Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12th General Nursing EM
12th General Nursing EM
GENERAL NURSING
Theory and Practical
Content Creation
The wise
possess all
II
Learning List out all the major topics and provide students
objectives: with a clear purpose to focus their learning efforts.
References/ Website Basic raw materials used for the birth and development
links of the text.
III
E-book Assessment
IV
Let the physician enquire into the (nature of the) disease, its cause and its method of cure
and treat it faithfully according to (medical rule).
Learning Objectives
Hair
Epidermis
Nerve
Dermis
Muscle Schematic view of hair follicle and
Subcutaneous
sebaceous gland
tissue
Sweat Gland
Fat, Collagen, Fibroblasts
Eye lashes protect the eyes
Arteriole
from foreign debris getting into
Cross-section of all skin layers. the eye.
Position
The heart lies in the thoracic cavity at the
mediastinum [the space between the lungs].
It lies obliquely a little more to the left than
the right. The apex is about 9cm to the left of
the midline at the level of the 5th intercostal
space and the base extends to the level of the
2nd rib.
Sweat gland
VENULES
Capillaries
CAPILLARIES
These are the smallest structure of the
HEART ARTERIOLES
circulatory system. The point at which the
exchange of oxygen and corbon di-oxide
occurs through the thin walls of the capillaries.
Venules
Blood vessels that receive blood from the
capillaries and transport deoxygenated blood
Circulatory system to the veins.
Diagram of the front view of the Diagram of the rear view of the
human skeleton. human skeleton.
CRANIUM (8) FACE BONES (14) SPINE UPPER LIMB (64) LOWER LIMB (31)
1 - Frontal bone Lacrimal bone - 2 (Vertebral Column) Clavicle - 1 Hipbone - 1
(Collarbone) Femur -1
2 - Temporal bone Nasal bone - 2 Cervical Vertebrae - 7
Scapula - 1
2 - Parietal bone Cheek bone - 2 Thoracic vertebrae - 12 (Shoulder bone) Patella -1
1 - Occipital bone Curled bone - 2 Lumbar vertebrae - 5 Humerus - 1 Tibia -1
1 - Ethomoid Palate - 2 Sacral Vertebrae - 5 Radius - 1 Fibula -1
1 - Sphenoid Upper Jaw bone - 2 Coccyx - 4 Ulna -1 Tarsals - 7
Lower jaw bone - 1 Carpals - 8 Metatarsals - 5
Vomer - 1 Metacarpals - 5 Phalanges - 14
Phalanges - 14
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Cerebellum
Brain stem
The brain stem lies at the base of the skull
and between the right and left hemispheres of
the brain.
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• Epilepsy Mouth
• Meningitis The cheeks,tongue and palate frame the
• Paralysis mouth, which is also called oral cavity .its
• Multiple sclerosis boundaries are defined by the lips, cheeks,
• Parkinson’s diseases soft palate and epiglottis. It is divided in to
two sections.
• Alzheimer’s disease
They are
• Bell’s palsy.
• The vestibule- the area between the cheeks
1.6 Gastro Intestinal System and the teeth.
• The oral cavity- filled by the tongue
Introduction
The mouth is the opening through which
The alimentary canal, is a continuous the person ingests food and fluids. Incisors,
hollow tube from the mouth to the rectum. canines, premolar and molars are the types of
The alimentary canal along with the associated teeth helps in mastication
organs like the salivary glands, liver, pancreas
and the gallbladder is called the digestive or Tongue
gastrointestinal system. The primary role of Tongue is one among the five sensory
the digestive system is to supply blood stream organ. It is a muscular structure used for
with nutrients that can be used by the body moving food in the mouth and to swallow
for its fuel, energy and fluid needs. fluid and food. Taste buds are found on the
upper surface of the tongue and the salivary
glands.
Salivary glands
Salivary glands produce saliva which
contains the digestive enzyme amylase.
Amylase digests and breaks down starch into
glucose and maltose.
Pharynx
The pharynx receives air from the nares
or the mouth and it also receives food from
the mouth. When people say that their food
has gone down the wrong pipe, they are
experiencing an abnormal small amount of
Parts of digestive system food moving from the pharynx to the trachea.
The organs that contribute to digestion
Epiglottis
are the tongue, salivary glands, the liver, the
The epiglottis is the flap like projection
gallbladder, and the pancreas. The gallbladder
in the back of the mouth attached to the
and the pancreas secrete and deposit bile and
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Thyroid Gland
The endocrine system consists
of these glands The Thyroid gland shaped like angel
wings on each side of the throat just above the
• Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland trachea, are connected to each other with a
• Pineal gland • Thyroid thin connecting area called the Isthmus.
• Parathyroid • Adrenal glands The Thyroid gland regulates the body’s
• Pancreas • Ovaries metabolism, basal metabolic rate, cardiac
• Testes system’s function, physical growth and sexual
functioning.
NOTE: The Thymus is the only
endocrine gland that does not secrete any
hormones
The Thymus is considered as an
endocrine gland because it plays a role in
the immune system of the body.
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The Pancreas
The pancreas is located behind the
stomach. The islets of Langerhans secrete
glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide
and somatostatin. The pancreas produces
and releases digestive enzymes and juices
that break down foods as they enter the small Testes and Ovaries
intestine.
Diseases related to endocrine system
NOTE: Pancreas is called as a mixed • Diabetes insipidus
gland since it serves both as an endocrine • Acromegaly
gland and as a digestive organ and • Gigantism
exocrine body.
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Testes and Ovaries • Hyperthyroidism
Ovaries and Testes are the endocrine • Hypothyroidism
glands and gonads, which is called as a sex • Cushing’s syndrome
and reproduction glandular structure.
• Addison’s disease
The ovaries produce progesterone,
estrogen, inhibin and androstenedione.
Progesterone regulates menstrual cycle 1.10 Reproductive System
and the preparation of the uterus for the
The role of the male and female
implantation of the egg. Estrogen regulates
reproductive system is to procreate and to
the development of breasts. Inhibin inhibits
provide sexual gratification to the person.
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The Clitoris
The clitoris lies above the vagina is covered
with a protective cover or hood.
Vestibule
It is a small space or cavity at the beginning
Female Reproductive System of a vaginal canal.
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Urethra
The urethra is an organ common for both
reproductive system and urinary system.
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Cochlea
This is a spiral that is covered in a stiff
membrane. It contains thousands of hair cells
Ear attached to the end of the organ of the auditory
The ear is the organ for hearing. It is nerve called organ of corti. These tiny hairs
divided into three parts. bend because of the vibrations caused by the
• Outer ear-pinna /auricle, auditory canal sound waves.
• Middle ear-ear drum, ossicles, Eustachian The auditory nerve
tube The vibration from the hairs stimulated
• Inner ear- cochlea, vestibule and tiny nerve cells. The nerve cells then send
semicircular canal. signals along the auditory nerve to the brain.
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Tongue
There are two groups of muscles of the
tongue.
1. Four intrinsic - alter the shape of the tongue
and not attached to the bone.
2. Four paired extrinsic muscles- change the Nose
position of the tongue and are anchored to
Olfaction
the bone.
It has olfactory receptor neuron and it is
The tongue upper surface is covered responsible for sense of smell.
by taste buds housed in numerous lingual
papillae. It is responsible for taste. Speech
The normal speech is produced with
Nose pressure from the lungs, this can be modified
The organ of smell is located in the middle using airflow through the nose in a process
of the face. The internal part of the nose lies called nasalization.
above the roof of the mouth.
The nose consists of external nose and
nasal cavity both are divided by the septum into
right and left.
SUMMARY
Integumentary system comprises the skin. Appendages protect the body from various
kinds of damage. Such as loss of water or damages from outside.
It consists of the skin, hair, finger nails, toe nails and other structures including glands.
Heart is the master of cardiovascular system. It pumps out blood to supply oxygen,
electrolytes, nutrients and hormones through out the body.
Blood circulation controls the body temperature, the PH or acid base balance of the body.
Blood pumping cycle of the heart is called cardiac cycle. The heart consists of four chambers,
valve, and three layers of covering.
Heart has three types of circulation like coronary, systemic and pulmonary circulation. It is
considered as a one of the vital organ of the body.
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I. Choose the best answer. 9. The point at which the exchange of oxygen
1. The largest organ of human body is and carbon dioxide occurs
2. Sweat glands are a part of 10. The red colour of blood is due to the
presence of
a. skeletal system
b. integumentary system a. hemoglobin b. erythrocin
c. urinogenital system c. xanthophyll d. rhodopsin
d. circulatory system 11. Thymus gland is a part of
3. _______ protect the eyes from foreign a. muscles b. lymphatic system
debris getting into the eye c. skin d. inner ear
a. eye brows 12. 90% of plasma consists of
b. eye lids a. protein b. sugar
c. eye lashes c. water d. salt
d. fore head
13. Red blood Cells contains
4. The finger and toe nails a. a prominent nucleus
are made of b. a dormant nucleus
a. chitin b. protein c. a pronucleus
c. insulin d. keratin d. no nucleus
5. There are no sebaceous glands in 14. Hemostasis is aided by
a. palms and sole of the feet a. thrombocytes b. leucocytes
b. palms alone c. erythrocytes d. granulocytes
c. sole of the feet alone
15. Adult human has
d. all are wrong
a. 206 bones b. 216 bones
6. Sweat glands are c. 226 bones d. 236 bones
a. endocrine glands
b. eccrine and apocrine glands 16. Malleus Incus and Stapes are
c. eccrine glands a. bones b. ear ossicles
d. apocrine glands c. tarsus d. carpals
7. _______ is the master of circulatory system 17. Sternum is a _____
a. brain b. kidney a. leg bone b. hand bone
c. heart d. liver c. breast bone d. hip bone
8. The blood vessels that carry oxygenated 18. The building blocks of bones are called
blood throughout the body are a. osteocytes
a. veins alone b. melanocytes
b. both arteries and veins c. thrombocytes
c. arteries alone d. leucocytes
d. all are correct
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HUMAN ANATOMY
ICT CORNER
Through this activity you will
be able to learn the structure
of human
Steps
• Step 1: Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code.
• Step 2: Click on the name of the organ system you want to learn. A new page with
a diagram on the right side and list of parts on the left side will open.
• Step 3: You can further explore detailed information of a particular part by clicking
either the part on the diagram or part name fom the list given.
• Step 4: Y
ou can browse back to the previous page or to the home page and learn
more about the other systems.
URL : https://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
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2
CHAPTER Medical Surgical and
APPLIED
3
Nursing Management
PSYCHOLOGY
of Human Diseases
Learning Objectives
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Scabies Management
Definition Medical management: Tropical application
Scabies is an infestation caused by itch • Permethrin 5 % Cream/lotion
mite due to poor personal hygiene. • Benzyl Benzoate 10 – 25% lotion
• Crotamition 10% ointment
Causes
• Lindane 1% lotion/cream
• Infestation by the itch mite otherwise
• Oral medication according to the severity.
called as Sarcoptes Scabiei”
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Triggers
Food: Whole milk, citrus fruits, gluten and
fatty foods.
Psoriasis is one of the commonest skin Drugs: Lithium, Non Steroidal Anti-
disorders. Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), malaria drugs,
skin disease. In auto immune disease immune beta-blockers, tetracycline etc.
system of our body attacks our own tissues, Weather: Excess sun exposure, Cold, dry
which leads to the rapid build-up of skin weather
cells and causes scaling on the skin’s surface.
Psoriasis may begin at any age, but most Infections
diagnoses occur in adulthood. The average Others: Alcohol, Smoking, Stress, Obesity,
age of onset is between 15 to 35 years old. Scratches, bites and Skin injury.
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO) some studies estimate that about 75 Risk Factors
percent of psoriasis cases are diagnosed • Family history
before age 46. • Viral and bacterial infection
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Prevention
Lifestyle changes can help to prevent
The difference between the normal and heart failure include:
enlarged heart • No smoking
• Controlling certain conditions, such as
Diagnosis
high blood pressure and diabetes
• Echocardiography.
• Staying physically active
• ECG
• Eating healthy foods
• X-ray chest
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Blood test
• Reducing and managing stress
• Cardiac catheterization
• Arterial Blood Gas analysis (ABG)
2.4 Fracture
Management
Bone fracture is
• Pharmacologic therapies include the
a medical condition
use of diuretics, vasodilators, inotropic
where the continuity
agents, anticoagulants, beta-blockers.
of the bone is
• Invasive therapies for heart failure broken. A significant
include electro physiologic intervention percentage of bone
• Cardiac resynchronization therapy fractures occur
(CRT) because of high force
• Pacemakers impact or stress. A
• Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators fracture caused by
(ICDs); revascularization procedures medical conditions which weakens the bone
(e.g Osteoprosis) is known as a pathological
Nursing management
fracture. A crack (not only a break) in the
• Provide comfortable bed bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures
• Oxygen administration can occur in any bone in the body.
• Start Intra Venous (IV) line
• Vital signs Definition
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Management Complications
• Pharmacotherapy - Anti-Epileptic Drugs • Difficulty learning.
selected according to seizure type. • Aspiration pneumonia
• Surgery–operations (temporal lobectomy, • Injuries from falls, bumps, and self-
extratemporal resection, corpus inflicted bites.
callosotomy, hemispherectomy)
Self-care at home for epilepsy
• Vagal nerve stimulation anterior thalamic
stimulation • Loosen any tight neckwear.
• A ketogenic diet • Turn the person on his or her side.
• Do not hold the person down or restrain
Nursing Management the person.
• Establish airway • Do not place anything in the mouth or
• Maintain blood pressure (BP). try to pry the teeth apart. The person is
not in danger of swallowing his or her
• Monitor vital and neurologic signs on a
tongue.
continuous basis.
• Observe seizure characteristics – length,
• Administer oxygen–there is some
type of movements, and direction of
respiratory depression associated with
head or eye turning. These characteristics
each seizure,
may help the doctor diagnose the type of
• Establish I.V. lines, and keep open for
seizure.
blood sampling, drug administration, and
infusion of fluids.
• Administer I.V. anticonvulsant slowly to 2.10 Gastric Ulcer
ensure effective brain tissue and serum
concentrations.
• Monitor the patient continuously;
depression of respiration and BP induced
by drug therapy .
• Determine (from family member) if there
is a history of epilepsy, alcohol/drug use,
trauma, recent infection.
• Counsel patients with uncontrolled
seizures about driving or operating
dangerous equipment. Gastric ulcers are open sores within the
• Assess home environment for safety lining of the stomach. Stomach ulcers (gastric
hazards in case the patient falls, such as ulcers) are a type of peptic ulcer, meaning
crowded furniture arrangement, sharp having to do with acid. Because of the amount
edges on tables, glass. Soft flooring and of acid present in the stomach and the damage
furniture and padded surfaces may be that can occur, they are often extremely
necessary. painful. Although gastric ulcers can occur
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Causes
The most common cause of stomach ulcers is
• Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori infection.
• Ulcers may also be caused by overuse of
painkillers, such as aspirin (Bayer), and
other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories Diagnosis
(NSAIDs) • Barium Meal Study
Risk Factors • Routine blood test
• Alcohol • Oesophago Gastro Duodenoscopy (OGD)
• Burns Ulcer appear with or without slough or
• Cigarette Smoking bleeding in their typical locations.
• Drug induced NSAID • Gastric secretary Studies.
• Emotion / Stress • Serology to test for H.pylori.
• Family history • Breath test to detect H.pylori.
• Gastritis
• Hyperchlorohydria General Measures
• Injection of toxins • Avoid use of NSAID drugs.
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A hernia occurs when an organ pushes • Swelling in the abdomen or in the groin
through an opening in the muscle or tissue that which disappears when lying down.
holds it in place. • Pain on palpation
• Vomiting
Definition • Feeling of weight in the abdomen.
Hernia is a localized bulge in the abdomen • Constipation
that occurs when there is a weakness in the • Discomfort in the abdomen or groin when
muscular wall. coughing, lifting a weight or bending over.
• Fever
Causes • Upper abdominal pain
• Congenital - failure of the abdominal wall • Chest pain
to close.
Diagnosis
• Age – after 60 years
• History collection
• Chronic cough
• Physical examination
• Pregnancy - which puts pressure on the • Abdominal X-rays
abdomen • Complete blood count, electrolytes.
• Constipation • Ultrasonography of the abdomen
• Lifting heavy weight • CT abdomen
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Symptoms
Prevention
• Painless bleeding during bowel
• Stop smoking movements
• Avoid developing a persistent cough
• Itching or irritation in anal region
• Maintain appropriate body weight for the
• Pain or discomfort
age.
• Avoid straining during bowel movements • Swelling around the anus
• Lift objects with knee flexion and not with
Diagnosis
hip flexion.
• Heavy lifting should be avoided for 4 to 6 • Digital rectal examination - to detect
weeks after treatment. the unusual growths.
• Inspection - examine the lower portion of
Complication
the colon and rectum with proctoscope
• Strangulation: reduced blood supply to a • Colonoscopy to examine the entire colon
herniated organ.
• Obstruction: the bowel contents may no Management
longer be able to pass through the herniated • Home remedies
area, leading to cramps, the absence of • Eat high-fibre foods (fruits, vegetables and
defecation and vomiting. whole grains.)
• Recurrence hernia • Increase fluid intake
• Use topical ointment
2.14 Haemorrhoids (Piles)
• Sitz bath for 10 to 15 minutes, two to three
Haemorrhoids, also known as piles are times a day.
swelling containing enlarged blood vessels • Keep the anal area clean.
found inside or around the rectum and anus. • Apply ice packs or cold compresses on anus
to relieve swelling and pain
Definition
Medical management
An abnormal mass of dilated and
engorged blood vessels either internally in • Lidocaine that can relieve pain and
the anal canal or externally around the anus itching
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Causes
• Airborne substances, such as pollen, dust
mites, mold spores, pet dander or particles Stress Bugs
of cockroach waste
• Respiratory infections, like common cold
• Physical activity Anger Cool Air
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• Obesity Management
Prediabetes Type 1
Slight elevation of blood glucose levels, • Maintain and control sugar level
regarded as indication that the person is at • Insulin therapy
risk of progressing to Type 2 diabetes. • Healthy life style – exercise and diet.
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Causes of hypothyroidism
• Iodine deficiency
• Lithium therapy
• Autoimmune disease
• Surgical removal of the thyroid
Complications of uncontrolled • Radiation treatment
diabetes • Overdose of anti-thyroid drugs
Diagnosis
Blood test for Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH) T3 and T4.
• Elevated TSH level
• elevation of cholesterol level
• Hypoglycemia • Electro cardio gram (ECG)
• Macroangiopathy
• Peripheral Neuropathy Management Medical
• Micro angiopathy • Replacement of thyroid hormone
• Autonomic Neuropathy
Side effects of thyroid harmone
• Diabetic Keto acidosis (DKA)
• Headache.
• Shaking and trembling of arms and feet.
2.20 Hypothyroidism
• Nausea and Vomiting.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped • Diarrhea.
endocrine gland located in the lower front of
• Abdominal cramps.
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Definition • Cryosurgery
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Types
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Definition Diagnosis
Hydrocele is a collection of excessive fluid • History.
in the tunica vaginal sac. • Physical examination
• Ultrasound.
Types
• Blood and urine tests to check for
1. Vaginal Hydroceleoccurs when underlying infection.
hydrocele sac in patient only in the scrotum.
2. Infantile Hydrocele The sac from the Management
scrotum in patient upto the deep ingunial
• Lord/s Plication is indicated in small
rings
hydrocoeles. The sac is opened and the
3. True congenital Hydrocele The scrotal sac cut edge of the sac is plicated to tunica
communicates with peritoneal cavity. albuginea.
4. Hydrocele of canal of Nuck: It presents • Partical excision and eversion of the sac:
as a smelling in the inguinal region in Jaboula’s operation
female. • Aspiration-is a temporary method.
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GLOSSARY
Dyspnoea (மூச்சுத்திணறல்) Difficulty in breathing.
Expectrant சளி (expulsion of mucus)
Dyspnoea மூச்சு திணறல் (difficulty in breathing)
a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in
Prostate விந்துப்பை male mammals and releasing a fluid component
of semen.
Hyperplasia மிகைப்பெருக்கத்தில் the enlargement of an organ or tissue
Pee சிறுநீர் urine.
Kidney Stone சிறுநீரக கல் a hard mass formed in the kidneys
a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of
Hemarrhoid மூலநோய்
the anus.
a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular
Thrombus இரத்த உறைவு
system of the body and impeding blood flow.
a slipping forward or down of a part or organ of
Prolapse இறக்கம்
the body.
a compact mass of a substance, especially one
Lump கட்டி
without a definite or regular shape.
Topical மேற்பூச்சு applied directly to a part of the body.
the surgical procedure of tying a ligature tightly
Ligation கட்டுக்கட்டுதலுக்கு around a blood vessel or other duct or tube in the
body.
prevent circulation of the blood supply through
Strangulated நெரித்து (a part of the body, especially a hernia) by
constriction.
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URL : https://symptomchecker.isabelhealthcare.com/suggest_diagnoses_advanced/
landing_page
*Pictures are indicative only
*Allow flash player.
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3
APPLIED
PSYCHOLOGY
“Utter not a word which the conscience tells is false, lest your own conscience should smite
you”. Even to entertain the very thought of stealing is an evil to be avoided
Learning Objectives
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SUMMARY
Psychology is the scientific study of the activities of the individual in relation to his environment.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943.
This theory is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental
needs at the bottom and the need for self actualization at the top.
Individual difference is defined as the differences among individuals that distinguish or separate
them from one another and make one as a unique individual in oneself. The differences in
individual are due to heredity or environment or both.
An attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behavior is given a certain direction.
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GLOSSARY
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer 3. Which one of the following is the self
1. The theory of hierarchy esteem need?
of need is proposed by a) Physiological need
a) Abraham Maslow b) Status need
b) Abraham Marlow c) Safety need
c) Abraham Mundro d) Security need
d) Abraham Muller 4. Which one of the following is not the ways
2. Which one of the following is not a of attitudinal changes?
physiological need according to hierarchy a) Providing proper education
of needs theory? b) Using modeling technique
a) Breathing b) Water c) Direct personal experience
c) Food d) Belongingness d) Avoiding /neglecting
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Steps
• Step 1: Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code.
• Step 2: Click the START button to begin the game.
• Step 3: Drag and drop the picture icons into the rectangle given, using the mouse.
• Step 4: Continue and complete the pyramid.
URL : http://planeta42.com/psychology/maslow/
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4
Applied
Sociology
He who on earth has lived in the conjugal state as he should live, will be placed among the
Gods who dwell in heaven
Learning Objectives
a French philosopher.
Importance of
4.1 Definition Sociology in
Nursing
- Auguste Comete.
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Based on Authority
Matriarchal Family: In these families, a
woman is the head of the family, and authority
is vested in her.
The matriarchal family is known as
mother centered or mother dominated family. FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
The mother or the woman is the head of the
family.
Newly married Wedding
Youthful
Patriarchal Family: In patriarchal Marriage
stage
families, the head of the family is a male, and (Ages 20-40) Early Parenthood Birth of first
Child
authority is vested with him. stage
Oldest child
Middle-Aged Later Parenthood begins
The patriarchal family is also known as Marriage adolescence
(Ages 40-60) stage
father centered or father dominated family.
Empty Nest Last child
stage Leaves home
Based on the Nature of Relations Aging Marriage
(Ages 60 ---) Rerement Rere from
Conjugal Family: A conjugal family stage
career
includes only the husband, wife and
Death of a spouse
unmarried children who are not adults. This stage
is also referred as nuclear family.
Consanguine Family: A consanguine 4.6 Needs of the Family
family consists of a parent, his or her children
and other relatives According to psychologist Abraham
Maslow, the needs of family can be divided into
Based on the size or structure: following:
Nuclear Family: A nuclear family is a • Basic needs: The most rudimentary
small group consisting of a husband, a wife human needs, associated with the survival
and children, natural or adopted. of human beings, are called basic needs.
Human beings cannot survive in the
Joint Family: A joint family consists of
absence of these things. One needs of food
three generation, living together under the
to eat, water to drink and house to live.
same roof, sharing the same kitchen and
purse or economic expenses. • Physiological needs: Physiological needs
are associated with the function of body
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Evaluation
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5 Applied
Nutrition
Learning Objectives
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()
()
(
)
(
(
)
Fresh fruits 10 - 25
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Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
Animal fats, butter, lard
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5.7 Proteins
Table 4
Classification of Proteins (Based on chemical composition)
Simple Conjugated Derived
Globular proteins Scleroproteins • Nucleoproteins Primary Secondary
• Albumins • Collagens • Glycoproteins • Coagulated • Proteoses
• Globulins • Elastins • Mucoproteins Proteins • Peptones
• Glutelins • Keratins • Lipoproteins • Proteans • Polypeptides
• Prolamines • Phoshoproteins • Metaproteins • Peptides
• Histones • Chromoproteins
• Globins • Matalioproteins
• Protamines
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Food sources
Sources of Vitamin A
Liver, milk, egg – yolk, carrots, dark green
leafy vegetables and yellow fruits are high in
vitamin A or beta – carotene.
Deficiency
A diet deficient in vitamin A for several
months may lead to night blindness and flaking
skin.
A long – term vitamin A deficiency leads Sources of Vitamin D
Xerophthalmia, major symptom of which is dry, Vitamin D is present in fatty fish like
hard cornea. If this condition is left untreated, kipper, sardines, salmon, tuna and mackerel,
damage to the cornea progresses, leading to a liver, egg yolk and butter. Smaller amounts are
softening of the cornea and eventually total also present in dark leafy vegetables.
blindness.
Vitamin A deficiency also affects the skin, Absorption
causing it to become dry and rough. Dietary vitamin D is absorbed along
If xerophthalmia and the underlying with dietary fats in the small intestines and
vitamin A deficiency are treated at an early transported to the lymph system. Bile is
stage, blindness can be prevented. essential for the absorption of this vitamin
Excess vitamin is stored in the body.
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
The human body can produce vitamin Which is the only non-
D from cholesterol present in the skin. This animal natural source of
conversion depends on exposure of the skin vitamin-D – Mushroom. The
to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight and yields best source of vittamin D is Sun.
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Vitamin k
Catalyzes
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Forms
Deficiency of vitamin E
Deficiency of vitamin E is a not common,
and the symptoms not very clear cut, but may Sources of Vitamin K
include fatigue, inflamed varicose veins, slow
The best dietary sources of this vitamin
wound healing, premature ageing and sub –
are green leafy vegetables, cheese and liver.
fertility.
Deficiency
Vitamin K
Increased tendency to haemorrhage
Vitamin K can be produced in the defective blood clotting
intestines and this function is improved with
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Niacin (B3)
Niacin also called nicotinic acid or niacin
amide and can be manufactured by body. Niacin
is derived from two compounds – nicotinic acid
and niacin amide.
Sources of Vitamin B
Functions
Sunflower seeds, peanuts, wheat bran, beet
liver, pork, seafood, egg – yolk, beans whole • Niacin functions as a coenzyme in nearly
grains and yeast contain good amounts of all the metabolic pathways yielding energy
thiamine. from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and
alcohol.
Deficiency • Niacin also plays a role in tissue
Beriberi occurs in two forms, wet beriberi respiration.
and dry beriberi, whose prominent symptoms • It is involved in the synthesis and
differ. breakdown of fats, and helps to maintain
healthy skin.
Riboflavin – (Vitamin B2)
Riboflavin is another B – complex vitamin Food sources
involved as a coenzyme in the metabolism of Liver, lean meat, fish, nuts, cereals, legumes,
carbohydrates, as well as of fats and proteins. asparagus, milk, green leafy vegetables and fish.
The adult RDA for riboflavin has been A cup of coffee also provides 3 milligrams of
established at a minimum of 1.2 milligrams niacin.
per day.
Deficiency
Functions
A deficiency of niacin is known as
• It is required by the body to use oxygen pellagra, which means rough skin (from the
and the metabolism of amino acids, fatty Italian words pelle for skin and Agra for
acids, and carbohydrates. rough).
• It is a used for red blood cell formation,
antibody production, cell respiration, and Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
growth. Pyridoxine is part of the B group vitamins
• It may be helpful in the prevention and and is water – soluble and is required for both
treatment of cataracts. mental and physical health.
Food sources Functions
Organ meats, nuts, cheese, eggs, milk and • Pyridoxine is required for the balancing of
lean meat are best sources of riboflavin. It is hormonal changes in women.
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Table 12: Diabetes Mellitus Table 13: Daily menu for high blood pressure
Vegetarian Non – vegetarian Vegetarian Non – vegetarian
Morning Morning
Tea or coffee (without Tea or coffee (without Weak tea – 1 cup Weak tea – 1 cup
sugar) sugar) Breakfast
Breakfast Bread or corn flakes Bread or corn flakes
Corn flakes with milk Corn flakes with milk with skin milk or with skin milk or
Cheese Boiled egg idly – 1 serving idly – 1 serving
Toast with butter Toast with butter (with sugar and jam) (with sugar and jam)
Tea or coffee Tea or coffee (without salt) (without salt)
Mid – morning Fruits – 1 serving Fruits – 1 serving
Tea or coffee (without Tea or coffee (without Weak tea – 1 cup Weak tea – 1 cup
sugar) sugar)
Mid – morning
Lunch
Fruit juice – 1 glass Fruit juice – 1 glass
Cooked rice or Cooked rice or
Lunch
chapatti or bread chapatti or bread
Cooked rice or Cooked rice or
Cooked soup Cooked dal
chapatti – 1 serving chapatti – 1 serving
Vegetable soup Mutton or fish curry
Cooked dal – half Meat or fish curry –
Pappad Pappad
cup half
Curds Curds
Curds – 2 cups Curd – 1 cup
Roasted groundnut Roasted groundnut
Cooked vegetables Cooked vegetables
or cashewnut or cashew nut
and potato – 1 and potato – 1
Fruit (half apple or Fruit (half apple or
serving serving
one slice of papaya or one slice of papaya or
mango) mango) Fruits – 1 serving Fruits – 1 serving
Tea Skimmed milk Skimmed milk
Salt biscuits Salt biscuits pudding – 1 cup pudding – 1 cup
Roasted nuts Roasted nuts Evening
Tea or coffee (without Tea or coffee (without Biscuits – 2 Biscuits – 2
sugar) sugar Fruit juice – 1 glass Fruit juice – 1 glass
Dinner Dinner
Similar to Lunch Similar to Lunch
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SUMMARY
Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. It is concerned with the part
played by nutrients in body growth, development and maintenance.
Good nutrition is essential for attainment of normal growth and development during fetal
life and childhood. Physical growth, intellectual development, learning and behavior are
affected by malnutrition.
Adequate nutrition is needed for adult life maintenance for optimum health and efficiency.
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for daily activities. Carbohydrates (primarily
starches) are the least expensive, the most plentifully available, easily obtainable and readily
digested form of nutrient.
The lipids are a heterogeneous group of substances found in plant and animal tissues, which
share the property of being relatively insoluble in water, and soluble in organic solvents,
such as ether, chloroform and benzene.
Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Amino
acids can be divided into essential amino acids and non – essential amino acids. Proteins
and carbohydrates contain 4 kcal per gram as opposed to lipids which contain 9 kcal per
gram of energy.
Vitamins are essential organic, compounds that are needed in small amounts in the diet
both to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimal health. The term vitamin (vital
amines) was coined by Casmir Funk. The term vital denoting essential for life and amines
because these compounds contained an amine functional group.
The four fat – soluble vitamins – vitamins A, D, E and K are often present in the fat portion of
foods, they are not easily lost from foods or destroyed by exposure to water, heat, air, or light.
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GLOSSARY
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Steps
• Step 1:
• Step 2: Click the START button to start the game activity.
• Step 3: A page with pictures of food varieties are arranged as a grid of picture tiles will
open.
• Step 4: Drag and drop the tiles into the buckets give below to sort. Continue the activity
as per the instructions displayed during the game and complete the game.
URL : https://www.brainpop.com/games/sortifynutrition/
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Learning Objectives
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Face
6.2 Good Touch
Mouth
Neck &
It feels good to be hugged and kissed by the Hand Shoulders
Chest
people you love. For example: Stomach Hand
Buocks & Part
between our legs
• When Mommy gives you a hug and kiss
Thighs
after you wake up. Good
May Not Like
Legs
• When Daddy gives you a good-night hug Bad
and kiss.
Teach your children the following safety
• When Grandma and Grandpa come to visit rules:
and everyone gets hugs and kisses.
It is not okay
• to touch someone else’s private body parts.
6.3 Bad Touch
• for someone to touch his or her own
Touches that make you feel uncomfortable private body parts infront of you.
are usually bad touch. • for someone to ask you to touch his or her
private body parts.
Good Touch Bad Touch
• for someone to ask you to take your clothes
+ Parents hug and kisses. = Makes you feel scared
+ Grandparents love. / nervous / ashamed. off except if they are a doctor helping to
+ Teacher pats you on the = Forced or Hurts.
= Told to keep it a SECRET see if you are hurt or sick
head “Good Job”.
= Touching or pang
+ Brief friendly hugs by
areas covered by a • for someone to take photos or videos of
family members.
SWIM SUIT. you with your clothes off.
+ Brief kiss on the = Kissing on the mouth.
cheek or forethead. = Touching the
+ Shaking hands or buocks.
giving Highs. = Hing, slapping,
+ Doesn’t scare or sping, pushing or
make you feel bad. punching.
It is a bad touch
• if it hurts you.
• if someone touches you on your body
where you don’t want to be touched.
• if the person touches you under
your clothing or tickles you under the Worldwide, around 15
clothing. million adolescent girls aged 15
to 19 have experienced forced
• if a person touches you in a way that
sex in their lifetime.
makes you feel uncomfortable.
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Evaluation
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Steps
• Step 1: Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code.
• Step 2: Click and drag the slide bar given below to start the activity.
• Step 3: The changes can be observed from the tabs given such as Temperature
change, Hormonal change, Folicular change, Uterine lining change.
• Step 4: Changes happening on any of the 28days can be observed and compared
with the help of the slide bar.
URL: http://owensborohealthse3.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=
147&isArticleLink=false&pid=17&gid=000087&Category=Interactive%20Tool
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7 Midwifery
Nursing
Learning Objectives
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Systemic Changes
Respiratory System:
Because of enlargement of the uterus, there
is an elevation of the diaphragm and breathing
becomes diaphragmatic. Upper respiratory tract
mucosa becomes congested. The respiratory
rate rises to from 18 to 20 breathes per minute
to meet demand of fetus. Decreased functional
residual capacity 1.7 to 1.35 litres due to the
compression of the diaphragm by the uterus.
Cardiovascular Changes:
The heart enlarges by 70 to 80ml due to
small increase in wall thickness and venous
filling. Cardiac output increases from 4.5 - 6.0
litre/min. Heart rate increases from 70bpm
Maternal Weight Gain in non-pregnant state to 78bpm at 20 weeks
gestation and a peak around 85 bpm in late
The total weight gain during the course
pregnancy.
of a singleton pregnancy for a healthy woman
averages 11kg. 1kg in first trimester (1-3 Haematological Changes
months). 5 kg each in second (4-6 months) and
Blood volume increases by 40-50% at 30-32
third trimester (7-9 months).
weeks of pregnancy. It causes Haemodilution.
Haematocrit decreases. The number of white
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Nutrion
Respiratory Musculskeletal
Breasts Cardiovascular
Vagina Uterus
Endocrine
Integumentary
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16
12
8
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Maternal Death Incidence • First degree (Type I): Low lying Placenta
the lower edge of the placenta reaches the
A maternal death is death of a Woman
lower uterine segment but not the internal
while pregnant or within 42 days of
cervical os.
termination of pregnancy irrespective of the
duration and the site of the pregnancy, from • Second degree (Type II): Marginal the
any course related to or aggravated by the lower edge of the placenta reaches the
pregnancy or in management but not from margin of the internal os but does not
accidental or incidental causes. - WHO cover it.
• Third degree (Type III): Incomplete or
• 20-25% deaths occur during pregnancy.
partial the placenta covers the internal os
• 40-50% deaths occur during labour and partially.
delivery.
• Fourth degree (Type IV): Total placenta
• 25-40% deaths occur after childbirth (More covers the internal os completely.
during the first seven days)
• Annually, 585,000 women die of pregnancy
related complications
Complete 40% Paral 30% Marginal Low-lying
Pelvic inlet
primigravida
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Risk factors
• Smoking
• Short umbilical cord
• Advanced maternal age
• HTN
Par al placenta previa Marginal placenta previa
• PIH
• Cocaine use
Management
• Trauma to or near abdomen.
Management depends upon gestational
age, amount of bleeding and fetal condition.
• Monitor Fetal Heart Rate, maternal Vital
signs
• Intra Venus Fluid administration Paral separaon Paral separaon Complete separaon
(Concealed hemorrhage) (apparent hemorrhage) (Concealed hemorrhage)
• O2 administration
• Assess intake and output, amount of Manifestations: Tenderness mild to severe
bleeding constant pain; mild to moderate bleeding
• Do complete Blood count and Rh factor depending on degree of separation.
Total placenta previa Paral placenta previa
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Oligohydramnios Causes
It is a condition where the amniotic fluid is • Scarring of fallopian tubes (Chlamydia/
less than 500 ml in the amniotic sac. Gonorrhea).
• More common with infection of fallopian
Causes tubes or surgery to reverse Tubale
• Failure of fetal kidney development Ligation.
• Obstruction in urinary tract • Previous ectopic
• Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) • Multiple induced abortions
• Post-term pregnancy
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
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Normal labour
Labour is called normal when it satisfies the
following criteria
• Spontaneous onset of labour
• Starts at 38 – 40 weeks
• Vertex presentation
• Occipito-anterior position Effacement of the cervix: it is the
shortening of the cervix. The cervix is pulled
• Labour is not unduly prolonged (average
up and become a part of the uterine segment.
12 hours)
Effacement is expressed as ranging from 0%
• No complication to the mother and (no reduction in length) to 100% palpable
baby below the fetal presenting part.
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e. Crowning:
• After internal rotation and further
descent, vulva form a crown around
the head (i.e.) the biparietal diameter
distends the valval outlet without 03. Further descent, internal rotaon 07. Delivery of anterior
shoulder
any recession of the head even after
contraction is over.
f. Extension:
• Distension of perineum by vertex. 04. Complete rotaon,
08. Delivery of posterior shoulder
begining extension
• Occiput beyond symphysis &Head
stands out.
g. Restitution: At the moment a baby’s
born , 1/3 of their blood is still
• Untwisting of the neck, head rotates to
outside their body. If you delay
the position occupied at engagement.
cord clamping 90 seconds they get 60% more
h. External rotation:
blood cells. They get enough iron to last them
• Shoulder descends in the path similar through their first year. They get white blood
to that followed by the head and rotates cells to fight infection. They get antibodies.
anteroposteriorly. They get stem cells to help repair their body.
• Head swings.
i. Lateral flexion:
• Anterior shoulder comes under the 7.7 Normal Puerperium
symphysis pubis.
Puerperium is the period following
• Posterior shoulder sweep the perineum. childbirth during which the body tissues
j. Expulsion: especially the pelvic organs, revert approximately
• After delivery of the shoulder under to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and
the symphysis pubis, the rest of the physiologically.
body expelled quickly. Rest of the Anatomic and physiologic changes
body expelled with lateral flexion
• Uterus involution
• Regeneration of endometrium
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Pelvic Floor
Uterine Involution
Normal by 6 weeks except varying degree
• In pregnancy, uterus increases 11 times in
of musculoskeletal laceration.
size and weight.
• Rapid involution – immediately following Urinary Tract
delivery it reduces from 1000gm to 100gm • Immediate postpartum – bladder
at the end of 6 weeks. mucosabecomes edematous
• Reversal of hypertrophy due to withdrawal
• Over distension – incomplete emptying
of sex hormone causes increases
and presence of , residual urine are
collagenase, proteolytic enzyme causes
common urinary problem in puerperium
autolysis of intracellular protein.
• 1 – 2 days – mild proteinuria in 50 % of
• Decrease uterine volume due to increase
women
myometrial force and intrauterine pressure
• By 8 weeks – renal plasma flow reduces to
150 mmHg.
normal, glomerular filteration returns to
• After pains 2 – 3 days more in multiparous
normal.
and more during lactation due to increase
in oxytocin. • Creatinine clearance becomes normal by
• Uterine cavity- sterile, bactericidal effects 1st week.
of granulation tissues. Fluids And Electrolytes
Lochia • Weight loss - immediately after delivery –
Lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving 5.5 kg – fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid 4 kg
birth. – excretion of fluids and electrolytes.
Rubra– last for 3 days, contains fresh blood • Fluid loss – 2 liltres during 1st week. – 1.5
and necrotic tissue. litres – next 5 weeks.
Serosa – last for 4-9 days, contains liquefied Electrolytes
blood, leucocytes, serous, palour and reddish
• Total exchangeable sodium decreased but
brown in colour.
body water loss exceeds sodium loss.
Alba – last for 10-15 days ,contains
• Decreased plasma progesterone causes
leucocytes, mucus decidual cells, yellowish
decreased aldosterone antagonism and
white in colour.
increased sodium.
Cervix • Tissue involution – cellular breakdown,
• 1ST week – closes to 1 cm. increases potassium level.
• External os – transverse slit. Cardio Vascular Changes
• Complete healing 6 – 12 weeks. i. Blood coagulation:
Vagina • Rapid and dramatic changes in the
coagulation and fibrinolytic system
• Smooth, swollen and poor tone after
after delivery.
delivery.
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Emergrncy Contraception
It reduces sperm transport and changes the
endometrium thus unfavorable for fertilization.
It is effective for women who have had
unprotected intercourse within 72 hours and
for victims of sexual assault.
Advantages of natural methods
• Natural method that does not require
devices or medicine in the body.
• There are no side effects.
• No cost. Is morally and culturally
acceptable.
Testing cervical mucus: • Better than not using any birth control
During phase 1 and 3, the mucus is scanty , method
thick and breaks quickly when stretches. During
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• Fairly effective • High failure rate 3 to They are agents that cause destruction of
in preventing 15 per 100 women. the sperm cell membrane; thereby affecting
pregnancy mobility.
• Only synthetic
• Only condom can provide • Aerosol foams
contraceptive protection against • Creams and Jellies
method that HIV and HBV’s • Vaginal suppositories
provides • If either partners has • Films & sponges
protection latex allergy, a non- All contain spermicidal agents usually
against STD’s. latex product should nontoxic.
be used.
Advantages Disadvantages
Diaphragm:
• Serves as a lubricant • High failure rate
Advantages Disadvantages
and also provides • Effective for only
•E ffective in •• High failure rate some protection 1-2 hours
preventing •• Slight risk of against STD’s
pregnancy if used toxic shock • Reduced risk of
properly and provide syndrome. cervical neoplasia
same protection •• Increased risk of
against STD’s UTI III. Iucd- Intra Uterine CONTRACEPTIVE
••Decreased risk of •• It requires initial Devices
cervical cancer fitting. Modern Methods
They are flexible plastic device medicated
Types:
with slowly released hormones. Copper –
i) flat spring ii) Coil spring iii) Arching spring released devices interferes with the ability
of sperm to pass through the uterine cavity.
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170
171
SURGICAL STERLIZATION
Advantages Disadvantages
Uterine CAUTERIZED
Fallopian tube Fundus
cavity
• Highly effective and • Permanent of uterus
Advantages Disadvantages
•• Outpatient procedure •• Permanent
under local anesthesia procedure
•• Less expensive •• No protection
•• Fewer complication against STD’s
Activity 1
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Steps
• Step 1: Type the URL link given below in the browser or scan the QR code.
• Step 2: A picture of the foetus is displayed, week numbers of the trimester is given
above and trimester timeline is given below the picture.
• Step 3: Click any week number to know the position and growth condition of the
fetus on the particular week
• Step 4: Click the picture to see it enlarged.
URL : https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tn10283
https://www.webmd.com/baby/interactive-pregnancy-tool-fetal-development?week=3
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8
Child Health
Nursing
“The pipe is sweet, the lute is sweet,” say those who have not heard the
prattle of their own children
Learning Objectives
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179
180
181
182
183
184
185
The breast milk secreted undergoes changes • The baby’s face is opposite the nipple and
as the days goes on to meet the demands of the the breast
baby.
• The baby’s upper lip or nose is opposite the
S. N Breast Milk Characteristics mother’s nipple
This milk is secreted • The baby is held or supported very close to
in the first week of the mothers body
1 Colostrum life.Thick and yellow.
Rich in protein and • The baby’s whole body is supported if the
antibodies mother is in a sitting position
Milk that is secreted Attachment: It is otherwise known as
between the 1st and the latching. It means attachment of nipple along
Transitional
2 2nd week. The fat and with areola in baby’s mouth and not nipple
milk
sugar content starts alone.
increasing.
Key points to good attachment
After 2 weeks, the
• The mouth is widely open
milk secreted is known
as mature milk It is • The tongue is forward in the mouth, and
3 Mature milk
thinner and watery may be seenover the bottom gum
Rich in all necessary
nutrients • The lower lip is turned outwards
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188
Sitting
Crawling
Squatting
Standing with support
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8.6 Weaning
190
Techniques of weaning
• Wash hand thoroughly with soap before
preparation of weaning foods.
• Introduce one food at a time
• Let the baby get used to one food for a few
days before introducing another.
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192
193
SUMMARY
194
GLOSSARY
Rooming in - An arrangement in hospitals where newborn babies stay with their mothers
Prelacteal - Any food except mother’s milk provided to a newborn before initiating
breastfeeding.
Abduction - Movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body, or
from another part.
Adduction - Movement of a body part toward the body’s midline.
Mortality - Death
Morbidity - Sickness
Satiety - State of being completely satisfied
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196
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9
Community
Health Nursing
He who desires a good name must desire modesty; and he who desires (the continuance of) a
family greatness must be submissive to all.
Learning Objectives
198
199
TUB
CHOLERA
LA RIA
MA in children below 5 years of age accounting for
COMMUNICABLE approximately 8% of all deaths among children
JAUNDICE DISEASES DIARR below 5 years worldwide in 2016. Outbreaks of
HEA
diarrheal diseases including cholera continue
AIDS to occurs due to the poor environmental
ACU PIRAT S
LEPROSY
RES ECTIO
INF
TE ORY
200
on Communicable Diseases
N According to WHO, "Malnutrition refers
Problem (NCD) to deficiencies, excess or imbalances in a
person's intake of energy and/or nutrients"
Malnutrition covers two broad spectrums
of under nutrition and over nutrition.
Undernutrition: Refers to lack of proper
nutrition, caused by not having enough food or
not eating enough food containing substances
necessary for growth and health.
Over nutrition: Is a form of Malnutrition
in which nutrients are oversupplied relative
to the amounts required for normal growth,
development and metabolism.
Malnutri�on
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205
206
207
208
209
210
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213
Community Mental Health & Palliave Home Diabetes Nurse Public Parish
Care Addicons Nurse Health Educator Health Nurse
Coordinator School Nurse Specialist Nurse Nurse
SUMMARY
Community health nursing is the newer aspect of healthcare that has grown in response to
changing environmental and social structure changes into a worldwide movement. Fast growing
elderly people, improvement in health technologies and rising healthcare costs has an impact upon
the development and scope of practice for community health nurse.
GLOSSARY
214
1. Make a Visit to the Sub Center and Assign the students to conduct a
observe the functions of a village health survey in a street and find the prevalence
nurse in your area. of Clients with Non communicable
2. Make a Visit to the ICDS unit and assess diseases such Diabetes, Hypertension
the anganwadi worker in your area. and Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction.
215
I. Choose the correct answer 8. Following are the common health problems
1. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of of the school children except
6. Following are the vector borne diseases 3. What are the components of NRHM
except 4. Discuss the environmental sanitation
a) Malaria problem.
b) Filaria 5. W
rite about the targets of National Health
c) AIDS Policy
d) Dengue
6. E
numerate the functions of Village Health
7. Identify the communicable disease from Guide
the following
7. Mention the principles of Primary Health Care
a) Cholera
b) Cancer 8. V. Answer in detail:
c) Diabetes 9. E
xplain in detail about the national health
d) Cardiovascular Diseases problems.
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217
10
Mental Health
Nursing
Principles and Practices
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
HOSPITALIZATION Definition
“An alteration in mood that is expressed
PHARMACOTHERAPY
by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism.
ECT There is a loss of interest in usual activities, and
somatic symptoms may be evident. Changes
PSYCHO THERAPY in appetite and sleep pattern are common”.
- Mary C. Townsend
PSYCHO SOCIAL
REHABILITATION Etiology
Nursing Management • Due to loss of loved object
• Nursing assessment • Repeated losses in the past
• Health education • Negative expectations of environment,
Negative expectations of the self
Paranoid • Negative expectations of the future
Definition • Stressful life events, Death, Marriage,
Financial loss
Paranoid is a thought process that causes an
irrational suspicion (doubtfulness) or mistrust
of others.
Cause
Genetics, stress, brain chemistry and also
drug abuse.
Symptoms:
• A consistent stress or anxiety beliefs about
others
• A mistrust of others
• Feeling disbelieved /misunderstood
• Isolation
Diagnosis
Symptoms of Depression
History collection, physical examination
and mental status examination. • Sadness
• Sleep disturbances Insomnia -early
Management morning or over sleeping
• Accept their vulnerability • Hopelessness, Helplessness, Worthless
• Develop trust in others ness, restless, irritable.
• Encourage to express emotions in positive • Guilt,
manner. • Anger
• Psychotherapy • Fatigue
225
B. Panic Attack
Intense feeling of fear or terror that
Postpartum Psychosis
occurs suddenly and intermediately without
warning.
C. Anxiety
Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness or tension
that a person experience to an unknown object
or situation.
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233
Perinatal Causes
10.10 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder • Alcohol and tobacco smoke exposure
during pregnancy.
A t t e n t i o n • Head injuries.
Deficit Hyperactivity • Infections during pregnancy, at birth and
Disorder is early childhood.
otherwise known as • Prolonged labour
Hyperkinetic disorder. • Perinatal asphyxia
The syndrome was first described by Heinrich • Postnatal infections, CNS abnormalities
Hoff in 1854. due to trauma
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Availability &
The District Mental Health Program
accessibility of mental
health care to the most
(DMHP) was launched under National Mental
vulnerable and under-
privilaged secons of
Health Program in the year 1996. Presently
Mental health populaon Integraon of
mental health
the District Mental Health Program (DMHP)
knowledge in
general health services with
General Health
is being implemented in 123 districts.
care in social
development Services
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240
SUMMARY
Most people with mental illnesses are treated in the community rather than in hospitals, but nurses
are needed in both settings. Demand for mental health services has increased significantly in recent
years. Around 20% of the world’s children and adolescents have mental disorders. Mental and
substance use disorder disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide. War and disasters have
a large impact on mental health and psychosocial wellbeing. Mental disorders are important risk
factor for other diseases as well as intentional and unintentional injury. Stigma and discrimination
against patients and families prevent people from seeking mental health care. Financial resources to
increase services are relatively modest. About 800000 people commit suicide every year. Generally
there is huge inequity in the distribution of skilled human resource for mental health
GLOSSARY
241
CLINICAL EXAMPLE
The Client with Severe Mental Retardation
Mr. X 18 years old, was born by a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery without any complications.
Two months after birth, Mr. X developed a temperature of 105°F and had a grand mal seizure. He
was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin
(FUO). Diagnostic tests revealed the presence of encephalitis. MR. X recovered, but his parents
were cautioned about the possibility of central nervous system damage because of the severity of
his illness. During early childhood, ages 1 to 5, Mr. X was able to communicate with his parents
to some extent but exhibited poor motor-skill development. He was unable to learn basic skills
such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, and it became evident that he needed supervision in a
controlled environment. Testing revealed Mr. X’s IQ to be that of a person with severe retardation
or mental impairment. At age 18, he continues to live at home with very supportive parents who
have been able to teach him some self-care activities. He relates well to a pet cat, helps his mother
with simple household chores, and helps his father with gardening and lawn care.
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11
Communicable
Diseases
The learned (physician) should ascertain the condition of his patient; the nature of his
disease, and the season (of the year) and (then) proceed (with his treatment).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Infections due to living organisms are 1. Infection: The entry and development or
called communicable diseases. They spread multiplication of an infectious agent in the
from person to person, or sometimes from body of human being or animals.
animals to people. They occur at all ages but 2. Contamination: The presence of infectious
are most serious in childhood and they are agent on a body surface or in clothes,
preventable to a great extent. In developed beddings, toys, surgical instruments or
countries, communicable diseases have been dressings or other inanimate articles or
prevented. But in India it is going through substances including water, milk and food.
a period of transition, both epidemiological 3. Infestation: For persons or animals the
and demographically. Infectious diseases are lodgment, development and reproduction
still persisting as major health problems in of arthropods on the surface of the body or
spite of having National programmes for the in the clothing (e.g) lice, itch mite.
control of many diseases.
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b. Carriers - is a person who has become 3. Contact with soil - The disease
infected with a pathogen, but does not agent may be acquired by direct exposure
show any signs or symptoms. of susceptible tissue to the disease agent in
soil, compost or decaying vegetable matter.
Animal Reservoir - the source of infection
2.
Examples: hookworm larvae, tetanus, mycosis
may sometimes be animals and birds.
etc.
Nonliving things - soil and inanimate
3.
4. Inoculation into skin or mucosa -
matter can also act as reservoir of infection.
Rabies virus by dog bite, Hep. B virus through
eg. Tetanus in soil.
contaminated needles and syringes etc.
5. Transplacental (or vertical)
11.3 Mode of Transmission transmission - TORCH agents - (Toxoplasma
Gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalo virus,
Infectious diseases are transmitted from
and Herpes virus). Varicella virus, Syphilis,
person to person by direct or indirect contact.
Hepatitis B, Coxsackie B and AIDS. Some
Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites,
of the non-living agents (e.g., thalidomide,
and fungi can cause infectious disease.
diethylstilbestrol) can also be transmitted
Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are
vertically (mother to child) which will affect
examples of infectious diseases.
the embryo and causes malformations in the
Susceptible Host - A person who lacks
foetus.
resistance to a particular pathogenic agent to
prevent disease if or when exposed.
11.4 Indirect Transmission
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3.
Epidemiological investigations to study 1. Fever
the extent of the outbreak and identify the 2. Malaise
modes of transmission. 3. Severe anorexia, nausea and vomiting,
4. Sanitation measures 4. Pain in right hypochondriac region
a. Water Sanitation 5. Passing dark color urine and pale stool.
b. Excreta Disposal - Health education
messages should stress the proper use Complications
of such facilities. Acute liver failure
c. Food sanitation - Sale of foods under Control measures
hygienic conditions. Health education
regarding eating cooked hot food, and a) Control of reservoir
proper food handling techniques. Complete bed rest and disinfection of
d.
Disinfection: Most effective faeces and fomites by using 0.5 % sodium
disinfectant is bleaching powder. hypochlorite is recommended to prevent the
Clothes and personal items to be spread of infection to others.
disinfected with disinfectant (dettol). b) Control of transmission :
5.
Health Education regarding Oral 1. Hand washing before eating and after
Rehydration therapy, Early diagnosis and defaecation.
adequate treatment and Food sanitation 2. Sanitary disposal of excreta.
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3. Avoid Alcohol 11. Poor skin turgor, dry skin and dry mouth
12. Sunken fontanels in children
Acute Diarrheal Diseases Diagnosis – Stool test
Definition Complications
According to WHO Acute diarrhea is 1. Persistent diarrhea
defined as an abnormally frequent discharge
2. Malnutrition
of semisolid or fluid faecal matter from the
bowel, lasting less than the 14 days by WHO. 3. Vitamins and mineral deficiencies
4. Hypoglycemia resulting in convulsions
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
and brain damage
ENDOSOME 5. Electrolyte loss
FOOD VACUOLES
6. Hypovolemic shock
PLASMALEMMA
7. Acute renal failure
ECTOPLASM
Control Measures
ENDOPLASM 1. Promote exclusive breastfeeding
NUCLEUS 2. Immunization
Causative Organism 3. Using sanitary latrines
Bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella, 4. Keep food and water clean and closed.
salmonella etc., 5.
Wash hands before eating and after
Virus: Rota virus, adenovirus etc. defaecation.
Parasites: Endamoeba hystelytica, Giardia
Treatment
lamblin etc.
Mode Of Transmission - Direct Oral Rehydration Therapy: Give
transmission - Faeco – oral route some available liquids like rice water, oral
rehydration solution (ORS) packet to be
Incubation Period - Few Hour to one day.
dissolved in one litre of drinking water and
Clinical Manifestation stir with clean spoon, till it dissolves. Give ¼
to ½ cup after every loose motion to a child
1. Sunken eyes
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Control measures
RNA
i) Sanitation : Measures to reduce
transmission such as improved water supply,
proper excreta disposal and improved domestic
and food hygiene. Simple hygienic measures
Viral Capsid
like hand washing with soap before preparing
Shell food, before eating,before feeding a child,
after defecation, after cleaning a child who has
defecated and after disposing off a child’s stool
Membrane
should be promoted.
Causative organism ii) Health education : important part of
Three types of polioviruses (Type I, II, III) health workers job is, to prevent diarrhea by
educating and helping community members to
Mode of transmission - Faeco – oral
adopt and maintain preventive measures such as
route: Through contaminated water, food,
breast-feeding, weaning, clean drinking water,
fingers etc.
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Causative organism
Varicella zoster
Mode of transmission - Droplet nuclei
Incubation period - About 10 -21 days
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Complications
Measles
1. Measles – associated diarrhea,
Definition 2. Pneumonia
Measles is an acute highly infectious 3. Otitis media.
disease of childhood caused by a specific virus 4. Febrile convulsions,
of the group Myxo viruses. 5. Encephalitis
6. Pan-encephalitis.
Causative organism Control measures
RNA Para Myxo viruses a) Isolation for 7 days after the onset of
Mode of transmission - Droplet infection rash.
Incubation period - 10 days from exposure b)
Immunization of contacts within 2
to onset of fever and 14 days to appearance of days of exposure. (if vaccine is contra
rash. Average 7 days. indicated immunoglobulin should be
given within 3 – 4 days of exposure)
Clinical manifestations
c) Prompt immunization at the beginning
There are three stages of an endemic is essential to limit the
spread.
1. Prodromal stage:
1. Fever Treatment
2. Coryza
There is no specific treatment for measles,
3. Sneezing but the condition usually improves within 7 to
4. Nasal discharge 10 days. Following measures are important to
5. Cough control infection.
6. Redness of Eyes 1. Controlling fever and relieving pain
2. Plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
7. Lacrimation
3. Treating cold like symptoms
8. Photophobia 4. Care of the sore eyes - cleaning the crusts
9. Vomiting with wet cotton swabs.
10. Diarrhea Measles vaccine: Measles is best
11. Koplik”S Spots on A Red Base prevented by active immunization. The
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Complications
1. Orchitis
2. Ovaritis
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Spike glycoprotein
Membrane
glycoprotein
Small envelope
glycoprotein
Nucleocapsid
phosphoprotein
RNA
Definition
Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a
Causative organism communicable viral disease
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Mode of Transmission
Dengue Fever
Influenza virus can be directly transmitted
from pigs to people.
Incubation Period - Within 7 days. Aedes mosquitoe
• Fever • Nausea
• Sore throat • Chills
• Cough • Headache
• Body ache • Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
Definition
Control Measures A viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes,
• Adequate amount of sleep and supply and causing sudden fever and acute pains in the
nutritious food. joints.
• Consider taking multivitamins and vitamin A severe form of dengue fever, also called
C supplement. dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause severe
• Wash your hands regularly with soap and bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure
water. (shock) and death.
• Avoid close contact or stay away from sick
people. Causative organism
• Avoid sharing drinks or utensils. Causative agent of the disease is the
• Avoid touching your face. Dengue virus,
• Wear a face mask as directed by physcian. Mode of transmission - Dengue fever
• Stay updated and avoid travelling to is transmitted to humans through the bites of
affected areas. infective female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
• Meat to be inspected and certified
Incubation period - 3 to 14 days usually 4
• Health education
to 7 days.
• Adequate sewage treatment and disposal
• Early detection and early treatment Clinical manifestations
• Through cooking of beef and pork is the
most effective method to prevent food Dengue Haemorrhagic fever
borne infection. • All symptoms of dengue viral fever.
• Maculopapular
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SUMMARY
1. The important water borne diseases are typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis A and acute diarrhoeal
disease. Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi and the mode of transmission is by faeco
oral route. Complication of typhoid fever is intestinal perforation.
2. Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by cholera (vibrio cholera) and the mode of
transmission is by oro -faecal route.
3. Cholera is a notifiable disease and it not identified and treated early can cause sudden death.
4. Hepatitis - is a systematic disorder that primarily affects the liver. The causative organism is
hepatitis a virus. Mode of transmission is faeco oral route and direct contact and the incubation
period is 15 to 50 days usually 28 days.
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Portal of entry ந�ோய் நுழைவாயில் The site through micro organisms enters
in to host
Susceptible எளிதில் பாதிக்கக்கூடிய Can be easily affected
Contamination மாசுபட்ட / தூய்மைக்கேடு Presence of unwanted harmful substance
Notification அறிவிப்பு The act of notifying
Isolation தனிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்ட The process of being alone
Disinfection விஷ கிருமிகளை நீக்குதல் The process of cleaning by using
chemicals
Causative agent ந�ோய் த�ோன்ற காரணமாகும் acting as a cause / producing an effect /
Incubation period ந�ோய் அரும்பு / உருவாகும் The period between exposure to an
காலம் infection and appearance of first symtoms.
Sanitary சுகாதாரமான Hygienic and clean
Photo phobia கண்கூச்சம் Extreme sensitivity / to light
droplet நீர்த்திவலை A very small drop of a liquid/
Anthro pod கணுக்காலிகள் A type of animals with no spine, six or
more joined legs/
Surviellance ந�ோய்- நிகழ்வு ஆய்தல் Close observation
கண்காணிப்பு
chemoprophylaxis ந�ோய்க்கட்டுபாடு The use of drugs to prevent disease/
eradication ஒழித்தல் முற்றிலும் அழித்தல் The complete destruction of something/
Evaluation
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The learned will long (for more learning), when they see that while
it gives pleasure to themselves, the world also derives pleasure from it.
Learning Objectives
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Philosophy Education
Traditional Philosophy
It sets the ideas, Education works Naturalism
principles, goals, out those values
• It is concerned with nature and believes
standards, values
that reality and nature are identical and
thus it is in reality
beyond nature there is no reality.
and truth.
• or naturalist, nature is everything and
F
It is the theory and It explains how nothing exists superior than nature so
speculative to achieve the they separates nature from God. Man is
goals through regarded as a child of nature.
man’s educational • aturalists also believe that all our
N
efforts. activities, whether it may be biological,
psychological or social are initiated by our
It is the It is the practice
instincts.
contemplative side
• atualism stresses the need to return to
N
It deals with It is active side the nature from artificiality.
abstract ideas and (Dynamic)
ends the situations It is applied Idealism
process philosophy • Idealism is the oldest philosophy. It
It deals with believes that man is the combination
concrete and of spiritual and material aspects,
means the spiritual aspect is more real and
important.
It is an art. It is the science. • Idealism regards spirit and intellect are
Philosophy It deals with of supreme value than physical matter. As
formulate the the process of per the idealism individual experience is
method method. valid than the material world and man
lives in the world of ideas rather than
facts.
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1. Tamil Nadu Nursing Council was established by the act in the year 1926 which
South East Asia’s first premier Council
2. In 1871, the first school of nursing was started in Government General Hospital,
Madras with a six-month diploma midwives programme with four students..
3. The first four-year bachelor’s degree programme was established in 1946 at the college of
nursing in Delhi and the Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMCH) in Vellore.
4. Florence Nightingale was one of the pioneers in establishing the idea of nursing schools
from her base at St Thomas’ Hospital, London in 1860 when she opened the ‘Nightingale
Training School for Nurses’, now part of King’s College, London.
5. In 1908, the Trained nurses association of India was formed to uphold the dignity and
honour of the nursing profession.
6. The Indian Nursing Council was passed by ordinance on December 31, 1947. The council
was constituted in 1949.
SUMMARY
Education is the corner stone of Nursing profession. Education in Health care today-both the
patient education and Nursing staff student education. It is a topic of utmost interest to nurses
in every setting in which they practice
Nursing education is a professional education which is consciously and systematically planned
and implemented.
A philosophy of nursing education includes beliefs and values with regard to man in general and
specifically man
Curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education. Curriculum may be considered as
the blue print of an educational programme
Nursing management consists of the performance of the leadership functions of governance
and decision-making within organizations employing nurse.
Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for economical and
effective planning and regulation of operation of an enterprise.
Nurses have various number of Expanded roles and Extended roles in health care
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Evaluation
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13 Nursing Research
Accomplishment the hindrances large profits won by effort; These compare, then let the work
to be done.
Learning Objectives
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• Identifying the assumption and formulation 2. Review of literature: It is one of the most
of Hypothesis important step in the research process.
• Selection of research design A literature review is an account of what
• Entry in to the research site (Pilot Study) has been already established or published
on a particular research topic by various
• Protect the rights of the participants
researchers.(University of Toronto 2001)
• Planning tools for data collection
• Collection of data
er
• Analysis of the data
e w spap e e.data
N azin Base
• Communicating the findings Mag
ary
B oo
Simple Steps In Research Process
ton
ks
1. Identifying the problem: It is a clear finding
Dic
Sources of
of the problem that should be studied. In Literature
Review
general broad topic area is selected and then ls
Thes
rna
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GLOSSARY
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A B C D INTERNET LINKS
Coding Modifying Entering Transferring
Transferring Coding Coding Editing 1. h ttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/
Editing Transferring Transferring Entering Sources-of-literature-review
Modifying Entering Editing Modifying 2. https://www.google.com me country causes
Entering Editing Modifying Coding frustration.
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Learning Objectives
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SUMMARY
Health assessment is very important in any health care settings. It includes health history and
complete physical examination. To get a clear picture of the client health status and health related
problems.
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S No Action Rational
1 Assemble all equipments and supplies after checking Organization facilitates accurate skill
the Dr.’s Prescription for tube feeding Performance
Checking the prescription confirms
the type of feeding solution, route,
and prescribed delivery time.
2 Prepare formula: Feeding solution may settle
In the type of can: and requires mixing before
Shake the can thoroughly. Check expiration date administration.
In the type of powder Out-dated formula may be
Mix according to the instructions on the package, contaminated or have lessened
prepare enough for 24 hours only and refrigerate nutritional value.
unused formula. Label and date the container. Allow Formula loses its nutritional value
formula to reach room temperature before using. and can harbour microorganisms if
In the type of liquid which prepare by hospital or kept over 24 hours.
family at a time Cold formula cause abdominal
Make formula at a time and allow formula to reach discomfort or sometimes diarrhea.
room temperature before using.
3 Explain the procedure to the diet Providing explanation fosters client’s
cooperation and understanding
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CONTRAINDICATIONS REFERENCE
Absolute contraindications SanjitaKhadka et al,(2008) Fundamental of
• Severe mid face trauma Nursing Procedure Manual, 1st edn. Japan
• Recent nasal surgery International CooperationAgency (JICA):
Nepal, pg - 104
Relative contraindications
• Coagulation abnormality
• Oesophageal varices or stricture
• Recent banding or cautery of oesophageal
varices
• Alkaline ingestion
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INSTRUMENTS Uses
TOOTHED DESECTING FORCEPS
RETRACTOR
• To separate the edges of a surgical incision
or wound
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THUMB FORCEPS
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Method of preparation
RECEIPIE NAME: GREEN GRAM Cook the noodles and keep it aside. Season
IDLY with mustard, and curry leaves, mix with curd.
Ingredienets Quantity Add the cooked noodles to the seasoned curd
and mix well. Garnish with coriander leaves.
Green gram 150 gms
Boiled rice 50 gms
RENAL MENU
Nutritive value / serving
Calories 510 Kcal
RECEIPIE NAME: BREAD
Proteins 36 gms SANDWHICH
Method of preparation Nutritive value / serving
Soak green gram and rice for 1 hour. Ingredienets Quantity
Then grind together for 15 – 20 minutes. Add Bread 5 slices 100 gms
salt as required. Keep this flour for ½ hour.
Egg 1 (40 gms)
Then make it as idly in idly pan. Can take
with jaggery Butter 10 gms
Pepper A little
Salt A little
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Procedure
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EASUREMENT OF UTERINE
M Purposes
INVOLUTION • To identify abnormality
• To rule out infection.
Definition: Involution • To estimate the rate of uterine involution
Assessing the state of the uterus in post- take place.
delivery period as it returns to pre-gravid Equipment Required
state.
Screen, Inch tape, Clean gloves.
Procedure
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Practical 6
CHILD HEALTH NURSING
nthropometric Measurement
A The following measurement which is
of Children commonly used for assessment of children is
discussed in this unit.
Anthropometrics are a set of non-invasive,
quantitative body measurements used to assess • Weight
growth, development, and health parameters. • Recumbent length or height
The word “anthropometry” is derived from • Head circumference
the Greek word “anthropo” meaning “human” • Chest Circumference
and the Greek word “metron” meaning
• Mid arm Circumference
“measure” (Ulajaszek, 1994). Anthropometric
measurements, including length or height, Purposes of Anthropometric measurements
weight, and head circumference, it helps
• To assess the general health status of the
health care providers determine if a child is
child
growing properly and can indicate when the
• To assess the general nutritional status
children health and well-being are at risk.
Additionally, anthropometric measurements Measurement of Weight
assist in selecting appropriate treatment Quantitative expression of body mass,
options for children and adolescents. which indicates state of growth and health, is
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Nursing Alert
Children less than 2 years of age –
Weigh the child without clothes or a diaper
using a digital infant scale. Position child
in the center of the scale tray and read the
measurement to the nearest 0.1 kg.
Children more than 2 years of age –
Weigh the child on an electronic floor scale
Keep the weighing scale on hard and firm
with increments less than or equal to 0.1 kg.
surface.
Weigh young children without shoes and
1. Clean the weighing scale with duster
wearing underclothes only, unless privacy
cannot be assured. For older children and 2. Spread a towel or disposable lining on the
young children when privacy is a concern, scale
weigh the child wearing minimal inner 3. Balance the scale to read zero
clothing and without shoes. Request child 4. Place the weighing scale close to the wall
or adolescent stand in the center platform to prevent the child from falling
of the scale and remain motionless until the 5. Instruct the mother to stand beside the
measurement can be obtained. Measure the scale
weight to the nearest 0.1 kg.
6. Undress the child before weighing leaving
diaper alone
Purposes
7. Place the infant on the scale
• o check whether an infant/child has
T
8. Place the left hand over the infant without
adequate weight for age
touching
• To calculate nutritional requirements
9. Note the weight
• o calculate the quantity of intravenous
T
10. Lift the infant from the scale and help the
fluids and medications
mother to dress the infant
• o monitor the progress of weight gain or
T
11. Check and compare previous weight
loss following treatment
12. Difference of more than 100 gms, needs
Required articles to be clarified by rechecking the infants
• Infant weighing scale-infantometer or weight immediately. If the difference is
Electronic floor scale still the same, it should be informed to the
• Towel or disposable lining doctor concerned.
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Equipments needed
• Length board or Infantometer
• Height scale or Stadiometer
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Learning Objectives
Definition
Introduction
A home is where you feel cared for and Home care (Domiciliary care)
comfortable. Elderly persons choose to be at 1. Home care is the supportive health care
home than cared in the hospitals during acute provided in the home.
and chronic illnesses. Home nursing services 2. Home Care may be provided by licensed
comprises a wide range of health care which health care professionals who provide
can be handled easily at home. The services medical treatment or by professional
provided are based on the needs of the caregivers who provide daily assistance to
individual and family. Home care is planned, ensure the activities of daily living are met.
coordinated and made available by providers
organized for the delivery of home care. Purposes of Home health care
Recently there has been a shift of community 1. Promotion, maintenance and restoration of
based care. The nurse is a valuable team health
member home health care service.
2. Minimizing the effects of illness and
disability
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Conditions which can be dealt in the home. 1. Care of the sick in the Home
• Wound Care - Pressure sores or Surgical The health personal may be called to see
wound the person who is sick in the home and realizes
• Care of the old age and handicapped the individual needs of the family members and
persons take care of them according to the needs.
• Patient and caregiver education (Health Assess the Patient carefully in good light
Education)
• General appearance
• Intravenous Nutrition therapy
• Colour of the skin, eyes or any other signs
• Rehabilitation therapy of illness
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Articles required
1. Mackintosh
2. wash cloth
7. Bathe feet in lukewarm, never hot, water. 3. Soft towel
4. Wash Basin
5. Warm water
6. Soap
7. Lotion
8. Disposable gloves
9. Nail clippers
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In-House QC
Rajesh Thangappan
Jerald Wilson C
Co-ordination
Ramesh Munisamy
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