
"No one should interfere with your private life, family, home, or letters unless the law says so
and is fair."
This means that your private life, family matters, home, and personal correspondence
should be respected and not interfered with by others or the government. Any intrusion
should only happen when it's allowed by law and necessary in a fair way. This article
protects your personal space and relationships from unwarranted intrusion or
interference.
Article 13: Right to Free Movement
"You have the right to go where you want to within your own country, and you can leave your
country and come back whenever you want."
This means that you can travel freely within your own country and also travel abroad. You
have the right to leave your country and return to it whenever you choose, as long as there
are no legal restrictions preventing you from doing so. This article ensures that individuals
have the freedom to move and travel without unnecessary barriers or restrictions.
Article 14: Right to Asylum
"If you are being persecuted (treated badly) in your country, you have the right to run away to
another country to be safe."
This means that if you are in danger or treated unfairly in your own country, you have the
right to seek protection and safety in another country. This article ensures that individuals
facing persecution can seek asylum (protection) in another country where they can be safe

from harm. It emphasizes the importance of providing refuge to those who need it,
regardless of their nationality or background.
Article 15: Right to a Nationality
"Everyone has the right to belong to a country."
This means that every person has the right to have a nationality, which includes citizenship
or legal membership in a country. It ensures that individuals have a legal identity and are
recognized as members of a particular nation. This article emphasizes the importance of
legal belonging and identity, which are fundamental to accessing rights and services within
a country and participating fully in society.
Article 16: Right to Marriage and Family
"Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the
right to marry and to found a family."
This means that adults, regardless of their race, nationality, or religion, have the right to get
married and start a family. This article emphasizes equality in marriage and family life,
ensuring that individuals have the freedom to choose their spouse and establish a family
based on mutual consent and without discrimination. It recognizes the importance of
family as a fundamental unit of society and protects individuals' rights to personal
relationships and family life.
Article 17: Right to Own Property
"Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others."
This means that everyone has the right to own things like land, houses, or other
possessions either by themselves or with others. It ensures that individuals have the legal
right to possess and use property without interference, as long as it is done within the

bounds of the law. This article protects individuals' rights to personal belongings and
assets, promoting economic stability and individual autonomy.
Article 18: Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion
"Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others
and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and
observance."
This means that everyone has the right to think freely, believe in any religion or none at all,
and practice their beliefs openly. They can worship alone or with others, publicly or
privately, and have the freedom to express their beliefs through teaching, rituals, and
observances. This article ensures that individuals can follow their own beliefs without
interference, promoting tolerance and respect for diverse religious and philosophical views.
Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and Expression
"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers."
This means that everyone has the right to express their thoughts and opinions freely. They
can share ideas and information without being stopped or punished. This article protects
the freedom to seek, receive, and share information and ideas through any means,
whether it's through speaking, writing, or any other form of expression. It ensures that
individuals can participate in public debate and contribute to society's progress by sharing
their views openly and without fear.
Article 20: Right to Peaceful Assembly and Association
"Everyone has the right to peaceful assembly and association."

This means that everyone has the right to gather peacefully in groups and to join or form
associations, such as clubs, organizations, or political parties, without interference. It
ensures that individuals can come together to express their ideas, beliefs, and concerns
collectively. This article protects the freedom to assemble and associate freely, promoting
social interaction, civic engagement, and the exercise of democratic rights within society.
Article 21: Right to Participate in Government
"Everyone has the right to take part in the government of their country, directly or through freely
chosen representatives."
This means that every person has the right to participate in their government's decisions.
They can vote in elections or be chosen to represent others. This article ensures that
individuals have a say in how their country is run and can contribute to shaping laws and
policies that affect them. It promotes democratic participation and accountability in
governance, allowing people to exercise their political rights freely and actively.
Article 22: Right to Social Security
"Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization,
through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization
and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his
dignity and the free development of his personality."
This means that everyone has the right to social security, which includes access to basic
necessities like food, clothing, housing, and healthcare. Governments should work together
to ensure that everyone can enjoy economic, social, and cultural rights that are necessary
for living with dignity and developing their full potential. This article underscores the
importance of ensuring social protection and welfare systems to support individuals and
families in times of need, promoting equality and human dignity.
Article 23: Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Union

"Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions
of work and to protection against unemployment.Everyone, without any discrimination, has the
right to equal pay for equal work.Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable
remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and
supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.Everyone has the right to form
and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests."
This means that everyone has the right to work in a job of their choosing, under fair and
safe conditions, and to be protected from being jobless. Everyone has the right to be paid
equally for the same work. Everyone who works has the right to fair pay that allows them
and their family to live a decent life, and to receive help from the government if needed.
Everyone has the right to form and to join labor groups to look after their own interests.
Article 24: Right to Rest and Leisure
"Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitations of working hours
and periodic holidays with pay."
This means that everyone has the right to take breaks from work and enjoy free time,
including limits on how long they work each day and the ability to take vacations with pay.
This article ensures that people have time to relax, spend with family, and pursue hobbies
or interests outside of work. It promotes a healthy work-life balance and recognizes the
importance of rest and leisure for physical and mental well-being.
Article 25: Right to Adequate Living Standard
"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself
and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social
services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,
old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control."

This means that everyone has the right to have enough money and resources to live well
and be healthy. It includes having enough food, clothes, and a place to live, as well as
getting medical care and other services they need. Everyone also has the right to help from
the government if they lose their job, get sick, become disabled, are widowed, get old, or
can't earn enough money to live because of things they can't control.
Article 26: Right to Education
"Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional
education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to
all on the basis of merit."
This means that everyone has the right to go to school. Basic education should be free and
mandatory for children. People should have the chance to learn skills for jobs, and
everyone should be able to go to college if they have the ability.
Article 27: Right to Participate in Cultural Life
"Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the
arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits."
This means that everyone has the right to take part in their community's cultural activities
and enjoy the arts. They should have access to new ideas and discoveries in science and
benefit from them. This article promotes the importance of cultural participation and
access to knowledge, ensuring that individuals can engage in cultural activities and
contribute to the advancement of science and culture for their own and society's benefit.
Article 28: Right to a Social Order

"Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set
forth in this Declaration can be fully realized."
This means that everyone has the right to live in a society and world where all the rights
and freedoms listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be fully respected
and realized. It emphasizes the importance of creating social and international systems
that support and protect human rights, ensuring that individuals can live with dignity,
equality, and freedom everywhere.
Article 29: Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development
"Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his
personality is possible."
This means that everyone has responsibilities to their community, as it is only within a
supportive community environment that individuals can fully grow and develop as people.
This article emphasizes the idea that while individuals have rights, they also have duties or
responsibilities to contribute positively to their community's well-being and development. It
promotes the idea of mutual respect and cooperation within society to ensure that
everyone can thrive and reach their full potential.
Article 30: Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the Above Rights
"Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any
right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights
and freedoms set forth herein."
This means that no one should use the rights and freedoms listed in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights to take away other people's rights. It prevents any individual,
group, or government from using these rights in ways that harm others or undermine the
principles of human dignity, equality, and freedom. This article reinforces the idea that
human rights should be respected and protected for all people, without exception.

Importance of UDHR Articles:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is critically important for several
reasons:
● Foundation of Human Rights Standards: The UDHR, adopted by the United

Nations General Assembly in 1948, serves as the foundational document for
international human rights law. It outlines fundamental rights and freedoms that
every person is entitled to, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, religion, or any other
status.
● Universal Principles: It articulates universal principles of dignity, equality, and
justice. The UDHR affirms that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights, setting a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations.
● Legal Framework: While not legally binding in itself, the UDHR has inspired
numerous legally binding international treaties and conventions, such as the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. These treaties form the basis of human
rights obligations for countries around the world.
● Promotion of Peace and Stability: By promoting respect for human rights, the
UDHR contributes to building peaceful and stable societies. It emphasizes that
promoting and protecting human rights is essential for sustainable development,
justice, and peace globally.
● Advancement of Social Justice: The UDHR has been a catalyst for social progress
and justice movements worldwide. It has empowered individuals, organizations, and
governments to advocate for the rights of marginalized and vulnerable groups,
challenging discrimination and inequality.
● Global Awareness and Education: The UDHR serves as a valuable educational tool,
raising awareness about human rights among people of all ages and backgrounds. It
promotes understanding of the inherent dignity and worth of every person and
encourages a culture of respect for human rights in communities and societies.

Overall, the UDHR continues to be a beacon of hope and aspiration for advancing human
dignity and rights globally, guiding efforts to create a world where everyone can live with
freedom, equality, and justice.
Three key principles in HR: Inalienability,

Indivisibility, Universality
Introduction:
The term "key principles" refers to fundamental ideas or foundational concepts that serve
as guiding standards or beliefs within a particular context. In the context of human rights,
key principles are fundamental values and norms that underpin the concept, development,
and application of human rights globally. These principles outline the core beliefs and
standards that shape how human rights are understood, promoted, and protected. They
provide a framework for ensuring that all individuals are treated with dignity, equality, and
respect, regardless of their background or status. These principles are important values
that explain what rights every person should have and how they should be treated. They
include concepts like:
● Inalienability
● Universality
● Indivisibility
Inalienability:
Inalienability means that human rights are inherent to every individual and cannot be taken
away, given up, or transferred under any circumstances. These rights are a fundamental
part of being human and must always be respected and protected.
Explanation:
Inherent Rights: Human rights are intrinsic to every person by virtue of their humanity. They
are not granted by any government, institution, or authority but are naturally possessed
from birth. This means that these rights are a basic part of human existence and dignity.

Non-Transferable: Human rights cannot be transferred or assigned to someone else. For

example, a person cannot give or sell their freedom of speech or their right to personal
security to another person. These rights belong to the individual and are inseparable from
their personhood.
Cannot Be Surrendered: Individuals cannot voluntarily relinquish(‫ )دست بردار ہونا‬or waive their
human rights. Even if someone claims to give up their rights, those rights remain inherent
to them. For instance, a person cannot legally consent to become a slave or to be tortured,
as these acts would violate their inalienable rights.
Protection from Violation: The principle of inalienability means that governments and
authorities are prohibited from arbitrarily stripping individuals of their human rights. Even
in situations where certain rights may be restricted, such as during imprisonment, the core
human rights must still be upheld. For example, prisoners retain their right to life and to be
treated with dignity and respect.
Example: Freedom from Torture
The right to be free from torture is an inalienable human right.
Inherent: Every person inherently possesses the right to be free from torture simply
because they are human.
Non-Transferable: This right cannot be transferred to another person. No one can take on or
give away another person's right to be free from torture.
Cannot Be Surrendered: An individual cannot legally consent to be tortured. Even if someone

agrees to such treatment, it remains a violation of their inalienable right.
Protection from Violation: Governments and authorities are prohibited from using torture
under any circumstances. Even during war or in situations where national security is at
stake, the right to be free from torture must be upheld. International laws and conventions,
such as the United Nations Convention Against Torture, emphasize that torture is never
acceptable.

In summary, inalienability means that human rights are a permanent, integral part of every
individual. These rights cannot be given away, transferred, or surrendered, and must
always be protected by governments and authorities. The principle of inalienability
underscores the idea that human rights are essential to human dignity and must be upheld
universally.
Indivisibility:
Indivisibility refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of human rights. It

means that all human rights are equally important, interconnected and the enjoyment of
one right often depends on the fulfillment of others. You can't fully enjoy one right without
having the others.
Explanation:
Interconnected Rights: All human rights are linked together. For example, if you have the
right to education, it can help you get a good job (right to work). If you have the right to
clean water, it helps you stay healthy (right to health).
Equal Importance: No human right is more important than another. The right to free speech
is just as important as the right to have enough food.
Comprehensive Protection: To protect human rights well, we need to make sure all rights are
respected. If one right is ignored, it can affect others. For example, without the right to a
fair trial, the right to personal freedom can be at risk.
Example: Right to health and Right to education
The relationship between the right to health and the right to education illustrates
indivisibility:
Interconnected: Access to education promotes better health outcomes by providing

knowledge about healthy practices and healthcare access. Conversely, good health enables
individuals to attend school regularly and learn effectively.

Equal Importance: Both rights are essential for human development and well-being. Without
education, individuals may lack the knowledge and skills needed to maintain good health,
while poor health can hinder the ability to attend school and participate fully in education.
Comprehensive Protection: Policies and programs that promote education should also
ensure access to healthcare services and a healthy environment. This comprehensive
approach helps to address the interconnected nature of human rights and supports holistic
human development.
In summary , indivisibility means that all human rights are connected and equally
important. They work together to ensure that everyone can live a dignified life with
freedom and fairness. Protecting one right often supports others, like how education helps
people stay healthy, or how having a fair trial ensures personal freedom. This principle
reminds us that by caring for all rights together, we create stronger communities where
everyone's well-being is valued.
Universality:
Universality in human rights means that these rights apply to every person, everywhere,
regardless of nationality, race, religion, gender, or any other status. It asserts that human
rights are inherent to all individuals by virtue of their humanity.
Explanation:
For Everyone: Universality ensures that human rights belong to every human being simply
because they are human. They are not privileges granted by governments but are
fundamental entitlements that transcend borders and cultures.
Global Standards: Human rights are universal standards applicable to all people worldwide.
They are the same for everyone, regardless of where they live or their socio-economic
status.
Non-Discrimination: Universality guarantees that human rights cannot be denied based on

factors such as nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or political belief. Everyone has
equal rights under international law.

Equal Dignity: Universality upholds the principle that all individuals have equal dignity and
worth. It emphasizes that every person deserves to be treated with respect and fairness,
Example: Right to Education
The right to education demonstrates universality in human rights:
For Everyone: Every person has the right to access education, regardless of their nationality,
ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic background.
Global Standards: This right is universally recognized and protected, ensuring that all
individuals, regardless of where they live, have equal opportunities to learn and develop.
Non-Discrimination: Governments are obligated to ensure that educational opportunities

are accessible to all, without discrimination based on factors such as race, religion, or
disability.
Equal Dignity: Upholding the right to education promotes equality and dignity, enabling
individuals to fulfill their potential and contribute to society's progress.
The universality of the right to education emphasizes its critical role in empowering
individuals and fostering equitable societies worldwide.
In summary, universality ensures that human rights are applicable to all individuals
worldwide, promoting equality, dignity, and justice for everyone. It establishes a shared
commitment to upholding these rights and creating a world where every person can live
freely and with respect for their basic human rights.
Are HR universal ? Debate / Discussion

The question of whether human rights are universal is a significant and ongoing debate
within the realms of politics, philosophy, law, and international relations. The idea of
universality means that human rights should apply to everyone, no matter their nationality,
ethnicity, gender, religion, or cultural background. This idea is based on the belief that all
people deserve certain basic rights simply because they are human. However, not everyone
agrees on this. There are diverse perspectives on the universality of human rights, with the

debate often centering on several key arguments that reflect the complexities and nuances
of this issue.
Arguments in favor of universality:
Arguments in favor of the universality of human rights often emphasize the idea that
certain rights are fundamental to all human beings, regardless of where they come from or
who they are. Here are some key points in favor of universality.
Inherent Dignity and Equality: Proponents of universality argue that human rights are
grounded in the inherent dignity of every individual. Universal human rights are based on
the belief that every person, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, or cultural
background, possesses inherent dignity and deserves to be treated equally. This principle
means that fundamental rights such as the right to life, freedom from torture, and the right
to fair treatment should be respected universally.
International Consensus and legal frameworks: The Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations in 1948, serves as a cornerstone for
universal human rights. It outlines rights that are recognized globally, aiming to protect
individuals from discrimination, oppression, and injustice. This agreement among nations
demonstrates a collective commitment to upholding basic human dignity worldwide.
Promotion of Peace and Stability: Respect for universal human rights contributes to
peace and stability on a global scale. When individuals' rights are safeguarded, it reduces
conflict and promotes cooperation among nations. Upholding human rights fosters trust
and mutual respect, laying the foundation for peaceful relations and sustainable
development.
Empowerment of Individuals and Communities: Universal human rights empower

individuals and communities by enabling them to claim their rights and hold authorities
accountable. They promote participation in decision-making processes, encourage civic
engagement, and support efforts to achieve social justice and equality. This empowerment
strengthens democratic principles and promotes inclusive societies.
Adaptability and Progress: The universality of human rights allows for adaptation and
progress in response to evolving societal norms and challenges. It enables societies to

address new issues such as digital rights, environmental protection, and economic
inequalities within a human rights framework. This adaptability ensures that human rights
remain relevant and effective in addressing contemporary global issues.
In conclusion, proponents of universal human rights argue that these rights are essential
for upholding human dignity, promoting peace and stability, protecting vulnerable groups,
and fostering global cooperation. They advocate for a shared commitment to respecting
and implementing these rights universally, despite cultural, political, and geographical
differences.
Arguments against universality:
Arguments against the universality of human rights present various perspectives that
challenge the idea that human rights should apply universally to all individuals:
Cultural Relativism: Critics of universal human rights argue that rights should be
understood within the cultural, historical, and social contexts of different societies. They
contend that Western notions of rights may not align with or may even contradict
traditional values and practices in non-Western cultures. For example, interpretations of
rights related to family structure, gender roles, or religious practices may vary significantly
across cultures.
Western bias: Western bias in human rights means that the ideas and standards of human
rights have mainly come from Western countries and their cultures. Critics say this creates
problems because these ideas might not fit well with other cultures around the world. They
argue that human rights should consider the beliefs, traditions, and values of all cultures,
not just those from the West. This bias can make it harder to agree on and enforce human
rights universally, as different cultures may see rights differently based on their own
histories and ways of life.
Practical Challenges and Enforcement: Critics question the practicality and effectiveness
of enforcing universal human rights across diverse global contexts. They argue that varying
levels of economic development, political stability, and institutional capacity in different
countries can hinder the implementation and enforcement of rights protections.

Relativism of Rights: Some critics argue that not all rights are universally agreed upon or
prioritize equally across cultures and societies. Debates over specific rights, such as
freedom of expression, reproductive rights, or LGBTQ+ rights, illustrate divergent opinions
on what constitutes a universal right and how it should be balanced with other societal
values and priorities. This relativistic view challenges the notion of a one-size-fits-all
approach to rights protection.
In conclusion, arguments against the universality of human rights raise important concerns
about cultural diversity, national sovereignty, historical contexts, practical challenges in
enforcement, economic priorities, and the relativism of rights. These perspectives
contribute to ongoing debates on how best to promote and protect human dignity and
well-being globally while respecting the diversity of values, beliefs, and governance systems
across the world.
Conclusion of both arguments:
The debate over the universality of human rights is complex, involving cultural, political,
ethical, and legal issues. While there is consensus (agreement) on the importance of human
rights, questions remain about their universal application. Efforts to promote human rights
must navigate these complexities and maintain. dignity for all. Ultimately, the pursuit of
universality requires ongoing dialogue, engagements, and respect for diverse perspectives.
HR in south Asia : issues

South Asia, encompassing India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, the
Maldives, and Afghanistan, is a region of immense geographical, cultural, and historical
diversity. Home to over 1.8 billion people, South Asia boasts a rich diversity of ethnic
groups, languages, religions, and traditions. Despite its cultural richness and economic
potential, South Asia faces significant human rights challenges influenced by its complex
socio-political dynamics, historical legacies, and diverse population. Understanding the
region's human rights landscape requires an in-depth exploration of the key issues that
affect millions of its inhabitants.
Human Right Issues in South Asia

1.Gender Inequality
Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue across South Asia, impacting women and girls
in various aspects of their lives, despite legal protections and efforts towards gender
equality.
Violence Against Women: Domestic violence, dowry-related deaths, honor killings, and
acid attacks are prevalent across South Asia. Despite legal protections, enforcement is
often weak, and societal norms perpetuate discrimination and violence against women.
Economic Participation: Women have lower labor force participation rates compared to
men and face barriers such as lack of access to education and safe working conditions.
Economic empowerment programs have made progress, but significant disparities remain.
Political Representation: Overall political representation of women is low, with efforts to

increase participation through quotas and reservations facing resistance and
implementation challenges.
2. Caste Discrimination
Caste discrimination remains a deeply entrenched issue in several South Asian countries,
affecting millions of people, particularly those from marginalized communities such as
Dalits and Adivasis.
India: The caste system continues to marginalize Dalits and Adivasis, leading to social
ostracization, economic deprivation, and violence. Affirmative action policies exist, but
discrimination persists in social interactions and access to services.
Nepal: Caste-based discrimination affects marginalized communities, with Dalits facing

social exclusion, limited economic opportunities, and violence despite constitutional
protections.
Pakistan: Although less pronounced than in India and Nepal, caste-based discrimination
exists in Pakistan, particularly among marginalized communities such as the Dalits, who are

often referred to as "Scheduled Castes." These communities face social exclusion,

economic hardship, and limited access to education and employment opportunities.
3. Freedom of Expression
Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right crucial for the functioning of

democratic societies, yet it faces significant challenges across South Asia. Governments and
non-state actors frequently curtail this right through censorship, intimidation, and legal
measures, impacting journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens alike.
India: In India, freedom of expression is enshrined in the constitution but faces threats
from various quarters. Journalists and activists often face harassment, legal threats, and
violence, particularly when reporting on sensitive issues such as corruption, human rights
abuses, and communal violence. Laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
and sedition laws have been criticized for being used to stifle dissent and suppress
freedom of speech.
Pakistan: Media freedom in Pakistan is under constant pressure from both state and
non-state actors. Journalists and media organizations face intimidation, threats, and
violence for reporting on sensitive issues, including government policies, human rights
abuses, and security operations. The Pakistan Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) has been used
to target journalists and activists critical of the government, leading to self-censorship and
a chilling effect on free speech. Additionally, blasphemy laws are often misused to silence
dissent and target religious minorities, further restricting freedom of expression.
Bangladesh: In Bangladesh, freedom of expression is increasingly restricted under the

Digital Security Act (DSA). The DSA has been criticized for its broad and vague provisions,
which are used to target journalists, bloggers, and activists critical of the government.
Cases of arrests, harassment, and legal action against individuals expressing dissenting
views or sharing critical opinions online have raised concerns both domestically and
internationally. The law's enforcement has led to self-censorship among journalists and
activists, fearing reprisals for their work.
4. Religious Minorities

Religious minorities in South Asia face significant challenges ranging from discrimination
and violence to legal and social barriers that restrict their rights and freedoms. Despite
constitutional protections and legal frameworks in many countries, religious minorities
often encounter hostility, discrimination, and persecution based on their faith.
India: India, with its diverse religious landscape, faces challenges related to religious
minorities, particularly Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and others. Incidents of communal
violence, discrimination in employment and education, and attacks on places of worship
are prevalent issues. The rise of Hindu nationalism has also heightened tensions, leading to
concerns about the marginalization of religious minorities. Laws such as anti-conversion
laws in some states and cow protection laws have been criticized for targeting religious
minorities and restricting their rights.
Pakistan: Non-Muslim communities in Pakistan, including Christians, Hindus, Ahmadiyya

Muslims, and others, face legal and societal discrimination. The blasphemy laws, in
particular, are frequently misused to target religious minorities, leading to arrests, violence,
and even extrajudicial killings. Ahmadiyya Muslims face severe legal restrictions on their
religious practices and face persecution for identifying themselves as Muslims. Religious
minority communities often live in fear and insecurity due to threats from extremist groups
and societal discrimination.
Bangladesh: Bangladesh's religious minorities, including Hindus, Buddhists, Christians,

and others, face challenges such as land grabs, violence, and restrictions on religious
practices. While the constitution guarantees freedom of religion, societal tensions and
political instability have sometimes led to attacks on religious minorities and their places of
worship. Hindu minorities, in particular, have faced instances of violence, including attacks
on temples and properties.
Sri Lanka: Tamils and Muslims have faced discrimination and violence, particularly during
and after the civil war.
5. Labor Rights

Labor rights are fundamental human rights that ensure fair and safe working conditions,
equitable treatment, and protection from exploitation for all workers. In South Asia, labor
rights face various challenges.
Child Labor: Despite legal prohibitions, child labor remains prevalent in South Asia,
especially in sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and domestic work. Economic
pressures, lack of access to education, and cultural factors contribute to children being
engaged in hazardous and exploitative labor, depriving them of their right to a childhood
and education.
Forced Labor: Bonded labor, a form of forced labor, persists in South Asia, particularly in
agriculture and informal sectors. Vulnerable populations, including migrant workers and
marginalized communities, are often trapped in debt bondage and forced to work under
exploitative conditions. Weak enforcement of laws against bonded labor exacerbates this
issue, perpetuating cycles of exploitation and poverty.
Working Conditions: In South Asia, poor working conditions, low wages, and inadequate
labor rights protections are widespread, especially in the informal sector. Workers in
sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and domestic work often face unsafe
workplaces, long hours, and lack of access to social security benefits. Efforts to improve
working conditions and enforce labor rights laws are crucial to ensure dignified and safe
workplaces for all workers in the region.
Social security: Social security for labor in South Asia refers to the protection and support
provided to workers and their families against economic and social risks. Despite efforts to
expand social security coverage, the region faces significant challenges in ensuring
comprehensive and equitable social protection for all workers.Access to social security
benefits such as healthcare, pensions, and maternity leave is limited, especially for informal
sector workers. Lack of adequate social protection contributes to economic insecurity
among workers and their families.
6. Lack of education:

Lack of education remains a pressing issue across South Asia, affecting millions of children
and adults and posing significant challenges to social and economic development.
India: India faces significant challenges in ensuring universal access to education,

particularly in rural and remote areas. Despite efforts to improve enrollment rates, issues
such as inadequate school infrastructure, teacher shortages, and socio-economic
disparities continue to hinder progress. Cultural norms that prioritize boys' education over
girls further exacerbate gender disparities in education.
Pakistan:Pakistan struggles with low literacy rates, especially among women and rural
populations. Barriers to education include poverty, lack of infrastructure, and cultural
factors that discourage girls from attending school. Security concerns in certain regions
also impact access to education, particularly for girls.
Bangladesh: Bangladesh has made strides in expanding primary education, but challenges
remain in ensuring quality education for all. Issues such as overcrowded classrooms,
inadequate resources, and disparities between urban and rural areas affect educational
outcomes. Efforts are ongoing to improve infrastructure and address socio-economic
barriers to education.
Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka has achieved higher literacy rates compared to many South Asian
countries but continues to grapple with disparities in education access and quality. Issues
include regional disparities, quality concerns in public schools, and barriers faced by
minority communities. Efforts are underway to enhance educational equity and improve
learning outcomes nationwide.
Honor killings:
Honor killings are a tragic and persistent issue in South Asia, where individuals, typically
women, are murdered by family members or community members for allegedly bringing
dishonor or shame to their family or community. This practice is rooted in patriarchal
norms and cultural traditions that prioritize family honor over individual rights and
autonomy.

Pakistan: Honor killings are alarmingly common, with hundreds of cases reported
annually. Women are the primary victims, often targeted for marrying against family wishes
or alleged moral transgressions. Despite laws criminalizing honor killings, enforcement is
weak, and perpetrators often go unpunished.
India: Honor killings occur in many parts of India, particularly in rural areas where
traditional values and caste norms are strongly upheld. Victims are often young couples
who marry outside their caste or religion. Efforts to combat honor killings include legal
reforms and increased advocacy, but challenges persist in changing deep-rooted social
norms.
Bangladesh: Although less frequent than in Pakistan and India, honor killings do occur in
Bangladesh, often linked to issues of family honor and social reputation. Legal measures
exist, but enforcement is inconsistent, and cultural attitudes often hinder progress
Conclusion:
In conclusion, human rights issues in South Asia, including labor rights, lack of education,
honor killings, and others, pose significant challenges. These issues stem from cultural
norms, inadequate legal protections, and social inequalities. Addressing these challenges
requires strong legal frameworks, awareness campaigns, and international collaboration.
By promoting education, empowering marginalized communities, and advocating for
justice and equality, South Asia can work towards ensuring fundamental rights for all its
people, fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.
Rights of women
Women's rights refers to the fundamental entitlements and freedoms that women should
have in society, ensuring equal opportunities, protections, and freedoms as those enjoyed
by men. These rights include political, legal, social, and reproductive aspects, aiming to
eliminate discrimination and promote gender equality in all spheres of life.The rights of
women encompass a broad range of entitlements and protections aimed at ensuring
gender equality and empowering women to participate fully in society. Here are key
aspects of women's rights:

Political Rights:
Women's political rights encompass the entitlements and opportunities for women to
participate fully and equally in political processes and decision-making at all levels of
government. These rights include:
Right to Vote: Women have the right to vote in elections, allowing them to contribute to
choosing representatives and shaping policies that affect their lives and communities.
Right to Stand for Office: Women should have equal opportunities to stand as candidates
for elected positions, from local councils to national parliaments and beyond.
Right to Political Participation: Women have the right to engage actively in political
activities, including joining political parties, advocating for policies, and participating in
political campaigns.
Right to Equal Representation: Women should have equal opportunities to be elected

and appointed to political positions, ensuring that legislative bodies and decision-making
bodies reflect the diversity of the population.
Right to Political Leadership: Women have the right to hold leadership positions in
political parties, government ministries, and other institutions, influencing policies and
governance.
Social Rights:
Social rights for women encompass a range of entitlements aimed at ensuring their
well-being, dignity, and equal participation in society. Here are key aspects of social rights
for women:
Education: Women have the right to access quality education at all levels, from primary
school to higher education and vocational training. This includes eliminating barriers that
prevent girls and women from attending school, such as cultural norms, economic
constraints, and gender-based violence.

Healthcare: Women should have access to comprehensive healthcare services that

address their specific health needs throughout their lives. This includes reproductive
healthcare, maternal and child health services, access to contraception, prenatal care, and
treatment for diseases that disproportionately affect women.
Employment and Economic Rights: Women have the right to work in safe and supportive
environments, receive equal pay for equal work, and have access to economic
opportunities. This includes protection against workplace discrimination and harassment,
access to credit and financial services, and opportunities for entrepreneurship and
economic independence.
Social Security: Women should have access to social security benefits, including pensions,
unemployment benefits, and disability benefits, to ensure economic stability and security
throughout their lives.
Economic Rights:
Economic rights for women encompass a range of entitlements aimed at ensuring their
economic independence, equality, and empowerment. Here are key aspects of economic
rights for women:
Equal Pay for Equal Work: Women have the right to receive equal pay for work of equal
value compared to men. This principle aims to eliminate gender pay gaps and ensure fair
compensation in the workplace.
Access to Employment: Women have the right to access employment opportunities

without discrimination based on gender. This includes equal access to job markets,
recruitment processes, and promotion opportunities.
Safe and Supportive Work Environments: Women have the right to work in
environments free from discrimination, harassment, and violence. Employers should
provide safe working conditions and implement policies that protect employees from
gender-based discrimination and harassment.

Entrepreneurship and Business Ownership: Women have the right to engage in

entrepreneurial activities, start and manage businesses, and access resources and support
for entrepreneurship. This includes access to credit, training programs, mentorship, and
networks that facilitate entrepreneurial success.
Access to Financial Services: Women should have equal access to financial services,
including banking, savings, loans, and insurance. Financial institutions should provide
services that meet the specific needs of women, including those who may face barriers due
to gender norms or lack of collateral.
Freedom from violence:
Freedom from violence is a fundamental human right that applies to everyone, regardless
of gender. However, women and girls are disproportionately affected by various forms of
violence due to systemic gender inequalities and discriminatory practices. Here are key
aspects related to freedom from violence for women:
Domestic Violence: Women have the right to live free from physical, sexual, psychological,
and economic abuse within intimate relationships. Domestic violence includes behaviors
such as physical violence, emotional abuse, economic control, and coercive behaviors
aimed at exerting power and control over a partner.
Sexual Violence: Women have the right to bodily integrity and autonomy, free from sexual
harassment, rape, sexual assault, and other forms of sexual violence. This includes both
violence perpetrated by intimate partners and sexual violence committed by
acquaintances, strangers, or in conflict settings.
Trafficking and Exploitation: Women have the right to protection from trafficking, forced
labor, and exploitation. Trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring, or receipt of persons through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of
exploitation, which disproportionately affects women and girls.
Harmful Traditional Practices: Women have the right to be free from harmful traditional
practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, honor killings, and

dowry-related violence. These practices violate women's rights to health, dignity, and
physical integrity.
Cyber Violence: Women have the right to be protected from cyber violence, including
online harassment, cyberstalking, non-consensual sharing of intimate images (revenge
porn), and other forms of digital abuse that can cause harm and psychological distress.
Legal Rights:
Legal rights for women encompass a set of entitlements and protections under the law that
ensure their equality, dignity, and autonomy. These rights are crucial for addressing
gender-based discrimination and promoting women's empowerment. Here are key aspects
of legal rights for women:
Equality Before the Law: Women have the right to equal treatment under the law, without
discrimination based on gender. This includes equal access to justice, legal remedies, and
protections against discrimination in all spheres of life.
Civil Rights: Women have the right to civil liberties, including freedom of movement,
freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, and the right to privacy. These rights protect
women's autonomy and ensure their participation in public and private life free from
undue interference.
Family and Marriage Rights: Women have the right to choose their spouse freely and
enter into marriage on equal terms. They also have rights related to divorce, child custody,
and property ownership within marital relationships, ensuring their economic
independence and security.
Property Rights: Women have the right to own, inherit, and manage property and land on
an equal basis with men. Legal protections should ensure that women can exercise these
rights without facing discrimination or barriers based on gender norms or customary
practices.
Workplace Rights: Women have the right to work in safe and supportive environments,
free from discrimination, harassment, and exploitation. This includes equal pay for equal

work, maternity and parental leave, protection against dismissal during pregnancy and
maternity, and access to social security benefits.
Access to Justice: Women have the right to access justice and seek legal remedies for
violations of their rights. This includes access to legal aid, protection orders, and effective
law enforcement responses to cases of gender-based violence and discrimination.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, women's rights encompass a comprehensive array of entitlements and

protections across social, legal, economic, and political domains. These rights are essential
for promoting gender equality, empowering women, and ensuring their full participation
and dignity in society. These rights are supported by international human rights
frameworks and national laws, aiming to eradicate discrimination and empower women to
contribute fully to their societies. Upholding and advancing these rights is essential for
achieving gender equality and creating a world where all individuals, regardless of gender,
can thrive and live with dignity.
Importance of gender equality :
Gender equality is crucial because it ensures fairness and equal opportunities for people of
all genders. By challenging discrimination and promoting inclusivity in education,
employment, healthcare, and political participation, gender equality fosters a society where
everyone can contribute to and benefit from social, economic, and political progress. It
upholds fundamental human rights and is essential for building peaceful, stable, and
prosperous communities worldwide. Here are 10 reasons why it’s important:
● It saves lives: Because of their lack of empowerment and resources in many

places, women and girls face life-threatening risks. Natural disasters are one
example. At the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, experts discussed
how gender inequality plays a role in death and injury. Other data shows that
climate change, which makes natural disasters more dangerous, puts women and
girls in even more vulnerable positions. Bringing a gender perspective into
discussions allows women to play a bigger role in their own protection.

● It results in better healthcare: Research shows that in general, women receive

worse medical care than men. There are many reasons for this, including lack of
education and lower incomes. Sexism in the medical research community also leads
to worse care. Diseases that affect women more than men (such as chronic pain
conditions) aren’t as well-researched. They’re often not taken as seriously by
medical professionals. When women are equal in society, their health will be
impacted positively.
● It helps businesses:When women receive the same education and job
opportunities as men, they can improve any organization they join. Studies show
that diversity of all types (gender, race, sexual identity, etc) increases an
organization’s productivity and innovation. One 2016 study from the University of
California looked at big companies in the state with some women in the top
leadership positions. They performed better than the companies with mostly men at
the top.
● It’s good for the economy: Women’s impact doesn’t stop with individual
companies and organizations. Studies show that increasing women’s participation in
the economy is good for the economy. In OECD countries, if the female employment
rates were raised to match Sweden, it would lead to a GDP increase equivalent to $6
trillion. Gender pay gaps end up costing the economy.
● Children are healthier: When women make their own reproductive choices, they
provide better care for the children they do have. With income options equal to
men, mothers can offer education, healthcare, and healthier food to their children.
Studies also show that reduced infant mortality is linked to higher levels of
education. Children raised in gender-equal environments will do better than those
raised with inequality.
● It leads to better legal protections: Under the law, women aren’t well-protected
from domestic sexual and economic violence. Both of these types of violence affect
a woman’s safety and freedom. Increasing women’s legal rights keeps them safe and
able to build productive happy lives.
● It leads to better racial equality: Gender equality and race equality are closely
linked. Within issues like the gender pay gap, race plays a big role. White and Asian
women earn more than black, Hispanic, and native women. In the United States,
black women face a higher risk of death from pregnancy-related causes. When

gender equality considers race as a factor, it improves race equality at the same
time.
● It reduces poverty: Poverty rates are the highest among young girls. As boys and
girls get older, the gender gap in poverty gets larger. This is likely because girls don’t
receive the same education and job opportunities as boys, and when girls marry,
they often don’t work. Gender inequality keeps women and their families trapped in
cycles of poverty. When women receive better education, healthcare, and job
opportunities, they can thrive. Investing in gender inequality is a sustainable,
highly-effective way to reduce poverty.
● It reduces human trafficking: While men are also victims of human trafficking,
women and girls make up the majority. They’re more vulnerable and traffickers see
them as easier targets. With better education and job options, women and girls
don’t end up in trafficking situations as often. Gender equality can also help
strengthen a country, reducing poverty and instability. These fuel human trafficking.
● It can lead to peace: Research shows that gender equality is linked to peace, even
more so than a country’s GDP or level of democracy. States with better gender
equality are less likely to use military force. When a country addresses major areas
of gender inequality like education and employment, it fosters peace.
Women's Rights in Islam
Introduction: Women’s rights have been a subject of considerable debate and advocacy
throughout history. Women's rights refers to the fundamental entitlements and freedoms
that women should have in society, ensuring equal opportunities, protections, and
freedoms as those enjoyed by men. These rights include political, legal, social, and
reproductive aspects, aiming to eliminate discrimination and promote gender equality in all
spheres of life.
Women’s Rights in Islam: Islam, as a major world religion, has its principles and provisions
regarding women’s rights. The rights of women in Islam are a topic that has been subject to
different interpretations and opinions throughout history. According to the primary
sources of Islam, the Quran, and the hadith literature, women have been granted various
rights and responsibilities in different aspects of life, such as inheritance, property,
marriage, divorce, education, worship, and social justice. These teachings include:

Equality and Dignity: Islam emphasizes the dignity and respect of all individuals,
irrespective of gender. Quranic verses promote equality and respect for both men and
women:Quran 33:35: Quran 33:35: "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing
men and believing women, the obedient men and obedient women, the truthful men and
truthful women, the patient men and patient women, the humble men and humble women, the
charitable men and charitable women, the fasting men and fasting women, the men who guard
their private parts and the women who do so, and the men who remember Allah often and the
women who do so - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward.”This verse
underscores spiritual equality and rewards for men and women, emphasizing their equal
standing in the eyes of Allah.
Education and Knowledge: Islam encourages the pursuit of knowledge for both men and
women. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) encouraged the education of
women and recognized their intellectual capacities. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him) States "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim."This Hadith underscores the
universal obligation of seeking knowledge, including women, highlighting the importance of
education in Islam. Numerous female scholars throughout Islamic history have made
significant contributions to various fields of knowledge. Ayesha, the wife of Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him), is renowned for her deep knowledge of Hadith
(Prophetic traditions) and Islamic jurisprudence. She narrated over 2,000 Hadiths and
provided scholarly interpretations of Islamic teachings.Women have the right to seek
knowledge and pursue their intellectual interests, as well as to contribute to the
advancement of science, arts, culture, and society. Women have played significant roles in
Islamic history as scholars, teachers, poets, jurists, rulers, activists, and more.
Marital and Family Rights: Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of mutual
respect, love, and kindness within marital relationships. The right to marry freely and
consensually, without any coercion or compulsion from anyone. Women have the right to
accept or reject marriage proposals, to stipulate conditions in their marriage contracts, to
receive a marital gift (mahr) from their husbands, and to keep their maiden names after
marriage. The right to divorce their husbands if they are unhappy or mistreated in their
marriages. Women have the right to initiate divorce through different means, such as khula
(where they return the mahr or other compensation to the husband), talaq (where they ask

the husband to divorce them), or judicial intervention (where they seek the help from a
judge or an authority). Women also have the right to custody of their young children after
divorce, unless they remarry or are proven unfit.
Economic Rights: Islam recognizes and safeguards the economic rights of women. Women
have the right to own and manage property, engage in business and commerce, and retain
their financial independence. The right to inherit from their relatives, according to a specific
share that is determined by the Quran. For example, a daughter inherits half the share of a
son, a wife inherits one-eighth or one-fourth of her husband’s estate, and a mother inherits
one-sixth or one-third of her child’s estate. The right to own property and income
independently of their husbands or male guardians. Women are entitled to keep their
present and future assets and earnings for their security and benefit. They are not obliged
to spend any of their wealth on household or family expenses unless they voluntarily
choose to do so.
Legal and Political Participation: Islam promotes the active participation of women in the
legal and political spheres. Women have the right to voice their opinions, participate in
decision-making processes, and seek justice through the legal system. The right to worship
God and practice their faith according to their beliefs and convictions. Women have the
right to access mosques and other religious spaces, to perform prayers and rituals, to
recite and study the Quran and other religious texts, to participate in religious activities and
events, and to seek spiritual guidance and leadership. Women are also obliged to fulfill the
same religious duties as men, such as fasting, charity, pilgrimage, etc. unless they are
exempted for valid reasons.
Conclusion: In summary, women's rights in Islam are based on teachings from the Quran
and the Prophet's sayings, ensuring women are treated equally and have important roles in
society. They have rights to education, property, work, marriage, and legal and political
involvement. Historical examples, from scholars like Aisha bint Abu Bakr to modern leaders
like Benazir Bhutto, show how women in Islam have contributed to education, governance,
and society. These rights continue to evolve in today's world, guided by Islamic values of
fairness and respect, promoting a society where women can thrive and contribute fully.

Rights of children
(debate / discussion on child labor etc )
Introduction:
There are about 2.3 billion children in the world, nearly a third of the total human
population. Children are defined by law as people who are under the age of majority in
their country, usually 18 years old. Whatever their age, all children have human rights, just
as adults do. This includes the right to speak out and express opinions, as well as rights to
equality, health, education, a clean environment, a safe place to live and protection from all
kinds of harm. Children’s rights are enshrined in the 1989 United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the most ratified human rights treaty in the world. Only
one of the UN’s 197 member states hasn’t ratified the Convention — the United States.The
UNCRC seeks to protect children from harm, to provide for their growth and development,
and to empower their participation in society.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child protects the economic, social,
cultural, civil and political rights of children. Here are 12 areas of child rights that everyone
should know.
● Non-discrimination: Every child deserves equal treatment – regardless of their

gender identity, sex, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, physical
appearance, ability, socio-economic status, nationality, creed, ideology, or other
personal identities.Children with disabilities have the right to receive the
accommodations they need to thrive. Refugees should also receive help and
maintain the same rights as children born in the country they now live in. Children
from minority, disenfranchised, and Indigenous communities have the right to
practice their religion, language, culture, and customs.
● Family: Every child has the right to live with their family. The family can be of any
structure, but the family should instill a sense of belonging, and provide a loving and
nurturing environment. Children and youth deserve to feel an attachment to their
caregivers, whomever their caregivers might be.Children should not be separated

from their parents unless one or both parents are abusive or neglectful, or their
home environment is unsafe. Children whose parents do not live together should
remain in contact with both parents unless contact harms the child. If a child lives in
a different country from their parents, the child and parents must be allowed to
travel so they can be together.
● Health: Every child has the right to be alive. Young people deserve the best possible
health care, nutritious food, clothing, clean water, electricity, and safe housing.
Children should learn good health and hygiene habits in their schools and
homes.Children should have their mental, psychological, emotional, and physical
health checked regularly, especially if they are away from home. Governments also
have a responsibility to help families who cannot afford health expenses.
● Protection From Harm: Every child deserves freedom from abuse. Children should
be free from harmful work, drugs, sexual abuse, human trafficking, corporal
punishment, emotional and psychological abuse, harmful detention, war, and any
other forms of exploitation.Children have the right to seek legal and medical help if
they get hurt or abused. They should be free to make complaints about abuse to a
third party, and abusers of children should receive prosecution to the fullest extent
of the law.
● Identity: Children must be registered when they are born. The national government
must recognize a child’s name and national identity, and children must be informed
of their identity.Children have a right to receive, access and transmit documents of
their own identity. Official records should include their name, place and date of
birth, and family relations. If documentation gets destroyed or if a child’s national
identity is otherwise compromised, the government must assist the child in getting
their identity back.
● Education: Every child has the right to an education. Primary education should be
free. Secondary education should be accessible to every child – every child should
receive the highest level of education available to them.Education should prepare
children to participate as active citizens, teaching them about responsibility and a
sense of community. They should also develop their personalities, talents, skills,
rights, and abilities while learning to respect others’ autonomy, rights, cultures and
differences.

● Freedom of Thought: Children have the right to speak, express and share what
they learn, think and feel. They may use any means of creative expression available
to them unless their expression somehow harms others.Children can determine
their thoughts, means of expression, opinions, socio political ideologies, and
religious and spiritual beliefs, provided that their thoughts do not infringe upon the
rights of others. Parents should teach children to express themselves and respect
the opinions of others.Children have the right to join or create groups and
organizations. They have the right to meet with others and advocate for change, as
long as they do not harm others.Children have the right to give their opinions on
issues that affect them. Adults should take the concerns and opinions of children
seriously.
● Access to Information: Children have the right to transmit and receive information
through the internet, radio, phone, television, books and other resources. Adults
should ensure that the information children are transmitting and receiving is not
harmful. However, they should encourage and teach ways to access and critically
process information.Governments should make access to information as free as
possible. They should share information from multiple sources and in multiple
languages.
● Privacy: Every child deserves privacy. The law must protect children’s privacy in all
areas, including online. Personal documentation of children should not be
published.A child’s family, home, personal communications and reputation should
be protected. Victims of abuse should not have their names, faces or information
published.
● The Arts: Every child has the right to engage in cultural and creative activities.
Children from minority populations have the right to participate in activities that the
majority populations of their country do not participate in.Cultural activities and
creative works should represent children of all backgrounds. Children should be free
from art designed to traumatize, provoke or disturb them. However, they should
receive access to and be allowed to create art that is controversial or unpopular,
without fear of censorship.
● Reparation: If a child is victimized, traumatized, displaced, separated from their
parents, or otherwise subject to harm, they should receive reparation and
rehabilitation. Children have the right to receive help after enduring any type of

pain, trauma or neglect, so they can regain their health, dignity and identity.Every
child has the right to receive legal help and fair treatment. Governments should
provide money and resources to assist children from poor and disenfranchised
communities.
● Government Responsibility: Governments must do everything possible to ensure
that children enjoy all their inalienable rights and develop in a safe and free society.
Governments should prioritize child rights when considering any major policy.If the
laws of a country protect child rights better than the UN Convention on the Rights of
the Child, those laws take higher priority. Governments should make active efforts
to inform children about their rights.
Globally, children’s human rights are violated every day. Children and young people are
especially exposed to rights violations because they are dependent on adults, which can at
times heighten risk. Children are likely to form the group at highest risk of poverty,
malnourishment and abuse, and are often disproportionately impacted by human rights
crises.
HOW ARE CHILD RIGHTS VIOLATED?
Child rights violations refer to any actions, behaviors, or conditions that infringe upon the
fundamental rights of children as outlined in international treaties, national laws, and
human rights standards. Child rights violations can manifest in numerous ways, such as
physical or emotional abuse, neglect, exploitation, lack of access to education or
healthcare, discrimination, and involvement in harmful practices.
The significance of addressing child rights violations cannot be overstated. Children are
among the most vulnerable members of society, relying on adults and institutions to
protect their rights and ensure their well-being. When these rights are violated, children
may suffer profound and lasting physical, emotional, and psychological harm, impeding
their healthy development and potential for a fulfilling life. By addressing child rights
violations, we not only uphold the principles of justice and human rights but also create
safer and more nurturing environments for children to thrive.
common signs of child rights violations may include unexplained injuries, sudden changes
in behavior, withdrawal from social activities, or reluctance to go home.Child rights

violations can occur in various forms and contexts, often stemming from systemic issues,
societal norms, inadequate protection mechanisms, or lack of awareness and enforcement
of laws. Here are some detailed ways in which child rights can be violated:
● Physical and Emotional Abuse: Children may experience physical violence such as
hitting, kicking, or beating, which can lead to physical injuries and psychological
trauma. Emotional abuse, including verbal insults, threats, or constant criticism, can
also have long-lasting effects on a child's mental health and well-being.
● Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: This includes any form of sexual activity with a
child, exploitation through pornography, prostitution, or trafficking. Perpetrators
often use their authority or trust to manipulate and coerce children into sexual acts,
leaving them emotionally scarred and vulnerable.
● Child Labor: When children are engaged in work that is exploitative, hazardous to
their health, interferes with their education, or deprives them of their childhood, it
constitutes child labor. This can include agricultural work, domestic labor, or work in
factories and mines.
● Child Marriage: In many parts of the world, children, especially girls, are forced into
marriage before they reach adulthood. Child marriage denies children their right to
education, health, and personal development, perpetuating cycles of poverty and
gender inequality..
● Discrimination: Children may face discrimination based on their race, ethnicity,
gender, disability, religion, or social status. Discrimination can lead to exclusion from
education, healthcare, social services, and opportunities for personal development,
limiting their potential and perpetuating inequality.
● Denial of Education: Millions of children worldwide are denied access to quality
education due to factors such as poverty, gender discrimination, disability, armed
conflict, or lack of infrastructure. Without education, children are more vulnerable to
exploitation, poverty, and limited opportunities for advancement.
● Neglect: Includes physical neglect (failure to provide adequate food, clothing,
shelter, or medical care), emotional neglect (lack of emotional support, nurturing, or
supervision), and educational neglect (failure to enroll a child in school or provide
necessary educational support). Neglect can impair a child's physical, emotional,

and cognitive development, leading to long-term health issues, educational deficits,

and difficulties in forming healthy relationships..
● Violence in School Settings: Bullying, corporal punishment, and harassment in
schools violate children's rights to safety, dignity, and education. Such forms of
violence can have detrimental effects on children's mental health and academic
performance.
Addressing child rights violations requires a multi-faceted approach, including

strengthening legal frameworks, raising awareness, providing support services for victims,
promoting positive parenting practices, and ensuring accountability for perpetrators.
Protecting and promoting children's rights is crucial for building societies where all children
can grow up safe, healthy, educated, and empowered to reach their full potential.
Child labor (Debate/Discussion)

Introduction:
Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that takes away their
childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and is harmful to their
physical, mental, social, or moral development. This term encompasses work that is
mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful to children, as well as work
that interferes with their schooling.
Child labour is a global issue that prevents children from fulfilling their potential. Child
labour is a violation of children’s rights – the work can harm them mentally or physically,
expose them to hazardous situations or stop them from going to school.
Not all work done by children is classed as child labour. There is not an issue when a child
is working to progress their life skills without compromising their health, their well-being or
their education. Often older children may do chores for their parents or small jobs to earn
pocket money or gain work experience. This work prepares them for their adult working
life.
But around the world, millions of children do work in child labour. They work in fields, in
factories, down mines, as servants or maids, or selling goods in the street or at markets.

Girls are more likely than boys to do domestic work, such as cleaning, making food and
serving.
How many child laborers are there?
The International Labour Organization said in A total of 160 million children – 63 million
girls and 97 million boys – are in child labour globally, accounting for almost one in ten of
all children worldwide. Nearly half of all those in child labour – 79 million children in
absolute terms – are in hazardous work that directly endangers their health, safety, and
moral development.
Many of them never go to school or drop out of school because they are required to work
to earn a living for their families or have to work to survive themselves. The ILO said 70%
work in agriculture, 17% in the services sector and 12% in industry.
As of the most recent data, countries with the highest numbers of child laborers are often
those with significant poverty, weak education systems, and inadequate enforcement of
labor laws. Among these, India, Nigeria,Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Brazil, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines typically have one of the
highest numbers of child laborers.
Forms of child labor:
Child labor takes various forms, impacting millions of children globally. The notable forms
include:
● Slavery or Similar Practices: Involves the ownership of individuals, treating them

as property, and forcing them to work without any control over their circumstances.
Slaves are often held against their will and lack the freedom to refuse work.
● Child Trafficking: The illegal trading of children involves activities such as buying,
selling, and moving children for labor or sexual exploitation. Trafficked children may
be coerced or forced into various forms of work against their will.
● Forced Recruitment into Armed Conflict: Children are compelled or coerced into
participating in armed conflicts, serving in roles such as soldiers, scouts, cooks,
guards, or messengers. This is a blatant violation of human rights law.

● Prostitution and Pornography: Exploitation of children for sexual purposes

includes engaging them in prostitution or involving them in the production of
pornographic material. This form of child labor exposes children to significant
physical and psychological harm.
● Drug Production and Trafficking or Other Illegal Acts: Children are involved in
the production and trafficking of drugs or engaged in other illegal activities. This
often exposes them to dangerous conditions, addiction, and the risk of criminal
repercussions.
● Hazardous Work that Can Cause Injury or Moral Corruption: Involves engaging
children in work that poses risks to their health, safety, or morals. This could include
physically demanding or dangerous work that interferes with their normal
development.
● Involvement in Illicit Activities: Children may be exploited for various criminal
activities, such as theft, burglary, drug production, and trafficking. Organized crime
gangs can groom and exploit children, exposing them to addiction and other risks.
● Agricultural Labor: Child labor is concentrated in agriculture, with children
engaged in farming, fishing, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture. Poverty often
drives children into agricultural labor, and any work that interferes with schooling or
harms their health is considered exploitation.
● Mining: Thousands of children globally work in mines, extracting materials like
cobalt, salt, gold, and mica. Conditions in mines are often harsh, with long hours,
exposure to toxic substances, and inadequate safety measures.
● Factory Work: Children may be exploited in factories where they face poor
ventilation, exposure to toxic materials, and hazardous machinery. Instances of
child labor have been reported in various industries, including meatpacking plants.
● Domestic Work: Involves various tasks and services within households. Exploitation
occurs when children work at ages younger than legal limits, face hazardous
conditions, or when their domestic work interferes with education. Domestic work
exploitation is sometimes “hidden” as children are expected to contribute to the
household.
These forms of child labor not only endanger the immediate well-being of children but also
hinder their long-term development and perpetuate cycles of poverty.

Causes of child labor:
Child labor is driven by a combination of economic, social, and cultural factors. Here are
some of the primary causes:
1. Poverty: Families living in poverty often lack the resources to meet basic needs. When
parents cannot earn enough to support the family, children are compelled to work to
supplement household income. Poverty creates a cycle where children are seen as
economic assets rather than individuals entitled to education and protection from
exploitation.
2. Lack of Access to Education: Education is a fundamental right for children, yet many
face barriers such as high costs, inadequate school infrastructure, or long distances to
schools. In regions where educational opportunities are limited or of poor quality, families
may prioritize earning income over sending children to school, leading to high dropout
rates and increased child labor.
3. Cultural and Social Norms: In certain cultures, children working from a young age is
accepted as normal. Traditional practices or societal expectations may encourage child
labor as a means to learn skills, contribute to family finances, or prepare for adulthood.
These norms perpetuate the cycle of child labor across generations.
4. Economic Demand: Industries and sectors that rely on cheap labor exploit children’s
vulnerability and lack of bargaining power. In sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing,
and domestic work, children are often employed because they can be paid lower wages
and are less likely to demand better working conditions or rights.
5. Weak Enforcement of Labor Laws: Even where laws exist to protect children from
exploitation and guarantee their right to education, enforcement can be weak or
ineffective. Corruption, lack of resources, and inadequate monitoring allow employers to
violate child labor laws with impunity, perpetuating the cycle of exploitation.
6. Conflict and Crisis: In regions affected by conflict, displacement, or humanitarian crises,

families may be forced to flee their homes or face economic hardship. Children, particularly

those from displaced or marginalized communities, are often pushed into work to support
their families or as a result of the breakdown of social structures and safety nets.
7. Family Circumstances: Factors such as large family size, parental illiteracy, or parental
illness can increase economic pressures on children to contribute to household income. In
some cases, children may be sent to work by their families out of necessity rather than
choice.
8. Urbanization and Migration: Rural-to-urban migration or seasonal migration for work

expose children to exploitative labor conditions. In urban areas, children from migrant
families may be particularly vulnerable to informal work sectors where protections are
minimal and exploitation is rampant.
Addressing child labor requires a comprehensive approach that includes poverty reduction,
improving access to quality education, strengthening legal frameworks, and changing
cultural attitudes towards child labor.
Impact of child labor:
Child labor has profound and detrimental impacts on children, families, communities, and
societies as a whole. Here are some of the key impacts:
1. Physical Health Effects: Children engaged in hazardous labor, such as in mining,

agriculture, or manufacturing, face serious risks like physical injuries from accidents,
exposure to toxic substances, and repetitive strain injuries.Long hours of work in difficult
conditions can lead to fatigue, malnutrition, and stunted growth, affecting their overall
physical development.
2. Mental and Emotional Well-being: Child labor deprives children of opportunities for
education, play, and social interaction, which are crucial for their emotional and cognitive
development.Many child laborers experience stress, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness
due to the harsh realities of their work and the lack of opportunities for personal growth.
3. Education Disruption:Working children often miss out on schooling or drop out entirely
to support their families financially. This limits their ability to acquire essential skills and
knowledge necessary for their future livelihoods.Lack of education perpetuates cycles of

poverty and hinders social mobility, trapping children and their families in
intergenerational poverty.
4. Social Development: Children in labor often lack opportunities to interact with peers
and develop social skills. They may become isolated and struggle to form healthy
relationships, which are crucial for their social integration and well-being.Missing out on
childhood activities and education can lead to feelings of alienation and a sense of being
different from their peers.
5. Cycle of Poverty: Child labor contributes to a cycle of poverty by limiting children's

potential to break free from economic hardship. Without education and skills development,
children grow up to face limited job prospects and lower earning potential as
adults.Families relying on child labor often prioritize immediate income over long-term
investments in education and skills training, perpetuating economic vulnerability.
6. Violation of Rights: Child labor violates children's rights as outlined in international

conventions and national laws. It deprives them of the right to protection from exploitation,
the right to education, and the right to a safe and healthy environment.Governments and
societies have a responsibility to uphold these rights and ensure that children are
protected from exploitation and given opportunities to thrive in safe and nurturing
environments.
7. Health and Safety Risks: Children working in hazardous conditions face heightened
risks of injuries, accidents, and occupational diseases. This includes exposure to dangerous
machinery, chemicals, and extreme weather conditions.Lack of access to healthcare
services and safety regulations further exacerbate health risks, leading to long-term
physical ailments and disabilities.
8. Loss of Childhood: Child labor robs children of their childhood by forcing them into
adult responsibilities and roles at a young age. Instead of enjoying their youth and pursuing
education, they are burdened with work that limits their opportunities for personal growth
and development.Childhood is a critical period for learning, exploration, and discovering
one's talents and interests. Child labor denies children these formative experiences and
compromises their overall well-being.

9. Economic Impact on Families: While child labor may provide immediate income for
families living in poverty, it often perpetuates economic instability rather than alleviating it.
The income earned by children is typically meager and inconsistent, contributing to overall
financial insecurity for the family. Sustainable economic development initiatives should
focus on creating opportunities for decent work for adults, improving access to education
and social services, and supporting families in breaking the cycle of poverty without relying
on child labor.
Addressing the complex impacts of child labor requires coordinated efforts from
governments, civil society organizations, businesses, and communities. These efforts
should prioritize the protection of children's rights, investment in quality education and
healthcare, enforcement of labor laws, and sustainable economic development strategies
that promote inclusive growth and opportunities for all children to thrive.
"Thank you for taking the time to read through my notes on Human Rights. I
sincerely hope that you found them to be informative and beneficial. While I
acknowledge that I am not an expert in this subject, I have put my best effort to
ensure that the material presented is easily understandable for all. I've compiled this
material from various sources such as Google, AI, YouTube, and other resources. If
you come across any errors or areas where improvement is needed, I would greatly
appreciate your feedback. It will help me learn and grow in my understanding and
presentation of the topic.
I do not demand anything from you except prayers 🤲🏻. Please feel free to reach out
to me any time if you have any questions or need further clarification regarding the
content of these notes. I am here to assist in any way I can.”
🤗
Regards, [ JUNAID ALI RAZA ]
Best wishes


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Human Rights (BS English 4th semester)

FALL SEMESTER 2022

● What are Human Rights (HR)?

What are Human Rights (HR) ?

Definitions of Human Rights by different authors and

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Objectives of Human Rights

The objectives of human rights generally include:

2. Equality: Promoting equality and non-discrimination among all people, regardless of

3. Justice: Upholding principles of justice, fairness, and accountability in society and

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

4. Freedom: Safeguarding fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, assembly,

5. Dignity: Respecting the inherent dignity and worth of every individual.

Kinds of Human Rights

1.Civil and Political Rights:

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Evolution of the concept of Human Rights

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

1.Cyrus cylinder (539 B.C):

Divine scriptures of Jews(Torah), Christians (The Bible)and Muslims(The Holy Quran)

The last sermon of Prophet Muhammad {PBUH} (632 CE)

Key Principles from the Last Sermon:

1. Equality of Humanity: Prophet Muhammad emphasized the equality of all humans,

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

3. Sanctity of Life and Property: Prophet Muhammad emphasized the sacredness of

6. Abolition of Pre-Islamic Injustices:Prophet Muhammad called for the eradication of

3.Magna Carta (1215)

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

4.The petition of Rights (1628)

5.The Bill of Rights (1689)

6.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

7.U.S Bill of Rights (1791)

8. Geneva conventions (1864-2005)

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

9.International labor organization (1919)

10.Universal declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Four fundamentals in HR: Freedom, Equality,

Freedom is an essential pillar of human rights, encompassing the ability of individuals to

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

● Social Justice: Social justice focuses on addressing systemic inequalities and

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

● Autonomy and Empowerment: Dignity is closely tied to the concept of autonomy,

Universal declaration of Human RIGHTS (UDHR)

The Universal Declaration of Humanity is a Rights (UDHR) milestone document in the

Name : Junaid Ali Raza

Overview of Preamble: (‫(دیباچہ‬،)‫)تمهیدی بیان‬

Article 1: Right to Equality

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says:

Article 2: Freedom from Discrimination

Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says:

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Article 3: Right to Life, Liberty, and Security of Person

Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says: