Factors for determining cell size:

Each cell contains a base station or mobile phone tower, which emits and receives the
mobile signals. A mobile device will connect to the closest or least congested base station.
The BTS’s are connected to a digital exchange where the communication is transmitted to
other telephone or data networks.

1. Population Density and Cell Size:

• High-Density Areas (Urban): Smaller cells (microcells) with a range of 1-2 km due
to a high number of users and physical obstructions.
• Low-Density Areas (Rural): Larger cells (macrocells) with a range of 5-32 km due to
fewer users and open spaces.

2. Geographical Terrain:

• Urban: Smaller cells to manage signal attenuation caused by buildings.

• Rural: Larger cells as the terrain has fewer obstructions.

3.Traffic Demand:
• High Traffic: Requires smaller cells to handle high data usage.
• Low Traffic: Larger cells suffice in areas with less data demand.
Base stations (BS): implement space division multiplex–
Cluster: group of nearby BSs that together use all available channels
Transmission Impairment
1. What do you mean by the term 'busy hour ', commonly used in telecommunication
systems, to refer to a specific period of time when the maximum number of calls are
being made or received?
=> Busy Hour refers to the time of day during which a Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
experiences the highest traffic load of the day. During the Busy Hour, the BTS
operates at or near its maximum capacity, handling the highest volume of
simultaneous user connections and data transmissions. It’s a crucial metric for
network operators to understand the peak demand on their infrastructure.
4.khatay
5.+6. khatay
7. What is the unbeatable advantage of fiber-ocular cable?
=> er core, cladding glass dye toiri. total internal reflection dye hy tai
glass dye toiri, speed beshi, signal loss kom & electro magnetic interference o kom
8.1 and 8.2 :
Call stages:
1. Monitor for strongest signal: The mobile device scans for the strongest signal
from nearby cell towers.

2. Request for connection: The device initiates a connection request to the selected
cell tower.
3. Paging: The network searches for and locates the device across multiple cells.

4. Call accepted: The connection is established between the device and the cell
tower.

5. Ongoing call: The call is in progress, with the device connected to a specific cell
tower.

6. Handoff: The device moves from one cell to another, transferring the call to a new
tower without interruption.

These stages represent the typical process of initiating, maintaining, and

transitioning a call in a cellular network as a mobile device moves through different
coverage areas.

Call blocking, call terminate vs. Call drop:

• If LOS, diffracted and scattered signals not significant — Reflected signals may be • If no
LOS, diffraction and scattering are primary means of receptio