Just a day without accidents..

today

100
Safety Talks

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 Just a day without accidents.. today

INDEX :
SAFETY TALK 001 WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW CAN KILL YOU
SAFETY TALK 002 GENERAL SAFE WORK PRACTICES
SAFETY TALK 003 HIDDEN HAZARD ACCIDENTS
SAFETY TALK 004 THIS ONE WLLL KLLL YOU!
SAFETY TALK 005 IT CAN´T HAPPEN TO ME
SAFETY TALK 006 REDUCING UNSAFE ACTS
SAFETY TALK 007 SIGNS FOR YOUR SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 008 WINDY DAYS
SAFETY TALK 009 WHY ACCIDENTS SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED?
SAFETY TALK 010 BE ALERT!
SAFETY TALK 011 WATER WORK AND WATER VESTS
SAFETY TALK 012 POSITIVE THINKING—SAFETY STYLE
SAFETY TALK 013 UNSAFE HABITS
SAFETY TALK 014 HAND AND WRIST INJURIES
SAFETY TALK 015 ACETYLENE SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 016 CHEMICAL SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 017 HAZARD COMMUNICATIONS - YOUR RIGHT TO KNOW
SAFETY TALK 018 PROPANE SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 019 TOXICOLOGY WHAT MAKES MATERIALS HAZARDOUS?
SAFETY TALK 020 A CHAINSAWS PROPER METHODS OF USE
SAFETY TALK 021 KEEPING AISLES CLEAR
SAFETY TALK 022 BACKING EQUIPMENT
SAFETY TALK 023 USING COMPRESSED AIR SAFELY
SAFETY TALK 024 CONFINED SPACES
SAFETY TALK 025 CHAIN SAWS / TEN SIMPLE SAFETY RULES
SAFETY TALK 026 PREVENTING CHAIN SLING FAILURE
SAFETY TALK 027 SAFE USE OF CHAINS AND SLINGS
SAFETY TALK 028 FORKLIFT FINESSE
SAFETY TALK 029 FORKLIFT TRUCKS AND BAD HABITS
SAFETY TALK 030 GRINDING WHEEL SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 031 HOUSEKEEPING
SAFETY TALK 032 HAZARDOUS ENERGY SOURCE LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
SAFETY TALK 033 LOCK IT AND POCKET THE KEY
SAFETY TALK 034 MACHINE CONTROLS, GUARDING & RESPONSIBILITY
SAFETY TALK 035 MACHINE GUARDING-FOR YOUR PROTECTION
SAFETY TALK 036 ELECTRIC PALLET JACK
SAFETY TALK 037 EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION
SAFETY TALK 038 DON'T BE A SCREWBALL WITH A SCREWDRIVER
SAFETY TALK 039 BUCKLE UP AND LIVE
SAFETY TALK 040 SLIP, TRIP AND FALL PREVENTION
SAFETY TALK 041 STAIRS - DEADLIER THAN MOUNT EVEREST
SAFETY TALK 042 TABLE SAWS NO SINGLE SATISFACTORY GUARD
SAFETY TALK 043 SAFE HANDLING OF WOODEN PALLETS
SAFETY TALK 044 CONTRACTOR SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 045 CRANE BOOMS AND POWER LINES
SAFETY TALK 046 CRANES-DANGER UNDER BOOMS
SAFETY TALK 047 EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT
SAFETY TALK 048 EXCAVATION & SHORING
SAFETY TALK 049 FALLS
SAFETY TALK 050 FALL OF PEOPLE

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 Just a day without accidents.. today

INDEX………..
SAFETY TALK 051 FALLS---THE DANGEROUS FOUR
SAFETY TALK 052 FLAGGING SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 053 HAND AND POWER TOOLS
SAFETY TALK 054 WHY WEAR HARD HATS?
SAFETY TALK 055 LADDER SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 056 MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORING
SAFETY TALK 057 MSDS
SAFETY TALK 058 POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS
SAFETY TALK 059 RIGGING BASICS
SAFETY TALK 060 SCAFFOLD SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 061 SUB CONTRACTOR SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 062SYNTHETIC SLINGS
SAFETY TALK 063 BURIED BY MATERIAL
SAFETY TALK 064 TRENCHING OPERATIONS
SAFETY TALK 065 WORK SMARTER UNDERGROUND
SAFETY TALK 066 WATER WORK AND WATER VESTS
SAFETY TALK 067 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
SAFETY TALK 068 ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT WORK
SAFETY TALK 069 BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
SAFETY TALK 070 ELECTRICAL SHOCK
SAFETY TALK 071 ELECTRICITY FOR NON-ELECTRICIANS
SAFETY TALK 072 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTORS
SAFETY TALK 073 HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 074 CRANES, CHAINS, SLINGS AND HOISTS
SAFETY TALK 075 CLEARING A JAM
SAFETY TALK 076 IN THE MIDDLE
SAFETY TALK 077 GAS WELDING SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 078 PORTABLE POWER TOOL SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 079 HOW TO STOP BLEEDING
SAFETY TALK 080CPR PROVIDERS
SAFETY TALK 081 EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 082 PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES
SAFETY TALK 083 FIRST AID FOR SUPERVISORS
SAFETY TALK 084 HEAT STRESS IN HOT WORK ENVIRONMENTS
SAFETY TALK 085 DRIVER SAFETY / DO YOU LEAVE YOURSELF AN OUT?
SAFETY TALK 086 DRIVING IN POOR WEATHER CONDLTIONS
SAFETY TALK 087 SAFE DRIVER QUIZ
SAFETY TALK 088 TO AVOID SKIDDING
SAFETY TALK 089 LET FIRE DOORS FUNCTION
SAFETY TALK 090 DO YOU KNOW "HOW & WHEN TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?”
SAFETY TALK 091 FIRES AND EXTINGUISHERS
SAFETY TALK 092 DANGERS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
SAFETY TALK 093 N.F.P.A. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LABELING / I.D.
SAFETY TALK 094 DRESS FOR THE PART
SAFETY TALK 095 EYE SAFETY
SAFETY TALK 096 PROTECT YOUR HANDS
SAFETY TALK 097 HEARING CONSERVATION
SAFETY TALK 098 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
SAFETY TALK 099 HOW TO SPARE YOUR BACK
SAFETY TALK 100 LOADING DOCK SAFETY

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 001
WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW CAN KILL YOU
There's an old saying that what you don't know can't hurt
you. I figure the guy who made that up was talking mainly
about gossip. But when it comes to knowledge about the
job, what you don't know can hurt you—it can kill you.
For instance, there's the machine you've watched a
fellow worker operate. It looks interesting—anything is
likely to look more interesting than our own work. It looks
pretty easy, too. We figure that if Joe can do it. we can.
Maybe Joe is sick, or late to work, or maybe he even
asks you to give him a hand so he can take five, not
realizing that you aren't a trained operator. You figure?
this is the time to run the machine, and that you ought to
be able to handle it O.K.
If that temptation ever comes to you—tell old Satan to get
back behind you where he belongs. Because any
machine which you haven't been properly trained and
authorized to run is sure to have some hidden habits that
are likely to show up by knocking you for a loop or curling
you up around its flywheel or taking hunks out of your
hide with its teeth.
The gun sharks warn us never to use any gun that we
haven't been taught from A to Z. I say the ordinary
factory machine is deadlier than a gun, if it's run by the
guy who doesn't really know how.
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There's another kind of not knowing that is plenty
dangerous. That's the kind that hasn't anything to do with
our training or skill or general intelligence. It's the kind of
not knowing that can hit any of us any day.
What I mean is the kind of blank-out that makes us forget
that there's anybody else around us, or any other work
than our own. We go plugging along at our own job, not
paying any attention to anything, and pretty soon some
guy backs a fork lift into our midsection, or drops a pipe
wrench on our head, or leaves a skid six inches from the
back of our heels.
Going into a daze, or daydreaming, or plain
absentmindedness in a plant is almost as bad as going
into one of them when you're driving a car. Our eyes and
ears should always be open—and we'd better be sure that
our minds are always ready to get the dope the eyes and
ears pass on. Otherwise, what we don't know is likely to
hurt and hurt plenty.

SAFETY TALK 002
GENERAL SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Regardless of your job, there are some basic safe work
practices that should be observed by everyone working on
the job site. The objective of the safety program is to prevent
injuries and to allow you to do your job efficiently and safely.
It takes an effort on your part to support the safety program
but, after all, that's what it's all about.
Right now, let's review some basic safe work practices. All
persons must follow these safe practices and render every
possible aid to safe operations and be a part of the program
by reporting all unsafe conditions or practices to your
supervisor or superintendent. The vast majority of work
related injuries are the result of unsafe acts of workers. That
means, when you take shortcuts, you violate safety
regulations or simply don't take safety seriously, injuries are
more likely to occur. Your company has a responsibility and
obligation to make sure that all employees observe and
obey all applicable company, state or Federal regulations
and order as is necessary to the safe conduct of the work
and must take such action as necessary to obtain
compliance.
If you violate company safety rules, or you work in an unsafe
manner, you will be provided a written safety counseling. This
counseling will explain what the unsafe behavior was and how to
correct it. If it's a minor violation, then the counseling will serve
as a reminder for the proper procedure. If it's a serious violation,
or you continue to exhibit unsafe behavior, disciplinary action
may be warranted. The purpose of safety rule enforcement is the
protection of all employees. One employee's unsafe
behavior can affect the safety of other employees and safety is
too important to allow unsafe behavior or unsafe
conditions.
In the construction industry, frequent accident prevention
instructions or training is provided at least every ten days.
However, it is each employee's responsibility to work and act
safely every day on every job. Training is simply making you
more aware of safety and safety rules and it's your job to work
safe and act safely every day.
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Anyone known to be under the influence of drugs or
intoxicating substances which impair the employee's ability
to safely perform the assigned duties shall not be allowed on
the job while in that condition. If you are taking medication
prescribed by a physician or taking over-the-counter
medication, be sure to tell your supervisor before you begin
work. Some medications may impair your ability to work or
operate equipment safely. We discussed unsafe behavior
and how it leads to injuries on the job. Unsafe behavior
includes horseplay. Scuffling, practical jokes and other acts
which tend to have an adverse influence on the safety or
well being of other employees. No one shall knowingly be
permitted or required to work while the employee's ability or
alertness is so impaired by fatigue, illness, or other causes
that they might unnecessarily expose the employee or
others to injury.
Work shall be planned and supervised to prevent injuries in the
handling of materials and in working together with equipment.
Employees shall not enter manholes, underground vaults,
chambers, tanks, silos, or other similar places that receive little
ventilation unless it has been determined that it is safe to enter.
Confined spaces can be quite hazardous from toxic fumes, gas,
and other hazards can gather in the spaces creating a
dangerous hazard.
Machine guards and other protective devices must be in
their proper place before machinery and equipment is used
and employees must report any deficiencies or hazards to
the supervisor when they are detected. If the equipment is
unsafe to operate, do not operate the equipment until it has
been replaced or repaired.
Crowding or pushing when boarding or leaving any vehicle
or other conveyance is prohibited.

Employees must not handle or tamper with any electrical
equipment, machinery, or air or water lines in a manner not
within the scope of their duties unless they have received
instructions and authorization from their supervisor.
If you are injured on the job, report the injury immediately.
Don't wait. Report the injury when it occurs, even if you
believe that medical treatment is not necessary. If medical
treatment is required, it will be provided.
When lifting any thing, use the power of your legs and not your
back. If you keep your back in its natural curvature by bending
your legs, it's difficult to suffer a back injury.
Inappropriate footwear or shoes with thin or badly worn soles
must not be worn. Wear proper footwear and clothing on the
job. Materials, tools, and other objects shall not be thrown from
structures until proper precautions are taken to protect others
from the falling objects.
Housekeeping is important to everyone's safety so take
time to keep your work area clean. If you see a hazard,
correct it. If you can't correct the hazard yourself, report it
so it can be corrected.
When handling chemicals or hazardous substances be
sure to use personal protective equipment as necessary
and follow the instructions provided on the chemical label.
Never use gasoline for any type of cleaning purposes.
Wash your hands and skin after handling chemicals and
hazardous materials.
When using ladders, inspect the ladder before using it to
make sure it is in good condition and will carry the load.
Using the proper ladder on the job is equally important.
Never stand on the top two steps of a ladder, and when
using straight ladders, make sure the ladder extends at
least 3 feet above the landing, or where the ladder is
positioned on the structure.
Any damage to scaffolds, false work, or other supporting
structures shall be immediately reported to your supervisor
and repaired before use.
No source of ignition shall be applied to any enclosed tank
or vessel, even if there are some openings, until it has
been first determined that no possibility of explosion
exists. An authority for the work is obtained from your
supervisor. Persons using welding equipment must
always be concerned in starting fires from the sparks or
flash. Never weld around combustible or flammable
material and, if necessary, have someone standing by
with a fire extinguisher during welding operations.
When using tools and equipment, maintain these tools
and equipment in good serviceable condition. Damaged
tools or equipment must be removed from service and
tagged "defective." Pipe or Stilson wrenches must not be
used as substitute for other wrenches. Only appropriate
tools shall be used for a specific job.
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Vises must be equipped with handles and not used to
punch or pry. A screwdriver should not be used as a chisel.
Portable electric tools shall not be lifted or loaded by
means of a power cord. Use ropes, not the power cordfor
lifting or lowering electrical tools. Before electrical tools are
used, they must be inspected to make sure the power cord
and plugs are in good condition. Cords with cuts or fray
must be replaced. You cannot simply wrap electrical tape
over a cut or frayed cord.
Only those persons who are trained and authorized may
operate machinery or equipment. Loose or frayed clothing,
long hair, dangling ties, finger rings, necklaces, and other
potentially hazardous items may not be worn around
moving machinery or other areas where they become
entangled. Machinery shall not be serviced, repaired or
adjusted while in operation, or shall oiling of moving parts
be attempted, except when equipment that is designed or
fitted with safeguards to protect the person performing the
work. Where appropriate, lockout-tagout procedures must
be used. If you see a piece of equipment or a machine that
is locked out and tagged out, do not attempt to operate this
equipment. A lock and tag means that someone is working
on that machine and could possibly be injured if the
equipment were to be inadvertently started.
Employees shall not work under vehicles or other
equipment supported by jacks or chain hoists without
protective blocking that will prevent injury if jacks or hoists
should fail.
Air hoses shall not be disconnected at compressors until
the hose line has been bled and is free of any air pressure.
All excavations must be visually inspected before
backfilling to ensure it is safe to backfill. Excavating
equipment must not be operated near tops of cuts, banks
or cliffs if employees are working below. Tractors,
bulldozers, scrapers, and carryalls must not operate where
there is a possibility of overturning in dangerous areas, like
edges of deep fills, cut banks and steep slopes.
Watch out for moving vehicles and equipment on the job
site. Often this equipment is noisy and the operator may
not be able to hear or see you. You have the responsibility
for watch out for moving equipment.
There are many more safe practices and rules that could
be listed, but it's impossible to list them all. Actually, safety
is simply using common sense and good judgment. If
something appears to have the potential for injury, then
that's the time to take steps to make sure the injury doesn't
occur.
Teamwork - everyone's cooperation and a special effort can
result in a safe and helpful work environment. If you take safety
seriously, you'll have a much better attitude about yourself and
your job. Take time for safety, because safety really does make
a difference.

SAFETY TALK 003
Hidden Hazard Accidents
Have you ever bumped into another person or had a
dinner tray cart pushed into you? Have you ever been hit
by a falling or flying object? These accidents can result in
more than bruises!
How would you like to have a big stack of linen tumble
down on top of you? Of course you wouldn't, and neither
would anyone else. The best way to prevent this is to
avoid stacking materials too high; stack it in such a way
that it absolutely cannot fall. Even if you take time to
stack items properly, you can't depend on everyone else
taking the same care. You should make a habit of
inspecting the environment for this type of hazard; this
can prevent an accident.
A door is another moving object that often strikes people.
Most people know what it feels like to approach a door,
perhaps with arms full, and have the door open suddenly
from the other side.
Some have learned the hard way that if windowless
doors open toward you, it's best to approach them with
caution. Never stand in front of such a door for an
extended period of time. If you must work in such an
area, prop the door open and secure it, or place a sign on
the opposite side of the door. It goes without saying that
you shouldn't use a ladder where a door opens toward
it unless you can be sure, by locking the door or propping
it open, that the door will not be opened. Of course, out of
consideration for those on the other side, you should not
push a door open rapidly or forcefully. When approaching
double doors, follow signs indicating which door to use.
People, too, can be safety hazards if they do not watch
where they are going. While walking, don't get so .
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Just a day without accidents.. today
engrossed in a conversation that you don't notice threats
to your safety that are right in front of you.
When approaching a corner or intersection in a hallway,
walk in the center of the hallway instead of next to the wall
where you cannot see or be seen by those traveling in
other directions.
Perhaps the employees in your work area can reduce the
chances of bumping into each other by agreeing to walk
only on the right sides of hallways. Think about how this
type of accident can be avoided; the next person you
bump into could be carrying hot coffee or sharp objects.
There is a possibility of bumping into or being bumped into
by a cart of some kind. You may not be injured, but who
wants to take chances? If you happen to be moving a cart,
especially a large one that you cannot see over or around,
don't push it, pull it.
Never push a cart; it's too easy to accidentally push a cart
into someone when you can't see where you're going.
People can also be struck by, and are frequently severely
injured by, objects flying out of machinery, such as pieces
of wood or metal. Whatever they are, they're likely to
travel at a high velocity, which increases the likelihood of
injuries. Proper machine guarding is one of the best
protection against flying objects.
These safety suggestions must be followed by everyone
to meet our goal of making the workplace as safe as
possible for everyone. We should remember that our
actions affect everyone in our department. Let's work
together so everyone can be assured that our workplace
is a safe one.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 004

THIS ONE WlLL KlLL YOU!

I used to have a wisecracking friend who always And there have been a lot more people loss eyes when
introduced his favorite jokes by saying, "This'll kill you!" so-called friends decide to blow some dust in their faces
Every time I see some wiseacre going in for practical with air hoses.
jokes in a plant, I think of that saying, "This'll-kill you!"

Sure, we all like a gag. We all like a laugh. But there are Just about any kind of a wiseacre practical joke pulled in a
some situations in which a gag is no joke, and the laughs busy shop is a threat to safety.
get turned into screams of pain. When we were kids, we
thought it was great sport to push a guy down, or trip
him—and I've seen stunts like that pulled in factories by Sometimes it's even a threat to the safety of the joke
adults who never grew up. puller. I've read several cases where the victim of a
practical joke got sore, lost his head, and let fly with
whatever was handy—wrench, hammer, knife, or
A kid takes a fall well—usually. His bones are flexible and whatever. And some of those times,, the guy's aim was
don't break easily. On a school playground, there's no good and the practical joker wound up in the hospital.
fast machinery or concrete floors. But you take a grown
person and give him a spill that wouldn't faze a kid and
you'll stand a good chance of causing a crippling injury. So let's behave like grown-up men and women, not like
little kids on Halloween. If you've got a wisecrack, maybe
we'll laugh at it when you tell it. But let's lay off the
Or scaring somebody—another favorite kid-trick. Maybe horseplay and practical jokes on the job.
you never saw one of those cases where a scare pulled
as a gag causes real trouble—but it happens often.
Maybe the guy being scared has a bad heart. Maybe he's
carrying something heavy that can crush a foot. Maybe
the start that fear causes puts him into danger at his
machine or makes him step off a platform and fall.

Air hoses seem to bring out the baby in some grown

men—they just want to play tricks with them. There have
been several people killed by fellow workers who thought
that it was smart to goose somebody with an air hose—
sounds funny, but it isn't—it's likely to be plain deadly.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 005
IT CAN´T HAPPEN TO ME
Accidents happen to other people. Car accidents happen to
other people, work injuries happen to other people. Yes,
accidents do happen to other people, but the lucky ones
never experience an accident. Well, if that's a true
statement, we'd all being wearing our lucky charms all the
time. Luck has nothing to do with it, but accident prevention
is each individual's responsibility.
Why do people think that accidents only happen to
someone else? One of the best reasons is a person may
have worked safely for many years without an injury and
truly believes that an accident will not happen. There are
many other reasons or rationalization that can be used to
explain how accidents happen to other people, but let's for
get that for now.
This program is designed to make you think more about
accident causes and how you can prevent injuries.
Accidents and injuries can be prevented, so let's begin that
journey right now.
If you look at the word accident itself, it's defined as an
unplanned, uncontrollable event..... When you use the word
uncontrollable, that means it can't be controlled.
Experience has demonstrated that accidents can be
controlled. Right away, that tells you the word accident
should not be used in what we normally call an accident.
It may be unplanned, but it can be controlled. For the time
being, everyone is familiar with the word accident, so we'll
continue to use it, just keep in mind that accidents can be
controlled.
What causes accidents? There may be several causes
contributing to an accident. Lack of knowledge, taking short
cuts, not paying attention to the job, violating safety rules
and others, caused by the behavior of the individual. There
may be causes related to unsafe conditions or safety
hazards that contribute to the accident. A combination of
unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions can cause
accidents. Accident investigation is conducted to determine
the cause of all accidents, so corrective action can be
taken to prevent a similar occurrence in the future.
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Not to find fault or blame, but the cause of the accident.
When you determine what caused an accident, you can do
something about it, so it won't happen again. That's basic
safety information, but it's something you should keep in
mind, to help maintain a good attitude about accident
prevention.
Are accidents ever caused by something beyond an
individual's control? Quite obviously, since the action or
failure of action by another individual can lead to an accident
of someone not involved? It happens everyday. There have
been thousands and thousands of fatalities of employees
who weren't doing anything unsafe, but got caught in the
process of some other accident cause.
How about those deaths resulting from cave ins? It's straight
fact that no employee would ever go into a trench, if they
knew it was going to cave in. No one would ever stay at
hotel, if they knew that particular hotel was going to catch on
fire during their stay.
There's always a sense of security about the job you're
performing, and you fully believe that nothing will go wrong.
It's when you let your guard down, by believing in this false
sense of security that accidents occur.
We could go on and on, but the point we want to make is.....
accidents and injuries can be prevented. Nothing mysterious
about the process, no magic....... but each individual must
take the responsibility to avoid accident causes.
How about those back injuries? Can they be prevented?
After all, your back is a weak link in our anatomical being, so
how can back injuries be prevented? Keeping your back
healthy through exercise, learning how to lift safely and
using your knowledge to lift safely, every time you lift
anything. It's not good enough to know how to lift safely. You
have to practice it every time you lift anything. You need the
knowledge of how your back works, so you can make the
right decision how to lift safely even when you can't bend
your legs. It's thinking about your back and not taking
chances....every day, on every job.
There are thousands of safety rules, regulations and certainly
your organization's policies and procedures relating to safety. It's
up to each individual to be aware of safety, exercise good
judgment and to perform every job in a safe and healthy manner.
No more, no less. You've heard it from the people who have
witnessed or experienced accidents and injuries. You've
probably witnessed or experienced accidents yourselves, but the
moral of the story is that accidents don't just happen to other
people. They are caused by something or someone. If you
eliminate the cause of accidents, you're on your way to an
accident free workplace and lifetime.
Safety works in your home also. It works when you're driving
your automobile. It works when you decide to make it work. Right
now, commit to taking safety seriously and you'll find that
accident prevention is a piece of cake.

SAFETY TALK 006
REDUCING UNSAFE ACTS
In today's work environment, employees are protected by a
variety of safety laws, rules, regulations and of course,
concerned employers. Safety is just good business and it
requires a team effort and responsibility by all employees.
Safety Engineers have always relied upon three essentials,
called the three E's. Education, Engineering and Enforcement.
Education means training, explaining the proper procedures of
job responsibilities, safety rules and of course, constant
awareness for working and acting safely.
Accident prevention through education and training.
Engineering is finding safety hazards and correcting them
before they contribute to an accident. Engineering also includes
proper selection of equipment and facilities. Engineering
focuses primarily on physical hazards in the workplace, but can
also include job safety analysis, ergonomics and other safety
engineering functions.
The third E is enforcement of safety rules. It doesn't do any
good to have rules if they aren't enforced. This program
addresses the enforcement of safety rules, so let's begin with
some information relating to the causes of most injuries in the
workplace.
Accident statistics from all industries have been compiled over
the years by insurance companies and governmental agencies.
The results of analyzing hundreds of thousands of accidents
reveal 85 to 98 percent of all accident causes result from the
unsafe acts of employees. There may be more than one cause
of an accident, but most accidents are caused, in whole or in
part, by the unsafe acts of employees.
Does this mean employees intentionally hurt themselves, or
they don't care, or that they're irresponsible? NO!
Quite often, it's the hard working, dedicated, loyal employee
who gets busy and tries to take a short cut, or simply isn't
thinking about safety and contributes to the accident cause.
Let's explain how this can occur. Remember, we're talking
about great employees, people wanting to do a good job and
certainly people who want to be accident free.
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WHAT IS AN UNSAFE ACT?
An unsafe act is any personal characteristic or condition that
may cause or influence an employee to act unsafely.
These conditions may be mental, emotional or physical. Some of
the types of unsafe acts could be: unaware of the job hazard,
inattention to job hazards, low level of job skill or inadequately
trained for a specific job. It could be the employee tried to avoid
extra effort or tried to gain or save time by taking a shortcut.
A slip and fall is an unsafe act because the employee could have
prevented the slip and fall if he or she had been paying attention
to the walking surface. Attention to the walking surface can
prevent slips and falls even if the floor is uneven, slippery, wet or
has a physical hazard, such as a hole or torn carpet.
Certainly the unsafe condition of the floor should be corrected,
but that's not a reason to slip and fall. Inattention to the walking
surface contributed to the accident.
A laceration or cut is the result of not paying attention to the job,
or neglecting to take the precautions necessary to prevent the
injury. Every time you begin to use a knife or box cutter, say to
yourself, this is a finger cutter. This one little mental reminder is
enough to alert you that special precautions must be taken to
prevent an injury in the event the knife or box cutter slips from its
intended cutting path.
A back injury is also an unsafe act. If you lift properly, it's difficult
to injure your back. Even in difficult lifting conditions, it's up to
you to use your good judgment on the safest method of lifting, to
protect your discs and to prevent ligament damage or strains.
We could go on, but this gives you a better understanding and
awareness of what an unsafe act is and how it's your
responsibility to prevent unsafe behavior.
That old safety slogan "Think Safety" means just that. Think
about what you're doing, how you're going to do it and then use
your judgment to perform the job without accident or injury.
You're the only person who has control over unsafe acts.

One more example. Let's say you fall off a ladder. The unsafe
act contributing to the fall was perhaps your inattention to the
footing, or perhaps you exceeded the limitations of the ladder.
You contributed to the accident.
What if the ladder was defective? Still an unsafe act? Certainly.
It's your responsibility to inspect equipment before you use it,
therefore if you had inspected the ladder before using it, you
would have found the defect and wouldn't have used the ladder
until it was repaired or replaced. Let's move on to the
enforcement of safety rules and what happens when you
experience an accident or injury as a result of an unsafe act.
Enforcement of safety rules has always been management's
responsibility. Management is required to investigate accidents
and take corrective action to prevent similar accidents. It's a
little more complicated than that. Management is legally
required to enforce safety rules. For a safety program to be
judged effective, there are several elements or tests the
program must pass.
1. Does the company have written safety rules and procedures?
2. Are employees advised of these rules through education and
training?
3. Is the training documented? Documentation includes what
information was taught, when it was taught and who provided
the instruction.
4. Are safety hazards identified and corrected. This is why
routine safety inspections are necessary and Action taken to
correct identified deficiencies.
5. Are safety rules enforced? If yes, management must prove
this with documentation. That's what we want to talk about now.
How do you document that rules are enforced? When an
employee causes an accident or injury through an unsafe act,
the employee must be told what he or she did wrong and
management must explain how to correct the unsafe behavior.
We call it a Safety Counseling.
It's not disciplinary action, the employee isn't being called on
the carpet to face a chewing out. It's a requirement for
management to explain what type of behavior or unsafe act
caused the accident. An employee can't be expected to correct
something without knowing what it is that needs correcting.
After explaining the unsafe act, management is obligated to
explain how to correct the deficiency.
If it's a back injury, perhaps additional training in the safe lifting
technique is needed. If it's a slip and fall, a reminder to watch
where the person is walking is all that's necessary. The
employee should be given a time period in which to correct the
deficiency. In most cases, it will be right away.
If safety rules are not enforced, which is documented by this
Safety Counseling, then the company's safety program is not
legally effective. Safety counseling serve several purposes, but
the two most important purposes are:
The company is ensuring all safety rules are enforced,
which is for the benefit of all employees in the workplace.
Everyone benefits from a safe and healthful workplace.
More importantly, the person experiencing the accident
or injury is provided information and training to help
prevent a similar incident in the future. Everyone wins.
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A minute ago we stated safety counseling were not disciplinary
action. That's very true. However, if an employee continues to
demonstrate unsafe behavior contributing to additional accidents
or injuries, disciplinary action may be taken on that particular
employee. The objective of any safety program is to prevent
accidents and injuries. If a person cannot or will not perform his
or her job safely, then that person should not continue to
jeopardize other employees or that person by continuing in the
work environment. This rarely occurs, but it does happen.
Safety is serious business and all employees must accept the
responsibility for working and acting safely.
That brings us to the question of what about the accident prone
employee. There really aren't accident prone employees, there
are employees who have more injuries than others. This relates
more to their attitude, experience, training, awareness and safety
behavior. Perhaps they haven't been counseled so as to effect a
change in their safety behavior. Don't blame accidents on
accident proneness. Training, education, supervision and
counseling is the most effective method of changing "accident
proneness" to good safety behavior.
One last thing and we're finished. If you're really conscientious
and take the time to perform you job in a safe and healthful
manner, that's what's going to happen. If you watch where you
walk, you won't slip and fall. If you see a safety hazard, correct it
or report it so it can be corrected.
Safety is really nothing more than preventing accidents by your
personal behavior.
It's not complicated and it certainly doesn't take time to think
safety. It's a personal responsibility you have working. It's a
personal responsibility when driving your car or at home or even
during recreation.
Think of the possible injuries to avoid so accidents and cuts,
lacerations, back injuries, can be eliminated easily, quickly and
then use your good judgment.
Slips and falls, muscle strains---these can be eliminated easily,
quickly and certainly without any extra effort. You're worth it, so
attack those unsafe acts and it will make your job easier and
much safe.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 007

SIGNS FOR YOUR SAFETY

When you see a safety sign, the ones on heavy
equipment, machine guards, electrical control panels and
boxes, and combustible/flammable liquid storage rooms
that say: DANGER, WEAR GOGGLES WHILE
OPERATING: HIGH VOLTAGE: NO SMOKING: FIRE
DOOR. DO NOT BLOCK: what is your reaction?
Most people react in one of two ways. A few get angry
and fed like doing the opposite. They don't like to be told
what to do or what not to do. The majority know that
safety signs make sense and that there is a reason for
each sign being where it is. They take the sign's
message as a visual warning and are glad its there to
remind them.
For example, can you remember what pictures are on the
walls of your living room? It's kind of hard to do. You're so
used to those pictures, just like the safety signs here on
the job, you don't notice them anymore. And not seeing
safety signs is dangerous business. If a sign says DO
NOT OPERATE WITHOUT GUARDS, that sign means
what it says. If you don't pay attention to the sign because
it's been there a long time, you are leaving yourself wide
open to an accident.
Disregarding a safety sign for any reason means you are
taking a big chance of getting injured and/or hurting
someone else. Being responsible for putting a coworker in
the hospital should lay heavy on anyone's' conscience

The second reaction is the right one, of course. The NO Remember. each and every safety sign is posted for a
RIDERS signs on the forklift are not there just to make good reason, to keep you from getting hurt!
you walk when you could ride. They are there to remind
you that hitching rides on trucks is risky, and someone is
going to get hurt.

A NO SMOKING sign is put where it is to keep you from

lighting up and prevent you from starting an
uncontrollable fire

Some people don't believe a serious fire can start from a

cigarette. Consider the fact that the National Safety
Council reported that in one year alone, 95,000 fires were
started by smoking and matches. These fires caused
property damage in the tens of millions of dollars, not to
mention the people killed and injured.

The purpose of signs is to visually remind you to stay

safe, however, the big problem is that we all get so used
to these signs that we don't notice them any more.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 008

WINDY DAYS

As you know, we're coming into the windy season of the
year. The supervision on this job has a responsibility for
taking general precautions when strong winds are
expected, but each employee must help in protecting
himself and other people.
Sudden gusts of wind can cause unexpected accidents If
the wind is gusty, use a tagline when hoisting loads with
large flat surfaces and you won't get caught when the
load swings. Don't get caught in a position where a
sudden gust can throw you off balance and cause a bad
fall. Stay off beams and away from the unbarricaded
edges of structures and excavations If you're on a
scaffold be sure there's a guardrail to protect you.
Finally, high winds pick up sparks from open fires and
cause whipping tarpaulins to overturn heaters. The
resulting fires have caused many severe burn injuries and
damage to buildings under construction.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. What are the particular hazards which high winds can
cause on this job?
2. What can we do as individuals to control these hazards
and protect ourselves and other people?

A 20 to 30 mile per hour wind can pick up a piece of

scrap material and carry it as far out as the height from
which it came. A piece from a 20-foot scaffold can hit a
man standing 20 feet away while the same piece coming
off a high rise building may travel almost a full city block.
Scraps of plywood and sheet metal cause the most
trouble, but a strong wind can pick up a loose 2 x 10 deck
plank and drop it off a scaffold.

The wind can whip up clouds of dust and reduce visibility.

Drivers and operators should slow down accordingly, but
a man on foot must watch out for himself and not depend
on an operator to see him in time to prevent an accident.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 009
WHY ACCIDENTS SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED?
Any accident or near accident whether or not it results in
property damage or employee injury is an indication
something has gone wrong in the operation. For
example, a surveyor carrying an expensive instrument
stumbles and falls over some rebar, which were
thoughtlessly dumped on an access way. The surveyor
may or may not be injured, however his instrument is
damaged requiring repair, and some line grade work is
delayed, delaying other work in turn. While this accident
is regrettable and costly it should also be an indicator or
warning of much greater hidden problems.
Is it possible that something is wrong in the planning?
Or in the handling and placing of materials?
Are proper instructions and communications lacking?
Is it possible that the scheduling program has gone
awry?
Any of these conditions could prevail throughout the
entire job, creating a general pattern of poor operation.
The intent of an accident investigation is first to
determine what other losses could be related to this
cause and what can be done to eliminate this basic
cause. It is common knowledge that the same loss
producing causes are responsible for personal injury
losses, losses involving damaged equipment, damaged
material, unnecessary delays, rework, poor quality and
damaged public relations. Accidents are definitely an
operating problem.
Steps in Accident Investigation: It is necessary to provide
a systematic procedure to use when investigating
accidents. The following procedure is time-tested and
incorporates sound methods of engineering principles.
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1. A description of what took place or what initiated the
investigation.
2. A description of why the accident or situation occurred.
The facts should be developed by studying the job and
applying the following questioning procedures: Why was
the action or situation necessary? What was its purpose?
Where should it be done? Was this the best time? Who
should have done it? Was the best qualified man doing it?
How else could it be done? Or was there a better way?
3. Determination of which of the three factors, equipment,
material or people require additional attention.
4. A description of the action that should be taken to
eliminate the responsible cause(s).
5. An evaluation of what effect this action will have on
improving overall operations.
Employee Responsibility: Employees are not only charged
with the responsibility to perform their jobs in a safe
manner and to avoid accident producing situations, but
have additional responsibilities to:
1. Report all accidents promptly and completely.
2. Fully cooperate with job foreman in accident
investigations so both primary and underlying
accident causes can he identified and corrected.
3. Correct and/or bring to the attention of the job
foreman conditions which the employee feels could
lead to an accident
4. Fully cooperate with all measures taken to promote
safe working conditions and safe work habits.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 010

BE ALERT!

What can I do about accident prevention?

1. Accept accident prevention as a personal challenge.

You can't pass the buck or leave it to the other fellow.
You yourself must be interested—enthusiastic—believe
in it—do something about it. Practical experience has
proven that this is the common sense method of living
and working.

2. Report unsafe working conditions. You may be the first

one to notice a loose bolt, a frayed electric cord, a
cracked ladder rung, a faulty controller, a slipping clutch,
or anything that is unsafe. When you see such an unsafe
condition that is leading up to an accident, report it
promptly to your supervisor.

3. Help new employees. They are eager and willing to

contribute their best effort. Make them feel that they are
welcome. Help to instruct and train them. Show them
skillful "knacks". Be patient and help them to become
effective, accurate workers by teaching them the best
methods.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 011

WATER WORK AND WATER VESTS

A few years ago the National Safety Council made a
study of work-connected drowning. They found that about
600 of these accidents were occurring every year. They
also discovered that about half of the victims were
unconscious when they hit the water and that only about
one out of a hundred was wearing a life jacket. When
workmen were asked about these accidents they
reported that life jackets were available but they were not
being worn because they were difficult to put on, were
hot and uncomfortable, and they restricted movement.
As a result of all this, the modern work vest was designed
for work around water. The goals which the designers
aimed for were there!
A harness that is comfortable and easy to adjust but will
not allow the vest to slip off even when a man hits the
water feet first.
A bright color to make the man in the water easy to spot.
These goals are met in the work vests we have provided
for your use. However, your help is needed if the vests are
going to make our work safer. First, the harness has to be
fitted for comfort, loose enough to give you room to work
and move, but tight enough so that it won't slip off.
Second, it has to be fastened or it will not turn you face up
and may slip off when you need it most. Finally and most
important, it has to be worn whenever you are over or
near the water.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. On which of our locations and operations are work
vests needed?
2. What adjustments can be made to make our vests
comfortable to wear without making them unsafe?

Quick release fastenings for ease and speed in getting in

and out of the vest.

Minimum interference for working and moving around.

A design that will turn an unconscious man face up in the

water.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 012
POSITIVE THINKING—SAFETY STYLE
An employee's attitude toward workplace safety certainly
can influence his safety record on the job. He will
continue to work safely only as long as a positive safety
attitude is held.
The following two examples show how positive safety
attitudes lead to employees making the right choices for
continued safety. A maintenance man making a plumbing
repair finds that he does not have the correct tool for the
next job step. There are only two choices: Should he
improvise and use a substitute tool or method? Or,
should he take a little extra time and get the right tool?
The employee with a strong, positive safety attitude
certainly will take the time and do the job properly.
Another employee is required to work overhead on some
piping. He has just two options: Move a box over and use
it as a work platform or get the rolling safety stage in the
next room. The employee choosing the stage
demonstrates a real positive awareness of safety.
How do we reach those employees who continuously opt
for the makeshift or temporary means to do the job?
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Here is where our supervisory skills get the test. Ask
yourself the following:
1. Are we as supervisors setting a good safety
example? Do we always use the hard harts, safety
glasses, gloves that are available? Do we do it the
safe way?
2. Do we make all employees aware that we expect
good safe work attitudes and habits from them at all
times?
3. Do we make it clear that only following safe work
procedures will be tolerated? Are we allowing safety
shortcuts to crop up in our daily routines?
Only by setting and maintaining a good positive
safety attitude in our departments will we reach the
desired level of safety we expect--NO ACCIDENTS

SAFETY TALK 013
UNSAFE HABITS
A habit can be defined as the tendency or disposition to
act in a certain way. Our ability to acquire habits—
whether good or bad—is directly related to our need for
satisfaction. The importance of developing these safe
work habits on the job is that we avoid certain exposures
even if we are not thinking about the particular hazard. If
we are always alert, never let our attention wander, and
remember to use all the safe practices and equipment
required for a particular task, then habits are not
necessary. Circumstances arise for various reasons and
complete attention is not always possible, however,
under these circumstances safe work habits really pay
off.
Potential hazards, and the safety habits that may
protect you from being injured, are listed for your
review.
HAZARD:The possibility of getting into the path of a
moving object as it moves toward a stationary object.
SAFETY HABITS: Check to make sure that the machine
openings are guarded. Look for cross-overs or cross-
unders and use them when they are needed. Pay
attention to warning signals; there is a reason for such
devices.
HAZARD:Catch points/shear points. These objects have
sharp corners, splines, teeth or other rough shapes
capable of catching the operator or work clothing.
Examples: Rotating drills, reamers, spline shafts,
broaches, keys and keyways, nails on the inside of kegs
and packing crates, shears, and dies.
SAFETY HABITS: Wear proper clothing. Make sure
guards are in place, and used. Remove nails and staples
from kegs and packing crates.
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HAZARD: Squeeze points. These are created by two
objects, one or both of which is in motion as they move
toward one another. Examples: Machine tables at extreme
traverse position forming squeeze points with other
machines, walls, and building columns. Materials being
moved on power conveyors create squeeze points with
fixed objects along the conveyor.
SAFETY HABITS: Maintain a minimum clearance of 18
inches between moving and fixed objects. Relocate
equipment where necessary. Maintain proper guarding.
Maintain sweep bars equipped with shutoff switches in the
squeeze area.
HAZARD: Run-in points. Examples: Belts and sheaves,
chains and sprockets, gears in mesh, rolls, conveyor
chains, ropes and pulleys, cable and drums.
SAFETY HABITS: Maintain and use proper guarding.
Know your equipment. Never operate or work close to
unfamiliar equipment.
Building safe habits is like turning on an autopilot in your
body; you function with less mental stress in your thinking
capacity.
Make safety a habit when you recognize any of these
hazards. Don't be caught in, on, or between. Apply these
safety measures or some measures of your own. Good
habits are safe habits!

SAFETY TALK 014
HAND AND WRIST INJURIES
Your hands are complex and wonderfully designed
machines. Together with your wrists, they help you do
a remarkable variety of tasks. From playing the piano
to cooking dinner or hammering a nail. Your hands
respond daily to various commands that ask for feats
of strength and dexterity. To put it simply, your hands
are literally extensions of your brain. More of your
brain is reserved for controlling hand movements then
for controlling any other part of your body. Clearly
your hands and wrists are important to every aspect
of your life. You use your hands all day, everyday,
both at home and at work. Yet in doing all of these
things that they do everyday, your hands and wrists
are prone to accidents and injuries. Today's talk is
designed to show you what you can do to prevent
injury and what to do just in case an accident occurs.
Now before we go any further, it's important to take a
quick look at the structure of your hand and wrist. This
will help you to understand the types of injuries we'll
discuss later.
Let's begin with the bones. Bones form the structural
support and strength in your hand and wrist. All
together there are 27 different bones in your hand and
wrist. In comparison there are only 3 bones in your
arm. The bones are surrounded and tied together by
muscles, ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments are strong, fibrous bands of tissue that
serve to stabilize joints and prevent damage by
limiting side movements of joints.
Tendons permit flexibility. When a muscle
contracts, the tendons lift or curl the fingers.
All of these working together enable your hand to
perform some remarkable things, including grasping
and the ability to pick up small objects with your thumb
and index finger.
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Now let's take a look at the different kinds of hand and
wrist injuries. Remember the information we've just
discussed about bones, ligaments and tendons.
1. Wrist fractures. This injury is most often caused
by trying to break a fall with an outstretched hand.
Sometimes the ends of the forearm bones can be
broken too.
2. Hand and finger fractures. Generally this is
caused by trapping or twisting the fingers suddenly.
The finger is caught in a car door for example.
Accidentally hitting the finger, such as with a
hammer, can cause a finger fracture.
3. Hand sprains. These occur when the ligaments
in the hand or wrist are stretched too far and tear.
Thumb sprains, for example, are a common sports
injury.
4. Finger tip injuries. Finger tips are subject to
many different types of injuries; the bones can be
fractured, the fleshy part of the finger may be torn
or the finger nail may be damaged.
5. Lacerations. Lacerations or cuts can be minor,
that is, only effecting the layers of skin or major,
serious deep cuts which sever nerves, muscles or
tendons. Lacerations can occur if your not careful
while handling sharp cutting tools, such as knives
or saws.
6. Nerve compression. This injury results from a
swelling of tissues that surround a nerve. As a
result there is a loss of feeling or sometimes a
tingling sensation. Repetitive
movements are the culprit here as they tend to
create the swelling of tissues.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

Caring for hand and wrist injuries depends upon the
type of injury. A hand surgeon or emergency physician
can treat the problem. Emergencies, such as
lacerations, will be cleaned and sutured, while x-rays
will be taken first, for fractures, to properly diagnose
the problem.
Your doctor may ask you questions about how the
accident or injury happened. If the injury is believed to
be a sprain or fracture, the fingers, hand or forearm will
be examined and gently moved to determine the limits
of movement. This helps to diagnose the injury
correctly. Fractures of the fingers, wrists or forearm are
treated by being repositioned or set to their former
position before the broken bone is immobilized with a
cast or splint. Pins may be used if the fracture is in an
unstable area. A cast is generally used here and the
cast will probably be removed in 6 to 8 weeks.
Sprains are treated in a different manner. Usually anti-
inflammatory medication is prescribed to reduce
swelling and the area is immobilized with a splint or
cast until the ligament heals properly.
Other specific hand and wrist injuries require very
specific treatments. For example, hitting your fingernail
with a hard direct blow, such as from a hammer, can
cause bleeding beneath the fingernail. This condition is
called black nail. Sometimes this will disappear as the
nail grows out but if pain or pressure continue your
doctor will relieve this by drilling a hole in the nail to
drain off the blood.
Nerve compression. This is often called Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome. Pain and numbness of the hand and fingers
is generally caused by swollen tissues pressing on the
median nerve which runs through the carpal tunnel in
the wrist. This injury is a bit different than the previous
ones, as it's caused by repeated flexing of the hand and
very repetitive motions. It's an acquired injury, not the
result of a sudden accident. Treatment involves
medication to relieve pain and swelling, followed by
splinting to keep the wrist straight. Severe cases are
treated with surgery where the carpal ligament is cut to
relieve the pressure on the nerve. And there are other
proven treatments besides surgery to correct Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome.
Because you use your hands all day, everyday, there's
always the chance that you may injure them. However,
you can decrease the chance of injury even further by
working safely and carefully, both at work and at home.
While at work, be extra careful around machinery and
power tools. Use caution while handling knives or other
sharp objects.
You can prevent a hazardous fall by watching where you're
walking and avoiding tripping hazards. Watch out for potential
hazards. Don't take chances around broken glass or sharp
pieces of metal. Think about keeping your hands and wrists safe
on the job and at home. Just think about all the wonderful things
your hands and wrists do for you everyday. Isn't it time you took
a little time to care for them?

A crushing blow to the fingertip, such as a finger being

caught in a moving machine, can fracture the last bone
of the finger and drive the nail upwards. This avulsion
of the nail is treated with a thorough cleansing and
fragments of the bone are removed. Damaged portions
of the nail are removed as well.

A tissue loss, as from a pinching or tearing injury, is

usually repaired with either suturing or surgery. Skin
will be sutured back together or in very complex
injuries, surgery will carefully repair tendons and
ligaments. Sometimes skin grafting will be necessary
to restore function and appearance. A splint may be
used to protect the finger as it heals.
Lacerations or cuts are treated according to their
depth. Minor injuries, like those from a sharp knife, are
usually fairly shallow because the force of the cutting
instrument is not very great. This type of cut is cleaned
and can be closed with either a butterfly bandage or a
few stitches. Major lacerations usually cut skin,
tendons and nerves. This type of deep cut usually
occurs from an accident involving machinery or power
tools. Surgery is necessary to repair damaged tissues
and the skin is stitched closed. Splints are used to
immobilize all major lacerations while they heal.
Physical therapy may be necessary to restore full use
of the tendons and help loosen scar tissue.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 015
ACETYLENE SAFETY
Select from the "problems and solutions" below. Present
your views and solicit discussion. You can select from the
ideas here or supplement them with your own. The
discussion questions at the bottom are designed as
thought provokers.
THE PROBLEMS:
.... Lack of external inspection
.... Failure to store and secure in an upright position
.... Removal of safety valve
.... Handling of cylinders with gloves that are greasy
.... Leaks
.... Contact with salt or corrosive materials
.... Back injuries
.... Explosion potential
.... Sliding of cylinders off truck instead of lifting
.... Lack of assistance when lifting cylinder
.... Exposure of cylinder to heat or sun
.... Storage of cylinder near flammable materials
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SOLUTIONS:
.... Training of employees
.... External inspection of cylinders regularly
.... Removal of rust, scale, caked paint, etc.
.... Storage of cylinders on end
.... Securing cylinders to rigid object
.... Lifting of cylinder with another person. They're a two-
man job.
.... Avoid exposure of cylinder to heat or sun
.... Avoid storage of cylinder near flammable materials
.... Securely block or tie cylinders when they're being
transported
.... Handle each cylinder as if it were full
.... Review rules for safe handling of cylinders regularly
.... Train new employees in proper handling procedures
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What should we check for when inspecting an
acetylene cylinder?
2. How are cylinders transported?
3. What may cause a cylinder to turn into a jet propelled
bomb?
4. Why do we need to treat each acetylene cylinder as if it
were full?

SAFETY TALK 016
CHEMICAL SAFETY
Chemicals are all around us - in the food we eat, the
clothes we wear, in the products we use everyday.
Chemicals can help us live better lives, but if we don't
understand about the chemicals we use, they can harm
us.
This program is designed to help you understand more
about chemicals and chemical safety. It's important to be
informed and aware of chemicals and chemical safety.
The first and most important step is to stop and read the
label!
All the basic information you need to know is found on
the label. It will tell you the name of the basic substance,
what types of hazards there are, what it will do, what
chemicals can't be mixed with this particular substance,
and any emergency medical information you'll need to
know. You'll also learn how to properly store, handle, and
dispose of the material.
Once you've read the label you'll be able to identify the
type of chemical and the proper instructions required for
this chemical.
Basically, there are four types of chemicals. Let's take a
look at what they are:
l. Toxic agents
These are chemicals that are poisonous to you, and can
act upon the body very rapidly. Hydrogen sulfide and
cyanide are examples of toxic agents.
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2. Corrosives
This type of chemical is usually an irritant. corrosives can
damage your body by burning, scalding or inflaming body
tissues. Examples of corrosives are chlorine, hydrochloric
acid, of course, battery acid.
3. Flammables
Flammables are the chemicals that burn readily. They
may explode or burn if sparks, flames or other ignition
sources are present. Examples are gasoline, benzene and
ethyl ether.
4.Reactives
Reactive chemicals are those that require stability and
careful handling. Some of them can explode or react
violently if the container is dropped or hit. Other reactives
may react violently if mixed improperly with other
substances. Nitroglycerine is an example of a reactive
chemical.
No matter what type of chemicals you're using, you need
to be aware of the ways that chemicals may affect you. If
you're not properly protected, you may be exposed to
chemical hazards. Here are the ways in which chemicals
can enter your body:
Inhalation Chemical vapors, dust or gases can be inhaled
if you=re not wearing a respirator or proper respiratory
equipment.
Absorption. Some chemicals can be absorbed right
through your skin and enter your body. You can prevent
this hazard by wearing the appropriate gloves and
protective clothing.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

Ingestion. You may be ingesting small doses of
chemicals daily and not even realize it. Chemicals can be
absorbed by food, cigarettes and drinks. They can also
remain on your skin and be transferred to your food if you
don't wash your hands before eating. Always be sure to
wash your hands before eating and make sure you store
food away from your work area.
Spillage. There is always a chance that you may be
accidentally splashed or exposed to a chemical. To
prevent injury you should always wear the proper
protective equipment, according to company policy and
the requirement of each specific chemical.
Ok, let's review some basic safety tips about chemicals:
1. Read the label.
It will tell you what you need to know about your
chemical. If you find you need more information, ask your
supervisor for a copy of the material safety data sheet.
6. Report any suspected problems.
If you notice any malfunctioning equipment or any
electrical equipment that is in need of repair, report it to
your supervisor immediately. Also report any suspected
problems with your chemicals, if the chemical odor has
hanged or is unusual, don't use that chemical. It may have
changed with time. Report anything unusual to your
supervisor.
7.Keep your work area neat, clean and organized.
You'll know where everything is, and you'll be able to work
more efficiently.
8. Store everything properly.
Make sure to close containers tightly. Keep flammables in
a safe area, and use only the smallest amount necessary
for the job. Store compressed gas in leak- free containers

The msds gives more technical information about the

chemical than the label.

2. Dress the part.

Wear the proper safety protection, clothing and
equipment as required.

3. Follow directions.
If the label says, use only with adequate ventilation make
sure you do so. Never mix chemicals unless you've been
trained and authorized by your company.

4. Know emergency procedures.

Be familiar with first aid procedures, and be sure to know
where the emergency eye wash showers are located;
also know where emergency phone numbers are posted.

5. Be careful!
Don't work alone, make sure there is someone there to
help you if necessary. Don't try to hurry or take shortcuts,
you just can't rush safety! Don't roughhouse or goof
around. Chemical safety is a job for professionals.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 017
HAZARD COMMUNICATIONS - YOUR RIGHT TO KNOW
As professionals, you can readily understand the need
for updated training and information on important topics
relating to your job and health. Today, this program helps
meet this challenge, by reviewing information you need to
protect yourself and others when working with hazardous
materials and chemicals.
You work with hazardous materials and chemicals
everyday. Cleaning supplies, pesticides, soaps,
detergents, solvents, gasoline, and many others.
You name it, they're all part of your job. You use these
same basic chemicals in your home. Are you at risk by
using chemicals? There is no one, specific answer to the
question. We can't possibly cover all chemical hazards,
but we simply want to provide some basic information to
help reduce health hazards.
A hazardous chemical is any chemical that poses a
physical or health hazard. Physical hazards include
combustible liquids, compressed gas, explosive or
flammable liquid, organic peroxides, oxidizers, or
pyrophoric chemicals. Health hazards include those
chemicals creating acute or chronic health effects.
Basically anything that can damage the eyes, lungs, skin
or mucous membranes. All this tells you is practically
every chemical at home or work has a potential physical
or health hazard. Of course, each chemical has varying
degrees of hazards and for that reason it's critical for you
to read and follow the instructions and warnings labels on
all chemicals.
Gasoline is a physical and health hazard and it's used
safely by millions of people. Learn the hazard and take
the steps necessary to avoid the risks.
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This program is called HAZARD COMMUNICATIONS,
"YOUR RIGHT TO KNOW". More importantly, it's your
need to know. You already have an understanding of the
chemicals you use at home and work, and you certainly
are aware that some chemicals can be hazardous to your
health if used improperly.
Treat all chemicals as potential physical and health
hazard. Maybe they are, maybe they aren't, but why take
a chance. Water can be dangerous if you don't use it
properly.
Common hand lotion will make you sick if you drink it. The
point we're trying to make is to treat all chemicals with
respect, read and follow the information printed on the
label. The next step in the educational process is to know
more information about the chemicals used in your job.
The company maintains a MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEET on every chemical in the workplace. This MSDS is
provided by the chemical manufacturer and contains
information on each chemical. A chemical inventory is
maintained and if a new chemical, such as a new cleaner
or paint, is introduced... a MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEET will be added.
The MSDS serves several important functions. The
information on the MSDS is used by management to
determine the type of safety equipment needed to protect
against potential hazards.
The information is also the basis for policies and
procedures to reduce potential physical and health
hazards, including how to safely use, store, handle and
dispose of a particular chemical. The information
contained in the Material Safety Data Sheet is available to
you, if you're interested in more information about a
specific chemical. All you have to do is check the
information on the data sheet.

Quickly, let's review what type of information is contained
on the data sheet.
Section 1 is product identification, manufacturer and
identifies the chemical and trade names of the
substance.
Section 2 lists the hazardous ingredients including
hazardous mixtures of liquids, solids or gases. This
section also lists any carcinogenic or cancer causing
components, if any are contained in the chemical.
Section 3 explains the physical characteristics of the
substance. This section gives engineering and
management information on flash points, solubility rate,
evaporation rate and other physical characteristics to
help determine how to use the chemical safely.
Section 4 deals with fire and explosion hazards and
extinguishing fires containing this chemical. It's always a
good idea to notify your local fire department if you use
chemicals requiring special fire fighting techniques or
equipment.
Section 5 contains reactivity information, such as what
chemicals, liquids or substances may react to this
particular chemical.
Section 6 is extremely important, as it explains potential
health hazards. You need to know if the substance is
harmful, then take the required precautions to reduce
exposure. Section 6 also includes emergency first aid
and emergency procedures.
Section 7 explains the type of protective equipment or
engineering controls required to reduce exposure. It may
specify safety glasses, gloves, respirators, ventilation
equipment or other hygiene procedures.
Section 8 contains procedures for spills or leaks. You
can't just wash spilled chemicals down the drain, or mop
them up and throw the residue in the trash. Each
chemical has specific procedures that must be carefully
followed. This information is also used to prepare
emergency action plans.
Although the sections may be different on your Material
Data Sheet, all the information will be contained on the
Material Safety Data Sheet. Material Safety Data Sheets
must contain this information, although the forms used
may be slightly different from manufacturer to
manufacturer. It's your right to know and the information
is available, all you have to do is ask your supervisor.
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Last, but not least is chemical signs and Certainly, your
employer has established policies and labels.' procedures,
therefore follow your company's guidelines. Generally,
every chemical must be labeled, with the contents.
Frequently, chemicals are shipped in larger containers,
but the smaller container may not be labeled. It's up to you
to identify the contents of all chemical containers.
There have been thousands of accidents and injuries
because of mislabeled contents, or no label at all. Hazard
Communications, Your right to know is a fancy title for
being aware of potential hazards, reading and following
the information contained on chemical labels and of
course, if you want more information about a particular
chemical, ask your supervisor for the Material Safety Data
Sheet. This information won't do you any good if you don't
put it to use.
Chemicals in today's society are here to stay and many of
the chemicals are extremely safe to use, but all chemicals
must be treated with respect and you must always follow
the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
Never mix any chemicals unless you have been trained
and authorized by management.
Even at home, improper mixing of chemicals can be
extremely hazardous. If you mix a common household
chlorine cleaner with ammonia, it can form a deadly gas
called chloramine. Of course, avoid a very common
mistake of thinking more is better. You've all done it, like
adding just a bit more of the cleaner or liquid so it will do a
better job. If the label specifies one tablespoon, don't think
2 or 3 tablespoons will work 2 or 3 times better. Follow the
directions.
That's about it, but it's really up to you to work and act
safely. Safety is your responsibility and all the rules,
regulations, policies, labels or Material Safety Data Sheets
won't do any good, if you don't take the responsibility to
perform every job safely. It won't slow you down or
interfere with your job. It will reduce accidents and injuries.
You can also take safety home with you.

SAFETY TALK 018
PROPANE SAFETY
Liquefied petroleum gas, commonly called LPG or LP
gas is a mixture of several hydrocarbon gases. Propane
and butane, used separately or in mixtures, are the
principal LP-gases. Propane is the LP gas most widely
used in the USA. Propane is a vapor at normal
temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Your gas
supplier converts propane to a liquid by a combination of
compression and cooling, which greatly reduces space
requirements. Approximately 270 gallons of vapor can be
converted to one gallon of liquid. Moderate pressure
holds the propane in liquid form until needed and of
course, a pressure tank is necessary to maintain this
pressure.
Propane has been a common fuel in homes and
businesses since the early 1920's. Today, propane is
used extensively for forklifts operating in warehouses
because propane's clean burning properties eliminate
sludge, carbon and gum deposits, resulting in lower
maintenance and operation costs, as well as reducing
harmful exhaust emissions. Without going into great
detail, let's quickly review some basics of a propane
dispensing tank. The dispenser is a complete system
consisting of the fuel supply tank, hose coupling and all
fixtures necessary to complete the system. It's important
that any person using the propane dispenser unit to
transfer propane liquid into portable cylinders. Learn what
inspections and preventative maintenance are required
and if you have any questions about the safety features
of the system, be sure to ask your supervisor.
This program is designed to provide basic safety
knowledge of proper cylinder refueling operations by
vehicle operators.
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The most important consideration is safety, so always
follow your company's policies and procedures relating to
refueling propane cylinders and other safety regulations
recommended by the Propane supplier or equipment
manufacturer. The very first step is to make sure the
cylinder is approved by the markings on the cylinder, such
as DOT, ICC or ASME nameplates. Inspect the cylinder to
determine if there is any damage to the cylinder, before
filling and never use a damaged or if defects are found. A
protective ring or housing is required on all approved
cylinders to prevent physical damage to the valves. The
next step is to make sure there are no open flames,
sparks or other sources of ignition near the refueling tank
or area. Naturally, no smoking is allowed near the
refueling area. The vehicle must be shut off during
refueling and it is recommended the forklift propane
cylinder be removed from the vehicle during refueling.
One important consideration when removing the cylinder
is to lift safely. Lift Safely to prevent a back injury and also
lifting properly to prevent damage to the cylinder. All
propane cylinders should be considered under pressure,
therefore, should be handled in a safe manner to prevent
damage.
Let's now take a look at the refueling of a forklift propane
cylinder from a dispensing unit. In addition to inspecting
the cylinder for proper marking and identification, a check
should be made to detect any gouges, dents, bulges or
other damage.
Check for leaks. All seams and openings should be
inspected. Check that the relief valve will discharge
directly into the atmosphere and will not impinge on
the tank, structural members or adjacent objects. A
protective cover should be installed on the piping to
prevent entrance of moisture or debris into the relief
valve.

Always wear proper protective gloves and
eye/face protection as required by your company
safety regulations. Remove the protective plastic
cap on the tank filler valve. Connect the hose
coupling to the tank filler valve. Open the main
liquid valve at the storage tank. Turn on the
transfer pump. Open the valve on the tank to be
filled is so equipped. Slowly open the hose end
valve, no more than two turns. Check the entire
system for leaks. Open maximum liquid level
outage valve approximately one quarter turn until
the gas starts to vent. Fill the tank until liquid
vents from the outage valve. When liquid vents,
there will be a visible cloud and this indicates the
cylinder is full. When liquid vents, close the hose
end of the valve immediately. Shut off transfer
pump and close the outage valve. A word of
caution: DO NOT OVERFILL THE TANK.
Adequate vapor space must be left in the tank to
allow for expansion of the liquid. If over filled,
bleed off excess LP gas in a safe location. Close
the valve on the tank if so equipped. Partially
loosen the hose coupling at the tank filler valve
and bleed off trapped liquid. When
depressurized, disconnect the hose coupling.
Replace the protective plastic cap on the tank
filler valve.
Check that the outage gauge is closed tight, close the
main liquid valve at the storage tank and store the hose
properly. Forklifts normally have another safety relief
valve located behind the driver's seat on most
equipment. In the event the tank is overfilled and
expansion occurs, the cylinder's safety valve would vent
the over fill, however, if that valve does not function
properly, an additional safety relief valve on the forklift
will allow the gas to escape. This points out the need for
forklift operators to inspect the entire fuel system on the
vehicle. Inspect fuel hoses, connections and the safety
relief valve for any sign of wear, damage or leaks. Quite
frequently, fuel connections from the cylinder to the
forklift become loose and should be checked periodically
to make sure they are properly tightened.
Certainly, there may different systems, different types of
cylinders and other configurations of propane systems,
but it's important that you follow the equipment
manufacturer's recommendations, your propane supplier
recommendations and of course, your company's safety
policies and procedures.
Right now, let's take a look at some of the characteristics
of propane, to give you a better understanding of the
liquid and vapor. As a liquid, propane is easily
transported and stored, but requires special handling and
safety procedures. Propane burns cleanly, has a high
heat value and has a high octane number.
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Propane is not poisonous. Propane liquid is
colorless and odorless in its natural state. A rotten
egg odor is added to propane for your protection
and to aid in detection. You should always be able
to smell this odor if a small amount of vapor is
vented into the air. Propane liquid is extremely
volatile and will vaporize quickly if spilled.
Propane liquid leaking into the atmosphere can
often be detected by a white fog caused by
freezing of moisture in the air. Propane vapor is
heavier than air and can accumulate in low spots.
Escaping propane could lead to one or more of
the following incidents:
1. Fire due to burning of the gas.
2. Explosion due to ignition of combustible mixture
of gas and air in a confined space.
3. Asphyxiation due to the lack of oxygen.
4. Freeze burn from direct contact of propane
liquid with the skin.
Where escaping gas is encountered, all possible
sources of ignition must be considered and
eliminated or controlled. Do not remain in a
propane rich atmosphere for any prolonged length
of time for the following reasons:
1. Propane vapors are non-toxic, but they can
reduce the oxygen content in a vapor cloud or
enclosed space.
2. In an atmosphere of pure propane vapor, a
person would rapidly become unconscious and
die in several minutes if not removed from this
atmosphere. Oxygen starvation often develops
slowly and the victim is generally unaware that
anything is wrong until it's too late.
Direct contact with propane liquid produces rapid freezing
of skin tissue because of the high rate of heat transferred.
This freezing causes a "chemical burn" very similar to
frostbite. Gloves which will not absorb propane liquid
should be used when handling propane. The wearing of
clothing which will repel or partially absorb liquid is the
best way to avoid exposure to your skin from propane
liquid. Immediately remove any clothing which has been
saturated with propane liquid to reduce the extent and
severity of skin burns. Safety glasses and a full face shield
are recommended when filling propane tanks and
cylinders, due to the same exposure as your skin. If you
need or want more information regarding propane, consult
your company's Material Safety Data Sheet for propane.
This MSDS provides additional information on the
Hazardous Ingredients, Physical Data, Fire and Explosion
Hazards, Health Hazard Data, Reactivity Data, Spill or
Leak procedures, Special Protection Information and any
Special Precautions.

SAFETY TALK 019
TOXICOLOGY WHAT MAKES MATERIALS HAZARDOUS?
When we discuss toxicology, there are many new terms
and definitions we must learn to understand what they
mean. Let's quickly review some of the terms and
definitions relating to hazardous materials.
TOXICOLOGY is the study of toxic or poisonous
substances. It relates to the physiological effect, source,
symptoms and remedial measures for the materials. A
TOXIN is any substance, which upon contact with a living
organism, can cause injury or interference with the life
processes of that organism, without acting mechanically.
TOXICITY is the amount of a toxin or poison which under
specified conditions will result in detrimental biological
changes.
Toxins cause injury in relatively small amounts compared
to other substances, but materials classified as toxic may
differ by a small factor or ten billion in the potencies. The
margin of safety is determined by the dosage and the
toxicity of the material encountered.
DOSE is the quantity of a substance that enters into the
biological system. Dose is not synonymous with
concentration.
CONCENTRATION is the quantity of a substance that is
exposed externally to a biological system.
UNITS OF DOSE AND CONCENTRATION can be
expressed in terms of the quantity administered, such as
per unit weight, usually expressed as milligrams of
substance per kilogram of body mass. It can also be
expressed per area of skin surface, unit volume of air
inhaled, which is commonly termed parts per million of air
by volume. This term parts per million is very important,
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as you'll see this term more often than any other. It can be
explained very simply. Let's take a bottle, which contains
one million parts of air. Drop in a substance of 10 parts
into this air space and you have 10 parts of the substance,
per million parts of air, by volume. Another way to look at
parts per million is eleven parts million is equivalent to 11
minutes in two years. Or an eleven ounce needle in a ton
of hay. One part per million is equal to one bottle of soda
in a row of bottles over 40 miles long. One car in a line of
traffic 2,650 miles long. One part per billion equates to one
quarter, in a stack of quarters nearly 1,500 miles high.
One part per trillion is equal to one minute of time in the
past one million, 920 thousand years. These are certainly
not scientific explanations, but it does put the concept into
perspective, for ease of understanding what parts per
million means. We can now measure parts per billion, or
parts per trillion. Each chemical is different, with different
concentrations of hazards. Identifying by parts per million
or billion is just one method of protecting individuals from
potential health hazards.
ACUTE TOXICITY is the toxicity resulting from exposure
to a relatively high concentration of a toxic material over a
relatively short period of time, such as seconds, minutes
or hours. The relationship of exposure and toxic effect is
usually quite clear and defined, since the effect is
relatively immediately. Acute means quick.
CHRONIC TOXICITY is the toxicity resulting from
exposure to a relatively low concentration of a toxic
material over a long period of time, such as days, weeks,
months or years. With chronic exposure, the relationship
between exposure and toxic effect is not always apparent
and in some cases cannot be established with certainty.
Acute toxicity is immediately known, such as a person
passes out immediately from the effect. Chronic toxicity
could go for several months or years before feeling the
effects of the exposure.

Ok, let's take a look at some factors which may modify
the toxic effects of a substance:
1. The route of exposure or entry. Was it inhaled,
absorbed through the skin or ingested?
2. The physical state of the substance. Was it solid,
liquid, gas? What was the concentration of the
substance?
3. The external temperature. Some materials are more
toxic or hazardous when they are warm, than others.
4. The physiological condition of the individual. Was the
person in good health or was the person in poor health.
Persons in good health are more likely to recover more
quickly than persons in poor health. A good way to
describe the various toxicants is by their actions on living
organisms, such as irritants, asphyxiants, nerve poisons
or systemic poisons.
5. The dosage. This again, goes back to the amount or
concentration of the substance. Was it 10 parts per
million, or 500 parts per million. The higher the dose, the
more toxic it may be.
Most toxic effects are reversible and do not cause
permanent damage, although complete recovery may
take a long time. With regard to emergency response
personnel, potential acute exposures are more typical.
Acute exposures do not persist for long periods of time.
Acute skin exposures may occur when workers must
work close to substances in order to control a release or
contain and treat the spilled material. Once the
immediate site problems have been alleviated, exposures
tend to become more chronic in nature as cleanup
progresses.
Chronic exposures usually are associated more with
hazardous waste site investigations where contaminated
soil, debris and water or containment systems may hold
diluted chemicals. Abandoned waste sites represent
potential chronic exposure problems. However, during
initial activities at these sites, personnel engaged in
sampling, handling containers, or bulking compatible
liquids face an increased risk of acute exposures to
splashes, mists, gasses or particulates.
Let's now discuss some more important terminology and
we'll begin with TLV. Threshold Limit Value. TLV's were
developed based on the BODY's ABILITY TO
WITHSTAND VARIOUS INSULTS AND CONTINUE TO
RECOVER UNTIL A LEVEL IS REACHED WHERE
RECOVERY WILL NO LONGER OCCUR, or occur at
decreased rates. In other words, there is a sufficiently
small amount of exposure to toxic substances that does
nothing injurious. This concept implies that a threshold of
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effect or a "no effect" level exists. This no-effect level will
vary from chemical to chemical. TLV's refer to airborne
concentrations of substances and represent conditions
under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be
repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.
When you look at the information on Material Safety Data
Sheets, or other technical information about a particular
hazardous substance or chemical, TLV's will most often
be listed. You have to be able to understand this
information to protect yourselves from the toxic effect of
the substance. Part of the information you need to know is
the Measures of TLV's.
TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE is the concentration most
workers can be repeatedly exposed to during an 8 hour
day, 40 hour work week without developing adverse acute
or chronic effect. A TLV may have a TLV with a SKIN
notation. This special "skin" notation indicates that direct
skin contact should be avoided due to the chemical's skin
absorption properties.
TLV-C or Ceiling. A TLV-C is a ceiling value. It's the
concentration that cannot be exceeded even
instantaneously because of serious health effects.
TLV-STEL or Short Term Exposure Level is the allowable
exposure concentration for a short period of time. A 15
minute average exposure period, repeated no more than
four times a day, with at least one hour between
successive exposures, provided the 8 hour Time
Weighted Average is not exceeded. If you follow these
guidelines, there should be no health problem.
If you see the term IDLH, it's time to be especially careful.
The term IDLH means Immediate Dangerous to Life and
Health. IDLH means conditions that pose an immediate
threat to life or health or conditions that pose an
immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants.
Exposure to IDLH environments is likely to cause
irreversible damage or death.
The world of toxicology is so technical and complex that
only highly educated and trained personnel fully
understand the hundreds and thousands of terms and
definitions. It's difficult to know all the toxic effects of
thousands of chemicals, their parts per million rating,
TLV's, STEL's, and what precautions should be taken
when working with hazardous materials. The most
common sense advice is to know as much about a
particular chemical or hazardous material, that you're
working with, or may be exposed to in the event of an
emergency.
Read and follow the information contained on Material
Safety Data Sheets and chemical labels. Ask questions.
The more you know about potential hazards, the more
prepared you'll be when working with these substances.

SAFETY TALK 020
A CHAINSAWS PROPER METHODS OF USE
Any piece of equipment can be dangerous if not operated
properly. You are responsible for the safe operation of
this equipment. The operator must carefully read and
follow any warnings, safety signs and instructions
provided with or located on the equipment. Do not
remove, defeat, deface or render inoperable any of the
safety devices or warnings on this equipment. If any
safety devices or warnings have been removed,
defeated, defaced or rendered inoperable, DO NOT USE
THE EQUIPMENT!!
1. KICKBACK may occur when the nose or tip of the
guide bar touches an object, or when the wood closes in
an pinches the saw chain in the cut. -Tip contact in some
cases may cause a lightening fast reverse reaction.
kicking the guide bar up and back towards the operator. -
Pinching the saw chain along the top of the guide bar
rapidly back towards the operator. Either of these
reactions may cause you to lose control of the saw which
could result in serious personal injury. With a basic
understanding of kickback, you can reduce or eliminate
the element of surprise. Sudden surprise contributes to
accidents.
2. Keep a good firm grip on the saw with both hands, the
right hand on the rear handle. and the left hand of the
front handle, when the engine is running. Use a firm grip
with thumbs and fingers encircling the chain saw
handles. A firm grip will help you reduce KICKBACK and
maintain control of the saw. DON'T LET GO!
3. Make sure the area in which you are cutting is free
from obstructions. Do not let the nose of the guide bar
contact a log, branch. or any other obstruction which
could be hit while you are operating the saw.
4. Cut at high engine speeds.
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5. Do not overreach or cut above shoulder height.
6. Do not operate when you are fatigued.
7. Use safety footwear; snug fitting clothing; protective
gloves; and eye, hearing, and head protection devices.
8. Use caution when handling fuel. Always turn off engine
before adding fuel. Allow the chain saw to cool before
refueling. NEVER smoke at or near the fueling point.
Move the chain saw at least 10 feet from the fueling point
before starting the engine.
9. Do not allow other persons near when operating chain
saw.
10. Do not start cutting until you have a clear work area,
secure footing, and a planned retreat path from the falling
tree.
11. Keep all parts of your body away from the saw chain
when the engine is running.
12. Before starting the engine, make sure that the saw
chain is not contacting anything.
13. Shut off the engine before setting the chain saw down.
14. When cutting a limb that is under tension. be alert for
spring back so that you will not be struck when the tension
in the wood fibers is released.
15. Operate the chain saw in well ventilated areas only.
16. Do not operate chain saw in a tree unless you have
been specifically trained to do so.
17. Use extreme caution when cutting small size brush
and saplings because slender material may catch the saw
chain and be shipped towards you or pull you off balance.
I 8. Keep cord clear of cutting area. Do not operate chain
saw in wet or damp locations as electrical shock could
occur.
19. Do not cut any creosote treated wood. utility poles or
cross ties.
If the person receiving this handout will not be the user of
the equipment, forward these instructions to the operator.
If there is any doubt as to the operation or safety of the
equipment, DO NOT USE!!!
FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS COULD
RESULT IN INJURY OR DEATH

SAFETY TALK 021
KEEPING AISLES CLEAR
In most plants, well marked and efficiently laid out aisles
are needed to provide optimum protection and ease of
movement of personnel and material.
Aisle lines are intended to provide unobstructed paths for
personnel and vehicles conveying materials, parts in
processes or finished products from location to location.
Therefore, we must observe certain travel patterns for
such traffic as well as rules for their movement.
Perhaps the first consideration in keeping these paths
clear is to see that nothing is stacked so that it extends
beyond the marked line. Also see that nothing is left in
the aisle ways, such as tools, boxes, scrap and debris.
Constantly check floor conditions and report those areas
needing attention to your supervisor. This applies to
areas where lights have burned out and better
illumination is needed.
Most aisle ways have intersections where various
precautionary methods have been installed, such as
warning signs, four-way stops and convex corner mirrors.
Alarms for overhead hazards, like cranes and hoists,
consisting of gongs, sirens or bells, are required. Pay
attention to them and stay alert.
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Aisle safety and powered industrial trucks are closely
related. Powered industrial truck operators must learn a
set of rigid rules, including procedures regarding to the
manner of travel, warnings, relationship to pedestrian
traffic, speed, security of the load and procedures at aisle
intersections. It is the responsibility of all of us to
cooperate and observe the rules laid down for powered
industrial truck operators. Aisle marking is a fundamental
part of truck and pedestrian movement in almost every
large plant.
Therefore, it only makes sense that to provide the utmost
in safe working conditions we must all be courteous to
each other. It must be pointed out that there will be times
when it is necessary to have an electric power cord or a
compressed industrial gas hose cross an aisle way.
Provisions will be made for bridging by affixing boards on
either side of the cord or hose so that neither trucks nor
pedestrians need come in contact with the hose or cord.
The importance of clear aisles is brought sharply to our
attention when we consider access to fire extinguishers
and to fire escape routes. Never permit aisles to become
cluttered, especially where it could prevent persons from
reaching a fire extinguisher, turning in an alarm or
escaping in the event of a fire.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 022

BACKING EQUIPMENT

Recently a survey was made of fatal accidents occurring QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
on road construction work. Before the study it was
assumed that the most serious problem was high speed 1. Which operations on our job involved backing
hauling with trucks and scrapers. The survey revealed equipment?
that the real problem involved backing equipment. These
backing accidents occurred at low speed. The equipment 2. Are there reasons for men on foot to be in the areas
involved included trucks, dozers, graders and front end where these operations are going on?
loaders. The man injured in each case was not the
equipment operator, but a man standing on the grade.

Here are three typical accidents:

1. A laborer was spotting dump trucks in a fill area. The

spotter was walking backwards when a truck backed over
him.

2. A laborer was cleaning up overage from an adjacent

lane when he was struck by a hot-mix batch truck
backing into the laydown machine on an asphalt paving
job.

3. A grade foreman was setting grade stakes. He was

leaning over to check a stake when a dozer backed over
him. The moral is—if you are on foot, keep your eye on
moving equipment. Furthermore, don't go into an area
where equipment is backing unless you have a specific
job to do there. If you are driving, know where your
spotter is and make him give you your signals—know
where people are working near your moving equipment---
take the time to look. A backup alarm is no guarantee
against injury.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 023
USING COMPRESSED AIR SAFELY
Compressed air is a valuable took, but it must be used
intelligently and in a safe manner. When misused, it can
cause serious injury or even death. A boilermaker was
making repairs on a boiler. Upon emerging from the
firebox, he disconnected the air hose from a riveting gun
and began to blow dust from his clothes. There was one
spot on his jacket sleeve that was so embodied in the
fabric that the air did not readily remove it. In order to
direct more air into the spot, he placed his index finger
over the end of the air hose to partially close the opening.
Air entered his finger through a small puncture wound,
causing swelling and pain.
Foreign material, apparently made up of dust and soot
from the air, and oil from the compressor, was later
removed from the wound. Even with proper medical
treatment, gangrene set in and the finger had to be
amputated.
As shown by this accident, using compressed air to blow
dust or dirt off clothing or the body is a very dangerous
practice. A strong blast of air can dislodge an eye from its
socket, rupture lungs, intestines, or an eardrum. Air
forced into the blood stream can even cause death.
The protect yourself and others when using
compressed air, you should be aware of the
following safety guidelines:
1. Never point an air hose at anyone, including yourself,
in fun or to remove dirt from clothing or the body.
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2. Never use compressed air for cleaning without
adequate eye protection. Use safety glasses with side
shields or goggles.
3. If it is essential to use compressed air to clean dirt and
chips from your work, use a proper nozzle on the end of
the air hose to maintain air pressure at 30 pounds per
square inch or less. Place a screen around the work area,
or check to see that other workers are safely out of the
range of flying particles.
4. Whenever possible, substitute brushes or vacuum
systems for compressed air in cleaning operations.
5. Before using compressed air, check the air hose for
damage or signs of failure. Make sure connections and
couplings are tight. A loose air hose under 80 pounds per
square inch makes a dangerous bullwhip!
6. Before attempting to disconnect a hose from an air line,
the air should be cut off, and the remaining air bled from
the line.
7. Keep air hoses off the floor where they become tripping
hazards and are subject to damage by vehicles, doors,
and dropped tools. If possible, suspend air hoses from
overhead.
8. Never use compressed air to transfer flammable liquids.
Remember, compressed air, like any other tool, can be a
valuable work-saving device. Use it the right way ....
SAFELY!

SAFETY TALK 024
CONFINED SPACES
Confined spaces present an added element of danger to
the work place. We define a confined space with three
criteria:
(1) enclosures having limited means of entry and exit
such as storage tanks, tank cars, bins, boilers, and other
tank-like compartments usually with only a manhole for
entry;
(2) open-topped spaces not subject to good natural
ventilation, more than four (4) feet in depth such as pits,
vaults, and vessels; and
(3) underground structures such as septic tanks, sewers,
utility tunnels, and pipelines.
If work is to be performed in an area such as this, the
following guidelines must be followed:
1. Do not enter if work can be done on top or outside.
2. Blank-off inlet and outlet lines; lock all valves in closed
position and all switches "off."
3. Remove manhole covers or entry doors; avoid
breathing vapors when removing covers; ventilate space.
4. Purge by blowing air, steam, or both into space to be
entered, to exhaust the confined space. Do not enter
space until space is properly tested and certified as safe.
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5. Test for:
a. Combustible Gas
b. Oxygen deficient atmosphere (carbon dioxide)
c. Carbon monoxide
d. Other suspected toxic gases (Exposure may cause
inability to smell; do not rely on your sense of smell.)
6. Always put on harness and life line (two men "on top")
when going into a manhole, sewer or inadequately
ventilated confined space. Continue to test air when
entering any confined space. Electrical equipment must be
explosion proof if flammable mixtures could be present.
Guard stationed outside confined space must not enter in
rescue attempt until other help has been called.
7. If the atmosphere is potentially dangerous or oxygen
deficient, in addition to the harness and life line, wear a
NIOSH or U.S. Bureau of Mines approved air line or self-
contained breathing apparatus. (See warning below.)
8. Always recheck air quality each day after breaks or
after space has unoccupied before entering a manhole,
sewer, conduit or other confined space (steps 1 through 7
above) and keep records of test results from 5 above
made prior to all entries, and of all persons entering.
WARNING: Some vapors or gases, such as hydrogen
cyanide, can be absorbed through the skin and require
complete body protection.
REMEMBER: Continue to mechanically ventilate the
space at all times while inside.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 025

CHAIN SAWS
TEN SIMPLE SAFETY RULES

Today's lightweight chain saws are easy to use. You can 6. Always keep both hands on the saw when it is running.
also make sure they are safe to use by following these
ten simple safety rules: 7. Never let the chain contact any obstacle other than the
work at hand. Never let is contact other limbs or touch the
1. Keep fuel in clearly labeled safety-type cans and fill the ground.
chain saw over ground that presents no fire hazard.
Move at least 10 feet away from fueling spot before 8. Keep clear of a moving chain. Do not touch it.
starting saw.
9. After completing the cut, don't move away until the
2. Always wait for saw to cool before refueling. Never chain stops. Shut off the engine before carrying the saw
refuel while saw is hot. Keep fire extinguisher handy. between cuts and before making cuts and before making
any saw repairs or adjustments.
3. Make sure the saw is clean and free from leaves,
sawdust, pitch tar and oil. Keep the handles free of oil 10. Keep helpers and bystanders a safe distance from the
and grease. Do not operate with fuel cap loose or operator and the cutting chain.
mufflers or filters removed. 4. If there is anything wrong
with the saw, get it fixed before using it. Keep the chain
sharp and properly tensioned. A dull, misfitted or loose
chain will chatter and buck, and can cause the saw to
kick back.

5. Beware of falling limbs when working near trees.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 026
PREVENTING CHAIN SLING FAILURE
Chain slings are essential for moving heavy materials on
the job. Unfortunately, these slings are too often taken for
granted and subject to severe abuse by people who use
them. A chain sling that has been abused can fail under
the stress of a heavy load causing damage to the
material being lifted or severe injuries to employees
working in the area.
In a recent accident a chain sling did fail causing a load
of metal castings to tip over. The castings struck an
employee who was too close to the load. This employee
sustained head and upper body injuries and may be
permanently disabled. An inspection of the sling after the
accident revealed that almost every link had been
severely elongated, an indication that the sling had been
overloaded, perhaps on several occasions. The throat
opening of the hook on the overhead hoist was also
elongated.
The cause of this accident is clear. Someone had tried to
pick up materials that were heavier than the safe design
load for the sling. He got by with it once, twice and
perhaps several other times. But unfortunately, the
inevitable happened; the sling became fatigued under the
heavy load and gave way.
There are some critical chain safety tips that we should
all keep in mind when working with chain slings. These
tips will prolong the life of the chain and prevent
unexpected failures.
- Never pick up materials that are heavier than the
specified safe working load limit of the sling, hook and
hoist. If you don't know the safe load limit, find out. This
practice can elongate links and cause fatigue in the sling
even for a short time.
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- Loads should be raised vertically. Don't try to drag heavy
loads with an overhead hoist. It puts a severe strain on the
hook at the chain links.
- Never splice a chain by inserting a bolt between two
links. This will damage the links and the bolts may &il
under far less loads than the chain.
- Never put a strain on a kinked chain. Take up the slack
slowly and be sure that every link in the chain seats
properly.
- Do not use a hammer to force a hook over a chain link.
This could damage both the hook and the link.
- Avoid dragging chain over the floor or ground. If the
surface is hard, concrete for example, it could cause
serious wear.
- Remember, if you decrease the angle between the legs
of a chain sling and the horizontal it increases the load in
the legs of sling.
- Always be sure that the load is properly set in the bowl of
the hook. Loading on the point can overload the hook
causing it to spread.
- When not in use, store chain in suitable racks. Don't let
chain lie on the ground or floor for extended periods.
- Always inspect the sling before you use it. Check for
elongation, cracks, severe corrosion, and serious nicks,
gouges and abrasion. If you doubt the safety of the chain.
report the conditions.
• When working around hoists and slings, stay alert. The
major source of injury is crushed fingers and hands that
are placed into pinch points. Keep your hands clear of
pinch points and keep your mind on the job.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 027

SAFE USE OF CHAINS AND SLINGS

INTRODUCTION: Select from the "problems and DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

solutions" below. Present your views and solicit
discussion. You can select from the ideas here or
supplement them with your own. The discussion
questions at the bottom are designed as thought
provokers.
1. Have you inspected your chains and slings lately?
2. Do you know replacement procedures in the company?
3. How do you find the capacity of chains and slings?
4. What are the standard signals for cranes?—Do you all
know them?

THE PROBLEMS: SOLUTIONS:

.... Poor condition .... Inspect regularly
.... Stretched .... Replace
.... Surface defects .... Check capacity
.... Binds .... Do not overload
.... Weak .... Proper storage
....Worn links .... Avoid running over
.... Overloading .... Use proper size
.... Twisting .... Check pinch points
.... Splices .... "Jagger" .... Prevent binds
.... Excessive angles .... Proper joints
.... Extreme heat .... Limit device
.... Corrosion .... Watch the swing
.... Being run over .... Avoid excessive angles
.... Being kinked .... Guard Sheaves
.... Capacity marking .... Use proper signals
.... Sufficient length .... Keep hands clear
.... Condition of attachments .... Proper lubrication
.... "Contractor's standby" .... Protective equipment
.... Pinch Points
.... Signals
.... Hand injuries

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 028

FORKLIFT FINESSE

Driving a forklift is not unlike driving a car or other
vehicle. Rules of the road must be followed, and all
drivers must be trained and licensed to operate these
vehicles.
The following do's and don'ts should be observed by all
forklift truck operators:
- Before operating the truck each day, check the tires,
fluid levels, radiator, battery, fire extinguisher, brake,
deadman control, warning lights, horn and reverse
indicators.
- Follow all in-plant traffic rules and take extra care in
areas where pedestrians are present.
- Drive with hands and feet inside the truck, and do not
smoke, drink or eat while operating the truck.
- Lower the fork and remove the key before leaving the
truck.
Forklift trucks should be inspected on a daily basis for any
defects or problems, and the forks should be checked for
cracks and dents each day.

- Travel in reverse when carrying a bulky load which

blocks vision in front.

- Face a load uphill when driving on an incline and

downhill when the truck is empty.

- Travel at a safe speed and use extra caution on hills,

corners and ramps.

- Check the stability of a load before moving it.

- Never lift loads which exceed the rated load capacity on

the nameplate.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 029

FORKLIFT TRUCKS AND BAD HABITS

B.J. had just turned 21 and was looking forward to an

exciting year. He had a good job as a warehouseman
and forklift operator for a tool manufacturer and attended
college at night so that he could improve his position with
the company. He was even engaged and planned to be
married. Yes, things were going well for B.J.; that is untill
last Thursday. On that day B.J. was crushed to death
under the forklift vehicle he operated.
The accident occurred while B.J. was lifting a heavy steel
box filled with metal scrap. The lift truck mast was lifted
too high, creating a top heavy condition with the vehicle.
He backed up at a high rate of speed, the truck lost
control, and started to tip over. B.J. fell off and the truck
landed on top of him. He was pronounced dead on arrival
at the hospital.
• B.J. didn't buckle the seat belt that was provided on the
lift. "It wasn't worth the time." If he had worn a seat belt, he
would still be alive.
- The mast was too high. We all know that forklifts are
highly unstable when the mast is elevated in a high
position, yet we still try to drive them that way.
- Fast speeds have killed too many operators. When
driving these top heavy trucks in close, confined areas it
just doesn't make sense to drive fast. Think of B.J. the
next time you're operating a lift. It's not too late for you to
develop some good habits.

B.J. died because of several bad habits that he had

picked up while learning to operate the lift truck. The
habits are quite common among forklift operators and, in
combination, they could be dangerous. You might want to
check your own bad habits to see if you are guilty of
these common practices.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 030
GRINDING WHEEL SAFETY
Grinders are essential to most industrial plants. We see
them just about everywhere, and most shop workers will
use one at some time or another. Being so common, we
take them for granted. But do you know that an average
wheel turns at a speed greater than a mile a minute?
That's fast—so fast that it can cause people to get hurt.
In a recent accident, a worker mounted a cracked wheel
on a grinder. He turned it on without replacing the guard
and the centrifugal force of the grinder caused the wheel
to explode with the force of a hand grenade. Several
pieces struck the worker resulting in injuries to his head,
eyes and chest.
Most grinder accidents, even the common ones like
particles in the eye or abrasions caused by touching a
moving wheel, can be prevented with a little forethought.
Some grinder safety tips that you should remember are:
1. If you put on a new wheel, make sure that it is the size,
and diameter for the grinder and that its rated speed will
not be exceeded.
2. Before you install the wheel, do a "ring test" to be sure
the wheel is not cracked. This test is done by holding the
wheel by inserting a pencil through the arbor hole, and
lightly tapping the wheel along its outer edge with a small
object. If it is not cracked, it should have a clear ring; a
dull thud indicates the wheel is cracked.
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3. Be sure the wheel is mounted securely on the arbor,
and always replace the protective guards. The hood that
encloses the wheel should be of solid construction.
Remember, it must be able to contain the fragments of a
wheel broken with a rim speed of approximately 9,000 feet
per minute.
4. Adjust the tongue guard to within 1/4" of the abrasive
wheel face and the tool rest to within 1/8" of the abrasive
wheel face.
5. Always wear eye protection whenever using a grinder.
Pieces from the wheel or the piece being worked on can
fly up into your eye and cause very serious injuries
6. Don't wear jewelry or loose clothing when operating the
grinder. It only takes a fraction of a second for the wheel
to grab things and pull them in toward the wheel.
7. Be sure that illumination around the grinder is suitable
for the work being done. Shadows and poor lighting make
it that much more easy to injure yourself.
8. Be sure that the grinder is shut off and stopped when
you're through with it. Don't create hazards for others.

SAFETY TALK 031
HOUSEKEEPING
Trudging through a typical day on the job, you've
got to fight your way through the underbrush,
watch every single step you take and duck a few
hazards you hadn't bargained for. Life sure is an
adventure, isn't it? Well, that's the way it goes
when you're out there in the jungle. Trying to find
your way around a cluttered workspace can be
about as much fun as struggling through a hot
steamy jungle and it can be just as dangerous. A
clean workspace is among the ramparts of
safety.
A cluttered workspace can restrict movement in
the plant and increase the likelihood of slips and
falls. Chances are that when somebody slips on
something, it is something that shouldn't be
there.
In 1987 over 400,000 reported injuries were the
result of slips and falls, and 35 percent of all lost
workdays were caused by injuries due to slips
and falls. A cluttered workspace can also be a
firetrap. Poor housekeeping creates more places
for fires to start and provide fuel for fires to feed
on. In fact, many industrial fires are the direct
result of accumulations of oil soaked, and paint
saturated clothing and rags. If there is a fire,
clutter can prevent a quick and safe exit and
restrict access by fire extinguishing equipment.
Clutter on the job is not only dangerous, it is
counter-productive. Quality on the job is hard to
maintain when the workspace is crowded and
messy. . Here your are all bright eyed and bushy
tailed and ready to set the world on fire and you
can't find a match.
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Why? Because the match is buried in the jungle.
You don't have to let the shop become a jungle;
you probably created the mess yourself, with a
little help from your friends. Clutter can grow like
vines, but it can only grow where it's allowed to
grow. When last week's clutter is still in our midst
to be stumbled over or pushed aside, the system
has broken down. A clean work place should be a
common concern for all, but it must be established
as such. Identifying common concerns help
promote cooperation.
Nobody said cleaning up is fun, but it's part of the
job and if you let it accumulate then you've got to
get out the machete and that is a chore.
Teamwork is the key to a clean work area and
housekeeping-safety. Everyone must do his part
and realize that housekeeping is a shared
responsibility. Remember that good housekeeping
reduces accidents, improves morale and
increases efficiency. Most people appreciate a
clean and orderly work place where they can
accomplish their tasks without interference or
interruption.
Now, you don't want to work in the jungle do you? And
you certainly don't want to waste valuable time trying
to slog your way through the underbrush, do you?
Next time you throw down a paper cup or toss an old
rag into the corner, remember, today's debris will
surely become tomorrow's dangers. Safety is your job
too.

SAFETY TALK 032
HAZARDOUS ENERGY SOURCE LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
Control of hazardous energy source is a
requirement that organizations must implement
for the safety of all employees. This program is
designed to explain the basic procedures and
terminology used in the procedures and general
requirements.
Before this requirement was released in
September of 1989, organizations used the
lockout and tagout procedures to protect
employees from machinery and equipment
hazards during maintenance and repair. Control
of hazardous energy source is the new concept
with new requirements for the previous
lockout/tagout program Let's begin with some
basics as you'll need these to understand the
program.
What is... hazardous energy sources?
Electricity is used to provide power to a wide
variety of machines and equipment. Locking out
of electricity prevents electrical equipment from
accidental release of electricity during
maintenance or repair. The main problem here is
locking out electricity does not guarantee that
other energy sources won't be released.
There may be a steam valve that requires locking
out as well, or hydraulic, vacuum or pneumatic
pressure, mechanical motion springs, thermal
energy, such as steam, heat or extremely low
temperature liquids or gases.
Release of chemicals or chemical reactions are
other energy sources that must be controlled,
dissipated or shut off. Locking out of electricity
may not provide adequate protection during
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Just a day without accidents.. today
Each machine or piece of equipment must be
inspected by trained persons to determine
adequate lockout procedures for all potential
hazardous energy sources. Your organization
must have these energy sources identified and
listed in these written lockout/tagout policy and
procedures.
Before we go much further, let's discuss two
categories of employees requiring knowledge and
training in lockout/tagout procedures.
The first category is "Authorized Employees."
These are maintenance personnel who actually
use lockout and tagout procedures while they are
repairing or maintaining equipment.
The second category is "Affected Employees."
This describes any employee who uses or works
around equipment and machinery. It is
recommended that virtually all employees be in
the "Affected Employees" category.
There is one exception to the lockout rule and
that's equipment connected only by an electrical
cord and plug. You do not have to lockout this
type of equipment if there are no other hazardous
energy sources.
The major requirement of cord and plug
connected equipment is that when cleaning,
maintenance or repair of such equipment is being
done, the person performing the cleaning,
maintenance or repair has control of the plug to
prevent the equipment from becoming re-
energized during the servicing operation.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

aintenance and repair.

How about those routine service operations
maintenance persons who perform adjustments
You need to remember the phrases "Normal
while machinery and equipment are running?
Production Operations" and "Servicing or
Maintenance During Normal Production
The greatest limitation to tagout only programs is
Operations." Normal production operations that it does not secure the energy isolating device
means operation of equipment by machine
and prevent the equipment from being
operators. From time to time, minor adjustments
reenergized. Tagout is highly dependent on
are made by machine operators to keep the human factors and requires constant vigilance to
machine operating properly. The key safety
ensure proper procedures are used. Employee
factor in normal productions is machine guarding
training must be provided to ensure everyone
to protect the machine operator. When understands what tagout means is - not to remove
employees are protected by machine guarding or
tags without authorization and, generally, to be
similar devices, lockout and tagout is not
educated in tagout procedures. Retraining on at
necessary. The employee has protection.
least an annual basis is mandatory.
The term servicing and maintenance during
The one major factor that organizations must
normal production operations also requires consider is how to improve your tagout program
maintenance persons to be protected by
as an effective lockout/tagout program. As we
machine guarding. If guards or other protection
mentioned earlier, there are many machines and
must be removed during this process, the equipment used in all industries. Some machines
servicing employee could expose hands, fingers
may not be lockable.
or other body parts to moving machine parts.
Lockout/tagout procedures are then necessary.
One requirement on purchases of equipment after
Clearing jams is also another area of concern. A September 1, 1989 is equipment must be
provided with a capability of being locked out if
good rule of thumb is, if an employee will be
such design is feasible. Older equipment already
exposed to possible injury due to unexpected
activation, release of energy, or machine in service, which otherwise may be undergoing
extensive repair, renovation or modifications, must
guarding is removed, creating potential hazards,
also be provided with capability of being locked
then lockout/tagout procedures must be used.
out, if the design is feasible.
You need to develop specific procedures for
each machine and all authorized and affected Lockout and tagout hardware is provided by the
employees must be trained in these procedures.
employer. Lockout/tagout hardware may only be
used for lockout/tagout and cannot be used for
The next part of lockout/tagout procedures is an any other purpose. this pertains primarily to tags
inspection process. An inspection or audit to
because lockout tags used for other purposes
ensure employees are trained and
may dilute the meaning of the tag.
knowledgeable on company policies and
procedures. These procedures must be properly Each individual must accept the responsibility to be aware
used. Documentation of audits and inspections of the rules and follow your organization's policies and
are required. The person conducting the audit procedures exactly. The purpose of lockout/tagout is
must not be the one responsible for accident prevention. Safe guarding machine operators
lockout/tagout procedures. and the maintenance employees servicing the equipment.
Safety has always been a team effort and lockout/tagout is
In other words, maintenance people performing no different and the rules are very important. If you're not
lockout/tagout procedures cannot conduct the sure about a particular procedure, ask your supervisor.
audit. Don't take chances because failure to properly lockout
and tagout when necessary can lead to potentially serious
What about organizations that use only tagout injury.
without the use of lockouts. Here are some
concerns about tagout. Only programs that
include more durable, weather-proofed tags
should be used and they must remain securely
attached to the equipment during servicing.
"Securely Affixed" appears to rule out flimsy or
easily removed string or other attaching devices.

EHS Central
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SAFETY TALK 033

LOCK IT AND POCKET THE KEY

A lockout is just that—a lock placed on a machine which

prevents the power source from being activated
accidentally. Here is the safe way to lock out:
- Always use your own lock. If you don't have one, ask.
- When working with others on the same machine, use
your own lock—don't depend on their locks for your
safety. Lock and tag the circuit box switch if repairs on
the machine are being made.
- Lock out all energy sources—this includes hydraulic,
pneumatic and electrical energy as well as unattended
vehicles.
- Never pull fuses instead of locking out. The circuit may
not be dead and there is no way of knowing who may
replace the fuse and when.
- Never loan anyone your key or lock combination.
- Never let anyone remove your lock.
- Never disregard lockout procedures when they are called
for. You could endanger the lives of your coworkers in
addition to risking your own life.

- Test the machine to be sure the lockout is effective.

- Wait until a relief worker locks out before you unlock at

the end of your shift.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 034

MACHINE CONTROLS, GUARDING & RESPONSIBILITY

Workers need to be trained in procedures to follow if they

notice guards are damaged, missing or inadequate.

An operator or maintenance worker should be provided

with a dress code. For example; no loose fitting clothing or
jewelry. These items could easily be caught in the
machines, and remember, safety is everyone's
responsibility.

Maintenance workers need to be provided information on

up-to-date machines that have been serviced, and they
should maintain a record log of this information.

Do you know that machine guards on your machine are Maintenance workers must also know when to LOCK OUT
important to you and your safety as an employee? the machines. This is extremely critical when repairs are
being done on the machine. Maintenance workers should
Here are some important factors as to why it is important also be using safe equipment when doing repair work and
to you as an employee to use safe guards on machines. they should insure the equipment itself is properly
First, your hands, arms and other parts of your body are guarded. You are much more productive working safely
vital to you and we all want to protect our physical body and obeying safety rules. All we ask is for you to perform
from any harm, right? your job professionally and safely.
Let's review a few engineering principles so you will have
This is the reason that your company has taken the time the knowledge to make your own decisions and exercise
to educate you with this orientation on why safe guards good judgment.
should be put on machines. When operating a moving
part machine with a safety guard it will prevent the The first condition for maintenance workers is to be aware
operators hands, fingers and body from any type of of guarding during maintenance. This is perhaps the most
danger which could result in serious injury. Any individual hazardous time, and if not aware of certain procedures it
who operates this equipment must be trained first and can result in large numbers of accidents and injuries. The
also authorized. Your license means you have received machine must be put in a state where; if making an
proper training and are capable of safely operating the unexpected movement which could cause an injury, it
guard machine. Once you are trained and authorized, the would be reduced to a practical minimum.
rest is up to you.
The purpose of this procedure is to discuss the power lock
You are expected to have the maturity and responsibility out. The second condition is the zero-mechanical state or
to operate the machine efficiently and safely. Don't take ZMS, where every power source of the machine that can
this responsibility lightly. A good operator knows why produce movement has been locked off.
machine guarding is extremely important while operating
the machine and that is you first step to safety. The third important principal is RESPONSIBILITY.
The manufacturer should provide information and furnish
It is crucial to understand why safe guards are to be used
operation and maintenance instruction with equipment covered
on machines. In addition to operators, maintenance
by standards and instructions.
workers must be trained and taught how to use the safe
guards.
Specific operating and maintenance instructions need to
An operator or maintenance worker must be informed as be outlined in the maintenance and operating manuals to
to the location of the safe guards on the machines, and aid personnel in the safe operation and maintenance of
should also be provided information on why safe guards equipment.
protect them and what hazards they protect them from.
The fourth important factor is the EMPLOYER.
They shall be responsible for monitoring employees activities
An operator or maintenance worker also should be
while engaged in trouble shooting and maintenance or repair of
trained on how to remove safe guards from the machines
machines in an isolated or hidden area.
and also to understand in what circumstances guards
can be removed.

EHS Central

The employer should also be aware of the equipment
which could have mechanical defaults and possible
injuries to the safety of the operators. The operator must
be placed in an intensive training program of ZMS
instructions. This is to teach the operator that it can be
very dangerous to enter a machine unless every
requirement of ZMS is satisfied.
Persons must not place any part of their body in the path
of possible moving machine members during set up,
lubrication, adjustments, installation or maintenance.
Operators must be trained to respect the possible danger
of machine motions.
Operators have to be trained to be aware of possible
defects or malfunctions on their machine guards.
It is the responsibility of the employer to recommend a
start up procedure that will minimize hazards. The
employer will also set up a shut down procedure before
allowing any inspection, adjustment or maintenance
covered by the standard requirements of ZMS.
Each manager should develop a written program policy
for his/her employees to follow, such as rules, specific
procedures to follow.
Each initiator and valve. "Manual Override" must be
tested to insure that all power sources have been
disconnected and that all remaining pressure from the
machines have been reduced to prevent unexpected
motion of machine members. He must give particular
attention to the closed center valves. There should also
be plated "Caution" and "Warning" signs posted for
operators to be aware of. Employers should also post
written policies for ZMS to follow.
If the machine you are using has been equipped with a
machine guard against hazardous injuries..... in the long
run it will save the company a great deal of money.
Guarding terminology - and the lack of meanings of
terms can cause accidents and injuries.
Built in guards are machines purchased with a safety
guard already attached to the machine.
Guards and noise controls, are another important principal to be
used on machines to help absorb or reflect sound waves. For
noise reduction, manufactures have built home made guards
that can be designed as a barrier for noise as well as a barrier
against personal injury.
Machines can produce only it they are used correctly, and they
are used correctly only when all guards and safe guards are in
place.
So in brief, a complete guarding program is essential for
any company. It prevents accidents, either to operators
or machines, and thus facilitates production goals. So,
with this understanding and knowledge it will help
prevent hazardous injuries on the job.
The techniques of guarding a hazard creating motion may be
guarded by several ways, such as guarding, reciprocating, or
transverse motions.
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The techniques of guarding various action when using
tools to perform work, such as cutting, bending, punching,
would be the guarded motion approach which is used to
drive or power the tool when using it.
Here are some requirements that you need to be aware of
when operating a machine.
First, all machines, parts of machines, or component parts
that you are using which create hazards are required to be
safety guarded.
There also has to be n opening through guards or
enclosures within two inches of the moving part to
preclude passage of any objects one-half inch in diameter.
All operators should have free access to the power control
buttons in case of an immediate emergency. Machine
power controls shall be kept up in a safe operating
condition. The machine power controls shall be located
and installed at a proper location whey they can't operate
from accidental contact, with objects or parts of the body.
They should also be located for the operator, so it's near
his working position.
All power control buttons and switches will be color coded
as follows;
Start, Run or Inch - Black, Green or Silver.
Emergency stop - RED
Cycle Stop or Auto Stop - Yellow or Red.
All power control buttons and switches will be properly
identified to its function and purpose.
When working on electrical equipment hazards can occur,
such as, starting of motors. This is why it is important for
the operator to be aware of whether the circuit is opened
at the switch box, and the switch should be padlocked in
the OFF position and tagged with a work to be done tag
on the equipment, the name of the person working on it,
and the department involved.
All this information must be written on the tag, this will
enhance positive protection.
So remember ....., train your staff right, safely and
efficiently. Monitor all employees safety requirements and
day to day check up on your performance. Remember
anyone can write up a warning tag saying "in repair" but
this is not the way for a positive, reassuring protection
from locking out equipment.
The supervisor should give detailed procedures to be followed
and he should insure that maintenance crews are supplied with
and use the right protective equipment.
Maintenance personnel must constantly be on guard when they
are working around electrical equipment and circuits, in order to
prevent accidental grounding.
Employees also need to have the knowledge of the warning
signs, guards and other protective devices. Supervisors should
give training on some existing or electric hazard machine, and
how to go about it.
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SAFETY TALK 035

MACHINE GUARDING-FOR YOUR PROTECTION

Do not look at machine guards as an hindrance to doing

your job? Do you often think, if only that guard wasn't
there, I could do my job easier and faster? If you do, take
what might be the last look at your hands.
Statistics reveal that three out of every ten lost-time
injuries involve the hands and arms and almost ten
percent of all disabling injuries are caused by machinery.
While machine guards cannot prevent all injuries to the
hands, guards do prevent many accidents that in the past
have crippled or maimed.
- Before operating machinery always check to be sure that
the proper guards are in place and in good condition.
- No machine should be operated without guards in place.
- If guards are defective or missing, report this unsafe
condition to your supervisor, IMMEDIATELY.
- Only authorized personnel should make guard
adjustments.

Guards are designed to protect, not hinder. They are
engineered to provide as much protection as possible.
even to machine operators who take chances or who are
distracted while on the job.
Machine guards protect against direct contract with
moving parts, flying chips, kickbacks, and splashing of
metal or corrosive liquids. Guards are also used for
machine operator protection in the event of a mechanical
or electrical failure.
A guard cannot be effective without the cooperation of
the person operating the machine. It is very important
that anyone working with or around machinery
understands the following general safety rules.
- Guards should never be adjusted or removed unless
authorized by your supervisor.
- When guards are removed for adjustment or repair, the
main power switch for the machine should be locked in the
off position.
Remember, safe guards are installed on machinery to
protect your safety and health. If they are to protect you
effectively, they must be position and maintained in good
condition.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 036
ELECTRIC PALLET JACK
A very important piece of equipment in the warehouse
and material handling areas is the electric pallet jack.
It's an economical and versatile unit, designed to move
stacks of materials from one place to another,.......
safely and without injury or product damage. Because
it's easy to use and provides such durable service, it's
natural to take them for granted, but there are basic
safety rules and operating procedures required when
using this type of equipment. Maintenance of the
equipment is equally important.
Today's safety talk provides some basic safety tips
and maintenance procedures, but we can't list all the
rules and operating procedures. Be sure to follow your
organization's policies and procedures when using or
operating this type of equipment. Each electric pallet
jack manufacturer has different operating procedures
and safety rules, so be sure to read and understand
the rules for each type of equipment used.
Let's begin with a basic understanding of the electric
pallet jack. Keep in mind each manufacturer's vehicle
may be slightly different than the ones we use in our
demonstration, but the basic principles apply to most
equipment.
The vehicle itself is composed of Directional and
Speed control levers....., horn....., lift and lower...... and
high speed controls.
A T-Bar support handle....., battery......., pallet forks for
the load....., load wheels and tires. A skid runner rider
platform...., drive unit cover....., steering....... and
brake control handles.
You'll become familiar with all the controls and levers through
on the job training by your supervisor and as you gain
experience with this equipment. It's important to know and
understand the operating rules, maintenance procedures and
all the safety rules used with this type of equipment. Take a
look at the data
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plate on your specific vehicle. It will provide some
specific data about the vehicle, such as serial number,
make, model, but more importantly, it will provide the
maximum safe load capacity of the vehicle. Never
exceed the safe lifting capacity of the vehicle at any
time. Let's briefly look at some basic operating rules for
this type of equipment:
1. Know your equipment. Do not operate the equipment until
you have been trained and authorized by your company.
Read all warnings and instructions in the operator's manual
the information on the vehicle's data plate and other areas. If
your vehicle is found to be in need of repair, defective, or in
any way unsafe to operate, the vehicle should be taken out
of services until it has been restored to a safe operating
condition.
2. No riders. Passengers are not allowed to ride on this
type of equipment. Be sure you never permit anyone to
stand in the area where the load is being positioned or
deposited, as foot injuries can easily occur.
3. Make sure your loads are stable and are not stacked
too high. Loose or unstable loads can fall and cause
serious injury. Use special care when handling long,
high or wide loads to avoid losing the load striking
bystanders or tipping the vehicle. Carry the
load flush against the load stop.
4. Center your load. When using forks, space the forks
as far apart as the load will permit. Before lifting, be
sure loads are centered and forks are completely under
the load. Of course, never overload the vehicle. Do not
hit or bump anything with the ends of your forks, as this
can damage the vehicle. Never lift a load with only one
fork engaged.
5. Keep the load low to the floor. Travel with the load or
lifting mechanism low to keep the center of gravity low,
but make sure the load is lifted high enough to insure
adequate floor clearance. Never lift or lower the load
while the vehicle is in motion.
6. Avoid sudden movement. Start, stop, travel, steer
and brake smoothly. Use special care when traveling
without the load, as the risk of overturning the vehicle is
greater when unloaded.
7. Exercise caution on ramps and inclines. Travel slowly
and do not angle or turn on ramps. Always travel with
the load downhill when using pallet jacks. Be extremely
cautious when operating the vehicle near the edge of a
loading dock or ramp.
8. Secure bridqeplates. Drive carefully and slowly
across dockboards and bridgeplates. Never exceed
these dockboards or bridgeplates rated capacity and
make sure they are secured before driving on these
plates.

9. Do not operate this equipment with greasy hands or
shoes. It's too easy to slip off the controls and create an
unsafe condition.
10. Come to a complete stop before changing directions.
11. Continuing to operate either the drive or hydraulic
controls in a situation where the truck or load will not move,
will cause damage to the electric motor.
12. Do not push extra loads or other pallet jacks. Pushing
another vehicle or extra loads is damaging to the vehicle's
working parts. Never allow your vehicle to be pushed or
towed by another vehicle. Should a truck become disabled
and require moving, notify management for the proper
procedures.
13. When traveling, keep your hands, feet and other parts
of your body inside the running lines of the vehicle. Always
look in the direction of travel and keep a clear view of the
path of travel. When visibility is impaired, operate the
vehicle with the opposite
end in the travel direction and use caution. Be careful of
drive end swing when turning while operating the vehicle in
reverse. This could result in damage to material or
equipment, specifically to the drive end of your vehicle.
Another very important safety tip is to keep your feet well
away from the front skirt and rider platform when
maneuvering the vehicle.
14. Before entering trucks or trailers, be certain the brakes
on the truck or trailer are applied and the wheel chocks are
in place. If trailers are not coupled to a tractor, supports
may be needed to prevent upending or corner dipping of
the trailer. Inspect the flooring of trucks, trailers and rail
cars for breaks and weakness before driving onto them.
Make sure you know the weight of the load and vehicle,
compared to the maximum load rating of the floor onto
which you are driving.
15. When approaching cross aisles, slow down, sound your
horn and if vision is obstructed, keep to the right side.
Operate the truck under all conditions at a speed that will
permit it to be brought to a stop in a safe manner. Of
course, yield the right of way to
all pedestrians.
16. When parking your vehicle for an extended period of
time, be sure the lifting mechanism is lowered, controls
are placed in neutral and the brake is applied. Shut off the
power and disconnect the battery connection. Keep your
vehicle clear of exits and access to stairs and fire
equipment and don't block aisles.
17. SPEEDING. Electric pallet jacks don't have speedometers.
Generally, the rule of thumb is to go slow. If you're going fast
and have to make a sudden stop, you can be thrown off the
vehicle.
The vehicle appears to be lightweight, however, when you're
operating the vehicle, it has a tremendous amount of force and
weight and if you run into a person or stationary object or
another piece of moving equipment, the damage and injuries
can be quite substantial.
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Don't speed, go slow and be prepared to stop. On some
electric pallet jacks, they have several safety features you
should look for and become familiar with for safety. A
reversing switch may be located on the T-Bar. This
reversing switch is provided to protect the operator from
being pinned between the truck and an immovable object.
When pushed, this button will reverse the direction of the
truck away from the operator, whenever the steering arm is
in the operating position.
Many models have an automatic brake, designed to stop
the vehicle when the handle is moved to a completely
vertical Position, or a completely horizontal position.
If you are operating a walk only type vehicle, then no one
should ever ride on this type vehicle. They have special
features and are not designed for riders or passengers.
Use the manufacturer's safety recommendations, operating
instructions and other information as the basis for operating
your vehicle safely. Follow your company's operating rules
and instructions. Right now, let's discuss briefly, how to
inspect your equipment before you use it. We won't discuss
anything about batteries, as this is covered in another
training program, however, there are some basic
maintenance checks that operators should conduct before
operating any electric pallet jack equipment.
Before each shift....every 8 hours, it is the operator's
responsibility to carry out the following checks and
inspections before beginning operation. Do not operate the
vehicle if it is need of repair. If it's in an unsafe condition,
remove the key and report the condition to the proper
authority. If the truck becomes unsafe in any way while
you're operating it, STOP operating the equipment and
report the unsafe condition to your supervisor. Ok,
let's quickly check the vehicle. Make sure the load backrest
extension and any other safety devices are properly
attached and in good working condition. Make sure
capacity, safety and warning plates and decals are installed
and visible. Inspect the vehicle for damage that may have
occurred during the previous shift.
Inspect the vehicle before and after your shift for any signs
of external leaking, such as the battery or hydraulic system.
Operate the service/parking brakes, all hydraulic controls,
accelerator switch, forward and reverse directional switch
and steering. Make sure they operate freely and return to
their proper positions. Inspect the condition of the tires.
Inspect the forks for cracks or broken parts. Test the horn,
lights and all other accessories.
In other words, inspect all areas of the vehicle, all accessories
and verify that there are no leaks, damage or defects. That's
your job and responsibility. This equipment will serve you
safely and efficiently, however, it's important that you maintain
the equipment in a safe condition at all times.
The most important consideration in using any type of
equipment is to use your good judgment and don't take
chances. The time you try to save by speeding, taking short
cuts or not following the rules isn't worth it. One accident
will wipe out any benefit you get by taking chances, so
don't take chances. It's that simple.

SAFETY TALK 037
EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION
Welcome to our great team of professional employees.
We're proud of our company and our employees. Our
success is built around quality teamwork and
professionalism. Today's short program is an overview of
your safety responsibilities to help you perform your job
safely. Safety is important to you, the company and to your
fellow employees. Our basic safety policy is simply this:
"We don't have any job that can't be performed safely".
Don't take short cuts or risks. There's only one way to
perform your job - the safe way. If it can't be performed
safely, we don't want you to do it. That's our policy and your
obligation. Accident and injury statistics complied over the
past 50 years reveal the majority of all accidents and
injuries are caused by the unsafe acts of employees, such
as taking short cuts, violating safety rules or job
procedures. If the company discovers you've committed
one of these unsafe acts, the company will provide
counseling on proper job performance. This means you'll be
instructed in the unsafe act, what action is required by you
to prevent similar unsafe acts and the time allowed for you
to correct this unsafe behavior. We're serious about safety
and expect you to perform every job, every day, safely. Ok,
let's review the basics of job safety and some of the general
hazards to which you may be exposed to on the job. We
can't list all hazards, but you'll receive more training from
your supervisor.
The first rule is to report to work rested, alert and fit to give
your full attention to the job. Of course, alcohol and drug
use is prohibited on the premises, as are the residual
results of their use. This policy is established in order to
ensure all employees have a safe environment in which to
work. Violation of this policy can result in termination of
your employment. If you're taking drugs prescribed by a
physician, report this fact to your supervisor before
beginning work. Quite often, some over the counter drugs
can cause drowsiness or may impair your reflexes, so
report the use of these drugs before beginning work.
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If you're required to operate any type of equipment, wait until
you've been trained and authorized....even if you have
experience on that type of equipment. We'll train you, so
don't operate any equipment until you've been trained and
authorized by the company.
Much of the equipment has moving mechanical parts that require
guarding. Whether it's a slicer blade, rotating belt or pulley or
other potential hazard, guards must be in place when the
equipment is operating. Only authorized personnel are permitted
to remove guarding for repair or cleaning. If you're an equipment
operator, make sure all guards are in their proper place and all
persons are clear of the machine before beginning operation.
You should also know the location of all emergency stop buttons
and lockout and tagout procedures for this equipment.
Lockout and tagout means an authorized maintenance person
may be working on the equipment and for safety purposes, the
machine must be rendered safe from all Hazardous Energy
Sources, which could possibly cause the machine to operate
accidently.
If a machine is locked out and tagged out, never attempt to
operate this equipment. In addition to proper mechanical
guarding, never place your hand or any other body part into
operating equipment, for any reason. Never leave a machine
running that's unattended. Never adjust or perform
maintenance on any machine while it's in motion. It's your
responsibility as a machine operator, to make sure the area
is cleared before you activate the machine. Of course, keep
your work area clean. Don't allow debris to clutter your work
area and walking surfaces. Should any of your tools or
equipment malfunction or become unsafe to use, notify your
supervisor immediately.
Electrical safety is equally important. Water and other liquids
are potential hazards around any electrical equipment,
therefore you should be alert for any electrical hazard and
never use electrical tools or equipment near water or other
liquids. Even greasy, moist or sweaty hands can be
hazardous around electricity. Report hazards to your
supervisor, particularly damaged electrical switches, plugs,
cords, receptacles or any type electrical tool. Most electrical
tools and equipment have a third prong on the electrical
plug. This prong is a grounding device to protect you from
electrical shock in the event of a short or malfunction. Be
sure this ground prong is not broken off as this could result
in an injury.
Some electrical equipment may not have this ground prong,
as the equipment is protected by double insulation inside the
tool. If the tool does not state DOUBLE INSULATED by the
manufacturer, then the third prong grounded plug is
required. Certainly, if you ever receive a shock from an
electrical tool, appliance or piece of equipment, shut it off
and report it immediately. Even a mild shock is dangerous,
so report any equipment that's unsafe to use.
Always follow company procedures when using personal
protective equipment. There is a variety of protection
available.

The most important part of your responsibility is to wear the
proper protection when it's required and provided by the
company.
Dress for work. Don't wear torn or loose fitting clothing that
can get caught in moving machinery. Wear serviceable,
leather topped shoes. Athletic or tennis shoes shouldn't be
worn, as they do not afford any type of foot protection.
Rings and jewelry can also be hazardous around
machinery, so follow company policies and procedures
relating to appropriate clothing, footwear and jewelry.
Naturally, long hair around machinery can be quite
dangerous. Confine long hair under a cap or net to prevent
serious head injuries from moving machinery. If your job
calls for handling rough or sharp parts, wear proper hand
protection, but don't wear gloves when you're using saws or
other rotating equipment, as gloves can get caught in the
moving parts and pull your entire hand into the machine.
When working with chemicals, always wear proper
protective clothing and eye/face protection. Chemicals are
to be handled only by employees who have been trained
and authorized to do so. There are Material Safety Data
Sheets available for each chemical or hazardous material
used, which are available through your supervisor. These
MSDS have more technical information, so if you're
interested in more information, ask your supervisor for an
MSDS. The time to have your questions about hazardous
chemicals is before you begin to use them. Remember,
these are the basics of job safety, so if you're not sure
about something, check with your supervisor.
Fire prevention is another important part of each employee's
responsibility. Don't create conditions that promote fires.
Important safety guidelines include keeping aisles, corridors
and walkways should have at least 44 inches of clearance for
walking. There should be 18 inches of clearance below any
sprinkler head to allow for sufficient water flow. All electrical
panels, transformers or switch gears must have clear access
which means nothing within three feet above, behind, on the
sides or front. These areas should not be considered as storage
areas. Learn where fire extinguishers are located and how to
operate them.
Make sure you know where the exits are located and that the
exits aren't blocked. In the event of a fire, personal safety is the
most important concern. Activate the nearest pull station to alert
everyone else, notify your manager or supervisor and then
proceed following your company's emergency procedure plan.
If time permits and you can extinguish a fire safely, that's the
thing to do, however, don't take chances. If there's any doubt
about your safety, leave the area and fire suppression activities
to the professionals.
Ok, let's review some safety items that require your skill and
expertise. These next few tips can reduce accidents if you
practice them on a daily basis. Don't use chairs, boxes or
makeshift platforms to reach high places.
Use a ladder that is specifically designed for that purpose.
Never use a ladder that is broken or defective. Inspect it before
you use it. Never stand on the top 2 steps of any stepladder, as
you can overextend the center of gravity of the ladder and it can
easily tip over.
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Never jump off ladders or platforms, step down easily and
slowly. A sprained ankle or broken leg takes a long time to
heal and taking chances isn't worth it.
Slips and falls injure more people than any other type of
accident. Watch where you're walking and pay attention to
potential hazards, such as wet or slippery floors, torn carpets
or loose tile. Watch for a change in elevations of the floor
and of course, do not run at work. It's ok to be in a hurry, but
it's not ok to disregard safety and take chances. Use only
authorized walkways or aisles, especially in warehouses or
around machinery. When you walk up or down stairs, always
hold the handrail. In the event you slip or trip, you'll have the
handrails to prevent a fall.
The next safety tip is how to prevent back injuries. You'll
receive more training from your supervisor, but these are the
basics. Most back injuries are the result of improper lifting,
stretching you back muscles or twisting your back. The back
is a complex and delicate part of your body. It's composed
basically of vertebrae or bones, discs, ligaments and nerves.
When you lift anything....no matter how heavy or light it is,
bend your legs, get a good grip and use your leg muscles to
lift the load. We realize there are thousands of lifting
requirements that don't always permit you to bend your legs,
as if you were picking up a box. Just keep in mind how your
discs protect the nerves and use your leg power, keeping
your back in its natural curvature. If you can't bend your legs,
use one hand to provide additional support for your back.
You can also use your legs as back support for certain types
of unusual lifting assignments. Stretching while lifting
anything can stretch or tear ligaments. Ligaments are
flexible, but if you stretch too far, they'll tear and can be quite
painful and take a long time to heal. You can prevent strains
by not stretching when you lift. Twisting your back while
lifting can be extremely dangerous. Remember the discs and
bones and nerves? make it a rule never to twist your body
while lifting. You're the only one who can prevent back
injuries. if you have the right attitude about safety and think
about safety when you're lifting....you can always prevent
back injuries.
If you are injured on the job, report the accident or injury to
your supervisor immediately. Even if you think you don't
need medical attention. Report all accidents, near misses
and injuries when they occur, not hours or days later.
Medical treatment, if required, will be provided, however,
supervision and management must be made aware when an
incident does occur.
As you can see in this short program, safety is really nothing
more than common sense and thinking about safety. It's
called safety awareness and it does work. It takes an effort
on your part to keep safety foremost in your mind when you
perform any job, at work or at home. Safety doesn't slow you
down, it doesn't make your job more difficult and it doesn't
require a lot of technical skill. It does prevent accidents and
injuries and makes your job easier in the long run. You're
more professional, efficient and responsible person when
you don't create hazards or cause accidents and injuries.
We care about all employees and want you to be successful in
your job. Safety is a part of that responsibility. Take the time for
safety, because it really does make a difference.

SAFETY TALK 038
DON'T BE A SCREWBALL WITH A SCREWDRIVER
A screwdriver is not a cold chisel or a pry bar. When you
need to chisel or pry—use the right tool, not a
screwdriver.
If you need to use a screwdriver on a small unit, put the
unit in a vise or on a bench. Don't rest it in your hand to
work on it. One slip means a jab in your palm which won't
improve your hand or your disposition either.
Don't put pressure on the screw with your face in a
position where it might be struck if the screwdriver slips.
Men have lost an eye when a screwdriver slipped.
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There's a right and wrong way to dress the end of a
screwdriver blade. Grind the sides of the blade so that
they will be parallel to the inside surfaces of the slot on the
screw head. You need a good continuous contact. Grind
the thickness of the blade so that it will fit the slot snugly.
Don't make a wedge shape that will turn the screwdriver
into a combination of ice pick and chisel.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. What shape are our screwdrivers in?
2. Can you give an example of an injury or near injury
using a screwdriver?
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 039

BUCKLE UP AND LIVE

Can seat belts save lives? Yes! The evidence is
overwhelming in favor of belts. Of the 50,000 Americans
killed each year on our streets and highways, the lives of
5,000 can be saved through the use of seat belts. So
says the National Safety Council.
In a crash, seat belts hold a vehicle's occupants and
prevents them from being hurled through the windshield,
out open doors or against objects inside vehicles. For the
doubters among us who still don't see the value in seat
belts let's answer some questions regarding belts.
What purpose do seat belts serve in low speed city
traffic?
Seat belts really help in the majority of accidents which
occur in cites at relatively low speeds. Belts prevent
ejection from the vehicle—a common cause of serious
injury following collisions. Belts lessen the chance of
striking the head against windshields and dashboards.
They help you retain control in sudden turns or quick
stops.
Wouldn't a person be better off if he were thrown clear
of a wreck?
Thousands of accident investigations prove you are five
times safer if you remain inside the protective shell of a
vehicle. Seat belts keep you from being thrown out into
the path of other traffic—keep you from striking against
fixed objects.
How about being trapped in a burning or submerged
vehicle?
In cases of fire or submersion seat belts help by giving
you a greater chance of maintaining consciousness— thus
increasing dour chances for escape.
QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION:
Are there any of our vehicles which do not have seat belts
in useable condition?

What good are seat belts in a high speed accident?

High speed accidents generate a force many times that
of gravity and, of course, some of these collisions, with or
without belts are not survivable. However, belts distribute
and absorb impact force thus reducing occupant
buffering. If the force of the collision does not cause
cabin penetration the evidence is that seat belt wearers
survive.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 040
SLIP, TRIP AND FALL PREVENTION
It can happen from sitting in a chair improperly. It can
happen when walking on something you shouldn't be
walking on. It can happen when you walk in the
parking lot and aren't watching where you walk. It
happens when you carry something and trip. It
happens when you slip off a ladder. That's right, slips
and falls. How does it happen and how can you
prevent it? Well, it's easy to see how it happens.....
you're not paying attention to where you're walking or
what you're doing and something happens to cause
you to trip, slip or fall.
The next step is to determine how you can prevent
these accidents.
First of all, it's important to understand that the vast
majority of slips and falls occur because the person is
not paying attention to where they are walking or what
they're doing and they either trip on something or the
floor surface is slippery. We can describe slips and
falls as a dual cause accident. We say dual because
there may be two causes. First, the person wasn't
paying attention.
The second cause could be a slippery floor, an
electrical cord that shouldn't have been there or a
number of other potential hazards. To reduce about 90
percent of slips and falls, just pay attention to what
you're doing and be aware of your walking or sitting
surfaces or positions and you'll eliminate slips and
falls. Ok, let's look at the other 10 percent and we'll call
these physical hazards that can cause slips and falls.
No matter what industry you work in, you generally
have a building in which to work. The first step is to
have a good maintenance program to keep the outside
walking surfaces in good condition. A consistent
sweeping program with either a push sweeper or
mechanical sweeper can reduce the level of dirt, grit or
sand in the parking lot and around entrances.
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Cleaning is a fundamental safety measure to help
reduce slippery walking surfaces, but it's also very
important to reduce the amount of dirt, sand, ice and
snow from being carried inside the building. On the
inside of the building, the first 15 to 25 feet from the
entrance are the most important. This is where any dirt
or other debris is carried into the building from the
bottom of your shoes.
Walk off mats are recommended at the entrances to
help clean your shoes as you walk inside. These mats
wipe off dirt and moisture, which reduces the slippery
shoe surfaces from the outside dirt. These mats should
be about 15 to 25 feet long and should be wide enough
to accommodate everyone walking through. Next,
frequent cleaning of the walk off mat is critical. If they're
not cleaned frequently, dirt, grease and moisture builds
up and instead of cleaning your shoes as you walk on
the mat, they add slippery water, grease and other
things to the bottom of your shoes. A dirty walk off mat
is worse than no mat at all. One word about mat
cleaning. It's important to clean the top, but don't forget
the bottom of the mat. Dirt under the mat can build up
and cause the mat to slip or bunch up when you walk
on it. Naturally, all walking surfaces must be kept clean.
Think about the equipment that rolls over the same floor
on which you walk. Forklifts, hand truck and other
equipment can have grease, oil, solvent and other
debris on their tires and can make walking surfaces
very slippery.
Next, you need to pay attention to the type of wax that
is applied to walking surfaces. Purchasing departments
and maintenance personnel are generally very
knowledgeable about types of wax, but watch out for
contaminated wax. This means the was is contaminated
with bacteria and can cause good wax to become very
slippery. That's why maintenance persons are advised
never to pour unused wax back into large wax
containers. It doesn't take much bacteria to ruin a barrel
of wax. The same thing applies when using the proper
 Just a day without accidents.. today

tools for cleaning. Always use clean wax applicators, surfaces. This is particularly true if your shoes have any
clean mops and other tools. You never use the same grease, oil or other residue on them.
wax applicator or mop to clean up spills. Don't forget
that all waxes are not created equal. There are Walk only in authorized walking areas. Walking over
different types of waxes for tile floors, concrete floors conveyors can cause a slip or fall. Watch for wet or
and so on. Be sure you follow the manufacturer's slippery surfaces. Don't walk over boxes, pallets or
recommendations as well, when applying and using other materials.... use the proper walk way. Think about
cleaning materials and waxes. Floor maintenance is the walking surface on which you're walking. If you're
very important, but it's everyone's responsibility. If you walking on a carpeted surface that will change to tile or
see a spill, clean it up. If you can't do the job, be sure concrete, be aware that different floor surfaces will have
to warn others and report it so it can be cleaned up as a different level of friction. The carpet will have good
quickly as possible. If you notice a potential slip and friction, but the tile or concrete will be slippery
fall hazard, report it to your supervisor. That hazard compared to the carpet. If you're aware of the
may have been there for over a year and you walk difference, you'll make the necessary adjustments to
past it everyday, assuming that someone will take care prevent a fall. Don't forget about telephone wires,
of it. Well, don't wait... report it so it can be corrected. electrical cords and other things that can cause a trip.
Clean up spills when they occur. You'll notice sticky Even in office, open file drawers can cause trip hazards.
parts of the floor around soda machines. That's
because someone spilled a liquid and no one bothered If you read any textbook on safety, the three E's is
to clean it up. Different spills require different mentioned. Engineering, Education and Enforcement.
procedures. Oils and grease....even mayonnaise Engineering is correcting potential physical hazards or
spilled on a surface is difficult to clean. First you wipe making your facility as free of defects as possible.
up the spill, then it may be necessary to use a gritty Education is making sure that everyone is aware of
powder cleaner to get into the pores of the concrete or safety and everyone is trained in accident prevention. In
tile to remove the grease or oil. After that, you can the case of slips and falls, it means paying attention to
then clean the powder cleaner. Just wiping with a mop where you walk so slips and falls won't occur. The
doesn't always make the surface clean. Enforcement part of the equation means your company
has safety rules and they are enforced. It's pretty
We're not trying to make maintenance persons out of simple. Engineering, Education and Enforcement.
everyone, just some basic information to help you Words to live by. Well, that's about it.
understand what it takes to keep floor surfaces free of Not much else to say about slips and falls other than it's your
slip and fall hazards. It requires your assistance.
responsibility. Be aware of potential slip and fall hazards, then
take the necessary action to prevent them. Safety is a team
Ok, let's now look at something almost everyone does
effort and we want you to do your part because it's important to
by instinct or habit. When you walk up or down stairs,
the whole team.
hold the hand rail. In case you slip or trip, the hand on
the rail will help prevent you from falling. This has
been a safety habit since stairs were first introduced.
There are some hazards associated with stairs. Torn
carpeting, damaged tread nosing, oily treads and dirty
stairs. Keep in mind that your shoes should be clean
and non-slippery when walking up or down stairs. If
your stairs need some attention, report it to your
supervisor. Next, falls from ladders can be quite
serious. Broken or damaged rungs can cause falls, but
more than likely it will be greasy or slippery shoes.
Also, a person will stand on the ladder improperly, or
stand on the top two steps, which will create a stability
problem. Never stand on the top two rungs of any step
ladder. Never lean past your belt buckle. When you
lean too far from the edge of any ladder, the center of
gravity shifts and the next thing you know.... there will
be an accident.

Getting into and out of vehicles. Never jump from

trucks or other vehicles or equipment..... you're asking
for trouble. If you look at statistics, you'll find that most
non-driving truck driver injuries result from getting into
or out of their truck. They either don't hold onto
handrails or they jump off their truck.
Proper footwear can also help reduce slips and falls. High
heels, certain leather on the soles of shoes, even the popular
tennis shoes can be very slippery on some

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SAFETY TALK 041
STAIRS - DEADLIER THAN MOUNT EVEREST
I know a kind of climbing that is deadlier than mountain
climbing. And what's more, it's a kind of climbing you do
often. I'm referring to the commonest kind of climbing in
the world—the climbing of stairs.
We do all we can to build stairs safely. Our stairs have
hand rails. The stairs aren't too steep, and they are well
lighted. They have treads that aren't slick and slippery.
Yet even stairs like these can kill and cripple if we don't
use them right.
For instance, the best hand rail in the world won't prevent
a fall if you don't use it. I know it is easy to forget. We
look at a flight of stairs, and it looks safe. We can walk up
and down it time after time without any trouble, even
without holding on. So we are likely to get careless and
ignore the rail.
Yet we all know that sooner or later there comes a time
when we slip or stumble or someone bumps into us. And
then whether we have a hand grip or not may make the
difference between good health and a broken neck.
Remember, the hand rail is just like the seat belt. Mostly
you don't need it, but sooner or later it becomes a life
saver.
Good lighting helps us in our stair climbing, but it won't
help us if we refuse to use our eyes. I have walked down
stairs in complete darkness—but I did it very slowly,
cautiously, hanging on for dear life. Yet many a worker
forgets to use his eyes when he is on the stairs, and so
he might just as well be in darkness—might better. as a
matter of fact. for then he'd know he had danger to deal
with.
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If we don't watch ourselves, we may fall on the top step
and crash. Or we may bang into someone else who isn't
looking, and send ourselves and our friend spinning. Or
we may slip or stumble on some object left carelessly on
the stairs.
Finally, stairs are made for walking, not running. Trying to
be a speeder on stairs may save a few seconds, but, like
speeding on the highway, it can be deadly. So, for real
time and health saving, take time going UP and going
down.
On every trip on every stairway home, in the plant, and
everywhere else, keep safe, by following these three
rules. First, always keep one hand on the hand rail.
Second, always keep your eyes open and your mind alert.
Third, walk, don't run, on every stair.
If you'll follow these rules, our stairs will be what stairs
should be—a safe road from one floor to another, not a
highway to hazards and the hospital.
If you want to take a chance and do some adventurous
climbing, take a vacation in the Rockies next summer, or
get a job as a steeple jack. But even then—on the riskiest
of mountain climbs or high flagpole work, you won't
escape the truth that all good climbers know—the truth
that good climbing means hanging on, looking out, and
taking your time.

SAFETY TALK 042
TABLE SAWS NO SINGLE SATISFACTORY GUARD
No single satisfactory guard has been developed for the
ordinary wood table saw. Why? Because so many different
kinds of jobs are done on these saws. Each individual kind of
sawing job can be well guarded. But no single guard can
protect us on all operations. Be sure you know the safe way to
perform each operation. And be sure to do it that way. Table
saws probably cut off more fingers than any other kind of
machine.
EXAMINE THE SAFETY DEVICES
Is the guard the kind that rides on top of the work? It should be
for all ordinary sawing, particularly ripping. See that it moves up
and down freely without side play. Saws should have and-
kickback dogs and spreaders. See that the and-kickback dogs
move freely and are sharp enough to dig into the stock if it
starts to kick back. See that the spreader is close to the saw
teeth, stiff and well secured. Check the guide (fence) to make
sure it lines up parallel with the saw blade. Then set it for the
cut you want.
CHECK YOUR FOOTING
When you have a sawing job, check your footing Be sure the
floor isn't slippery and there isn't anything for you to stumble
over. Place your feet securely and comfortably. See that there
is nothing loose on the saw table to get in the way. Be sure
there is enough light so you can see what you are doing.
STAND IN THE RIGHT POSITION
If you have more than a piece or two to rip, place the stock on a
hand truck or where you can easily reach it from the saw table.
Stand far enough right or left of the line of the saw blade so that
a kickback will miss you. But not so far that it's awkward to feed
the wood through. Make sure no one else gets behind the saw
while you are ripping. In some shops or on some jobs, an
extension is added to the saw table, so that the operator can't
stand directly in line with the saw blade. It also permits long
stock to be controlled more easily.
AVOID KICKBACK
Unless you have seen a kickback, you don't realize how vicious
one can be. Those saw teeth may be moving from 10,000 to
nearly 20,000 feet per minute. The teeth at the top of the saw
blade are running toward you. If they get caught in the wood,
they'll shoot it right back the way it came. Saws don't kick back
if they are treated right. If used correctly, a properly mounted
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saw blade, in good condition, will cut its way cleanly through the
wood. But if you don't feed the wood in straight, it will get caught
against those up-running teeth The saw may grab it, lift it up, and
throw it back.
Some people will tell you that the way to prevent kickback is to
keep the saw as low as you can and still have it cut through the
wood. They are right, if those teeth are sharp so they'll cut clean.
And if the stock is fed straight. The amount of set a saw has will
also have a bearing on how it cuts. Slide the material smoothly
ahead along the guide and through the saw. Be sure to keep it
against the guide all the way through. A good way to have an
accident is to use the saw without a spreader, especially when
cutting green or twisted wood. The spreader is located right after
the blade to keep the stock from binding. The anti-kickback dog
should be used, too, because the wood might bind against the
teeth before it reaches the spreader.
KEEP HANDS AWAY FROM BLADE
Always keep your hands a safe distance away from the saw
blade, at least six inches and preferably twelve inches. You can
do this by using a push stick or push block. If the stock or block
is made to fit the lumber and has a good handle, you can do a
better job width it at the finish of the cut than you can using your
hand only. And if something should go wrong, you won't lose
your hand.
DON'T CROWD THE SAW
Don't crowd the saw. A blade in good condition will take the
wood easily. It will almost feed itself. If it doesn't, something is
wrong.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Whenever using a power saw, don't forget to protect your eyes
by wearing your safety goggles.
HOUSEKEEPING
Whatever kind of a saw you are using, gasoline powered or
otherwise, good housekeeping is important. Continually pick up
sawdust and scrap that accumulates near the saw. And also
keep a fire extinguisher handy.
IT'S UP TO YOU
Because Deere is no single satisfactory guard for table saws, the
main responsibility for avoiding accidents is up to you.

SAFETY TALK 043
SAFE HANDLING OF WOODEN PALLETS
Regardless of your job in a warehouse environment,
you're going to be using and handling wooden, plastic or
metal pallets. Pallets are very useful in material handling
because they allow us to stack and move materials safely
and quickly.
Pallets are very common and used in so many different
places, we often tend to forget that pallet safety is part of
the safety program. To help you become more familiar
with pallet safety, let's review the basics because many
people, all over the world, experience injuries from
mishandling and misusing pallets. Wooden pallets are
the most common, so we'll use wooden pallets as our
examples in this training program.
Pallets come in different sizes. Depending upon the
industry, the most common size is 48" by 40", four way
pallet, which is also known as the GMA pallet. On a 48 by
40 inch pallet, both forklifts and pallet jacks may pick up
the pallet from the 40 inch side.
However, only forklifts should be used to pick up this size
pallet from the 48 inch side. In giving pallet dimensions,
the first dimension is always the length of the "stringer".
The second dimension is the width of the pallet. As you
can see, pallets have different measurements,
specifications, stringers and different weight capacities
and if you mishandle, misuse or overload pallets, you're
creating a potential injury. Rarely do equipment handlers
pay attention to the specifications of pallets, however,
each size and construction of the pallet has different load
and weight ratings and must be used according only to
your company's rule and regulations. If you're not sure
about a pallet's specifications and load limits, ask your
supervisor.
The size of the pallet can also affect the forklift or other
material handling equipment.
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Let's say you have a 48 by 48 inch pallet. The load center
of an evenly stacked load is 24 inches. The load center is
measured from the center of the load, to the vertical face
of the forks. This load center is extremely important
because the load center directly affects the lifting capacity
of the forklift. If the forklift's maximum capacity load limit is
5,000 pounds when lifting a 24 inch load center, if you
extend the load center to say 30 inches, this forklift cannot
safely lift the same 5,000 pounds. A 60 inch pallet, evenly
loaded would have a load center of 30 inches, which
greatly decreases the safe lifting capacity of the forklift.
You don't have to remember all this, but you must be
aware that different size pallets do have an effect upon the
safe lifting capacity of lift equipment. Right now, let's look
at some basics when handling and using pallets.
Certainly, each company has specific rules and standards
for handling pallets, however, the information provided
here can give you the basics of pallet handling and adding
to your knowledge and safety awareness, to help prevent
pallet injuries. The first rule is when handling pallets,
always wear appropriate gloves, to help prevent hand
injuries.
Before you use a pallet, check it to be sure it can be safely
stored in a rack with a heavy load. It should be
constructed of hardwood, be in good condition, with top
and bottom boards in place. Boards should be the proper
thickness, at least 5/8ths of an inch and solid. Boards
should not be cracked or have any pieces missing.
Stringers, as shown here, must be in good repair and if
they are damaged they should be properly repaired with
plugs or mending plates. There must be no protruding
nails or slivers of wood on the pallet. This may look like a
lot to inspect, however, as you gain experience, a quick
glance can tell you if the pallet is in a safe condition. If you
determine that a pallet is unsafe to use, take it out of
service until it can be repaired.

Removing a pallet from the stack should be completed by
not pulling it part way off the stack, then letting it drop. It
could fall on your feet or legs or the pallet could be
damaged.
Splinters can break off, causing potential hand and eye
injuries. The proper way is to slide it off the side, tip it,
firmly grasp the deck boards, let it slide down the stack
as you guide it, and gently rest on the floor. Keep control
of the pallet.
When moving pallets across the floor, stand it up on its
edge and slide it, pulling it from the end, then lay it down.
Use extreme caution when sliding pallets on floors. If you
hit a crack or bump in the floor, the pallet could stop
suddenly, causing it to fall, or other injury. Keep control of
the pallet and watch where your going.
Don't lift and carry pallets as they weigh approximately
65 pounds and are quite awkward to carry. DO NOT
THROW PALLETS. Several bad things can happen when
you throw pallets. Obviously, back and ligament injuries
can occur and the pallets can be damaged. Don't throw
pallets.
DO NOT STORE PALLETS ON ITS EDGE OR END. So
many injuries are caused by pallets falling, so don't store
pallets on edges or ends. Stack them properly. When
positioning a pallet on the floor, don't drop or throw it
because it can be damaged. A damaged pallet can break
when a heavy load is put on the pallet and can be quite
dangerous, especially if the damaged pallet is stored in a
rack.
Don't walk on pallets. Walk around a pallet because the
chances of slips, trips and falls increases on a pallet.
Boards can break, your feet can slip between the
openings and other hazards. Don't walk on pallets. In
some cases, you may have to step on pallets if you're
loading them by hand or for other reasons, but when you
do, try to use only one foot on the pallet and the other
one on the floor, for good traction and stability. In some
cases the floor may be slippery and when you step on a
pallet, the entire pallet moves, causing you to fall.
When you've finished stacking product off a pallet, stand
the pallet on its side and pull it to the area for stacking
empty pallets. There should be two stacking areas. One
for serviceable and reusable pallets, the other area for
pallets that need repair. Don't mix unsafe pallets with
serviceable pallets. Another safety tip is how to safely lift
pallets onto stacks. Don't stack pallets more than 7 or 8
high. That's about the maximum safe stack for people to
reach. Naturally, you'll eventually stack pallets about 15
high to save room, but that's the job of a forklift. You can
manually stack 7 to 8 pallets high, then use forklifts to
make higher stacks.
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Ok, to properly and safely stack pallets, slide the pallet up
to the side of the stack. Stand facing the pallet. The deck
boards will be vertical, facing you. Firmly grasp the deck
boards and with the proper lifting motion, slide the pallet
up the side of the stack, over the top and lay it onto the
stack, then square the stack. Let's look at that again,
specifically the safe lifting motion. Your back is in it's
natural curvature, knees are bent and you lift with your leg
power, not your back muscles. It takes practice, but it's the
safe way to lift pallets onto stacks.
Remember to manually stack pallets only 7 or 8 high and
let forklifts make larger stacks.
When sorting pallets, this is a 2 person job. Be sure both
persons use gloves and one person stands on each end
of the pallets in the stack being sorted. The stack being
sorted is in the center, with a sort-to stack on each side.
One stack for reusable pallets, the other for pallets
requiring repair. With one person on either end of the
pallet, carefully inspect the top surface for broken/missing
boards, cracks, chunks missing, proper thickness and
proper repair. Turn the pallet up on the edge and inspect
the bottom boards. Then both people pick up the pallet
and move it to the proper stack. Simple, efficient and safe.
Naturally, pallets are used on a daily basis and material
handlers don't take the time to think about pallet safety. In
your experience, you may think of hundreds of other
safety tips relating to pallet safety. Forklift operators in a
hurry can easily damage a pallet and continue to use it.
Pallet jacks are notorious for breaking the bottom boards
of pallets.
The bottom boards of a SMA pallet are spaced to
accommodate the load wheels of a pallet jack. Be sure
you have positioned your machine properly in the pallet
before attempting to raise it. If you are not in the correct
position, the machine will likely rip the bottom boards off,
making the pallet unsafe to use and possibly leaving
boards lying on the floor with nails sticking up, waiting for
someone to step on them. If the pallet you need to move
is not designed to be handled by a pallet jack, get a forklift
to move it rather than damaging the pallet. If a pallet is
unsafe or you are unsure of how to handle it, call your
supervisor for direction. As we stated, pallet safety is
important and it isn't given the attention to safety it
deserves. Take the time and effort to think about a 2500
pound load, raised to heights of 15 to 20 feet and make
sure the pallet is safe, sturdy and has been properly
handled to prevent an injury. Will the pallet be safe
enough to hold the load? If you handle, store or use
pallets, you're the only person who can answer the
question. It takes an effort on everyone's part to make
pallet safety a part of your everyday operations.

SAFETY TALK 044
CONTRACTOR SAFETY
Our company has a tradition of providing our
employees with the highest standards of safety
and health and our intent and effort is to provide
contractor employees with conditions and work
rules that are as protective of their safety and
health, as those governing our employees.
It's important that general contractors provide
their employees and sub contractors employees
with a safe and healthful place to work. In this
short program, we want to provide an overview of
these responsibilities. However, it is the general
contractor's responsibility to know and
understand our company's rules and work
procedures and to effectively communicate these
rules and procedures to each employee and sub-
contractor. We have job requirements for
contract employees who perform "safety
sensitive" duties. A safety sensitive duty is one
that is directly related to the safe operation or
security of a facility or piece of equipment and
which, if not performed properly, could result in a
serious safety risk or environmental hazard to
persons, a facility or the general public.
Most accidents and injuries are preventable.
While the company has the obligation for
providing a safe and healthful workplace, each
contractor has a personal and vital responsibility
to contribute to safe work performance. Through
such joint effort, an accident and injury free work
environment can be achieved. In our company,
safety is an important factor in the selection
process of our outside contractors. There are a
several means of assessing a contractor's ability
to perform the intended work safely and the size
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of a contractor's work force should not
compromise its safety attitude or program. Often,
written documentation and verification of the
contractor's training efforts, and audits may be
required. In some cases, a qualifying examination
may be necessary to verify that employees have
the knowledge to safely perform the specified
work under expected worksite conditions.
Prior to the start of the job, a company
representative shall meet with appropriate
contractor staff to conduct a pre-job safety
orientation session and coordinate safety program
provisions between the company and contractor.
The minutes of the pre-job safety orientation
meeting will be documented with the subjects
discussed and the signed roster of the attendees
attached to minutes of the meeting. The minutes
of the meeting will be attached to the job contract.
The subjects to be discussed during the safety
meeting are:
1. HAZARD COMMUNICATION. Hazard
Communications is a stringent requirement that
governs all employers and employees. It's called
the Employee's Right to Know, relating to the
chemicals used in the workplace. Our company is
very strict in adherence to these regulations and
it's mandatory that any contractor to our company
review our written program and know the location
of the written program. Contractors must be aware
of our company's requirements and follow these
rules during your work on company property.

a. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) -
Copies of all MSDS to be provided to
contractor, for training of their
employees.
b. For products brought on the site by a
contractor, MSDS's must be provided
and located on the worksite, for
inspection by auditors and for training
employees on these products.
2. WRITTEN WORK PERMITS - Our company requires
Safe Work, Hot Work, and Entry Permits. Contractors will
be required to acknowledge all permits issued with a
signature by an authorized representative of the
contractor company. These permits are extremely
important to safeguard the health of safety of all
employees during potentially hazardous operations, such
as welding, cutting, confined space entry, trenching and
shoring, scaffolding and other similar work.
3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN - Contractors are
responsible for reviewing the company's emergency
response plan; for fire alarm systems, which includes
sounding fire alarms to acquaint contractor personnel of
the particular sound for emergencies. Notification to
company representatives must be made in an
emergency. Understanding appropriate evacuation
routes, assembly areas, and location of fire extinguishers
on company property is a must for all contractor
employees.
4. EMERGENCY EYEWASH AND SHOWERS - Locate
emergency eyewash and shower locations within the
facility during the job walk. All contractor employees must
be fully aware of these emergency stations and how to
use them in the event of an emergency.
5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) - The
requirement for Personal Protective Equipment will be
listed on the proper work permit. Contractors are
responsible for ensuring the use of all required personal
protective equipment by their employees when required.
6. MEDICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES AND
RESTROOM FACILITIES - It will be the responsibility of
the general contractor to provide the medical treatment
facilities and restroom facilities for their employees and
sub-contractors.
7. ACCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURES - The
general contractor will be responsible for reporting and
preparing all accident reports, property damage and
injury reports. Company management will be advised
verbally of any accidents to contractor personnel and will
be followed by a written report within 24 hours of the
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Just a day without accidents.. today
incident.
8. COMPANY SAFETY POLICIES AND
PROCEDURES - The contractor will be provided
with written company Safety Policies and
Procedures. These policies must be
communicated to all contractor personnel and the
procedures followed by all employees.
9. SAFETY TRAINING - Required regulatory
training will be determined prior to the start of the
job. It will be the responsibility of the company
Project representative to include the Safety
Training and the Substance Abuse Program
requirement in the bid contract. Part of the training
requirements will be education and training on
Hazardous Materials including Hazard
Communications, Material Safety Data sheets,
Hazwoper, which is Hazardous Materials
Emergency Response training, Control of
Hazardous Energy Sources or Lockout/Tagout
and Respiratory Protection. Respiratory protection
training must also include selection and use of
respiratory equipment, how to fit test respiratory
equipment and other information necessary to
properly protect employees who are required to
wear respiratory equipment.
In the event that select facility managers are
responsible for the job, it will be their responsibility
to notify the contractor of the Safety Training and
Substance Abuse Program requirement.
Contractors must ensure proper levels of safety
training for all contractor employees, consistent
with company policies and training requirements.
10. In addition to our policies, procedures and training
regarding the safety and health of all employees, each
contractor is responsible for adhering to all Federal, State
and local requirements regarding safety, health and other
government regulations, including The Environmental
Protection Agency and others.
We take safety seriously. The safety and health rules,
procedures and safe practice of our facilities apply equally
to all employees, be they company or contractor
employees. Company contractors have the responsibility
to provide training, education, personal protective
equipment, documentation of training and compliance and
all the other things necessary to comply with our
company's safety and health requirements. It's a big
responsibility, but it's essential that every employee be
properly trained, properly protected and provided a safe
and healthful place to work. It's not only good business,
it's required.

SAFETY TALK 045
CRANE BOOMS AND POWER LINES
Our topic today is "Electrocution" or "What Can Happen
When a Crane Boom Hits an Energized Power Line".
Most of you who have spent time in heavy construction
know of someone who has been killed or severely
shocked or burned by such an accident. The cause is
generally poor judgment or forget fullness.
When a job is being planned, power lines should be
located and the voltages determined. Provisions should
be made to eliminate the danger by having the current
shut off or to minimize the danger by setting up safe
procedures. Make sure you know if the current is shut off
and that you understand the established safe procedures
when working around power lines.
A TYPICAL CASE
Forgetfulness is bad enough. But poor judgment is even
worse, as illustrated by the following example: A change
of work area made it necessary to position a crane under
a power line. With the boom in the air, the crane was
rolled forward and then stopped. Supposedly, it was far
enough away from the line to allow the boom to be
lowered without hitting the wires. But the boom didn't
clear.
WHO WAS AT FAULT?
Who was guilty of poor judgment? The whole crew, which
includes the operator and the men who guided the
movement and gave the signals.
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What should the men have done? Obviously, they should
have stopped the crane farther back. They also should
have kept a close watch on the block as the boom was
being lowered, and signaled the operator to stop when it
became evident that the boom was going to hit the power
line. Had they done so, the crane could have backed off
and completed the lowering without a mishap.
But what about the operator? He knew the length of the
boom and the arc it made when being raised or lowered.
He should have allowed enough distance to provide
clearance, regardless of the ground men's lack of
judgment.
All crew members share the responsibility for preventing
accidents in situations such as the one described. All must
be alert at all times; first to protect themselves, and
second, to protect the other person. If someone appears
to be forgetful or inattentive, wake that individual up.
WORTH REPEATING
When you're working close to a power line, use good
judgment. Keep boom, cable block and tag line a
minimum of ten feet away. Even greater clearance may be
required, depending on voltage and work conditions.
Remember, the current will jump from the power line to
the boom or cable without contact being made.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 046

CRANES-DANGER UNDER BOOMS

Some say that coming events cast shadows before them.
The idea is based on every event being the result of a
cause. This idea has direct application to safety. Every
accident has a cause which projects shadows and gives
warnings of possible results. Such shadows usually can
be seen if we watch for them. For instance, the
continuous performance of a job in an improper manner
causes incidents that foretell possible trouble. This is
especially true in the swing area of cranes.
In a crowed work situation, the swing area should be
roped off or barricaded. Signs should be posted to keep
unauthorized persons out of the hazardous areas. In
extreme cases it may be necessary to post a watchman or
traffic controller. In concreting operations, it is especially
necessary to keep all persons away from the vicinity of the
bucket travel. A chunk of semi-hardened concrete
frequently drops from a bucket and can produce a serious
injury even if the victim is wearing a hard hat.

Accidents involving men who work or walk under crane
booms and buckets are all too common, and when they
happen they are often fatal.
Even if the crane is in excellent condition and is being run
by a first-rate operator, it is never wise for men to be
exposed needlessly. Frequently, the victim is a laborer
doing an assigned job which as nothing to do with the
crane. The rule is simple: "Don't stand, walk, or work
under crane booms, buckets or suspended loads . "
The puddler should stay clear when the crane operator is
landing the bucket and during the take-away.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. Are our crane operations always designed to minimize
the swing of booms and buckets over work areas?
2. Are personnel adequately warned about crane
operations in the area?

Prior planning of crane operations usually takes into

account the area to be covered by the swing of the boom.
Cranes should be positioned so that the boom or bucket
cannot be swung over workmen. Otherwise, the
operation should be scheduled for times when men are
clear of the swing area.

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 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 047

EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT

These rules apply to the following types of earthmoving
equipment: scrapers, loaders, crawlers or wheel tractors,
bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agriculture and
industrial tractors, and similar equipment (this does not
include compactors and rubber-tired "skid steer"
equipment).
5. Check the braking system on all equipment—it must be
capable of stopping and holding the equipment fully
loaded.
6. Watch for changing road conditions—icy and wet roads
should be used with extreme caution.

1. Anytime equipment or its parts are suspended by use 7. Keep ladders, walkways, and tracks clear of mud, ice,
of slings, hoists, or jacks, they should be blocked or snow, etc., to insure proper footing.
cribbed to prevent falling or shifting before employees are
permitted to work under or between them.

2. Dozer and scraper blades, end loader buckets, dump

bodies, and similar equipment, should either be fully
lowered or blocked when being repaired or when not in
use.

3. All controls should be in neutral position with the

motors stopped and brakes set unless work being
performed requires otherwise.

4. Seat belts need not be provided for equipment which is

designed only for stand-up operations; i.e., graders or for
equipment which does not have roll-over protection
structure (ROPS) or adequate canopy protection In other
words, if you have overhead protection you must wear a
seat belt unless it is designed for stand-up operations.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 048
EXCAVATION & SHORING
Shoring is employed in many construction operations.
Excavation shoring, as concerns building excavations
and trenches, is intended for the protection of workers
and property and often the general public as well.
Workers in excavations must always be aware of the fact
that much of their safety depends upon themselves. Even
though there is a daily inspection of bracing systems,
certain conditions may arise suddenly that come to the
attention only of the man on the job. You must be able to
recognize dangers when you see them and report them
before they cause injury to yourself or those around you.
Accidents such as falls or being struck by objects in and
about excavations and trenches often result because
workers fail to follow the safety instructions that have
been given them.
Shoring presents problems and hazards. That is another
of the reasons why safety education has become so
important in the field of construction.
One of the major purposes of shoring is to protect you
while you work in the excavation. Bracing systems are
intended to prevent sliding, slipping, caving, squeezing,
or any other movement of the face of the excavation that
could endanger men in the excavation.
At times, soil conditions make it possible to slope
excavations; but in many cases, the sides must be
supported by shoring. Regular physical inspection should
be made of faces and banks where there may be loose
materials.
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Any surface with dangerous material should be scaled.
Workers should not work one above another where there
is a danger of falling rock or materials.
Shoring of adjacent buildings may be necessary when
their walls are weakened by excavation. Sidewalks if
undermined during construction require shoring for the
protection of the public and the men working below.
Always make use of stairways, ramps, or ladders when
you enter or leave an excavation. Climbing or jumping is
hazardous.
Because shoring is often subjected to considerable
pressures, it demands regular inspection. Every workman
engaged in excavation must take the responsibility of
helping to check on shoring because your own safety is at
stake. If you detect any unusual conditions, you must
report them immediately.
When using screw jacks in shoring, be careful of them
slipping and throwing you.
The jack will not kick out when the load is properly
centered. Nevertheless, blocking should be carried
forward with jacking in order to reduce the hazards due to
failure or slipping of jacks.

SAFETY TALK 049
FALLS
Is there a serious fall problem? When you consider that
each hour in the United States 19 people are injured by
falls, or that a fatal fall accident occurs every 37 minutes,
you must agree that the fall problem is significant. Falls in
the United States are the number two accident killer,
ranking only behind traffic accidents as a cause of
accidental death. Falls on the job account for about 30%
of all injuries. Last year close to 1,600 employees died
and over 300,000 were injured from falls on the job.
What makes falls such a problem? Most falls involve
three important elements: "obstacles," "heights," and
"tracdon." People fall off ladders or down stairways; they
trip over stools and electrical cords, and they slip on
water, or oil spills. The complicated human mechanism
usually allows us to maintain our balance when walking
or standing. The fall problem occurs with traction is lost,
unexpected obstacles are placed in our path or when we
overextend the limits of our balance when working on
ladders or raised platforms.
Falls can be prevented, but only if everyone on the job
does his part. First, always be alert to potential fall
hazards in unfamiliar surroundings. Experienced workers
spot-check walkways and work areas to be sure that no
trip or slip hazards exist. Even more importantly, when
you find a fall hazard, make sure that something is done
to correct it. The majority of falls at work are caused by
obvious hazards, most of which could have been easily
corrected. Water and oil spills, small objects on the floor,
electrical cords, and objects hanging out into walkways
will eventually trip someone. Take a moment to eliminate
these obvious hazards.
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Some tips for avoiding falls are:
· Good housekeeping is essential. Don't leave loose
objects on walking or working surfaces.
- Never leave water or oil spills unattended. If they can't
be cleaned up immediately, set a barrier down so that
people know about the hazard.
· Never allow an object to sit on stairways or ramps.
Cartons, boxes, and other obstacles are especially
dangerous here.
- Report loose or damaged handrails, stairway treads,
mats and walkway runners. Sometimes even a small worn
spot can cause someone to trip.
- Wear proper footwear. Synthetic rubber soles are best
on oily floors, soft rubber soles are good on wet floors.
Leather soles can be extremely slippery on water or oil.
- Lighting is important in walkways. Report conditions
created by burned out lights or when walkways are too
dark.
- Report any floor openings that are not protected. These
openings can cause very serious falls.
- When walking, don't carry loads that block your vision. If
you can't see where you are going, a trip and fall is
enevitable
- Use hand or safety rails on stairways. It's the best way to
keep your balance. - Be especially careful when working
near the edge of loading docks or raised scaffolds.
These tips are sensible and reasonable. Perhaps they can
help you to avoid a trip/fall injury.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 050

FALL OF PEOPLE

Best Practices
• All persons exposed to fall hazards should wear
safety belts and lines.

• Openings in the floor that create a hazard should be

covered or protected with handrails or barriers.

• New employees should be indoctrinated in safety

METAL/NONMETAL MINE FATALITY - On January 19, rules and safe work procedures.
1998, a 40 year old welder/ laborer working for a
contractor at the mill of a limestone quarry was killed • Mine operators should take an active role to assure
when he fell approximately 50 feet from the top of a that contractors follow basic safe work procedures.
hopper to the ground. The victim had 8 years experience
as a millwright and had previously worked as a contractor
employee at this mine for about 1 month. He was one of
four contractor employees, along with their supervisor,
who were repairing screens, chutes, and hoppers during
plant renovation. Several days prior to the accident,
handrails for the hopper were removed, exposing a 3- by
9-foot opening in the floor. The victim stepped across the
opening and sat on the edge of the hopper. He fell
backward through the opening to the ground. He was not
wearing a safety belt and line.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 051

FALLS---THE DANGEROUS FOUR

Falls - Falls Disable 400,000 workers a year. Of every

100 workers hurt, 20 fall down. Almost as many falls
happen on the level as from elevated places.
If you are on the level, you should:
1. Watch out for slippery spots such as oil, grease, or
water spills.
2. Use aisles. Don't take shortcuts through storage and
machinery areas.
4. Don't overreach Be sure of your balance by keeping
your belt buckle between the rails.
5. A ladder should have safety feet. Use a board on soft
earth or to level the feet.
6. The 4 to 1 rule: Set the ladder one foot out for every
four feet up to the point of support. Rungs are one
foot apart so it's easy to figure the angle.

3. Look out for objects on the floor that can roll, slide, or Weak Spot:
trip you up.
If you are higher up: Inattention is the weak spot in the defense against falls . . .
1. Don't run on stairs. Use the handrail. Watch where you are going!
2. Inspect safety belts and lines before using them.
3. Never jump from work stages, trucks, or loading docks.
4. Use ladders the right way.

LADDER SENSE

1. Inspect a ladder for cracks and loose rungs.

2. Choose a ladder long enough so you can stay off the

top rungs.

3. Climb with both hands holding the rungs. Hoist tools

and materials by hand line.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 052
FLAGGING SAFETY
The lives of fellow employees depend upon the
safety provided by conscientious flaggers.
Flaggers are the persons that stand between a
safe work project and potential disaster. your job
as a flagger is important but simple.
It's your job to keep traffic aware of the project
ahead, control vehicle speed and act as a
representative of your organization. you are an
authority figure, just like a police officer. your
appearance, presence of mind and professional
image commands authority.
A properly attired and attentive flagger can
control traffic. you don't need a police officers
uniform. what kind of authority figure is this
person doesn't instill a lot of confidence in the
people he's trained to control. The only message
conveyed here, is that the company doesn't care
about traffic control. the crew you're protecting
deserves 100 percent effort at all times. They're
busy and trust that you're performing your job in
a professional manner. therefore, they believe
traffic is under control. Relaxing in lawn chairs or
not paying attention to your job is asking for
trouble. especially when your crew is paying
attention to their job and not traffic.
A professional flagger dresses with an orange
reflectorized vest, yellow or orange hard hat or
possible an orange ball cap, for greater visibility.
your tools are maturity, awareness and a
stop/slow paddle. Some states use only flags to
make motorists aware of traffic control. night jobs
would require reflectorized clothing, paddles and
illumination of both flaggers and the prewarning
signs.
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Flagging can be a physically demanding task. to help
prevent fatigue, use a short box or similar object to put
one foot on. This improves circulation and helps
prevent back strain. you may be able to install the
stop/slow paddle on a pole to further reduce back
strain.
OK, you've got the proper attitude, training and are
professionally dressed for the job. You should check
with your supervisor about the appropriate control
requirements for your local or state traffic control
procedures for signs and sign placement. Generally,
you take a position about 150 feet behind the flagger
ahead sign. Be sure you're positioned in an area that
is fully visible to traffic. use your authority to control
vehicles.
This doesn't mean angry looks or abusive
language or other unprofessional actions.
Maintain eye contact with the vehicle operators so
they'll know and understand the instructions to
slow or stop. If the traffic is moving to fast, use
your free hand to motion for he drivers to slow
down.
Be courteous. If the lane has stopped, politely
explain to the lead car the reason for the delay.
When safe, ask them to proceed slowly and safely
and use your free hand to motion the vehicles
forward. let's watch some flaggers in operation.
Flagging can be a tough job. Keep a cool head
and professional attitude. if a problem arises such
as motorists knocking down signs and other traffic
control measures or anyone putting your crew at
risk, take the vehicle description and license
number and report them to the police. Avoid any
confrontations because you never know how
some people will react. discretion is the better part
of valor.
Flaggers have an important job. We've said that
several times. It looks simple and it looks easy. It's
a difficult job and the only way to perform your
flagging duties is to dress properly, follow the
safety guidelines established by our company and
be in control of traffic at all times. The crew you
are protecting is relying on you to provide
professional traffic control. All you have to do is
have the proper attitude, responsibility, and
maturity to control the traffic on your project.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 053

HAND AND POWER TOOLS

Professionals in the construction industry take
pride in their crafts and certainly in the tools they
use. any tools that are designed to have guards
and handles must have those guards and
handles unaltered and they must be in place at
all times.
Tying back a guard on a saw doesn't make any
sense and anyone removing a guard, handle, or
using an unguarded tool will be subject to
dismissal from the jobsite. It's just too important
to take chances. The power supply for electrical
tools must be disconnected when not in use or
when changing blades, bits, discs or other
routine maintenance tasks.
When grinders are rotating, the operator must
assure the operator is in a balanced position and
the momentum of the disc will carry the tool away
from the operator if it becomes stuck.
Deadman switches are required on all tools. If you
release the power trigger, the tool must shut off.
Lockon devices are prohibited. Make sure all hand
and powered hand tools are in serviceable
condition before you use them.

Loose clothing, rings or other jewelry cannot be

worn around operating tools or machines. Keep
shirt sleeves buttoned. Industrial leather gloves
should be worn when using tools. Before you use
any grinding tools, you must be trained and
authorized. Using grinders without proper training
is asking for trouble.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 054
WHY WEAR HARD HATS?
The average safety hard hat weighs about 14 ounces.
The average man's head weighs 14 pounds. So there's
an ounce of safety for every pound of head—provided
the head protection is properly worn and maintained.
The brain is the control center of the body. The slightest
damage to any part of the brain will cause malfunctions
of some area of the body. The skull, under normal
circumstances, protects the brain. But when a possibility
of injury from falling or flying objects exists, additional
protection is required. This is the objective of the use of
hard hats
The force of a falling object can be calculated
approximately by multiplying the weight of the object by
the distance of its fall. A three and one half ounce
washer, for example, falling thirty-two feet, will generate a
force of seven foot pounds of impact.
Should this washer strike an unprotected head, the force
of the blow would be equivalent to 560 pounds; when a
hard hat is worn, the force transmitted to the neck and
spine is reduced to only 127 pounds.
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Often workmen are reluctant to wear hard hats because of
an expressed concern of the weight and discomfort of
heat during warm weather. Considering the protection
afforded, the weight theory is negligible.
The average hard hat weighs 14 ounces as compared to
the three pounds of the helmet used in World War II and
the Korean Conflict. However, under duress of battle, the
helmet afforded a psychological feeling of security. Why
then, in certain areas of employment, shouldn't the hard
hat give this same feeling of security in industry?
Regarding the so-called discomfort of heat, a test in
temperature of 110 degrees showed that the inside
temperature of a cloth cap and a felt hat were 2 degrees
cooler than the prevailing outside temperature. The same
test revealed the inside temperature of hard hats varied
from 5 to 12 degrees cooler. The material, reflection and
air space were the governing factors.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 055

LADDER SAFETY

1. Inspect ladders at frequent regular intervals; if any
ladder is found defective red tag it until it is repaired or
discarded. NEVER use a defective ladder.
2. Use shellac, varnish, or two coats of oil as a
preservative; paint conceals defects.
3. Avoid the use of metal ladders when the possibility of
contact with electrical power exists.
6. Always face the ladder and hold on with both hands,
whether climbing up or down.
7. Carry tools in suitable pockets, or have tools and other
objects hoisted with a rope and bucket.
8. Work facing the ladder and hold on with one hand.
9. Use a safety belt if the type of work requires it.

4. Clean mud or greasy substances from your shoes 10. It is dangerous to reach out too far from a ladder in
before climbing up a ladder. any direction; move the ladder as the work requires.

5. Place the ladder securely, against a solid backing, at a 11. It is unsafe to use a ladder as a horizontal member of
safe angle of about 75 degrees with the horizontal. a scaffold

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 056
Materials Handling and Storing
The efficient handling and storing of materials is vital to the
construction industry as these operations provide a
continuous flow of raw materials, parts, and assemblies
through the work place, and ensure that materials are
available when needed. Yet, the improper handling and
storing of materials can cause costly injuries.
Workers frequently cite the weight and bulkiness of objects
being lifted as major contributing factors to their injuries. The
second factor frequently cited was body movement. Bending,
followed by twisting and turning, were the more commonly
cited movements that caused back injuries or back pain.
In addition, workers can be injured by falling objects,
improperly stacked materials, or by various types of
equipment. When manually moving materials, however,
workers should be aware of potential injuries, including the
following:
• Strains and sprains from improperly lifting loads, or
from carrying loads that are either too large or too
heavy.
• Fractures and bruises caused by being struck by
materials, or by being caught in pinch points; and
• Cuts and bruises caused by falling materials that
have been improperly stored, or by incorrectly
cutting ties or other securing devices.
Since numerous injuries can result from improperly handling
and storing materials, it is important to be aware of accidents
that may occur from unsafe or improperly handled equipment
and improper work practices, and to recognize the methods
for eliminating, or at least minimizing, the occurrence of those
accidents. Consequently, everyone should examine their
work places to detect any unsafe or unhealthful conditions,
practices, or equipment and take the necessary steps to
correct them.
EHS Central
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MOVING, HANDLING, AND STORING MATERIALS
When manually moving materials, you should seek help when
a load is so bulky it cannot be properly grasped or lifted, when
they cannot see around or over it, or when a load cannot be
safely handled. Workers also should use appropriate
protective equipment as necessary to help reduce accident
potential. For loads with sharp or rough edges, wear gloves or
other hand and forearm protection. To avoid injuries to the
hands and eyes, use gloves and eye protection. When the
loads are heavy or bulky, the mover should also wear steel-
toed safety shoes or boots to prevent foot injuries if the worker
slips or accidentally drops a load.
When mechanically moving materials, avoid overloading the
equipment by letting the weight, size, and shape of the
material being moved dictate the type of equipment used for
transporting it. All materials handling equipment has rated
capacities that determine the maximum weight the equipment
can safely handle and the conditions under which it can handle
those weights.
All stacked loads must be correctly piled and cross-tiered,
where possible. Precautions also should be taken when
stacking and storing material. Stored materials must not create
a hazard. Storage areas must be kept free from accumulated
materials that may cause tripping, fires, or explosions, or that
may contribute to the harboring of rats and other pests. When
stacking and piling materials, it's important to be aware of such
factors as the materials' height and weight, how accessible the
stored materials are to the user, and the condition of the
containers where the materials are being stored.
Used lumber must have all nails removed before stacking.
Lumber must be stacked and leveled on solidly supported
bracing. The stacks must be stable and self-supporting. Stacks
of loose bricks should not be more than 7 feet in height. When
these stacks reach a height of 4 feet, they should be tapered
back 2 inches for every foot of height above the 4-foot level.
When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the
stacks should be tapered back one-half block for each tier
above the 6-foot level.

Drums, barrels, and kegs must be stacked symmetrically. If
stored on their sides, the bottom tiers must be blocked to
keep them from rolling. When stacked on end, put planks,
sheets of plywood dunnage, or pallets between each tier to
make a firm, flat, stacking surface. When stacking materials
two or more tiers high, the bottom tier must be chocked on
each side to prevent shifting in either direction. When
stacking, consider the need for availability of the material.
Material that cannot be stacked due to size, shape, or fragility
can be safety stored on shelves or in bins. Structural steel,
bar stock, poles, and other cylindrical materials, unless in
racks, must be stacked and blocked to prevent spreading or
tilting. Pipes and bars should not be stored in racks that face
main aisles; this could create a hazard to passers-by when
supplies are being removed.
USING MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT
To reduce potential accidents associated with work place
equipment, employees need to be trained in the proper use
and limitations of the equipment they operate. This includes
knowing how to effectively use equipment such as cranes,
and slings.
Cranes
Only thoroughly trained and competent persons are permitted
to operate cranes. Operators should know what they are
lifting and what it weighs. Plan lifts before starting them to
ensure that they are safe. Take additional precautions and
exercise extra care when operating around power lines.
Some mobile cranes cannot operate with outriggers in the
traveling position. When used, the outriggers must rest on
firm ground, on timbers, or be sufficiently cribbed to spread
the weight of the crane and the load over a large enough
area. This will prevent the crane from tipping during use.
Hoisting chains and ropes must always be free of kinks or
twists and must never be wrapped around a load. Loads
should be attached to the load hook by slings, fixtures, or
other devices that have the capacity to support the load on
the hook. Sharp edges of loads should be padded to prevent
cutting slings. Proper sling angles shall be maintained so that
slings are not loaded in excess of their capacity. All cranes
must be inspected frequently by persons thoroughly familiar
with the crane, the methods of inspecting the crane, and what
can make the crane unserviceable. Crane activity, the
severity of use, and environmental conditions should
determine inspection schedules. Critical parts, such as crane
operating mechanisms, hooks, air or hydraulic system
components and other load-carrying components, should be
inspected daily for any maladjustment, deterioration, leakage,
deformation, or other damage.
Slings
When working with slings, employers must ensure that they are visually
inspected before use and during operation, especially if used under
heavy stress. Riggers or other knowledgeable employees should
conduct or assist in the inspection because they are aware of how the
sling is used and what makes a sling unserviceable. A damaged or
defective sling must be removed from service. Slings must not be
shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices; sling legs that
have been kinked must not be used. Slings must not be loaded beyond
their rated capacity, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Suspended loads must be kept clear of all obstructions, and crane
operators should avoid sudden starts and stops when moving
suspended loads. Employees also must remain clear of loads about to
be lifted and suspended. All shock loading is prohibited.
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ERGONOMIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PRINCIPLES
Ergonomics is defined as the study of work and is based on
the
principle that the job should be adapted to fit the person, rather
than forcing the person to fit the job. Ergonomics focuses on
the work environment and items such as design and function
of work stations, controls, displays, safety devices, tools, and
lighting to fit the employees' physical requirements and to
ensure their health and well being. Ergonomics includes
restructuring or changing work place conditions to make the
job easier and reducing/ stressors that can cause injuries. In
the area of materials handling and storing, ergonomic
principles may require controls such as reducing the size or
weight of the objects lifted, installing a mechanical lifting aid, or
changing the height of a pallet or shelf.
In addition to using ergonomic controls, there are some basic
safety principles that can be employed to reduce injuries
resulting from handling and storing materials. These include
taking general fire safety precautions and keeping aisles and
passageways clear.
In adhering to fire safety precautions, employees should note
that flammable and combustible materials must be stored
according to their fire characteristics. Flammable liquids, for
example, must be separated from other material by a fire wall
or other appropriate storage separation. Also, other
combustibles must be stored in an area where smoking and
using an open flame or a spark-producing device is prohibited.
Dissimilar materials that are dangerous when they come into
contact with each other must be stored apart.
When using aisles and passageways to move materials
mechanically, sufficient clearance must be allowed for aisles at
loading docks, through doorways, wherever turns must be
made, and in other parts of the work place. Providing sufficient
clearance for mechanically moved materials will prevent
workers from being pinned between the equipment and
fixtures in the work place, such as walls, racks, posts, or other
machines. Sufficient clearance also will prevent the load from
striking an obstruction and falling on an employee.
All passageways used by employees should be kept clear of
obstructions and tripping hazards. Materials in excess of
supplies needed for immediate operations should not be
stored in aisles or passageways, and permanent aisles and
passageways must be
marked appropriately.
In other words, material handling and storing takes an effort on your part
to think about safety when moving, storing or lifting anything. It's your
responsibility, but it's an important part of your job.

SAFETY TALK 057
MSDS
A Material Safety Data Sheet, often referred to by its
acronym MSDS, is a detailed informational document
prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous
chemical which describes the physical and chemical
properties of the product. Information included in a
Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe
products, helps employers and employees understand
the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical
and describes how to respond effectively to exposure
situations.
The format of a Material Safety Data Sheet may vary but
there is specific information that must be included in each
sheet. It is useful to review this information to increase
your ability to use a Material Safety Data Sheet.
All Material Safety Data Sheets should include the
following information:
Section I of the MSDS lists information identifying the
manufacturer and the product.
Manufacturer's name, address and telephone number
Number to call in case of emergency involving product
Chemical name and synonyms
Trade name and synonyms
Chemical family and formula
CAS# (Chemical Abstract Service) for pure materials
Section II describes the various hazardous ingredients
contained in the product, the percentages, and exposure
limits when appropriate. All hazardous chemicals which
comprise 1% or greater of the mixture will be identified.
Carcinogens will be listed if their concentrations are 0.1%
or greater. If a component is not listed, it has been
judged to be non-hazardous or is considered proprietary
information by the manufacturer. The types of
components that might be listed include:
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Pigments, catalysts, vehicles, solvents, additives, others
Base metals, alloys, metallic coatings, fillers, hazardous
mixtures of other
liquids, solids or gases
Section III describes the physical properties of the
material.
- Boiling point
- Specific gravity
- Vapor pressure
- Percent volatile
- Vapor density
- Evaporation rate
- Solubility in water
- Appearance and odor
Section IV describes the fire and explosion hazard data for
the material. Based on the flash point and other fire and
explosion data, the appropriate extinguishing agent for
fires involving the material will be listed. Special
procedures may also be listed.
Flash point
Lower and upper explosive limits (LEL/UEL)
Extinguishing agent - water, dry chemical, foam, halon,
etc.
Unusual fire and explosion hazards, toxic fumes
Section V describes the known health hazards associated
with the material, applicable exposure limits and
symptoms/health effects associated with overexposure.
This information will help the user and medical personnel
recognize if an overexposure has occurred.
Threshold Limit Value
Effects of overexposure: headache, nausea, narcosis,
irritation, weakness, etc.
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Primary routes of exposure: inhalation, skin, ingestion Section IX describes handling and storage procedures to
Cancer or other special health hazards be taken with the material. Information may include
Emergency and first aid procedures for ingestion, statements, such as: keep container closed; store in a
inhalation and skin or eye contact cool, dry, well ventilated area; keep refrigerated (caution:
flammable solvents require a "flammable storage
Section VI describes reactivity data; that is, the material's refrigerator"); avoid exposure to sunlight; etc.
ability to react and release energy or heat under certain
conditions or when it comes in contact with certain Section X describes any special precautions or
substances. miscellaneous information regarding the material.
Stability: stable; unstable; conditions to avoid
Incompatibility: materials to avoid Manufacturers may withhold certain information as
Hazardous decomposition products proprietary (such as hazardous ingredients) on a Material
Hazardous polymerizations: conditions to avoid Safety Data Sheet if the information is considered a trade
secret.
Section VII gives instructions for the steps to be taken in
case of an accidental release or spill. The steps normally
include information on containment, evacuation
procedures and waste disposal as appropriate. The
statements on the Material Safety Data Sheet are very
general; more specific information is available from your
supervisor or the department chemical hygiene
officer/laboratory supervisor.
Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled
Waste disposal methods

Section VIII describes the protective equipment for the

individual who might have to work with the substance.
This section normally describes worst case conditions;
therefore, the extent to which personal protective
equipment is required is task dependent. Contact your
supervisor or department Chemical Hygiene
Officer/Laboratory Supervisor for specific instructions if
you are unsure.
Respiratory equipment: dust mask; chemical cartridge
respirator;
self-contained breathing apparatus
Ventilation: local; general; special
Protective gloves: type; fabrication material
Eye protection: goggles; face shield
Other protective equipment

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 058
POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS
In the construction industry, there are a variety of
requirements where fasteners are used on semi-hard or rigid
surfaces. One of the most effective methods of securing
fasteners to these materials is through the use of a powder-
actuated tool. These tools are quite useful and perform a
wide range of tasks, but they require training, certification and
extra care for use of these tools.
This program is designed to review some of the basics of
handling, storing and using this equipment, however, all tool
operators and instructors must follow their organization's
policies and procedures and the manufacturer's
recommendations for these tools and equipment. Only those
powder-actuated tools that meet the design requirements of
ANSI A10.3-1977 or local state approval codes may be used.
The qualifications for becoming an operator depends upon
current safety standards and each individual employer.
Generally, no one will be allowed to operate this equipment
without proper training, certification and who possess a valid
operator's permit. During training and under the direct
supervision of a qualified instructor, trainee operators may
use the equipment as
part of the training process.
The operators' cards/permits shall be issued either by
qualified instructors who carry a valid, authorized instructor
card issued by the tool manufacturer or other authorizing
agencies.
Qualified instructors shall be trained in accordance with the
training requirements established by either the tool
manufacturer or by the Powder Actuated Tool Manufacturers
Institute or PATMI. Certified instructors should have written
documentation on file that the instructor is knowledgeable in
the use, maintenance and repair of the tool and that their
instructions will cover all applicable OSHA safety orders and
rules pertaining to this equipment. In some states, no one
under the age of 18 is permitted to operate this equipment.
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The equipment itself must have specific safeguards and
restrictions to provide an adequate degree of safety at all
times. A lockable container shall be provided and kept with
each tool. The words "POWDER-ACTUATED TOOL" shall
appear in plain sight on the outside of the container. The
following notice shall be attached on the inside of the cover of
the container:
"WARNING-POWDER-ACTUATED TOOL TO BE USED
ONLY BY A QUALIFIED OPERATOR AND TO BE KEPT
UNDER LOCK AND KEY WHEN NOT IN USE"
Additionally, each tool shall be supplied with the following:
1. Operator's instruction and service manual.
2. Power load and fastener chart.
3. Tool inspection and service record.
4. Service tools and accessories.
When using "pole tool assemblies", only those pole tool
assemblies that are approved shall be used. The tool shall be
serviced and inspected for worn or damaged parts at regular
intervals as recommended by the tool manufacturer. Prior to
the tool being put back into use, all worn or damaged parts
shall be replaced by a qualified person. A record of this
inspection and service shall be noted and dated on the tool
inspection record.
Instruction manuals, maintenance tools and accessories
supplied with the tool shall be stored in the tool container when
not in use.
Powder-actuated tools and power loads shall be locked in a
container and stored in a safe place when not in use and shall
be accessible only to authorized personnel.
Some of the limitations of use include the following:
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The tool shall not be used in an explosive or flammable
atmosphere. A loaded tool shall never be left unattended.
Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle
materials including, but not limited to, cast iron, glazed tile,
hardened steel, glass block, natural rock, hollow tile or most
brick. Fasteners shall not be driven into easily penetrated or
thin materials or materials of questionable resistance unless
backed by a material that will prevent the fastener from
passing completely through the other side. Fasteners shall
not be driven closer than 1/2 inch or 13 millimeters from the
edge of steel except for specific applications recommended
by the tool manufacturer. Fasteners shall not be driven
closed than 3 inches or 76 millimeters from the unsupported
edge of masonry materials except for specific applications
recommended by the tool manufacturer. Fasteners shall not
be driven into concrete unless material thickness is at least
three times the fastener shank penetration. Fasteners shall
not be driven into any spalled area. Fasteners shall not be
driven through existing holes unless a specific guide means,
as recommended and supplied by the tool manufacturer is
used to assure positive alignment.
CAUTION - POWDER-ACTUATED TOOL IN USE
These signs may be removed when tools are no longer being
used in this area.
Each person using these tools must refer to the power load
charts. Cased power loads shall be coded to identify power
load levels by case color and power load color, as specified in
these approved charts. Caseless power loads shall be coded
to identify power load levels by power load color as specified in
the chart and by configuration. Power load packages shall
provide a visual number and color indication of the power level
of the power load. A typical chart looks like this. (show
graphic). Power level 1 would have a brass case color, a load
color of gray, with nominal velocity speeds.
As you can see by all the specific rules and limitations, you
really have to know what you're doing to operate one of these
tools. These tools are safe to use, if you use them safely and
follow the tool manufacturer guidelines and your company's
policies
and procedures. You just can't take short cuts or violate safety
rules with this equipment.

Some additional requirements for the use of the equipment If you're a powder actuated tool operator, you'll be given more training
and will be properly authorized to use this equipment, but the most
include using the equipment only in accordance with the
important safety feature of the equipment is the person using it. Know
manufacturer's instructions. Eye or face protection to be worn
by operators and assistants when the tool is in use. Prior to and follow all the rules.... exactly. Don't try to invent your own rules. Use
extreme caution when handling the power loads and when loading and
use, the operator must inspect the tool to determine that it is
firing the tool. The red light should go on the minute you unlock the tool
in proper working condition in accordance with the testing
container because that's when it's mandatory to follow all rules and the
methods recommended by the manufacturer of the tool. Any
tool found not to be in working condition must be immediately tool manufacturer's recommendations. Safety won't slow you down, but it
makes a big difference in your professional use of the equipment...... and
removed from service, tagged "DEFECTIVE" and not used
for the safety of everyone around the tool when it's in use.
until it has been properly repaired. The shield, fixture,
adapter, or accessory suited for the application
recommended by the manufacturer and is supplied by the
manufacturer. We keep repeating manufacturer's
recommendations because they built the equipment, they
know it's limitations and the safe use of their equipment, so it
is important to learn their rules and follow them exactly....no
shortcuts. Only those fasteners and power loads
recommended by the tool manufacturer for a particular tool,
or those providing the same level of safety and performance,
may be used. Tools must not be loaded until the tool is ready
to be fired. If the work is interrupted after loading, then the
tool shall be unloaded immediately.

Safety is the most important consideration, so never point

either a loaded or unloaded tool at any person. Hands and
feet must be kept clear of the open barrel end. The tool is
always to be held perpendicular to the work surface when
fastening into any material,
except for specific applications approved by the tool
manufacturer. In the event of a misfire, the operator must
hold the tool firmly against the work surface for a period of 30
seconds and then follow the instructions recommended by
the manufacturer for misfires.
When storing different power loads, power loads of different
power levels must be kept in separate compartments or
containers.

A sign at least 8 by 10 inches, or 20 by 25 centimeters, using

boldface type no less than one inch or 2.5 centimeters in
height, must be conspicuously posted within 50 feet or 15
meters of the area where the tools are being used. The sign
shall bear wording similar to the following:

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SAFETY TALK 059
RIGGING BASICS
One of the most important aspects of crane operations and
lifting loads is the rigging. No matter how safe the crane and
all the equipment associated with lifting, rigging continues to
be a major part of crane operations and safety. Each of you
who perform rigging duties are professional, experienced and
fully understand the aspects of rigging safety, but this
program is designed to review the basics, to make you more
aware of the many safety aspects of rigging. After all, the
objective is to reduce and eliminate accidents and injuries
which are always tragic and costly.
One of the most important, yet basic elements of rigging
safety is the hoisting triangle. The hoisting triangle consists of
the crane, the operation of the crane and the rigging of the
load to the crane.
First, the crane must be in good condition, properly inspected
as required and generally in good, serviceable condition.
Professional crane operators are extremely aware of this
requirement. The second element is the knowledge and
operation of the crane. The operator must fully understand
the load charts, make sure the crane is set up properly, use
of outriggers as necessary and must consider the radius,
quadrants and operate the equipment to eliminate shock and
dynamic loading. The operator must take into account any
potential hazards, such as overhead obstructions and
electrical lines, weather conditions and other hazards that
may impact upon the safe operation of the crane. The crane
operator must also insist upon good signaling and
communications.
Finally, the individual attaching the load must know the
weight of the load and its center of gravity, allow for
appropriate sling angles, and of course make sure all the
rigging hardware is in good, serviceable and safe condition.
When all three elements are functioning properly, you'll have
a safe lift.
Since we're assuming the crane is in good, serviceable
condition and the crane operator is operating the crane in a
safe manner, let's take a look at some rigging responsibilities.
Knowledge of rigging is extremely critical because if you don't
understand sling angles, centers of gravity and other required
information, it's difficult to rig the load properly.
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First, let's review the simple law of gravity. A stable load is one
in which the center of gravity of the load is directly below the
main hook and below the lowest point of attachment of the
slings. The center of gravity of an object is that point at which
the object will balance. The entire weight may be considered
as concentrated at this point. Let's take a look at the center of
gravity on some loads. You can see where the center of
gravity is on each different load. This tells you that odd sized
loads all have varying centers of gravity and it also varies with
the types of slings used. As an example, we have an odd sized
load and we can guess where the center of gravity is located,
but until the load is lifted, you may not know exactly where that
center of gravity is located. You would try to lift this load with
the hook over that point and then correct it by trial and error
until such time you found out the true center of gravity of this
particular load.
Sling angles are critical in rigging safety, so let's quickly review
some basic sling angles and why they are so important.
The rated capacities as given in the various sling catalogs and
tables are based on newly manufactured slings. As the sling is
used, factors such as nicking, distortion, abrasion, corrosion
and other factors of use will affect the load rating and must be
given consideration when lifts are planned. Because slings can
be used at various angles and since rope stress increases
rapidly with the angle of lift, therefore it is essential that this be
considered when ordering slings. The rated load capacity of
the sling decreases sharply as the angle formed by the sling
leg and the horizontal becomes smaller. Let's see how this
works.
First, there's a two leg sling at a 90 degree angle, lifting a one
thousand pound load. Each leg of the sling has 500 pounds of
stress or tension, thus the 1,000 pound load is supported by
two legs of the sling equally.
If the two legs of the sling are formed at a 45 degree angle on
this 1,000 pound load, you can see that each sling leg has 707
pounds of stress or tension on each sling leg. When the angle
is 45 degrees, the rated capacity has decreased to 71 percent
of the load that can be lifted when the legs are vertical.
Normally, sling angles should not exceed 45 degrees, except
in special cases. If you lift the same one thousand pound load,
using two sling legs at an angle of 60 degrees, there is one

thousand pounds of stress or tension on each leg of the sling.
Even though the sling is lifting only one thousand pounds,
two thousand pounds of stress is placed on the sling, one
thousand pounds on each leg. Reduce the sling angle to 75
degrees and the stress on each leg of the sling is 1,932
pounds.
The most important thing to remember is that sling angles
can seriously affect the safe lifting capacity of the load. Let's
take another example, just to make the point:
You can see in this graphic, the working load with lifting
angles. This shows how the angle of the sling affects the
working load limit. The chain in the vertical position can lift
the maximum working load limit of the chain. At a 60 degree
angle, it's only 86 and one half the normal working load, 45
degree angle reduces it to 70 percent, a 30 degree sling
angle reduces it to 50 percent and at a 10 degree angle, the
chain is reduced to only 17 and a half of the working load
limit. That's quite a difference, for the same chain, the only
thing that changed was the angle of the sling.
Keep in mind that each size chain, wire rope, fiber rope and
synthetic sling each have different load capacities, plus the
restriction of the sling angles imposed upon these rigging
devices.
Let's now take a look at some basic rules regarding rigging
and rigging equipment. Rigging equipment for material
handling shall be inspected prior to use on each shift and as
necessary during its use to ensure that it is safe. Defective
rigging equipment shall be removed from service. Rigging
equipment shall not be loaded in excess of its
recommended safe working load. Rigging equipment, when
not in use, shall be removed from the immediate work area
so as not to present a hazard to employees. Special custom
design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for
such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and
similar materials, shall be marked to indicate the safe working
loads and shall be proof-tested prior to use to 125 percent of
their rated load. Inspections. Each day before being used, the
sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected
for damage or defects by a competent person designated by
the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed
during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged
or defective slings shall be immediately removed from
service.
Alloy steel chains. Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have
permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade,
rated capacity, and sling manufacturer. Hooks, rings, oblong
links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links,
or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains, shall
have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain.
Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts,
rods, etc., or other such attachments, shall not be used. Whenever
wear at any point of any chain link exceeds the maximum allowable
wear at any point of the link, according to approved rigging charts, or
the manufacturer, the assembly shall be removed from service. Visual
inspections. Chain slings should be inspected before every lift. Never
assume the chain is in serviceable condition as damage can occur
between lifts, especially if the sling is left on the ground. During the
visual inspection, the rigger can check for stretched, bent, worn or
gouged links. Significantly stretched links will have an hourglass shape
and the links will tend to bind on each other. Multi-leg slings can be
hung on a hook to check that all legs are the same length. A thorough.
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periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be
made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of (A)
frequency of sling use; (B) severity of service conditions; (C)
nature of lifts being made; and (D) experience gained on the
service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such
inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once
every 12 months. The employer shall make and maintain a
record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel
chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such
record available for examination.
Wire rope. The safe working loads of various sizes and
classifications of improved plow steel wire rope and wire rope
slings with various types of terminals are determined by the
manufacturer and are listed in approved rigging charts. For
sizes, classifications, and grades not included, the safe
working load recommended by the manufacturer for specific,
identifiable products shall be followed, provided that a safety
factor of not less than 5 is maintained. Protruding ends of
strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or
blunted. Wire rope shall not be secured by knots, except on
haul back lines on scrapers. When used for eye splices, the U-
bolt shall be applied so that the "U" section is in contact with
the dead end of the rope. Slings shall not be shortened with
knots or bolts or other makeshift devices. Sling legs shall not
be kinked. Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads
balanced to prevent slippage. Slings shall be padded or
protected from the sharp edges of their loads. Hands or fingers
shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the
sling is being tightened around the load. Shock loading is
prohibited. A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when
the load is resting on the sling. End attachments. Welding of
end attachments, except covers to thimbles, shall be
performed prior to the assembly of the sling. All welded end
attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the
manufacturer or equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity
prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a certificate of the
proof test, and make it available for examination. There are a
wide variety of inspection techniques and inspection standards
for different types of rigging equipment, such as manila ropes,
fiber ropes, synthetic materials and others, but it's up to each
professional to follow your company's procedures when using
these rigging devices and materials. The condition of the
crane, the safe operation of the crane and rigger and of
course, the rigging equipment all combine into a safe lift.
Visual inspections of rigging equipment before each lift will
help make your job easier and much safer.
Remembering and applying safe sling angles to every load will make the
lift safer. There's a lot to rigging. It takes experience, expertise,
knowledge and effort to be a safe rigger, but it's an important
responsibility. Be on the safe side and work to make your job a safe and
rewarding one

SAFETY TALK 060
SCAFFOLD SAFETY
The most common accident involving scaffolds is
a fall to a lower level. That's quite obvious, since
the purpose of erecting scaffolds is to provide a
safe place to work when you must work at a
height above ground level. This short training
program is designed to review some of the
basics of scaffolds and how to properly use this
equipment. Keep in mind that each state has
different rules, regulations and standards and it's
up to you to
determine the exact scaffold requirements in the
state where you're located and working. This
short program does not list all hazards or safety
measures of scaffolds, it's simply an overview of
some basics, to help make you more aware of
safety around scaffolds.
Always follow your company rules and
regulations when working with or using scaffolds.
Any scaffold must be constructed to safely
support a weight four times the maximum
intended load. For example, a scaffold normally
expected to hold a 200 pound man and
his twenty pounds of material should be
designed to support 880 pounds without
breaking. To be on the safe side, you should
never load a scaffold beyond the maximum
intended weight. Always inspect the scaffold.
Make sure the planks are laid with their edges
close together so no tools or materials can slip
through and strike someone below. Plank ends
must be overlapped at least twelve inches or
nailed, so the planks will not move when you
walk on them. Cleating both ends also prevents
sliding. Scaffold planks
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must not extend more than 18 inches or less than
six inches beyond the supports. If the planks
extend more than 18 inches, you run the risk of
walking on unsupported ends. The minimum six
inch extension is necessary to keep the plank
from slipping off the support under pressure. For
your protection, elevated working platforms must
be surrounded on all open sides and ends with
guardrailing, which consists of a top rail,
intermediate rail and
toeboard.
Although many codes only require such
scaffolding and guardrailing over ten feet high, for
your safety it should always be provided, after all,
you can be severely injured by a four or five foot
fall. Let's take a look at guardrailing, as
guardrailing must be properly constructed. The
top rail should be at least 2 x 4 lumber or the
equivalent. It must be at least 3 and a half feet
high. Intermediate rails should be made from 1 x 6
lumber or its
equivalent and installed approximately half way
between the top rail and the platform surface. The
toeboard should be at least four inches high and if
necessary, a screen or paneling should extend
along the entire opening between the toeboard
and the intermediate or top rail to prevent
materials stacked higher than the toeboard, such
as bricks, from being knocked off the scaffold and
striking people below. To make sure the scaffold
is rigid, space support posts for guardrailing
should not be more than 8 feet apart.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

If workers are exposed to falling objects, Rolling scaffolds are similar to built up scaffolds
overhead protection must be provided. Of except they are wheel mounted. They have the
course, powerlines near scaffolds are same safety requirements, plus a few additional
dangerous...so make sure the power company ones. To prevent tipping, the maximum work
has shut off the electricity before a scaffold is height of a rolling scaffold must not be more than
erected where a worker might come in contact 4 times the smallest dimension of its base. When
with the lines. Even safely constructed scaffolds this requirement cannot be met, either use
are hazardous if they are not used correctly. suitable outrigger frames to enlarge the base, or
When hoisting materials onto a scaffold, attach a brace the scaffold. Rolling scaffold wheels must
tag line to safely control the load and keep it from have a lock to prevent unexpected movement.
swinging and striking someone or damaging the Never move the scaffold with anyone on the
scaffold. Naturally, keep the work platform clear scaffold.
of tools, materials, and debris which could cause Suspended scaffolds, such as those used in office building
tripping hazards. Do not work on scaffolds which
construction, carry a working platform on ropes secured to
are covered with ice and snow....slipping hazard
outrigger beams thrust out from the building. There are
is too great. Proper scaffold maintenance is light duty, medium duty and heavy duty scaffolds, each
important also. Check metal on scaffolds for rust,
designed for a specific requirement and use. Always
which, if left untreated, can weaken the structure.
follow your company's policies and procedures when
Do not use damaged parts. If a scaffold is erecting, using, handling or working on scaffolds. There
damaged in any way...don't use it until it's
have been many fatalities, serious injuries related to
repaired or replaced.
poorly constructed scaffolds, overloading, improper use of
scaffolds and in general, not following proper procedures.
The most common types of scaffolds are built up
scaffolds, rolling scaffolds and suspended There's no reason to take short cuts....it's simply asking
for an accident. When your using scaffolds, take the time
scaffolds. Built up scaffolds are made of wood or
to work and act safely because your life really does
metal supports and are built up higher as the
work progresses. In all built up scaffolds, the depend upon how well you follow the rules.
vertical members must
be straight up and down and the horizontal
members completely level. If the scaffold tilts
noticeably it might collapse if it is unevenly
loaded. Cross bracing or diagonal bracing or
both will keep the scaffold erect, level and rigid.
Again, make sure the footing and anchorage for
built up scaffolds are sound, rigid and strong
enough to support four times the maximum
intended load.

Never allow unstable objects such as barrels,

boxes, loose bricks or concrete blocks to be used
as support for scaffolds or planks. As a means
for additional safety, built up scaffolds should be
secured to the building or structure at least every
30 feet horizontally and every twenty six feet
vertically, by heavy wire, brackets or the
equivalent. A ladder must be provided to give
you safe access to the scaffold platform.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 061
SUB CONTRACTOR SAFETY
As a Construction Industry Contractor, it's important for
you and all employees on the jobsite to work and act
safely. It's a responsibility.
Regardless of your job, your trade or your relationship
with the General Contractor, or other contractors working
on the job site, there are basic safety rules that must be
followed at all times. Each company or contractor has the
responsibility to make sure all employees follow safety
and health rules and any specific or special rules of the
jobsite.
Each contractor should have a written Injury and Illness
Prevention Plan for employees that documents the job
safety and health requirements and to make sure all
employees are trained in these requirements. Employee
safety training, regardless of job experience is
mandatory. General safe work practices are important, as
is specific training for those jobs with potential special
hazards, such as crane operation, powder actuated tools,
welding, grinding or other specific type jobs. Each
employer on the job site is responsible for all training
documentation, OSHA recordkeeping and other required
documentation. All employers on a job site are
responsible for a written and properly implemented
Hazard Communications program, which includes
Material Safety Data Sheets for each chemical on the
worksite.
In addition to appropriate worker compensation and
liability coverages for all employees, it's important that
adequate first aid supplies and trained persons be
available. Emergency telephone numbers for fire, police
and paramedics should be maintained by all work site
employers.
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Just a day without accidents.. today
There are additional requirements, but the most important
thing to remember is each employee must be properly
trained for the job they are performing, each company
must have the proper safety programs and documentation
required by OSHA, the General Contractor and other state
or local governing bodies, including excavation and
trenching permits. A drug and alcohol free work
environment is essential for the safety and health of all
employees on the job site. Right now, let's review some of
the basic safety rules or safe work practices expected of
all companies and employees on the job site, although this
list is certainly not intended to be the only safety and
health rules on the job. Each contractor or trade may have
more stringent rules for safety compliance.
Generally, all persons shall follow safe work practices,
render every possible aid to safe operations and report all
unsafe conditions or practices to their foreman or site
superintendent so they can be corrected. Foremen or
supervisors shall insist on employees observing and
obeying every applicable company, state or federal
regulation and order as is necessary to the safe conduct
of the work and shall take such action as is necessary to
obtain compliance.
All employees shall be provided frequent accident
prevention training at least every 10 working days. Anyone
known to be under the influence of drugs or intoxicating
substances which impair the employee's ability to safely
perform the assigned duties shall not be allowed on the
job while in that condition. Horseplay, scuffling and other
acts which tend to have an adverse influence on the
safety or well being of employees shall be prohibited.
Work shall be well planned and supervised to prevent
injuries in the handling of materials and in working with
equipment. Anyone working with any type of equipment

must be properly trained in the safe use of that
equipment. No one should knowingly be permitted or
required to work while the employees ability or alertness
is so impaired by fatigue, illness or other causes that they
might unnecessarily expose the employee or others to
injury. Employees shall not enter manholes, underground
vaults, chambers, tanks, silos, or other similar places that
receive little ventilation unless it has been determined
that it is safe to enter. Anyone entering confined spaces
must be properly trained and comply with confined space
entry rules before entry.
When any trenching or shoring operations are in effect,
no one shall enter any trench unless it is properly
supervised by a competent person, all trenching and
shoring operations are done in the proper manner and
that no one shall enter a trench unless it is properly
shored or sloped according to appropriate OSHA
regulations.
Work shall be arranged so employees are able to face a
ladder and use both hands while climbing up or down
ladders. Straight ladders must have at least 36 inches of
the ladder extending beyond the landing to assist
employees in safely getting on or off the landing. Only
those ladders that meet OSHA specifications may be
used on any jobsite. Any damage to scaffolds, falsework,
or other supporting structures shall be immediately
reported to the foreman or superintendent and repaired
or replaced before use.
No burning, welding or other source of ignition shall be
applied to any enclosed tank or vessel, even if there are
some openings, until it has first been determined that no
possibility of explosion exists and authority for the work is
obtained from the foreman or superintendent.
Only appropriate tools for each job will be used. All tools
and equipment shall be maintained in good condition.
Damaged tools or equipment shall be removed from
service and tagged defective and not used until repaired
or replaced. Portable electric tools shall not be lifted or
lowered by means of the power cord, however, they can
be lifted with ropes. Electric cords shall not be exposed to
damage from vehicles. Workers shall not handle or
tamper with any electrical equipment, machinery, or air or
water lines in a manner not within the scope of their
duties, unless they have received proper training and
instructions from their foreman. Only trained and
authorized persons shall operate machinery or
equipment. Gasoline shall not be used for cleaning
purposes. Employees shall cleanse themselves
thoroughly after handling hazardous substances and
follow special instructions from authorized sources.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Appropriate personal protection is required for all jobs
requiring the use of this type of equipment. Inappropriate
footwear or shoes with thin or badly worn soles must not
be worn. Loose or frayed clothing, long hair, dangling ties,
finger rings and other potentially hazardous materials shall
not be worn around moving machinery or other areas
where they may become entangled. Machinery shall not
be serviced, repaired or adjusted while in operation, nor
shall oiling of moving parts be attempted, except on
equipment that is designed or fitted with safeguards to
protect the person performing the work. Where
appropriate, lockout/tagout procedures shall be used.
Employees shall not work under vehicles supported by
jacks or chain hoists without protective blocking that will
prevent injury if jacks or hoists should fail. Air hoses shall
not be disconnected at compressors until the hose line
has been bled. All excavations shall be visually inspected
before backfilling to ensure that it is safe to backfill and
that no one is in or near the excavation while backfilling.
Excavating equipment shall not be operated near tops of
cuts, banks or cliffs if employees are working below.
Tractors, bulldozers, scrapers and carryalls shall not
operate where there is a possibility of overturning in
dangerous areas like edges of deep fills, cut banks and
steep slopes.
As you can see, these are simple and basic safety rules.
We did not list all potential hazards or requirements in this
program, as it's up to each contractor/employer to know
and understand safety and health requirements for the
worksite. A safe attitude among all employees on the job
site is extremely critical. If everyone is properly trained
and performs their jobs in a safe and healthful manner,
injuries and illnesses can be prevented. Employees
should be instructed to report all injuries when they occur,
so proper medical treatment can be provided if necessary
and all incidences can be properly investigated. In the
construction industry, each contractor and each employee
is responsible for job safety and health. Proper safe work
practices and performing the job safely is what it's all
about. Think about the job, think about safety and if you
have any questions about your responsibility, ask
questions because safety and health on the job is too
important to be left unanswered.

SAFETY TALK 062
SYNTHETIC SLINGS
In 1992, a lineman was killed. He died as a result of blunt
trauma of the chest and abdomen when a synthetic sling,
DAMAGED PRIOR TO USE, failed. His death, like so many
accidental deaths, could have been prevented.
We can use this incident to help sling users believe that
damaged slings can and will injure or kill. It's unfortunate that
we now have this example to help emphasize the necessary
aspects of our program, to help scare sling users to life. At
least, in this sense, the ultimate sacrifice paid can have some
positive effect for sling users. Our goal is accident prevention
through education. If together we prevent just one incident,
then we have accomplished something great.
Failure to follow proper use, care and inspection criteria could
result in severe personal injury or death.
SAFE USE/HANDLING AND THE SLING ENVIRONMENT
Let's now discuss other major factors in the safe use and
handling of synthetic slings. One important consideration is
the sling's environment. That's right, the environment. It's
important to select a sling that has the proper characteristics,
making the sling compatible with its environment. The time to
review these environmental considerations is BEFORE you
purchase the sling. Keep in mind that chemicals, heat, light
and water do affect synthetic slings.
Concentrated acid or caustic solutions are clearly dangerous
to synthetic slings. Nylon and polyester are ideal materials for
slings because they offer resistance to a wide range of
chemicals. You'll have to refer to the manufacturer's chart for
specific chemical agents, but just keep in mind that certain
chemicals do react with synthetic slings, so it's an important
factor for you to know and understand when selecting the
proper sling.
Generally, nylon webbing slings are popular general purpose
synthetic webbing slings are unaffected by grease and oil.
They have good chemical resistance to aldehydes, ethers
and some alkalis, but are not suitable for use with acids and
bleaching agents or at temperatures in excess of 180
degrees Fahrenheit. The stretch of a nylon webbing sling is
approximately 6 percent at the rated capacity.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Polyester webbing slings are used whenever acid conditions
are present or a minimum of stretch is desired. Polyester is
unaffected by common acids and hot bleaching agents. It's not
suitable for use with concentrated sulfuric acids, alkaline or at
temperatures in excess of 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Stretch at
rated capacity is approximately 3 percent. Synthetic slings
should never be used at temperatures in excess of 180
degrees Fahrenheit.
Nylon and polyester slings are adversely affected by prolonged
exposure to sources of ultraviolet light, such as sunlight and
arc welding. When not in use, slings should be stored in a
cool, dry and dark place to prevent damage. Metal chips, weld
spatter or heavy grit can damage a synthetic sling both
internally and externally. Nylon slings should never be
exposed or used where acid conditions exist.
Polyester slings should never be used where alkalis or caustic
conditions exist. Slings incorporating aluminum fittings should not be
used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or
caustics are present.
Another factor is wear. Wear protection is mandatory on those
slings, which are subject to sharp edges and abrasive
surfaces. Keep in mind, the edge of materials need not be
razor sharp to damage synthetic slings. Wear protection
assures an economical and safe, useful life, but it has to be
used to do any good. Edges in contact with the sling must be
padded with material of sufficient thickness to prevent damage
to the sling. Sleeves cover both sides of the sling and can be
shifted to a specific location
When the load is lifted, the sleeve stays positioned and allows
the sling to stretch through it. The sleeve can be re-positioned
for quick and easy inspection of the sling. Generally, sleeves
are available in four different constructions, such as cordura,
heavy duty nylon, leather and neoprene. An edge wrap is a
strip of cordura or leather which is sewn around the edge of
the sling. This form of protection is necessary in applications
where excessive edge wear and damage occur. Wear pads
are sewn to the sling for protection in critical wear areas.
These pads can be sewn at any location, in single or multiple
layers and can be attached to one or both sides of the sling.
Leather wear pads in excess of 5 feet are not recommended.
The body wrap protection is similar to the sleeve, but is sewn
to the sling body and protects not only the sling body, but
edges of the sling as well.
Ok, continuing on with additional safety features, each
manufacturer has safety features automatically built in to
synthetic slings. Some manufacturers do, some do not, so it's
up to you to determine which manufacturers provide these
additional safety features. This manufacturer has the following
safety features built in, so you don't have to order them with
your slings....they come automatically.
The RED CORE SAFETY YARN. This webbing has inner load
bearing yarns that carry over 70 percent of the load. Woven into this
layer are red core safety yarns, which become visible as the
protective outer cover is worn away. The exposure of these yarns
provides the sling user with a signal to remove the sling from
service. In some applications, slings become extremely dirty,
making it difficult to see the red yarns.

BRANDED LEATHER TAGS. A heavy duty leather tag is
sewn to each sling of this manufacturer. All the necessary
information required by the various regulatory agencies is
hot-branded into genuine leather, resulting in the most
durable tag available. Custom tags reflecting information that
you may require can also be attached for a nominal charge.
In addition to the leather tag, a supplemental warning label is
attached. This tag contains valuable information for the sling
user. The combination of these two tags provide the sling
user with the most complete and descriptive tags available.
EYE WEAR PADS are sewn to the bearing point of the sling
eyes. This is a critical wear area and this attachment helps to
increase the life cycle of the sling. Again, these are additional
safety features of this particular manufacturer. Before
purchasing any synthetic sling, be sure you understand all
the safety features of your sling. Safety is too important not to
ask questions.
Everyone knows that sling inspection is a very important part
of your sling safety program. Each company must adopt their
own inspection criteria and program, based upon your
company's requirements and adherence to Federal or other
safety regulations.
Many companies use a three stage inspection program.
STAGE ONE, or initial inspection. This inspection is done at
the time the product is first received to insure that damage
has not occurred during shipping. Also verify that the goods
are in compliance with the specifications of not only your
purchase order, but also comply with the specifications of the
manufacturer.
STAGE TWO, or frequent inspections. This level of
inspection should be done by the person handling the sling,
each and every time the sling is used. The entire sling should
be thoroughly examined for defects and discarded, if unsafe.
Federal OSHA stipulates that "each day before being used,
the sling and all fastening and attachments shall be inspected
for damage and defects by a competent person designated
by the employer". A person using a sling should inspect the
sling before every use. Many things can happen during the
day to create an unsafe condition, so it's best to inspect the
sling every time you use it. If any damages, such as the
following, are visible, the sling should be removed from
service immediately: Acid damage, abrasion damage,
damaged eye, snags and punctures, tensile break, melting
and charring, broken stitching, knots, inferior tag or cuts.
Don't take chances.
STAGE THREE, or periodic inspections. The periodic level of
inspection should be done by designated personnel at regular
intervals. The interval should be determined by the frequency
of use and by the severity of the service cycle. The condition
of each sling must be recorded at this time and upon each
subsequent inspection and permanent records must be
maintained. Documentation of sling inspections is very
important.
SLING HITCHES. You must always verify actual load weight
before using any type of sling and remember that stress
imposed upon sling legs also applies to pairs of vertical slings
above the load. Slings carry their loads in one of three
hitches. The capacity of the sling is affected by the hitch that
is used. Most slings can be used in all three hitches, but
some are designed for use in only one hitch. The capacity in
a vertical hitch is 50 percent of that in a basket hitch.
Capacity in the choker hitch is 40 percent of the basket hitch
capacity. Let's take a look at each of these hitches.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
With a basket hitch, the sling cradles the load while both eyes
are attached overhead.
One of the most important parts of selecting a sling to handle a
given load, always consider the sling to hook angle. Slings
having adequate capacity to lift a given load have actually
been broken because of an excessive sling to hook angle.
As the angle increases, the stress to which the sling is
subjected to also increases and the capacity of the sling is
reduced. A sling to hook angle is the angle that is formed
between the sling leg and an imaginary line that would split the
load into two equal halves. You can look at it this way.
Suppose you were carrying two buckets of sand, holding the
bucket in the vertical position. If you stretch your arms out
towards the horizontal, the stress increases. Could you hold
the two buckets better at your side or vertical, are could you
hold the buckets with less stress in the horizontal? That's what
we're talking about in sling angles.
Let's look at a sling to hook angle for a basket hitch. Here we
have a zero degree angle, with the rated capacity of the sling
at 1,000 pounds. At a zero degree angle the loss factor is one,
therefore the actual sling angle is 1000 pounds. We multiplied
1,000 pounds times one, which came to one thousand. If you
have a 30 degree sling to hook angle, the loss factor is point
866. We multiply one thousand times point 866 and find the
capacity of a thousand pound sling is actually 866 pounds.
A 45 degree angle has a loss factor of point 707, which
equates to only a 707 pound capacity. A 60 degree angle
reduces this thousand pound sling capacity to only 500 pounds
because the loss factor here is point 500. The point we're
trying to make is that just because your sling's rated capacity is
one thousand pounds, doesn't necessarily mean you can
safely lift one thousand pounds. It depends upon the sling to
hook angle. The sling to hook angle is the angle formed
between the sling leg and an imaginary line that would split the
load into two equal halves. If you're not sure about sling
angles, or rated capacities, be sure to ask your supervisor.
Don't take chances or guess.
On the choker hitch, the sling passes through one eye around
the load. The other eye is free to be placed on the hook. The
choker hitch is 40 percent of the basket hitch capacity. On the
vertical hitch, one eye is on the hook, while the other eye is
attached directly to the load. Use a tagline to prevent load
rotation and sling damage on this type of hitch. The vertical
hitch is 50 percent of that in a basket hitch.
Let's examine a choker hitch and how the angle will change as
we change angles of the choke. Whenever a choker hitch
results in an angle of choke that is less than 120 degrees, the
rated capacity must be adjusted. Simply multiply the choke
hitch rated capacity by the appropriate loss factor to determine
the sling's reduced capacity.
Keep in mind, it is your explicit responsibility to consider all risk factors
prior to using any rigging device or product. Read and understand this
information before using synthetic webbing products and follow all local,
state and federal regulations and guidelines.
Use by untrained persons is hazardous. Improper use will result in
serious injury or death. Do not exceed rated capacities. Webbing slings
and products will fail if damaged, abused, misused, overused or
improperly maintained. One of the most important safety factors when
using webbed products is you. It's your knowledge, good judgment and
proper application of all safety procedures that make synthetic slings
safe. The manufacturer has done its part, it's up to you to do the
rest......safely.

SAFETY TALK 063
BURIED BY MATERIAL
METAL/NONMETAL MINE FATALITY –
On January 27, 1999, a 51-year-old co-owner of a
contracting firm with 10 years contracting experience was
fatally injured at a cement plant. His crew had been
removing old cement which had built up inside the
storage silos. The victim entered the silo and stood on
crusted cement while attempting to remove material from
the wall. He was not using a safety belt attached to a
lifeline and was buried by material which slid down and
engulfed him
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Best Practices
• A safety harness attached to a lifeline should
always be used when persons enter silos,
hoppers or surge piles. A second person should
constantly adjust the lifeline to eliminate slack.
• Safe access should be provided and maintained
to all working places.
• Silos should be equipped with mechanical devices
or other effective means of handling material so
persons are not required to work where they are
exposed to entrapment by sliding material.
• Mine operators should take measures to assure
that contractors follow basic safe work practices.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 064

TRENCHING OPERATIONS

• Trenching operations account for many injuries.

Accidents can happen to workers in trenches, to other
workers as a result of excavated materials, and to
workers working in the vicinity of trenches.
• As is the case with most accident situations, a few
simple precautions take most of the risk out of trench
construction.
• First of all, workers in trenches must have hard hats
and should wear sturdy shoes.
• Workers should be safely spaced out in a trench unless
there is a necessity of working together. They should also
stay out of the immediate area of excavating equipment
and not work ahead of the shoring.
• When workers are working on hard surface roads where
a flow of traffic is being maintained, it is important that
small stones be removed off the road. Stones are
sometimes thrown with great speed by the tires of passing
cars and can cause serious accidents.
• Broken arms and legs and other injuries can result when
workers fall into construction trenches. They result
because workers fail to look where they are going when
they walk too close to the edge or when they attempt to
leap across the trench.
• Rocks and tools thrown near the edge are not only a
hazard to workers in the trenches but can cause falls into
the trench by men walking on the surface.

• Workers are sometimes injured by slides of earth or • Use extra care in venturing near the edges of trenches
rock into the trench in which they are working. All and other excavations when the weather is bad and there
excavated materials should be placed a safe distance are icy or muddy conditions.
back from the edge of the trench. Workers should check
with their supervisor for instructions as to how far back
material should be placed.

• Even when this is done, large heavy objects can roll or

slide down the incline and into the trench. Tools and
rocks should either be placed on the outer slope of the
excavated materials or else on the other side of the
trench if the surface is flat.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 065

WORK SMARTER UNDERGROUND

Find out where utility mains (water, gas, electricity)
involved with your work are and where the emergency
shut offs are. Make sure all utilities are field located
before you begin work.
Test all confined spaces for toxic and deadly gases,
flammable vapors, and oxygen deficiency before each
entry.
Make sure that trenches are properly sloped or shored
and that there is someone readily available who can get
help; even trenches in "solid rock" have caved in.
Be aware that vibrations from equipment or nearby traffic
can "liquefy" soil and cause cave-ins.
Make certain that pipe is properly stored and handled;
rolling pipe kills.
Keep electrical cords in good condition and out of the
water.
Make personally sure that the power is off before cutting
any electrical line.
Anticipate equipment contacting overhead power lines.
Make personally sure that gas mains have been shut off,
or located and adequately protected, before working near
them.
Be sure that your trench has the proper emergency exits
at the proper spacings.
Think. No one knows the hazards of your job better than
YOU.

Know what to do and who to contact in case of

emergency; keep emergency telephone numbers where
you can find them.

Be alert when working near heavy equipment; the

operator might not see you.

Wear your personal protective equipment.

Make sure that saws and other equipment have their

proper guards in place.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 066

WATER WORK AND WATER VESTS

A few years ago the National Safety Council made a
study of work-connected drowning. They found that about
600 of these accidents were occurring every year. They
also discovered that about half of the victims were
unconscious when they hit the water and that only about
one out of a hundred was wearing a life jacket. When
workmen were asked about these accidents they
reported that life jackets were available but they were not
being worn because they were difficult to put on, were
hot and uncomfortable, and they restricted movement.
As a result of all this, the modern work vest was designed
for work around water. The goals which the designers
aimed for were there!
A harness that is comfortable and easy to adjust but will
not allow the vest to slip off even when a man hits the
water feet first.
A bright color to make the man in the water easy to spot.
These goals are met in the work vests we have provided
for your use. However, your help is needed if the vests are
going to make our work safer. First, the harness has to be
fitted for comfort, loose enough to give you room to work
and move, but tight enough so that it won't slip off.
Second, it has to be fastened or it will not turn you face up
and may slip off when you need it most. Finally and most
important, it has to be worn whenever you are over or
near the water.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. On which of our locations and operations are work
vests needed?
2. What adjustments can be made to make our vests
comfortable to wear without making them unsafe?

Quick release fastenings for ease and speed in getting in

and out of the vest.

Minimum interference for working and moving around.

A design that will turn an unconscious man face up in the

water.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 067

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Electrical Fatality
A laborer recendy died because of an electrical shock he
received while using an ungrounded drill. In this case, the
shock didn't kill him, but it did cause him to lose his
balance and he fell from a 20 foot scaffold and hit his
head on a slab of concrete.
Shock Injuries
Every year people die or are injured from electrical
shocks. You can receive an electrical shock anydme oart
of vour botv comes into contact with an electrical source.
If it does, vou can eet hurt in three ways:
Some points to remember:
- Make sure, not only that the electrical equipment is
grounded, but also that the electrical service is grounded.
- Don't use electrical tools that do not have a grounded
plug.
- Don't use electrical tools while standing on or in contact
with metal ladders or work platforms.
- Inspect flexible electrical cords and connections for
damage before you use the equipment.

- From nerve shock which could cause your lungs or - Don't perform work on or close to energized electrical
heart to stop. equipment unless the power is locked out and you are
- From the heating effect of the current which can cause qualified to do this type of work.
severe burns.
- If you see defecdve electrical tools or service cords, take
- From secondary injury caused from normal body them out of service and report them at once.
reaction to the shock. If you touch something that is hot
or gives you a jolt, your body may move back - Be alert for the electrical hazards that others may create
involuntarily. This could hurt if you are on a ladder. for themselves and you. If you see hazards, let me know
If you are standing on a dry, clean, nonmetallic floor, about them.
chances are that you wi11 have enough resistance and
shouldn't get a severe shock. But you can never tell
whether the work area or floor is sufficiently clean and
free of conduedve objects, like nails or metal scrap.
If your work surface is wet or covered with metallic
objects, and if you are sweaty, your body resistance may
be so low that a shock as low as 30 volts could kill you.
The only effective way to minimize shocks is to keep
electrical equipment in good condition so that live current
is fully contained:

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 068
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT WORK
Electrical safety in today's modern and
technological environment is extremely
important. Everywhere you go, machines,
computers, tools, household items, everything
runs on electricity. If electricity is properly
controlled, it's very useful, but if you don't treat it
with respect and follow the rules, it's very
dangerous.
Electrical shock injuries are less severe when the
current does not pass through or near nerve
centers or vital organs. The majority of electrical
injuries in industry, the electrical current flows
from hands to feet. Since such a path involves
both the heart and the lungs and are usually very
serious.
Another type of injury is burns from electrical
flashes. These burns are usually very deep and
are slow to heal and can involve large areas of
the body. Even persons at a reasonable distance
from the arc can receive eye burns.
Quite a few injuries result from falls from one
level to another caused by the worker receiving a
shock from defective or malfunctioning
equipment. That's the down side of electricity, but
learning how to properly use and handle
electricity will help reduce the risks.
The first step is to never use damaged or
defective electrical tools or equipment. Tools and
equipment must be in good working condition,
with proper safeguards installed and working
properly. This means you must inspect your
equipment before using it.
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Inspect it for frayed, cracked or cut cables, loose
fittings on plugs and if a ground prong is required
on the plug, it must be functioning properly. Let's
quickly explain what this ground prong does.
On normal 110 volt equipment, there are three
wires inside the cable. One is the hot wire, one is
neutral and one is ground. The hot and neutral
move electricity along the cable to provide the
energy from the source to the tool. The third wire,
or ground is there in case of a short or
malfunction. If this occurs, the electricity then
goes to ground, which means the electricity is
transferred to this ground wire back to earth or
ground. If this ground wire is missing, the
electricity could flow through your body.
If you're using a grounded type tool and the
ground prong is missing, you have no electrical
protection in case something happens.
Inspect your tools and equipment to make sure all the
cables are in good condition and the ground prong is in
place and not missing. Don't use damaged electrical
cords, plugs or equipment until it's been replaced or
repaired. Never try to repair electrical cords by wrapping
electrical tape around the cord. Frayed, cut or damaged
cords must be replaced or repaired by a trained and
authorized electrician.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

Another useful electrical tool is the DOUBLE
INSULATED tool. The words DOUBLE
INSULATED will appear on the manufacturer's
identification plate and if it doesn't say double
insulated, you need a ground prong on the tool's
plug. Double insulated means the inside of the
tool is insulated, so if there is a short or
malfunction, the double insulation will provide
adequate shock protection. If it's a double
insulated tool, you'll only have the hot and
neutral plug on the tool and won't need the three
prong plug. Just be sure the manufacturer's plate
states the tool is double insulated and if not, it's
not double insulated.
Everyone knows that electricity and water don't
mix. Always keep your hands dry when using
electrical tools because sweat is water and can
create a serious unsafe condition.
Naturally, don't stand in water when using
electrical tools or use water fire extinguishers to
put out electrical fires. Water and electricity just
don't mix. Don't use a metal or aluminum ladder
when working around electricity because the
metal ladder is a good conductor of electricity
and if it contacts electricity, you can be
electrocuted!!.
On electrical panels, be sure all circuit breakers
are properly labeled. In an emergency, or in
normal maintenance, it's important to know what
breaker controls what machine or other electrical
equipment. Naturally, if you're working on
electrical equipment, be sure the energy source is
locked out and tagged. By locking and tagging the
energy source, this prevents someone from
inadvertently turning on the power while your still
working. It's happened many times before, but
preventing accidents is the name of the game.
Receptacles used around water, such as those found near
sinks and in construction industry use a device called a
GFCI, or ground fault circuit interruptor. This device acts
extremely fast, so if there is a malfunction of electrical
equipment, the electricity will be shut off before it can
reach the equipment, thus saving someone from an
electrical shock. We just mention this because in some
cases, it may be advisable to use a ground fault circuit
interruptor rather than relying upon other safety devices.

Ok, a few more tips on electrical safety. In

addition to keeping your equipment in good
condition, housekeeping is important.
Housekeeping to keep areas clear from electrical
panels and other electrical equipment. Don't
allow dust to accumulate near electrical
equipment because there are sparks inside
motors that could cause fires.
The same principal applies to flammables and
combustibles. Think about all the arcing and sparking
that goes on inside electrical switches, motors and
equipment and keep potential explosions and fires from
occurring through good housekeeping.

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SAFETY TALK 069
BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
What's so special about electrical safety? Millions
of people use electricity everyday and it's not a
major problem. Why all the fanfare about
electricity in the workplace?
That's a good question, so let's begin with some
basic understanding about electricity, then we'll
demonstrate the reasons all employees must use
extra caution when using electrical equipment
and appliances.
.
There are different types of electricity or electrical
energy...........low voltage......high voltage....static
electricity.....alternating current......direct
current....and so on. Static electricity is quite
common because from time to time we
experience a shock from a walk across a carpet,
then touch a light switch or door knob.
Static electricity originates when two different
materials are brought together, such as the soles
of the shoes and the carpet, then they are
separated. When the two materials are forced
apart, two different kinds of electricity are
produced...one type on the carpet, the other on
the shoe soles. They attract each other, trying to
pull the shoe back to the carpet; attempting to
recombine. If the two types are not permitted to
recombine where first generated, and the person
touches a door knob or light switch, the electricity
flows through the body, arm and finger to leave
by the door knob or light switch. You can feel the
shock as it leaves your body.
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The electricity is now gone and you won't get
another shock until you generate more electricity.
That's static electricity. It can be generated in
many ways, but for now, let's think of static
electricity as electrical charges.
How about those high voltage lines you see on
telephone poles? Ever wonder how birds can sit
on those lines without getting shocked, but if a
human did that, they'd be in serious difficulty?
That's part of understanding what electricity is and
how it works. Basically, a circuit consists of three
essential elements. One element is the source of
energy, This supplies the driving force or voltage
to make the current flow. Next, we must have a
user of electricity, such as a light bulb. Thirdly,
you must have transmission lines, or wires to
conduct the electricity. For current to flow, there
must be a complete or closed circuit. If the wire is
cut or disconnected somewhere, forming an open
circuit, charges will accumulate and stop the flow
of current.
The bird must be part of the electrical circuit and
there must be a continuous flow of many charges,
not just a few to charge up the bird. A human
touching this same wire would probably be
electrocuted because he would be grounded by
the apparatus that
lifted him to this position, such as a crane. The
electricity would flow from the wire, through the
body, to ground by way of the crane.
Electrical equipment has a lot of wiring to carry
electrical current, and naturally, wiring can
become loose or even broken during daily use.

When this occurs, a potential shock hazard can
be created. The largest prong on an electrical
plug is the grounding prong. Essentially, it's your
protection from shock in the event of a
malfunction or...A short in the equipment. If you
were to follow this third prong wire back through
the electrical outlet, it would lead to a ground.
Remember the guy on the crane? Electricity went
from the wire, through his body to ground. In the
case of this grounded appliance, electrical
current will flow through this grounding prong,
through the wire and go to ground, not through
your body. Electricity flows through the path of
least resistance.
Your body has quite a bit of resistance, the
grounding wire has very little resistance. If there
is a choice, electricity will always flow through the
ground wire and not your body. If there is no
ground wire or other protection, electricity has no
option other than to flow through your body.
Electricity can also cause fires and explosions.
Flammable agents and many other flammables
found in work environments can be ignited by
electrical sparks and even static electricity.
Alcohol, acetone, various preparations and
sprays that use these or other flammable
components, clothing, bedding, oils, greases, all
are suitable fuel for an unexpected fire.
Now that you know why electrical safety is so
important, what can you do to help prevent
electrical shock and other potential electrical
hazards? Remember the third prong on the plug?
The other two electrical blades on the plug are
for electrical current flow. We call this a ground
plug. There are two current carrying wires and
one grounding wire. Almost all equipment must
be protected by this system. The third prong is
your protection, as long as the prong and wiring
are intact.
All electrical cords should be inspected
periodically to make certain that the ground wire
inside the system is properly connected and
each person using the equipment should always
inspect to make sure the prong is intact and that
all wiring is in good condition. Wiring or cables
that are cracked, frayed, cut or damaged must be
replaced. Inspect the
connections to your equipment. If you notice any
loose or worn parts, report it so it can be
corrected. Quite often , you'll find a cheater plug
on electrical equipment that has a special
receptacle for inserting your three pronged plug,
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but then it has a two prong plug on the other end,
with a wire extending for a couple of inches.
These must never be used because they offer no
safety protection at all. Supposedly, the short wire
is connected to an outlet where it will serve as a
ground. If you notice this type of plug or adapter,
remove it and get rid of it....it's dangerous.
Naturally, liquids and electricity don't mix. Never
use electrical equipment, when any part o f your
body is standing on or near fluids.
Make absolutely sure the electrical equipment you
use is safe to use and it's being used in a safe
manner. Electrical safety is common sense and
being aware of potential hazards. Generally, the
best advice is never place electrical cords where
they can be tripped over or receive excessive
wear.
Damage can occur inside the cords with rough
treatment. Keep cords away from heat and water
or other liquids. Remove electrical plugs from the
wall receptacles by pulling on the plug, not the
cord. Avoid kinking, crushing or binding cords.
Inspect cords and cables frequently for wear,
especially at the plug and connectors. Use only
safe, approved extension cords.
Avoid overloading any electrical circuits. This
includes not using octopus adapters, which allow
you to plug in more appliances than is authorized
on each receptacle. Extension cords must be of
the same thickness and rating as that of the
equipment cord. Any questions regarding the
serviceability or safety of the equipment should be
referred to management. Don't use any defective
electrical equipment if it becomes excessively
warm or hot....have it checked out. Immediately
unplug any equipment if it begins to smoke or
does not seem to work properly.
If electrical equipment gives you a shock, no
matter how slight, ...unplug it and don't use it until
its been repaired or replaced.
Have we left any important information out of this
program? Probably......but the program is
designed to make you aware of electrical safety,
and how important it is for you to continue your
education and knowledge by knowing and
understanding your organization's policies and
procedures, being more aware about safety and
the safety of all employees.
It's a worthwhile endeavor ..... and it does save
lives!!!

SAFETY TALK 070
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Electrical shock kills and injures thousands of workers
each year. Most of these accidents happen because
people don't look, don't think or just don't understand the
shocking power of electricity.
Voltage, current and resistance are the basic terms used
when talking about dectricity. Voltage is the force that
causes the current to flow. Current (amperage) refers to
the amount of dectricity that is flowing. Resistance
denotes the restriedons that try to slow down or stop the
flow.
Electrical shock can only occur when a part of the body
completes a circuit between a conductor and another
conductor or a grounding source.
Death or injury is not caused by the voltage; the damage
is done by the amount of current that flows through the
body when the contact is made. Of course, the higher the
voltage, the greater the amount of current. Some people
have survived shocks of several thousand volts, while
others have been killed by voltages as low as 12V.
The dry outer skin of the human body offers extremely
high resistance to electrical flow. However, this
resistance is reduced to almost zero when the skin is
wet, especially if the skin is wet because of perspiradon.
Electricity and proper grounding work together for safety.
A ground is a conduedag connecdon between an
electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some
conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
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If your body is sweaty or damp, an oversensitive ground
within it is created, which easily causes electrical shock.
One way to keep the body's resistance high is to keep it
dry, particularly the hands and feet, which might make the
contacts and be instrumental in compledag the circuit.
This can be accomplished by wearing rubber gloves,
boots and rubbers.
Eflfects of electrical shock depend mainly on the total
amount of current flow and the path of the current through
the victim's body. To prevent electrical shock, which can
cause several types of injuries, make sure that your body
cannot become part of the electrical flow and the path of
the current.
An important phase of electrical safety is knowing how to
help an electrical shock victim. First, stop the current
flowing from the circuit through the victim's body, if it
hasn't already been done. Often, particularly in cases of
low voltage shock, victims are unable to pull away from
the source of current. If the victim is still in contact with the
current, disconnect or de-energize the circuit, if possible. If
this cannot be accomplished, obtain a nonconduedve
item, such as dry clothing, dry rope or a dry sdek, and
remove the victim fram the cawirce af the cllrrent.
Then call or send for help. Next, check to see if the
victim's heart or breathing has stopped. Give the required
first aid undl professional help arrives.

SAFETY TALK 071
ELECTRICITY FOR NON-ELECTRICIANS
We use a lot of electricity for light and for power. It is a
real lifesaver, for bad light and belt-driven machines were
man-killers in the days before industry went electric. But
like any good thing—electricity can be deadly if it is
misused.
You people aren't supposed to be electricians, and we
don't expect you to know how to handle electrical repairs.
But there are a few facts about electricity you ought to
know to guard yourselves against electrical shock.
The first thing is this—it isn't the amount of electricity in a
circuit that makes the difference between life and death
to you. What makes the difference is the amount of
current that runs through the vital parts of your body.
For instance, you can work around a machine powered
by very heavy voltage with complete safety if you stay
away from the energized connections, if the machine is
well grounded and properly protected by fuses. If you
must touch equipment, make sure your hands are dry
and your feet are on dry floor.
On the other hand, even the 110 volt power in your home
electric light circuit can kill if you contact it with wet hands
and are in contact with a ground return such as wet floor
or a water pipe or radiator.
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Here are some suggestions that will keep you safe
from electrical hazards:
1. If any electrical device near your work area sparks,
overheats or smokes, don't try to repair it yourself. Shut it
off and report it.
2. Stay away from all electrical switches, fuse boxes, or
other devices unless you have been authorized to handle
them and instructed in their use. Even if you think you
understand them completely, it's better to remember the
old saying, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing."
3. If you are authorized to replace fuses, follow the
operating instructions you've been given faithfully. An
apparently harmless variation may be deadly. And never
bridge a fuse with a nail or other metal—the fuse is your
best safety device on any electrical circuit.
4. When you must use any electrical equipment (including
portable electrical tools or extension lights) in a situation
where there is a lot of moisture around or where you have
to contact grounded metal (particularly water or heating
pipes) GET CLEARANCE FROM YOUR SUPERVISOR
FIRST. No equipment is foolproof, and if we try act like
fools we can be hurt.
Remember this rule—don't tackle any electrical job you
haven't been assigned to, and don't do any electrical job
you have been assigned to any other way than the way
you've been trained to do it.

SAFETY TALK 072
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTORS
Insulation and grounding are two recognized means of
preventing injury during electrical equipment operation.
Conductor insulation may be provided by placing
nonconductive material such as plastic around the
conductor. Grounding may be achieved through the
use of direct connection to a known ground such as a
metal cold water pipe.
The metal housing or enclosure around a motor or the
metal box in which electrical switches, circuit breakers
and controls are placed. These enclosures protect the
equipment from dirt and moisture and prevent
accidental contact with exposed wiring.
There is, however, a hazard associated with housings
and enclosures. A malfunction within the equipment,
such as deteriorated insulation, may create an
electrical shock hazard. Many metal enclosures are
connected to a ground to eliminate the hazard, but if a
"hot" wire contacts a grounded enclosure, a ground
fault results which normally will trip a circuit breaker or
blow a fuse. Metal enclosures and containers are
usually grounded by connecting them with a wire going
to ground. This wire is called an equipment grounding
conductor. Most portable electric tools and appliances
are grounded by this means. There
is one disadvantage to grounding. A break in the
grounding system may occur without the user's
knowledge.
Insulation may be damaged by hard usage on the job
or simply by aging. If this damage causes the
conductors to become exposed, the hazards of
shocks, burns and fire will exist. Double insulation may
be used as additional protection on the live parts of a
tool, but double insulation does not provide protection
against defective cords and plugs or against heavy
moisture conditions. The use of GROUND-FAULT
circuit interrupter or GFIC is one method used to
overcome grounding and insulation deficiencies.
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The ground fault circuit interrupter is a fast-acting circuit
breaker which senses small imbalances in the circuit
caused by current leakage to ground and, in a fraction
of a second, shuts off the electricity. The GFCI
continually matches the amount of current going to an
electrical device against the amount of current returning
from the device along the electrical path. Whenever the
amount "going" differs from the amount "returning"
by approximately 5 milliamps, the GFCI interrupts the
electric power within as little as one fortieth of a second.
The GFCI will not protect a person from line to line
contact hazards, such as a person holding two "hot"
wires, or a hot and a neutral wire in each hand. It does
provide protection against the most common form of
electrical shock hazard, the ground fault. It also
provides against fires, overheating and destruction of
insulation on wiring.
With the wide use of portable tools and the use of
flexible cords, connectors, receptacles and cord and
plug connected equipment, hazards are created by
improper use and maintenance. Flexible cords are more
vulnerable to damage than is fixed wiring. Flexible
cords must be connected to devices and to fittings so
as to prevent tension at joints and terminal screws.
Because a cord is exposed, these terminals become
more vulnerable.
Improperly connected terminals is another common
situation. When a cord connector is wet, hazardous
leakage can occur to the equipment grounding
conductor and to humans who pick up that connector if
they also provide a path to ground. Such leakage is not
limited to the face of the connector, but also develops at
any wet portion of it.
When the leakage current of tools is below 1 ampere,
and the grounding conductor has a low resistance, no
shock should be perceived. However, should the

resistance of the equipment grounding conductor
increase, the current through the body also will
increase. Therefore, if the resistance of the equipment
grounding conductor is significantly greater than 1
ohm, tools with even small leakages become
hazardous.
GFCIs can be used successfully to reduce electrical
hazards on construction sites. Tripping of GFCIs or the
interruption of current flow is sometimes caused by
wet connectors and tools. It is a good practice to limit
exposure of connectors and tools to excessive
moisture by using watertight or sealable connectors.
Providing more GFCIs or shorter circuits can prevent
tripping caused by the cumulative leakage from
several tools or by leakages from extremely long
circuits.
There are two basic requirements on construction sites
applying to GFCIs. 1) A ground fault circuit interrupter
for receptacle outlets in use and not part of the
permanent wiring of the building or structure. Or, a
scheduled and recorded assured equipment grounding
conductor program, covering all cord sets, receptacles
which are not part of the permanent wiring of the
building or structure and equipment connected by cord
and plug
which are available for use or used by employees.
This scheduled and recorded assured equipment
grounding conductor program must be accompanied
by a written description of the program, including the
specific procedures adopted and must be kept at the
job site.
This program should outline the employer's specific
procedures for the required inspections, tests and test
schedule. Electrical equipment noted in the assured
equipment grounding conductor program must be
visually inspected for damage or defects
before each day's use. Any damaged or defective
equipment must not be used until replaced or repaired.
There are two tests required. One is a continuity test to
ensure that the equipment grounding conductor is
electrically continuous. This test may be performed
using a simple continuity tester, such as a lamp and
battery, a bell and battery, an ohmmeter or a
receptacle tester.
The other test must be performed on receptacles and
plugs to ensure that the equipment grounding
conductor is connected to its proper terminal. This test
can be performed with the same equipment used in
the first test. These tests are required before first use,
after any repairs, after damage is suspected to have
occurred and at 3 month intervals. If the cord sets and
receptacles are essentially fixed and not exposed to
damage, these may be tested at 6 month intervals.
These testing and recordkeeping requirements may be
somewhat time consuming, so most employers choose to use
the GFCI system of protection. Ground fault circuit interrupters
must be provided for all 120 volt, single phase, 15 and 20 amp
receptacle outlets on
construction sites which are not a part of the
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permanent wiring of the building or structure and which
are in use by employees.
Receptacles on the ends of extension cords are not part
of the permanent wiring and therefore, must be
protected by GFCIs whether or not the extension cord is
plugged into permanent wiring. These GFCIs monitor
the current to the load for leakage to ground. When this
leakage exceeds a certain amount, the GFCI interrupts
the current. They are rated to trip quickly enough to
prevent electrocution.
Whether you choose the inspection and testing method
or GFCI method, the objective remains the same..........
protection from electrocution. Safety on any job site is
of paramount importance. Each individual on the job
site has a responsibility to inspect all electrical
equipment before use, including cords, cables,
connectors, receptacles, terminals, plugs and the
equipment itself.
Don't abuse electrical tools. Never carry a tool by the
cord or hose. Never yank the cord or the hose to
disconnect it from a receptacle. Keep cords and hoses
away from heat, oil and sharp edges. Disconnect tools
when not in use, before servicing and when changing
accessories such as blades, bits and cutters.
All observers or other employees should be kept at a
safe distance from the work area. Avoid accidental
starting. Don't hold a finger on the switch button while
carrying a plugged in tool. Tools should be maintained
with care. They should be kept sharp and clean for the
best performance. Follow instructions in the user's
manual for lubricating and changing accessories. All
portable tools that are damaged must be removed, or
tagged "do not use".
A positive on-off switch can be used only on platen
sanders, grinders with wheels two inches or less in
diameter, routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers,
shears, scroll saws and jig saws with blade shanks one
fourth inch wide or less.
Other hand held tools, such as circular saws, chain
saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory
holding means must be equipped with a constant
pressure switch that will shut off the power when the
pressure is released.
Electrical safety when working with electrical is much
more than plugging your equipment into a receptacle
and beginning work. It's inspecting and maintaining
your equipment. It's working safely by following the
rules and procedures. It's thinking about safety every
time you perform your job.
Take time for safety because you're worth it. Think electrical
safety and safety for your fellow employees.

SAFETY TALK 073
HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY
In a recent accident a maintenance employee was
electrocuted when he attempted to bypass a safety
interlock switch in order to test a 400 V motor power
supply to a machine. The screwdriver that he used to
complete the connection on the live circuit, accidentally
contacted against a metal hand rail. Unfortunately, the
employee's other hand was also grounded onto the hand
rail thus creating a convenient path to his body for the
electrical current
In this instance, the company's procedure required that
power be de-energized before making these kinds of
connections, but the employee was in a hurry and
ignored the procedure. Unfortunately, high voltage
electricity is not forgiving and he will never have another
chance to disregard company procedures.
Electricity, particularly high voltage electricity is very
helpful to us, both on and off the job. However, if not
handled properly, this electricity can be extremely
dangerous. The following suggestions are basic and
should be followed by everyone working with or near high
voltage circuits:
1. CONSIDER THE RESULT OF EACH ACT -
There is absolutely no reason to take chances that will
endanger your life or the life of others. Always consider
what you are going to do and how it might affect you and
others around you.
2. KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS -
Do not change parts or make adjustments inside of
machinery or equipment with the high voltage energized.
Always de-energize the system.
3. DO NOT SERVICE HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT ALONE -
Service electrical equipment in the presence of another
person capable of rendering first aid assistance in the
event of an emergency.
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4. DO NOT TAMPER WITH INTERLOCKS -
Do not depend on interlocks for protection; always shut
down the equipment or de-energize the electrical system.
Never remove, short circuit or tamper with interlocks
except to repair the switch.
5. DO NOT GROUND YOURSELF -
Make sure you are not grounded when adjusting
equipment or using measuring equipment. It is good
practice to only use one hand when servicing energized
equipment and keep the other hand behind you.
6. DO NOT ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT IF THERE IS ANY
EVIDENCE OF WATER LEAKAGE -
Repair the leak and wipe up the water before energizing.
If work is required on energized circuits, the following
practical safety rules should apply:
1. Only authorized and experienced personnel should
work on eneqized electrical systems. If you don't know
about electricity, you could be playing a deadly game.
2. Ample lighting is an absolute necessity when working
around high voltage electrical systems that is energized
3. The employee doing the work should be insulated from
the ground with some suitable non-conducting material
such as dry wood or a rubber mat of approved
construction.
4. The employee doing the work should, if at all possible,
use only one hand in accomplishing the necessary
repairs.
5. Identify all circuit breakers to indicate what equipment
or Branch outlets they control so that the system or
equipment can be de-energized immediately in case of an
emergency.
6. A person qualified in first aid for electric shock should
be located near the work area for the entire period of
repair.

SAFETY TALK 074
CRANES, CHAINS, SLINGS AND HOISTS
Welcome to another safety training program and your
responsibility in the safety program. Today we want to
review cranes and lifting devices. After all, the best
equipment in the world isn't safe until you understand
how to use it properly. This is particularly true about
chains, slings and cranes. The most important safety
feature is the operator's knowledge of how to use,
inspect and maintain the equipment. Safety around
hoisting equipment is extremely important because
one little mistake can be disastrous.
Damaged or worn out parts also make your equipment
unsafe to use. Something that everyone must know
and understand is simply this: If your equipment is
unsafe to use, don't use it. That goes for any
equipment. If it's unsafe - don't use it. Inspect your
hoisting equipment everyday.
Any equipment can break, wear out or become
damaged. It's your responsibility to check it thoroughly
before you use it. If something is wrong or unsafe to
use, report it to your foreman who will take action to
get it corrected. Inspect metal chains for cuts or worn
links. Push the links together and check where metal
rubs metal. This is where a chain is most likely to
become worn. It might appear good on the outside, but
could be unsafe in the hard to see areas. If a chain
looks like it has been stretched, it's probably unsafe to
use.. When in doubt, check it out.
Whether you're using chains, wire rope or nylon slings,
watch out for sharp edges on the material you're lifting.
Protect your chains and slings by putting padding over
the sharp edges. Never use the crane hoist chain or
wire rope as a sling. The rope or chain that is
connected to the crane or hoist can only be used to lift
or lower hooks. Use another chain or sling to help
make the lift. Don't overload your equipment. You
know how much something weighs before you lift it.
You also know the capacity of the crane or hoist.
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Chains and slings are identified with the safe lifting
capacity. Don't overload your equipment. You can
overload your equipment without a capacity load. The
most common safety hazard is the operator trying to lift
or stop a load too quickly. This is called "jerking" a load.
Raise and lower loads slowly. Avoid quick stops.
Keep your chains, hooks and slings off the floor. Hang
them on racks, posts or hooks on the wall. So don't
leave them on the floor or places they can be abused.
Tying knots in the chain or sling greatly reduces the
safe lifting capacity because it puts a tremendous stress
where the knot is tied. Never tie knots in your chains or
slings.
Make sure your chain or wire rope isn't kinked or
twisted. Kinks or twists can ruin the chain guides and
your chain or wire rope. To prevent stress on your lifting
chains or slings, keep in mind this important safety rule:
Keep your lifting rope or chain as straight and parallel to
the vertical as possible.
If you must lift at an angle, don't exceed 10 degrees from the
vertical. This is about the safest method of lifting anything. If you
exceed the 10 degree angle - you're asking for trouble. If your
crane or hoist is off center from the load, it would start swinging
from side to side when it's lifted. Make sure no one is standing
nearby when you lift a load, and keep the load as straight as
possible.
When traveling with a load, always carry the load as close to the
floor as possible. If the load does start swinging, you'll be able to
stop it quickly before you cause an accident. These are just
common safety rules. Let's refresh your memory on some other
important safety rules when using slings We indicated earlier,
always lift the load as close to vertical as possible. Anything over
10? from the vertical is actually unsafe. Sling angles are
different, but the same rule still applies keep the sling angle as
close to vertical as possible. This is a good sling angle.

The best example is a person lifting two buckets of
sand. Both arms are lifting vertical to the load. Stress
is being transmitted from the arm straight down to the
load. If you place your arms at an angle, stress is
applied downward from the weight of the load and at
the same time, stress is applied from the horizontal.
You have two forces creating stress. Each of these
slings is lifting one thousand pound loads. The two
vertical sling legs on the far left load have an equal
amount of stress or 500 pounds on each leg. The sling
next to it is at a 45 degree angle from the vertical and
you can see 707 pounds of stress are applied to each
leg of the sling. If you use a sling with a 60 degree
angle, each leg has 1,000 pounds of stress. The sling
leg on the far right has over 1900 pounds of stress on
each leg of the sling because the sling angle is so far
from the vertical. Keep in mind, we're still talking about
a 1,000 pound load.. A 30 degree angle from the
vertical puts 8 tons of stress on each leg of the sling.
That's 16 tons of stress on the sling, with an 8 ton
load. A 15 degree angle puts 31 tons of stress on the
same 8 ton load.
This illustrates very clearly that it is easy to overload your sling,
even though you don't have a maximum capacity load. That's
why you have to make sure your sling angles are as close to
the vertical as possible. If you are creating unsafe sling angles
because your sling is too short, get another sling.
Another safety rule to practice is never run the hoist or crane all
the way up or all the way down. This can damage the guide pins,
alignment plates or the chain
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Part of your equipment includes hooks and we'll take a
look at 2 of the more common type. This type of hook
must have a safety latch on it, to keep your sling from
slipping off the hook. If the latch is broken or bent, have
it repaired or replaced. This hook doesn't require a
safety latch because it is used to connect directly to the
material being elevated. Let's review some hook safety
procedures. Lift your load in the center of the hook,. It's
designed to take the load only in the center. Of course,
we all know that lifting on the tip of any hook is unsafe.
It stretches and weakens the hook. Use a sling or other
device, but don't use the tip of a hook to lift anything.
When a hook is stretched more than 15% of its original
size, it's unsafe use. Take it out of service until it can be
replaced. Here are some special considerations we
want to review.
Wire rope and cranes. Naturally, if you notice broken or
damaged strands in your wire rope, that's the time to
have your foreman or maintenance man check it out.
Don't use that crane until it is checked out. The most
damaging thing you can do to wire rope is allow it to
kink or twist. Your crane hook is quite heavy and is
designed to keep enough tension on your wire rope to
prevent twisting and kinking. Problems occur when the
hook is allowed to rest on the floor or other material.
Watch what you're doing and don't let the hook
assembly rest on the floor, machine, or other materials.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 075

CLEARING A JAM

Sometimes a machine will jam—getting a piece of

material in the wrong position, it will suck and stick; hard.
You've each been told what to do when that happens on
your own machine—what steps to take, what equipment
to use, who to ask for help if you need it. You've also
been told what not to try to do—what to leave to
specialists, what safeguards to leave in place, and so on.
The things you've been told to do have been figured out
by smart guys. But the guys who study these problems
have found out that if you try to do the things you're told
not to do, you're just asking for trouble.
For instance, on some kinds of punch presses, operators
are supplied with special soft metal rods or "picks" to free
jams. These picks are usually made of aluminum or
brass and will simply flatten out if accidentally caught
between the dies. If the operator uses the pick according
to instructions, he isn't going to get hurt. It can be pushed
under or through the guard, and the hands are still safely
on the right side of the guard.
Some of you may be asking yourselves, "What if we try to
clear a jam the way you've told us to, and that doesn't
work. We've still got a jammed machine. What do we do
then?"
The answer to that is simple and safe—if the way we've
taught you to clear a jam on your machine doesn't clear
the jam then get help. Get it from the supervisor or
mechanic or maintenance man who is trained and
authorized to handle that kind of problem.
The point is just this—the moment you go beyond your
instructions, you are in danger. We know that the method
we give you may not clear every jam. We expect that. But
we'd a lot rather have the expert take it from there than
have you experiment around and take chances that can
cost you a serious accident.

But suppose that doesn't clear the jam. Suppose the

operator decides he can clear it with, say, a pair of pliers
or a screwdriver. To get at the jam, he lifts up the guard
he's been told to keep in place. Maybe he does free the
jam, but what happens if the press operates at this point?
The punch comes down on the screwdriver, which is
made of hardened steel; one, or both of the dies shatter,
and steel fragments fly out in all directions. There is little
chance of an operator escaping injury when this
happens.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 076
IN THE MIDDLE
Did you ever think how we most often change the shape
of anything?
If we want to change the shape of a piece of paper, we
pinch it between two blades of scissors. If we want to
change the shape of heavy wire, we pinch it between two
jaws of a pair of pliers. If a blacksmith wants to change
the shape of iron, he pounds it between a hammer and
an anvil. We do the same thing in a power press.
People sometimes get their shape changed the same
way—by getting caught between things in motion. And
the way their shape gets changed never makes them
look or feel better.
There are a whale of a lot of serious accidents that we
could call "getting caught in the middle." Most machine
accidents are of this type. But I want to talk about a few
non-machine accidents that can crush you like a bar of
iron between the blacksmith's sledge and the anvil.
Number one is the kind of accident that can pin you
between a moving load and some fixed object, like a post
or wall or machine. We'll say some workers are pushing
trucks or carrying heavy stuff when you come by. Maybe
it looks like there's room between their load and the post,
and you decide to squeeze past them. That's always a
sucker play, for now and then a truck will swerve, or a
load will swing, and you'll be in the middle between
heavy stuff moving fast and something hard that won't
give way.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
When that happens, the chances are that what will give
away is your flesh and bone. So, for your own sake,
always give the guy with a moving load plenty of room.
Number two is the kind of accident that happens to guys
handling or pushing heavy loads. They grip the load or
truck in a position which puts their hands right in the
middle, waiting for a crushing smash against wall or floor
or other obstruction. There's a safe handhold for every
load and every truck. Learn it and use it. Those hands of
yours will come in handy if vou don't smash them.
Finally, there's type number three—the killer type. That's
the kind that puts you between something really heavy
and something hard.
In type three are the accidents that happen when a crane
load spills on a man—the kind of accidents that make it a
must to live by the rule, never walk under any load carried
by crane or hoist.
In type three are the accidents that come from
carelessness around box cars, trucks, and parking lots,
where the short cut between standing equipment is often
only a shortcut to horrible death when the standing
equipment starts to move. Remember, this equipment was
made to move, so give it plenty of room.
And in type three are all material handling accidents that
involve workers getting their hands between the load, the
floor, or pile or wall and the accidents from falls of badly
piled material. The ways of preventing these are obvious,
but you'll have to remember to use those ways.
Don't get caught in the middle in any type of accident. You
won't like the way it changes your shape!

SAFETY TALK 077
GAS WELDING SAFETY
When you're working with gas welding and cutting operations,
there are a number of safety procedures to follow. Each
company is responsible for developing specific guidelines,
policies and procedures. We cannot list all potential hazards
or safety elements. Today's discussion is simply a guideline
of basic safety measures, designed as safety awareness.
Let's begin with the area used for such operations. The
welding or cutting area must be protected against fire
hazards, posed by combustible and flammable materials.
Combustibles must be located at least 35 feet from the
worksite. If this is not possible, combustibles must be
protected with flameproof covers or metal or other fireproof
shielding. Floors on which combustible materials such as
paper clippings, wood shavings, or textile fibers accumulate,
must be swept clean for a radius of 35 feet.
Floors of combustible material must be kept wet, covered
with damp sand, or protected by fire-resistant shields. When
welding is to be done on metal walls, partitions, ceilings or
roofs, combustibles on the other side should be relocated or
protected. Keep in mind that welding temperatures are
extremely high and welding on metal can create heat transfer
from the metal part to combustible materials located nearby.
Welding operations have cause a high number of major fires.
Due to the potential for fires, explosions and health hazards,
cutting or welding must be carefully controlled.
Never weld or cut in the presence of mixtures of flammable
gases, vapors, liquids, or dusts with air, or inside improperly
cleaned tanks or equipment which have previously contained
such material.
Never weld or cut near large quantities of exposed, readily
ignitible materials such as bulk sulfur, baled paper or cotton.
Never weld or cut near vapor degreasing operations, or spray
booths, due to potential fire hazards. Some chemicals can
decompose under the ultraviolet radiation of the
welding/cutting operation and become quite dangerous.
Always weld and cut only in those areas authorized by
management. Protection in the form of curtains or enclosures
is required when other persons could be harmed by the
effects of the flying slag or eye hazards
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Most gas welding and cutting operations use compressed gas
cylinders and there are some important procedures to follow when
using these cylinders.
All cylinders stored inside must be located in a well-protected,
well ventilated, dry location. They must be at least 20 feet from
highly combustible materials, sparks, open flames, excessive
heat and away from elevators, stairs or gangways.
When cylinders are not connected for use, valve protection caps
must be in place unless the cylinder is not designed to accept a
cap. Stored oxygen cylinders must be separated from stored fuel
cylinders or combustible materials, especially oil or grease, by at
least 20 feet or by a non-combustible barrier. This barrier must be
at least 5 feet high and have a fire resistance rating of one-half
hour.
All cylinders must be legibly marked to identify their contents.
Cylinders connected for use must be lashed or chained to
prevent them from falling over. Be careful that cylinders are not
placed so as to become a part of an electrical circuit. Mark
empty tanks MT, close the valves and replace valve caps
securely.
Let's take a look at the valve and regulator settings.
The regulator is a delicate piece of equipment and must be
handled carefully at all times. Pipe wrenches or pliers must not
be used for attaching regulators to cylinders. Use an end
wrench of proper size. Leave the valve wrench on the
acetylene cylinder whenever the valves are open. This permits
emergency shut off of the gas. Hammers or wrenches must
not be used to open or close cylinder valves that are fitted with
hand wheels. If a regulator "creeps", have it repaired
immediately. "Creeping" of a regulator is indicated by a gradual
increase in pressure after the torch valves are closed.
Hoses showing leaks, burns, or worn places must be replaced
or repaired. Hoses should be color coded to avoid accidental
mixing of the gases.
The green hose is for oxygen and it has a right hand thread.
The red hose is acetylene and has a left hand thread. Check
hose connections for proper threading. Standard hose
connections are threaded right hand for oxygen and left hand
for acetylene or other fuel gases. The obvious purpose is to
keep them from getting mixed up.
Periodically inspect the hoses and check them for leaks. Test
the hose for leaks by immersing it under normal working
pressure, in water or by using soapy water. Never try to repair
hoses with tape. When repairing hoses, use only approved
bronze or brass fittings. Copper fittings must never be used on
acetylene cylinders. Under certain conditions, the acetylene
might react with the copper to produce an explosive
compound.
Never use oil, grease or other petroleum products on any torch
or regulator. Oil and grease in the presence of oxygen may
burn with explosive force, if they become ignited.
When hooking up the cylinders, point the cylinder outlet away
from each other. This helps reduce improper mixture in case of
leaks. Valves malfunction periodically and can be quite
hazardous. To prevent injury from malfunctioning valves, never
face a gauge while opening the cylinder valve.... stand to one
side.

When lighting your welding or cutting torch, there are certain
precautions and procedures. First, purge the hoses. Open the
valve on the acetylene cylinder. This should never be opened
more than one and one-half turns, and three-fourths of a turn
is preferable.
Open the acetylene torch valve one-fourth turn. Adjust the
acetylene to working pressure which is less than 15 pounds
square inch GAUGE, or 30 pounds square inch ABSOLUTE.
Close the acetylene torch valve. Next, slowly open the
oxygen cylinder valve all the way. Open the oxygen torch
valve one-half turn. Adjust the oxygen to working pressure
with the gas regulator screw. Turn off the oxygen torch valve.
Next, we have the final steps of actually lighting the torch.
Don't use matches. Use a friction lighter to light the blow pipe.
Reopen the acetylene torch valve one fourth turn and light.
Open the oxygen valve one-fourth turn and adjust the flame.
Now you can adjust the acetylene working pressure with the
blow pipe lighted.
When shutting off the torch, close the torch valves. Acetylene
first, then the oxygen. Close the cylinder valves,
again...acetylene first, then the oxygen cylinder.
Open both torch valves to release the pressure inside the
hoses. Shut off the regulator adjusting handle until you no
longer feel any spring tension. Close the torch valves. This
procedures reduces the possibility of regulator fires when the
oxygen cylinder valve is open again. It will also prevent leaks
of acetylene or oxygen while the equipment is not in use. A
leak could cause a serious fire.
Experienced welders understand the term "cracking" a
cylinder. This is simply opening the cylinder valve slightly and
then closing it, to remove any potential dust or debris inside
the valve. Cracking is accomplished before installing
regulators. When leaving the area, don't leave pressure in
the hoses. Shut off the oxygen and acetylene at the cylinder.
Never use a hard, sharp tool for cleaning tips, except where such
tools may be specifically recommended by, or supplied by, the tip-
manufacturer. Use appropriate tip cleaners.
Naturally, the material you're welding or cutting must be approved
for such use. No welding or cutting should be performed on used
drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been
cleaned thoroughly, eliminating all flammable materials and all
substances, such as greases, tars or acids which might produce
flammable or toxic vapors when heated. Use a cleansing agent
appropriate for the gas or liquid which was in the container. Clean
the container a second time with either water or steam.
All hollow spaces, cavities or containers should be vented to
permit the escape of air or gases before preheating, cutting
or welding.
Without listing all the health hazards, let's just review a few
hazards that can occur in welding/cutting operations.
Acetylene is one of the most commonly used fuels for gas welding,
cutting and brazing. It is capable of displacing oxygen from the
atmosphere, reducing it to a level below that required by your
body. The major hazard is the explosion potential. Acetylene
becomes unstable at excessive pressures, so do not pressurize it
above 15 psi, or 30 psi.
Chromium is the primary alloying agent in stainless steel.
Chromium compounds are strong oxidizing agents and are
extremely toxic and irritating to the skin, eyes, mucous
membranes.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Although welding under normal operations would not be
expected to produce hazardous concentrations of chromium
compounds, welding of stainless steel should be carried out in
well-ventilated areas.
Fluoride compounds are found in the coating of several types
of fluxes used in welding. Exposure to these fluxes may irritate
the eyes, nose, and throat. Exposure to fluoride dusts and
fumes has also produced skin rashes.
Zinc is used in large quantities in the manufacture of brass,
galvanized metals and various other alloys. Exposure to these
fumes is known to cause metal fume fever, with symptoms
similar those of common influenza.
The most effective measure of reducing exposure to fumes is
to work in a well-ventilated area. Where this is not possible,
portable ventilation systems can be used to extract welding
fumes for your breathing zone.
Some of the physical agents that can be harmful to welders is
ultraviolet radiation when using arc welding. Skin exposure to
ultraviolet radiation can result in severe burns. UV radiation
can also damage the lens of the eye.
Infrared radiation, produced by the electric arc and other flame
cutting equipment may heat the skin surface and the tissues
immediately below the skin surface. Use protective clothing to
prevent this type hazard.
Intense visible light exposure to the eye can produce
adaptation, pupillary reflex and shading of the eyes. Such
actions are protective mechanisms to prevent excessive light
from being focused on the retina. This is particularly true in arc
welding operations. Always use proper eye protection and
never allow anyone to "watch" arc welding without proper eye
protection.
There are a variety of specially designed eye protection for
each type of welding operation. Be sure you know what
specific type eye protection is used for each operation. If
you're not sure, ask your supervisor or the equipment
manufacturer for specific information.
Woolen clothing is preferable to cotton because it is not readily
ignited and also helps protect the welder from changes in
temperature. Cotton clothing, if used, should be treated with a
flame retardant. Clothing treated with non-durable flame
retardant materials, should be treated again after each wetting
or cleaning.
Sparks may lodge in rolled up sleeves, pockets or cuffs.
Sleeves and collars must be kept buttoned and pockets should
be removed from the front of clothing. The legs of trousers or
coveralls should not be rolled up on the outside.
There are literally hundreds of different rules, regulations and
procedures to follow in welding operations. We've only touched
on a few. Special eye protection, respiratory protection,
hearing protection, valves, gauges, hoses, fittings....... all the
things you need to know to make your job safer and healthier.
If you're not sure about something, ask your supervisor. You
may be quite familiar with the equipment and personal
protection required, but you may be welding or cutting material
that's unfamiliar to you. Take a minute to find out what this
material is made of and what hazards it may pose to you and
others.
Welding and cutting is a safe operation, if you follow the rules. If you try
to take short cuts, or not follow proper procedures, it could become a
hazardous job. Take time for safety and health because you're worth it.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 078

Portable Power Tool Safety

If you've spent your day operating a drill press, your hand

drill may not seem like a particularly dangerous tool. Not
true. It's estimated that about 8% of industrial accidents
involve the unsafe use of hand tools (both manual and
power). These accidents result from using the wrong tool
for the job (or using the right tool incorrectly), failing to
wear personal protective equipment, or failing to follow
approved safety guidelines.
The following checklist provides some basic rules for the
safe use of portable power tools. Take a moment to
review this list, and use the tips here whenever you use a
portable power tool--on or off the job.
Power Tool Rules
1. Use your tool only for the specific task it was
designed to do.
2. Read the owner's manual before using your tool.
3. Never use any tool--power or manual--unless
you are trained to do so.
4. Inspect before each use and replace or repair if
parts are worn or damaged.
6. Before plugging or unplugging tools, be sure power
switch is turned to "OFF."
7. Never disconnect power by pulling on the cord--
remove the plug from the outlet.
8. Never clean or repair a tool unless power is
disconnected. (Repair tools only if you are trained to
do so.)
9. When working on ladders or scaffolding, rest power
tools on a flat surface or in a bin secured to the ladder
itself. ( A falling tool can seriously injure a coworker or
bystander.)
10. Use a ground fault circuit interrupter when working
with power tools.
11. Do not wear rings, jewelry, or loose clothing when
operating power tools.
12. Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as
face shields, safety goggles, disposable masks, etc.
as required.

5. Inspect screws, nuts, bolts and moveable parts

to make sure they are tightened.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 079
HOW TO STOP BLEEDING
Anyone with a loss of blood can become weak,
lightheaded and can even go into heart failure or die from
loss of blood. When a person is bleeding, it's important to
establish bleeding controls as quickly as possible. One of
the most important treatments for lost blood is to replace
it through fluids. That's why doctors and hospitals will use
intravenous fluids to replace volume, however, if you lose
enough blood, then a transfusion is blood is required.
Let's quickly review the different types of bleeding and
what action would be required, particularly for first aid,
until medical treatment can be achieved.
In some situations, applying pressure is not easy or there
is no artery which is close to a bone that can be
compressed. In some cases, the only treatment available
is to apply a tourniquet and this could occur in a remote
area or the wound is located where there is no alternative
to stop the bleeding, but to apply a tourniquet. In this
case, the basic rule is to find the bleeding side and apply
the belt or band around the limb between the side of the
bleeding and the heart. Get the patient to medical care as
quickly as possible. Keep in mind that tourniquets are
rarely used, as this is generally a last ditch attempt to
control bleeding where medical care is not available.
Bleeding on the neck and face is usually quite profuse
and because at least 40 percent of the blood supply goes
to the head and neck at all times. Be very careful about
breaking the blood vessels in the face, neck and head
because the patient will lose blood very quickly. Stopping
the bleeding in these areas is very important. The upper
thigh area just below the groin is another place where
you can lose large amounts of blood. An artery is located
there and it's about the size of your thumb. It only takes
two to three minutes to lose a very substantial amount of
blood. Arterial bleeding must be stopped by pressure
points as quickly as possible.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
In trying to control bleeding of the chest, first aiders are
limited to what they can do. The first thing to do is see if
there is any leakage of air into or from the chest. This can
create leakage of air from the lung into the space between
the lung and inside of the chest cage. A lung could
collapse and reduce the amount of blood supply to the
brain. Fast action of transporting the person to medical
attention is necessary.
The best advice is to be trained for an emergency. Trained
to know all the pressure points and how to apply pressure
to control the bleeding. Trained to know what NOT to do in
case of an emergency and trained to know and
understand the hazards involved in providing first aid to
persons who are bleeding. The hazards include blood to
blood contamination of a person infected with HIV-the
AIDS virus or the Hepatitis B virus. We call these hazards
bloodborne pathogens and if you provide first aid to a
person who has HIV or Hepatitis B viruses, there is a
possibility you could be infected. Perhaps you have a cut,
or open sore and blood is transmitted into these openings,
there is a possibility of infection. Plastic or latex gloves
and other personal protective equipment are worn by
paramedics, police, doctors and other health care
providers just for the purpose of protecting themselves
from bloodborne pathogens. Knowing the hazards and
being trained in your protection is as important as knowing
first aid procedures. This short training program can't
teach you first aid. It serves as an overview of basic
techniques, but the important message is you should be
properly trained and understand how to control bleeding,
as well as knowing the hazards associated with this type
of first aid.

SAFETY TALK 080
CPR PROVIDERS
CPR........The letters mean.......
CARDIO..... which refers to the heart,
blood and circulation.
PULMONARY..... refers to lungs and
breathing
RESUSCITATION,..... which means to
revive or restore life.
CPR or CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION provides artificial circulation
and breathing to a person whose heart and lungs
have stopped functioning.
External chest compressions, administered
manually are alternated with mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation in order to keep a person alive until
additional medical help can be obtained.
In today's environment with infectious diseases'
or bloodborne pathogens such as the HIV or
AIDS virus and HBV, which is the Hepatitis B
virus,.' precautions must be taken when providing
CPR to other persons. It is recommended that
when giving mouth to mouth resuscitation, use a
device,, so there is no direct contact between the
victim and the CPR provider
This reduces the chance of exposure from a
victim who may be infected with these
pathogens, or exposure of the victim by an
infected CPR provider.
If there is blood on the victim, wear personal
protective equipment as required, such as latex
or plastic gloves and other protection
recommended by your employer.
EHS Central
Just a day without accidents.. today
Exposure to these viruses through blood and
certain body fluids can be reduced by the wearing
of personal protective equipment.
This short program is not intended to make you a
qualified CPR Provider, however, with the basics,
you can begin to understand the process by which
persons can be revived in emergencies. It is
recommended that everyone be trained in CPR
because CPR can be used at home, during
recreational activities and almost anywhere an
emergency may arise.
The American Heart Association, Red Cross and
the medical communities are studying methods to
improve CPR, however, today we'll only address
the basics of the current CPR procedures.
First. we look at the ABC's of CPR. The A of CPR
means airway. The most important action for
successful resuscitation is immediate opening of
the airway. In opening the airway, it's important to
remember that the back of the tongue is the most
common cause of airway obstruction in an
unconscious victim. The tongue is attached to the
lower jaw and moving the lower jaw forward lifts
the tongue from the back of the throat and opens
the airway.
The B of CPR means breathing. When breathing
stops, the body has only the oxygen remaining in the
lungs and bloodstream. It has no oxygen reserve .
'When breathing stops, cardiac arrest and death
quickly follows.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

If a victim is not breathing. it's important to breath
for the victim. ....Mouth to mouth resuscitation is
the quickest, most effective way to get oxygen
into the victim's lungs. There is more than
enough oxygen in the air you exhale to supply
the victim's needs. Rescue breathing must be
performed until the victim can breathe on his own
or until trained professionals take over.
If the victim's heart is beating, you must maintain
an open airway and breathe for the victim at a
rate of 12 times per minute, which is once every
5 seconds.
lf the victim's heart is NOT beating, you have to
perform CPR, which is mouth to mouth
resuscitation and chest compression.
That brings us to the C of CPR, which is
circulation. This skill of CPR is chest
compressions which replaces the circulation or
heartbeat of the victim. This procedure results in
the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs.
brain and other vital organs.
Never perform chest compressions on a victim
unless you or a second rescuer also performs
mouth to mouth resuscitation. There are many
causes of sudden death, such as trauma,
poisoning, , choking, electrocution and smoke
inhalation.
The rates for artificial respiration for victims 8
years or older, are one full breath every 5
seconds. As an example, the rescuer should
count like this... one one thousand, two one
thousand, three one thousand, four one thousand,
then breathe.
Child victims, ages one to 8 years old require a
moderate breath only every four seconds.
Infants younger than one year should be
ventilated only with enough force to see the chest
rise. The infant rate is 1 breath every three
seconds.
Again, we've barely scratched the surface. CPR
requires specialized training and it must be
practiced on a training mannequin. Never practice
CPR on a healthy person use a mannequin for
practice.
Learn as much as you can about CPR because it
does save lives...thousands of lives each year. You
may never know when it's going to be used, so be
prepared by learning how to use CPR and when not
to use CPR.

The most common cause is the heart attack.

There are numerous special treatments and
special handling required for different types of
injuries.' Each case is different and the proper
handling requires training and skills. We can't
possibly cover all the aspects of CPR in this
short program,..... however, we do want to
provide some additional tips in the event of an
emergency.

Always call for medical assistance whenever

possible. Fast action is the key to proper
treatment.

If the victim has a pulse, but is not breathing,

continue to provide artificial respiration to
oxygenate the blood. Do not perform chest
compressions on a victim that has a pulse.
However, check the pulse every minute and if the
pulse is absent, then begin chest compressions
and breathing.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 081
EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
Everyday we read in the newspaper or
hear on the news about some form of
disaster that has occurred. Whether it be
caused by fire, earthquakes, tornados,
flooding, or typhoons. The most crucial
element in surviving any type of natural
disaster is preparing for the emergency.
"Emergency Preparedness" is vital and
will save lives and prevent injuries.. This
program's priority is for life safety and life
sustaining actions before, during and
following an emergency .Let's start with
the emergency preparedness committee.
If your company doesn't have one, it
would be wise to form such a committee.
It should be made up of volunteer
employees who are trained to perform
special assignments in the event of an
emergency. The emergency
preparedness committee should set up
five different branches with in the
committee with each branch responsible
for separate functions. For example, one
branch should be made up of emergency
communications personnel who would
be responsible for setting up a central
location to monitor all communications.
This type of "command center" is essential in
providing information between other branches
with in the committee and the media during an
emergency. An engineering and damage
assessment branch should be devised so that
when an emergency does occur, the appointed
personnel could inspect the building and
surrounding areas to determine structural
damage.
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This information will enable the command
center to make appropriate decisions
regarding evacuation procedures. A third
branch includes emergency response
personnel.
Your company should designate a
number of employees to be responsible
for reporting information to the command
center, assist those injured and provide
procedures for receiving emergency
information. An injury care area with injury
care personnel should be provided as
well. This group would establish a safe
area after an emergency to serve as an
on-site hospital.
Injured people will be brought to the care area by
emergency response personnel and treated by the
trained injury care personnel. Lastly, shelter and
sustenance personnel should be established to
provide the necessary food, water and other
supplies from the on-site storage or shelter. One
of the major problems we face after a disaster is a
lack of communications with our families. Local
telephones may be out of service or circuits
overloaded with too many calls. One way to
overcome this problem is to set up an 800 number
to provide communication links for emergency
information between employees and their families.
The family member should be prepared to give the
following information:
1.Name
2.Name of employee
3.Phone number and location of call .
4.The status of family members.
5.Short message.

OK, let's take a look at some of your
responsibilities in the event of an
earthquake.
.Take cover under a desk or table when
the shaking starts. If you take cover
under your desk, pull your desk chair
toward you for additional protection. (If
there is no cover available for you, seek
an inner hallway or curl up against an
inner wall and protect your head, neck
and back).
Avoid window and glass areas - Stay
clear of file cabinets or large objects that
could fall or move. Watch out for falling
ceiling panels, lights and debris. If
possible, go to the nearest stairway and
duck, cover and hold. Stay put until your
emergency response team instructs you
to move. Evacuate the floor or building
only when you are instructed to do so by
your emergency response team or
command personnel. (Outside hazards
need to be evaluated before evacuation,
if possible). Go to the assembly area as
directed, as all persons must be
accounted for by team members. Never
use elevators during or after an
earthquake. If you're in an elevator at the
time of the earthquake and can't get
out....stay calm! Use the emergency
phone number to notify management
that you are confined in the elevator.
Never attempt to leave the elevator until
the door opens. During fire or
earthquake emergencies, elevators are
first priority to rescue personnel.
So stay calm and don't panic. Of course,
assist your fellow workers if necessary.
Follow your emergency response team's
instructions, as they have been trained
for this purpose. In the event of a fire,
basic emergency actions include:
1.Confine the fire by closing all doors, if
possible.
2.Sound the alarm, if possible.
3.Upon being notified or hearing the fire
alarm, immediately go to your
predetermined assembly area and
prepare for an evacuation.
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4.If you're on the fire floor, or detect
smoke or fire on your floor, sound the
alarm if possible and evacuate
immediately.
Remember, team members will
assist with the evacuation and
may attempt to extinguish the fire.
Team members will also conduct
primary search of the floor to
ensure complete evacuation prior
to leaving, making sure no one is
left behind. Team members will
report the evacuation status to
the command center.
5.Take extreme caution when evacuating
through closed doors, as the fire may be
on the other side. Feel the top of the door
with the back of your hand. If the door is
not hot, open the door slowly. Be
prepared to close it immediately if
necessary. If the door is hot, don't open it.
Remain calm, don't panic, help is on the
way.
Of course, never use elevators in the
event of a fire anywhere in the building
.6.During emergencies, professional
assistance may be needed. In the event
of an injury or illness, provide first aid.
Preparing for emergencies does save
lives. By providing the necessary
emergency supplies, support services,
training, and assistance of all employees,
your company will be able to maintain the
highest state of preparedness.
The emergency preparedness committee
consists of volunteer, company-trained
employees. If you haven't already done so, join
the team, contribute to your fellow employees
and learn more about fire, earthquake and
emergency preparedness.
You can take the training home with you to your
families. Emergency preparedness is a
commitment to each and every employee, and
your families. Learn, practice and be ready. An
emergency may never occur, but with your
support and participation, your emergency
preparedness program will save lives and
prevent injuries if an emergency does occur.

SAFETY TALK 082
PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES
Emergency planning has been around for many years, but it's
still a vital part of any safety program. Emergency preparedness
means what the name implies... being prepared for
emergencies and the goal is to reduce employee injury and
property damage in case of an emergency.
Generally, a written emergency plan should contain the
following minimum elements:
1. Emergency escape procedures and emergency
escape route assignments.
2. Procedures to be followed by employees who
remain to perform or shut down critical operations
before they evacuate.
3. Procedures to account for all employees after
emergency evacuation has been completed.
4. Rescue and medical duties for those employees
who are to perform them.
5. The preferred means for reporting fires and oth er
emergencies.
6. Names or regular job titles of persons or
departments to be contacted for further information or
explanation of duties under the plan.
To make the program effective, the emergency action plan
should address all potential emergencies that can be expected
in the workplace, such as earthquakes, civil unrest, tornados,
hurricanes, floods and other similar emergencies. What
happens in case of an earthquake or tornado? It's important to
consider what emergencies may arise, so you can prepare for
them before they occur.
Take an inventory of what hazardous materials are generally at
the workplace and make preparations by outlining how they are
to be secured or handled in case of an emergency.
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Do your supervisors and employees know how to secure or
handle these materials? What are the emergency action and first
aid procedures? The employer should list in detail, the
procedures to be taken by those employees who must remain
behind to care for essential equipment or operations until their
evacuation becomes absolutely necessary. Training these
personnel is also part of the program, after all, they need
information and procedures to put the emergency action plan
into action. All employees must be trained in emergency
evacuation and the use of floor plans or workplace maps that
clearly show routes of evacuation and assembly areas.
A chain of command should be established to minimize
confusion so employees will have no doubt about who has
authority for making decisions. Responsible individuals should
be selected to coordinate the work the emergency response
team. Due to the importance of these positions, adequate
backup must be arranged so that trained personnel is always
available. During a major emergency involving a fire or
explosion, it may be necessary to evacuate offices and other
areas. Normal services, such as telephone, electricity, and water
may not be available, so planning ahead will help reduce these
problems. In case of a major emergency, there should be some
means of communications, to handle incoming and outgoing
calls. A method of communication is needed to alert employees
to the evacuation or to take other action as required by the
situation and plan. The warning plan should be in writing and
management must ensure that each employee knows what the
signals mean and what action is to be taken. A method of
contacting other personnel should be developed, including fire
department, police, hospitals, key personnel, the Red Cross and
possibly outside contractors for hazardous waste cleanup or
damage repairs.
Emergency Response Teams are the first line of defense in
emergencies. These are people who have been identified and
trained in emergency procedures. They should know the various
types of fire extinguishers and how to properly use them. They
should be trained in first aid and CPR, as well as how to properly
shut down electrical, gas, water and other systems. They must
be well acquainted with emergency evacuation routes, assembly
areas and roll call procedures.

The Emergency Response Team should also be trained in
chemical spill control procedures, search and rescue
procedures and basic fire fighting techniques. Those members
assigned for search and rescue may be required to use Self
Contained Breathing Apparatus, or SCBA. Naturally, the scope
of emergency action procedures and written plans depends
upon the size of the organization and the potential hazards
within the workplace.
There are basic training requirements for all employees, so let's
take a quick look at some of the training responsibilities:
In addition to the specialized training for Emergency Response
Team members, all employees should be trained in the
following:
1. Evacuation plans.
2. Alarm Systems.
3. Reporting procedures for personnel.
4. Shutdown procedures for equipment and other
processes.
5. Types of potential emergencies.
These training programs should be provided initially, when the
plan is developed and for all new employees. Training is
required when new equipment, materials or processes are
introduced into the work areas and when procedures have been
updated or revised. Training includes practicing the emergency
action plan and when it is determined that employee
performance must be improved, additional training and practice
is required. This training must be performed at least annually.
These emergency control procedures should be written in
concise terms and made available to all employees. A drill must
be held randomly, but at least annually. An evaluation of the
evacuation performance should be conducted and this
evaluation should remain in company files as documentation of
the drill. It's always a good idea to coordinate any drills with
local police and fire departments, as they may want to
participate. They also need effective training to maintain their
professional capabilities.
There are a variety of personal protective devices and
equipment that may be required during an emergency,
particularly when chemicals and hazardous materials are
involved. Personal protective equipment is provided by the
employer, however, when it is provided, it's up to you to use it.
This equipment can include eye, head, face and hand
protection, but there may be a need for respiratory protective
equipment. In this case, additional training and written plans
and procedures are adopted for these items. Generally, there
are four basic categories of respirators:
1. Air-purifying devices including filters, gas masks and
chemical cartridges, which remove contaminants from
the air, but cannot be used in oxygen-deficient
atmospheres.
2. Air-supplied respirators including hose masks, air
line respirators, which should not be used in
atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life or
health.
3. Self-contained positive-pressure breathing
apparatus, which are required for unknown
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atmospheres, oxygen- deficient atmospheres, or
atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health.
4. Escape masks are also part of a respiratory
protection program.
In the case of respirator use, the following conditions must be
met:
1. A medical evaluation should be made to determine if
the employees who wear respirators are physically able
to use the respirator.
2. Written procedures must be prepared covering safe
use and proper care of the equipment and employees
must be trained in these procedures and the use and
maintenance of respirators.
3. A fit test must be made to determine a proper match
between the facepiece of the respirator and the face of
the wearer. Employee training is required and it should
be tested in a test atmosphere, to ensure a good, safe
fit.
4. A regular maintenance program must be instituted,
which includes proper cleaning, inspecting and testing
of all respiratory equipment. Respirators used for the
emergency response must be inspected after each use
and at least monthly to assure they are in satisfactory
working conditions. A written record of inspection must
be maintained.
5. Distribution areas for equipment used in emergencies
must be readily accessible to employees.
Quite naturally, in emergencies, medical assistance is of vital
importance. In the absence of a clinic or hospital in close
proximity to the workplace, persons should be adequately trained
to render first aid and adequate medical supplies should be
available. Where the eyes or body of any employee may be
exposed to injurious chemicals or corrosive materials, eye
washes or suitable equipment for quick drenching or flushing
must be provided in the work area for immediate emergency use.
Employees must be trained in the use of this equipment.
In an emergency, you should plan for security to prevent
unauthorized access and to protect vital records and equipment.
Don't forget about certain records that have to be preserved, in
case of an emergency. These records can be stored in duplicate
outside the work area or in protected secure locations.
If you have employees who are hearing impaired or have some
type of handicap, your plans must include the alarm notification
and proper evacuation procedures for these people. There's a lot
to emergency planning, but it really takes an effort to inspect
your work areas and develop site specific plans for emergency
preparedness. Plan for different types of emergencies and adopt
procedures for each emergency. As the work area changes, or
new chemicals or processes are introduced into the workplace,
then the plans must be modified.
Emergency preparedness saves lives, protects property and gets
you back to work more quickly. There are a great number of
cases and past history that demonstrates the benefits of
emergency preparedness, so take every effort to plan for your
next emergency, whatever it may be.

SAFETY TALK 083
FIRST AID FOR SUPERVISORS
The importance of safety cannot be over emphasized. An
accident free work environment is the goal of all
organizations and their managers and supervisors. You
play a key role in the safety program.
The most important thing on your mind when an injury
occurs, is the welfare of the injured employee. Was he
hurt? How bad is it? Quite often it's only a minor scrape
or cut or other minor injury. You put a band aid on it and
he goes back to work.
That's what we want to discuss in this program. Minor
injuries and how you, as supervisors, can react to the
minor injuries. We're not talking about making you
Doctors or even qualified first aid persons in this short
program. We believe it's important for you to understand
a first aid program and what's it's all about, so you'll be in
a better position to ensure your employees receive
prompt first aid and medical attention when and if it
becomes necessary. One word of caution. Always follow
your organization's policies and procedures relating to
medical and first aid services. The company's medical
advisor or physician is the most qualified to provide
recommendations, so please follow our organization's
policies and procedures.
Ok, let's review some basics. There are two kinds of first
aid treatment. One is emergency treatment. According to
the Red Cross, "first aid is the immediate, temporary
treatment given in the case of accident or sudden illness
before the services of a physician can be secured.
The other kind of first aid is the prompt attention given to
injuries, such as cuts, scratches, bruises and burns,
which are so minor that the injured person would not
ordinarily seek medical attention.
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One very important rule in any safety program is that all
injuries be reported to their supervisor immediately upon
being injured, regardless of the extent of the injury. This
one rule will result in the reduction of infections and
disability. It will also reduce false claims of injury or
disability.
Our company furnishes first aid supplies, however, only
designated, trained and certified first aid persons should
administer first aid. This reduces the chance of an injury
being
treated without being reported. It's human nature to go
over to a first aid kit, get a band aid, and go back to work.
Report all injuries when they occur, regardless of the type
of injury.
A good first aid program should include:
1. Properly trained first aid persons on each shift. Red
Cross and other certifying organizations can provide the
training and certification.
2. Adequate first aid supplies or first aid kits should be
readily available. The type and size kit is best determined
by your company's medical advisor or physician. First aid
kits should be certified as adequate for your operations by
a licensed medical physician.
3. You should have emergency telephone numbers
posted, with instructions for obtaining emergency medical
services, such as ambulances or emergency medical
services.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

4. You should also have an adequate first aid reporting

system and record. First aid records are valuable in
analyzing where accidents are occurring, time of day,
and what types of injuries are occurring. You can use this
information to target safety measures for eliminating
these particular accidents. Who is being injured is
another important evaluation. A person experiencing
several first aid injuries indicates an employee who may
need additional training, counseling or safety motivation.
Several minor injuries means a person who's most likely
heading for a major injury in the near future. No one likes
paperwork, but first aid records can give you a lot of good
information on which to improve your overall safety
program.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 084
HEAT STRESS IN HOT WORK ENVIRONMENTS
It's difficult to determine just how many people must
work in the heat, but hot, humid conditions are
common to a wide range of industries. Being
uncomfortable is not the only problem with working in
high temperatures and high humidity. Workers who are
suddenly exposed to working in these areas face the
risk of additional hazards, if they are not prepared for
the stress of heat and humidity.
Today's training will be to the point because you
already know when you get hot, and uncomfortable,
generally, you want to keep as cool as possible under
the conditions. Regardless of the outside temperature,
the human body maintains a fairly constant
temperature. Just like a furnace, your body burns fuel
and manufactures heat to keep internal temperatures
within safe limits.
The body must also get rid of excess heat. This is
accomplished through the varying rate and depth of
blood circulation and through the release of fluid
through the circulation and release of fluid through the
skin and sweat glands. Under moderate temperatures,
the brain controls the function of balancing body
temperature. When the temperature of the blood
exceeds 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, the heart pumps
more blood, blood vessels expand to accommodate
the increased flow. The blood circulates closer to the
surface of the skin, and the excess heat is lost into the
cooler atmosphere.
Heat loss from increased skin blood circulation is the
usual method of maintaining a constant deep body
temperature. If this doesn't do it, the brain kicks into
another gear and you start sweating, to reduce body
heat. Everyone can attest to the fact, these are
marvelous operations, but it doesn't always result in
being comfortable.
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If you add in humidity, the problem is increased.
Sweating doesn't do anything unless the moisture is
removed from the skin by evaporation, and guess
what....humidity retards evaporation.
Hard work becomes even more difficult. Under these
conditions, so much of the blood is going to the external
surface of the body, relatively less goes to the active
muscles. Strength declines and fatigue becomes a
problem. Psychological effects also may appear.
Workers who perform delicate or detailed work may find
their accuracy suffering and those who must absorb
information may find their comprehension and retention
lowered.
Heat tends to promote accidents due to slipperiness of
sweaty hands, dizziness or the fogging of safety
glasses or other problems. You're just not as sharp in
extreme heat as you are otherwise. What's the answer?
Because it's hot, we shouldn't do anything or try to get
the work out? Take the day off? No, the answer is to
use your good judgment and take the precautions
necessary to reduce the risks associated with heat
stress.
Millions of people work in hot environments everyday,
it's been going on for many, many years. What did we
do before air conditioning was invented? The best
approach is to be professional and have as much
information as possible about heat, how the body works
and what steps you can take to reduce the effects of
heat in a work environment. Air conditioning is not the
solution to hot work environments.
Ok, let's quickly review some of the illnesses that can
result from not taking proper precautions in a hot
environment. Please understand that heat can do a lot
of things to the body and it doesn't make any difference
whether you're at home, play or work.
Heat stroke is the most serious of health problems in
hot environments. The system simply breaks down
under heat stress and sweating stops.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

No one knows why it happens and generally, there is
no warning. A heat stroke victim's skin is hot, dry and
usually red or spotted. Body temperature is 105
degrees or higher and rising. The victim may be
mentally confused, delirious, or in convulsions or
unconscious. Unless the victim receives quick and
adequate medical treatment, it's all over.
We can't provide medical advice, that's up to your
personal or company physician. In case of emergency,
always call an ambulance for assistance. The
generally accepted first aid treatment for heat stroke
victims is to remove them to a cooler area and soak
their clothing with cool water. Fan the victim to
increase the cooling. It's critical to get professional
medical treatment as soon as possible.
Heat exhaustion is caused by the loss of fluid in
sweating, sometimes by the loss of salt or by both.
The worker with heat exhaustion still sweats, but also
experiences extreme weakness or fatigue, nausea or
headache. In most cases of heat exhaustion,
treatment is simple. Have the victim rest in a cool
place and give him or her plenty of liquids, particularly
cool water. In the years past, physicians
recommended the use of lightly salted water, however,
this medical advice is no longer used.
Persons with heart problems or those on low sodium
diets must have a physician's advice on proper
treatment.
We mentioned these two illnesses to give you an idea
of what to do in case of a severe problem in hot
environments. To be honest, persons who work in hot
environments everyday, rarely have a heat stroke or
heat exhaustion.
Even fainting from heat environments is rare, unless a
person stands erect or immobile for a long period of
time. If you're busy, moving around, fainting is not your
problem. If a person does faint, due to heat, the best
thing to do is remove that person to a cooler area, lay
the person down to allow blood to return to the brain
more quickly. After gaining consciousness, moving
around would be of value to increase blood circulation.
Drink water frequently. In hot environments, don't
always depend upon thirst to tell you it's time to take a
drink of water. In hot environments, you should drink
water every 15 or 20 minutes. If you sweat a lot, drink
plenty of water.
If you choose to take salt tablets or lightly salted water,
make sure you have the advice of your physician.
Next, we come to a touchy subject. You are certainly
aware that drugs and alcohol are prohibited in the work
place. But how about getting bombed the night before,
then trying to work the next day?
Alcohol dehydrates your body and it takes a long time
to correct the problem. If you work in hot environments,
stay away from alcohol.
To summarize the information just reviewed, let's just
say you should always use your common sense.
Staying cool may not be possible, but frequent rest
periods, plenty of water intake and following your
organization's work practices go a long way to reducing
the stress of heat.
Your job is being aware of the hazard, then making the
effort to reduce the effects of heat on the body. It
includes such things as not taking chances and making
sure of what you're going to do before you do it. If
you're getting dizzy or feeling the effects of the heat, let
your supervisor know. Not taking chances, that's the
key.
You can work safely in hot environments, but you need to know
what the hazards are and how to prevent the heat from
becoming a safety and health problem .Drink plenty of water,
follow your company's procedures and of course, stay off the
booze.... Your safety and the safety of your co-workers deserves
no less.

These are just some of the examples of the problems

that can occur, but again, these are rare. Just be
aware of what can happen if you don't think about the
problem and do something about it to prevent the
problem. Normal, everyday work can be made less
difficult, if you take proper precautions for the work, so
let's take a look at what you can do.

In the course of a day's work, you can perspire away

as much as 3 gallons of body fluid. More times than
not, dehydration and loss of salt occurs from this fluid
loss. Try to drink as much water as you lose.

EHS Central
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SAFETY TALK 085

DRIVER SAFETY
DO YOU LEAVE YOURSELF AN OUT?

PROBLEM: Heavy traffic

When you drive are you continually aware of what is SOLUTION: Be alert for empty spaces (road shoulders,
going on around you? Do you anticipate well in advance side streets, driveways and open lawns).
what the driver in front, to the side or behind you may
do? "Sometimes"? PROBLEM: Cars ahead stop suddenly
SOLUTION: Leave yourself adequate following distances
We aren't always as attentive as we should be. Critical (a cushion).
decisions must be made frequently when driving. Experts
have found that drivers make about 20 decisions per PROBLEM: Head-on collision during passing
mile. They can be simple ones like slowing down or SOLUTION: Allow sufficient room while passing. Ask
indicating a lane change, or lifesaving ones such as yourself if this pass is necessary.
acting in time to avoid an oncoming car.
One of the more important decisions which is often left DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
out while driving, is the decision to "leave yourself an 1. Have you ever had to use an "out" while driving?
out". It's difficult to choose between two consequences 2. Thinking back to any accidents that have occurred,
when you don't like either. so—plan an escape route. would leaving an "out" have prevented them?
3. How fast should you approach a blind intersection?
Try to determine if your people are "leaving themselves
an out" while they are driving and if not, see if you can
impress upon them the need to do so. Select from the
"Problems" and "Solutions" below. Present your views
and solicit discussion. You can select from the ideas here
or supplement them with your own. The discussion
questions at the bottom are designed as thought
provokers. Some of the feedback from your people might
well be relayed to senior management.

PROBLEM: Blind Intersections

SOLUTION: Slow down, foot off gas, above brake.

PROBLEM: Bad visibility & weather

SOLUTION: Allow more space, adjust for conditions.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 086
DRIVING IN POOR WEATHER CONDlTIONS
Our interstate highway system is a marvelous example of
modern engineering, but no matter how good or bad the
roads are, they can sdll become very dangerous. Driving
speeds can be very dangerous and should be reduced
when sleet, snow or ice is on the roadway. Below are
some helpful suggesdons for driving in bad weather.
When the roads are slippery, look far ahead to andoipate
emergencies or condidons that may require sudden
maneuvering of your vehicle. Most skids that occur on
the hipway are caused by sudden stops or turning on
slippery pavement.
When driving on hills, special precaudons should be
taken. When going over the top of a blind hill, go at a
speed that will enable you to bring your vehicle to a stop
in case the highway ahead is not clear. Remember that
when going downgrade, both loss of tracdon and gravity
are working against you. Wet, icy or snow covered
pavement on downgrades are significant hazards and
may cause your vehicle to slide or skid.
Do not try to drive around or through a scene where other
vehicles have had trouble with the road conditions. The
cause of the road condidons may still be there when you
arrive.
You should always allow plenty of clearance between
your vehicle and other vehicles, or fixed objects when
maneuvering on bad road surfaces. Avoid driving on the
shoulder of any road, pardeularly in wet conditions.
Undermining caused by water and mud may cause you
to lose control of your vehicle.
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Brakeline freeze can be very annoying and dangerous.
Drivers should take care to protect the air supply from
freezing up. Newer vehicles are often equipped with
synthetic air lines, so the old solution of melting the ice
with a fusee or torch is not a quick solution anymore. If a
vehicle is not equipped with an air dryer or other ways to
automadcally expel water and other contaminants from air
tanks, you should take the time to manually drain the air
tanks every day.
During the winter months, the lighting system of a vehicle
becomes very important. Nights are longer and the
visibility is usually worse because of the weather. It is a
good idea to inspect brake lights, turn signals, and tail
lights on a vehicle more often during the winter months
and to clean them when necessary so they can be easily
seen by others around you on the highways.
Even though all precautions and good practices are
followed, watch out! There will still be occasions when
condidons become too hazardous to proceed. When
conditions are bad, pull off the road to a safe place and
notify your company the reason for the delay. A brief delay
in your trip will be far less costly than a serious accident
caused by bad weather.
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SAFETY TALK 087

SAFE DRIVER QUIZ

Most of the vehicle accidents that occur on public roads

are caused by a few common driving errors. 6. Do you always slow down and stop when the light turns
yellow?
Unfortunately we all develop some bad habits and when
it comes to driving, these habits can be dangerous. 7. Do you always make a complete stop at STOP signs?

Of course, it's easy to spot careless or reckless drivers
on the road—unless that person happens to be yourself.
The Highway Users Federation has developed a self-
rating quiz of the driving habits that are often identified as
major contributors to traffic accidents. Eight or more YES
answers indicate good driving habits. Less means
improvement is needed. If you answer yes to less than
five of the questions, your chances of being involved in
an accident are very great!
BE HONEST AND JUDGE YOURSELF
8. Do you always wait for a broken yellow line before
passing the car in front of you?
9. Do you always slow down at intersections on two-lane
roads without lights or stop signs?
10. Do you always keep your lights on low beam even
though oncoming cars fail to dim theirs?
11. Do you maintain eye contact with objects on all sides
by regularly checking the rear and side view mirrors?

1. Do you always signal before turning at intersections? 12. Do you always avoid weaving in and out, or around
traffic just to save time when driving on expressways?
2. Do you always make a complete stop at intersections
with flashing red lights? 13. Do you and your passengers always buckle their
safety (seat) belts?
3. Do you always wait for the light to turn green before
proceeding?

4. Do you always stick to the 55 mph speed limit?

5. Do you always keep a safe distance between your car

and the one in front of you when following other vehicles?

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 088

TO AVOID SKIDDING

Winter driving is not an excuse for an accident, it is a QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:

challenge to your driving ability.
Wet roads require 50 more distance in which to stop, and
ice 10 times more distance!
Here are some tricks for bad weather driving:
1. Do we change our driving habits when bad weather
arrives?
2. Do we allow for more time to get to work or make a trip
in bad weather?

1. Drive at a safe speed for weather, traffic and road 3. Where are some locations on local roads that become
conditions. danger spots in bad weather?

2. Maintain on wet roads at least twice the safe following

distance for dry pavement or two car lengths for every 10
miles of speed.

3. Make smooth gradual turns and gradual stops by

pumping the brakes lightly when slowing down. Don't let
the wheels lock.

4. Rein your reflexes. You can't automatically twist the

wheel or slam on your brakes to squeak out of a tight
spot.

5. Expect ice on bridges, at an underpass or on the

shady side of a hill. Intersections can be more slippery
and extra hazardous.

6. Slow down before entering a turn while on the

straightaway.

7. Beware of one bald tire or uneven brakes. Such

conditions can quickly throw you into a skid.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 089

LET FIRE DOORS FUNCTION

When a fire starts, fire doors are involved in preventing
the spread of smoke and flame. But they're only effective
if they can close the way they're meant to. Unfortunately,
though, they often can't work because of people's
carelessness or lack of knowledge. The following tips are
very important for everyone to remember and to follow
when it comes to fire safety.
- Never wedge or block a fire door to keep it open.
- Never adjust a fire door to make it easier to open. Your
adjustment may render the door useless.
- Place combustibles well away from fire doors. The
intense heat of a fire can radiate through closed doors and
ignite combustibles on the other side.
- If you drive a forklift, be extra careful around fire doors. If
you bump a sliding door, you could knock it off its track. If
you have overhead rolling doors. your forklift could bend
the guides, causing the door to jam.
Properly functioning fire doors save lives. So make sure
you and your employees give them the care they deserve.

- If you have sliding fire doors, keep the slide track free of
debris. Never store materials in the doorway.

- Don't leave boxes and equipment in front of automatic

doors or at the edge of the door frame. The door won't be
able to close and catch.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 090

Do You Know "How & When to Use a Fire Extinguisher?”

1. Most fires start small. Except for explosions, fires can
usually by brought under control if they are attacked
correctly with the right type and size of extinguisher
within the first two minutes!
2. A fire extinguisher should be "listed and labeled" by an
independent testing laboratory. The higher the rating
number on an A or B extinguisher, the more fire it can put
out. Be careful, high-rated units are often heavier models.
Make sure you can hold and operate the model you are
buying.
6. AIM... Aim low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or it's
horn or hose) at the base of the fire.
7. SQUEEZE... Squeeze the handle. This releases the
extinguishing agent.
8. SWEEP... Sweep from side to side at the base of the
fire until it appears to be out. Watch the fire area in case
fire breaks out again, and repeat use of extinguisher if
necessary.

3. A portable fire extinguisher can save lives and property

by putting out a small fire or containing it until the fire
department arrives. Before attempting to fight a small fire
be sure everyone is out of the building. It is important to
have someone call the fire department. If the fire starts to
spread or threatens your escape path, get out
immediately!
4. The operator must know how to use the extinguisher,
quickly without taking time to read directions during an
emergency. Remember that the extinguishers need care
and must be recharged after every use.
5. PULL... Pull the pin. Some extinguishers require
releasing a lock latch, pressing a puncture lever or other
motion.
9. Most portable extinguishers work according to these
directions. But some do not. Read and follow the
directions on your extinguisher. If you have the slightest
doubt about whether or not to fight a fire - DON'T! Get out
and close the door behind you.
10. Ask your fire department about training and practice in
the use of portable fire extinguishers. Many departments
offer training sessions to the public.
IF YOU FIGHT A FIRE, REMEMBER THE WORD
PASS... PULL... AIM... SQUEEZE... SWEEP...

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 091
FIRES AND EXTINGUISHERS
Have you ever tried to open a tin can with a hammer?
Your efforts may lead to an injury, and you might not
even get the can open. A similar result could occur if you
try to extinguish a fire with the wrong type of fire
extinguisher Fires involving different substances create
different conditions which make them extremely difficult
to extinguish if the wrong type of fire extinguisher is used.
You owe it to yourself, your job and your family to know
about the different classes of fire extinguishers so that
you can react accordingly to extinguish a fire in an
emergency situation. Take a moment and review these
fire extinguisher classes:
1. Class A extinguishers are used on ordinary
combustibles such as wood, paper, and textiles, where
quenching and cooling effects are required. Of course,
water is the most common type of Class A
extinguishment. The ID symbol for Class A fire
extinguishers is a green triangle.
2. Class B extinguishers are used for flammable liquid
and gas fires, such as oil, gasoline, paint, and grease,
where oxygen exclusion or flame interruption effect is
essential. Class B extinguishers are identified by a red
square with a letter "B" inside.
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3. Class C extinguishers are used for fires involving
electrical wiring and equipment where the non conductivity
of the extinguishing agent is of first importance. For
example, water solution extinguishers must not be used
on electrical fires because the water conducts electricity
and the operator may receive a shock from the energized
electrical equipment via the water. A Class C extinguisher
is identified by a blue circle.
4. Class D extinguishers are used for fires involving
combustible metals, such as magnesium, potassium,
powered aluminum, zinc, and sodium. Class D
extinguishers are identified with a yellow star.
When a fire breaks out, your first action should be to call
the fire department. When the fire is small, take fast action
with the right extinguisher to put it out or keep it contained.
Fire extinguishers are effective only when fires are in their
first stages. It is essential they they be immediately
accessible and promptly used.

SAFETY TALK 092
DANGERS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
A mechanic, using an oxy-acetylene torch, decided to cut
the end out of a 55 gallon metal drum. A small residual of
concrete curing compound liquid remained, and there
was sufficient vapor to cause the drum to explode when
the torch cut through the metal. A gas station attendant
was using gasoline as a solvent to clean a grease
deposit near the lube rack. Vapors accumulated in the
immediate area and were ignited by the pilot light of a
floor mounted hot water heater. The resulting explosion
and fire caused second and third degree skin burns over
90% of the attendant's body.
Simply stated, the term flammable indicates that the
material will ignite easily, and burn rapidly. Contrary to
popular belief, the flammable liquid itself does not burn,
but the vapor it generates does. If the temperature of the
liquid was reduced to below the flash point, insufficient
vapor would be generated to establish ignition. Given the
proper air/vapor mix contained within a closed space,
and a source of ignition, an explosion will result
PROBLEMS:
.... Smoking in flammable liquid storage, transfers and
use areas.
.... Poor flammable vapor exhaust ventilation.
.... Poor flammable liquid storage practices.
.... Unprotected electrical wiring and equipment within
flammable liquid storage and use areas.
.... Use of gasoline or other flammable liquids for cleaning
without proper safeguards.
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.... The quick identification of the location of fire
extinguishers lacking. SOLUTIONS:
.... Does everyone understand what flammables are?
.... Clearly identify all containers containing flammable
materials.
.... Identify and protect areas where flammables are
stored, transferred and used.
.... Ensure good ventilation where flammables are located.
.... Smoking controlled?
.... Proper grounding and bonding of the containers during
flammable liquid transfer.
.... Equipment ignition sources (fire, electrical) controlled?
.... Use of nonflammable solvents used for cleaning.
.... Proper extinguishers readily available and properly
serviced.
.... Empty containers used to hold flammable materials
steam cleaned.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. What flammables are used in our work? Where?
2. How conscious are we of a potential fire? Explain the
possibilities and how to reduce the potential for a fire.
3. Do you know how to test for flammable vapors?
4. Do we have more flammable liquids in storage than we
use in a month?
5. Do you know where the nearest extinguisher is located
and how to use it properly?
6. Is there proper grounding and bonding used when
flammable liquids are transferred from bulk to end use
containers?

SAFETY TALK 093
N.F.P.A. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LABELING / I.D.
Certainly you've seen these labels on chemical
containers, but you may not have understood exactly
what the colors and numbers mean. Well, let's take 2 or 3
minutes to clear it up and explain this particular labeling
method.
A suggested method for identifying hazardous material
containers is the modified National Fire Protection
Association system. The N.F.P.A. method which is used
in addition to the original container label provides quick
recognition in an emergency.
The N.F.P.A. utilizes a diamond shaped warning symbol
which has 4 sections, usually color coded. The left
diamond signifies the Health section, coded blue. The top
diamond is the Flammability rating, coded red and the
right diamond is the Reactivity signal, coded yellow. The
bottom diamond is colored white and contains special
symbols, indicating properties and categories not
explained by the other sections.
The rating systems within each section are numbered
from 0 to 4, ranging from least dangerous to extremely
dangerous. In addition, OSHA and the National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health have indicted that the
scale Caution, Warning and Danger is appropriate for
warning labels.
If both of these warnings are to be placed on a container,
the word DANGER would cover any diamond which had
at least one 3 or 4 rating. WARNING would cover any
diamond which had at least one 2 retaining and
CAUTION would appear with diamonds having nothing
greater than a 1 rating.
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If the N.F.P.A. rating is used and workers are properly
instructed in its use, the other system is probably
unnecessary. Remember, each label must also identify
the material and the manufacturer or distributor, as well
as, safety precautions, emergency procedures and the
emergency telephone number.
Now let's talk about each of the 4 sections in a little more
detail.
First we'll talk about the Health Hazards section, it's the
blue left diamond. Now a Class 4 in this section can be
defined as materials which on very short exposure could
cause death or major residual injury, even though prompt
medical treatment was given. A Class 3 - materials which
on short exposure could cause serious temporary or
residual injury even though prompt medical treatment was
given. Class 2 - materials on which intense continued
exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or
possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is
given. Class 1 - materials which on exposure would cause
irritation but only minor residual injury even if no treatment
were given. And a 0 in this section is for materials which
do not present a health hazard.
Let's move along to the Flammability section, the top red
diamond. A Class 4 here means materials which will burn
readily and rapidly or which will completely vaporize at
atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature.
Class 3 - liquids and solids that can be ignited under
almost all ambient temperature conditions. Class 2 -
materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to
relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can
occur. Class 1 - materials that must be pre-heated to high
temperatures before ignition can occur. And a Class 0 in
the Flammability diamond means materials that will not
burn.
 Just a day without accidents.. today

The next diamond is for the Reactivity standard, it's the If you're unsure of the degree of hazards and the correct
right hand or yellow diamond. A Class 4 here means number or symbol to insert, contact the manufacturer or a
materials in which themselves are readily capable of qualified Health and Safety professional for assistance.
detonation or explosive detonation or of explosive Entries must be correct.
decomposition or reaction at normal temperatures and
pressures. A Class 3 Reactivity standard is materials in That's it. The N.F.P.A. method of labeling is designed to
which themselves are capable of detonation or explosive aid fire fighters at the scene of a fire. Quick recognition of
reaction, but require a strong initiating source or which hazards is an important step in emergency situations and
must be heated under confinement before initiation or if you're prepared with the proper labeling systems, you've
which react explosively with water. A Class 2 - materials got it made. Preparing for emergencies is a good step in
which in themselves are normally unstable and readily preventing those emergencies.
undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate.
Also, materials which may react violently with water or
which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.
A Class 1 - materials which in themselves are normally
stable, but which can become unstable at elevated
temperatures and pressures or which may react with
water with some release of energy, but not violently. And
a Class 0 - materials in which themselves are normally
stable and which are not reactive with water.

And the 4th and final diamond is the white lower

diamond. It's used for Other Hazards. A Class W in the
white lower diamond can be defined as a substance
which you should use no water with. ACID of course,
means acids. If the class is BASE, it signifies Alkalies,
Cyanides or Neutral Salts. O.X.Y. as a class means
oxidizing agents. F.L.A.M. stands for flammable
materials. Flammability Classes 2, 3 and 4. R.A.D.
signifies radioactive material. And P.Y.R.O is for
Pyrophoric gasses.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 094

DRESS FOR THE PART

The clothing we wear can either protect us from an
accident or pull us into one. It all depends on whether we
wear the proper clothing at the proper time. For example,
gloves should be worn when handling rough material but
a worker suffered a seriously disabled hand when the
glove on his hand caught and wound around a power drill
he was using.
Pants that are too long may cause you to trip coming
down a ladder or stepping backward. Your heel can catch
and down you go. Cuffs can catch on the equipment and
cause a fall.
Work shoes need thick soles and ankle support. Don't
use your worn out dress shoes for on the job.
Remember that hard hats and safety glasses protect our
brains and our eyes.
We would think a football player crazy to come out on the
field to play in a baseball uniform. Let's dress right for our
jobs. too.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
1. Do we keep cuffs off our pants and keep them short
enough to avoid tripping?
2. What jobs do we have where gloves should be worn?
3. What jobs do we have where gloves should not be
worn?
4. What special clothing precautions are needed for the
job you do?

Keep your clothes clean. Dusty or oil soaked clothing can

cause skin irritations. Also clothes soaked with oil and
grease can result in fatal burns should their wearer come
in contact with a spark or name.

Wear enough clothing in cold weather. Wool is warmer

than cotton and two light layers are better than one real
heavy one.

Leave off the decorations. One man lost a finger when

his ring caught as he fell climbing down from a truck.
Loose watch chains, keys on belts, or any item that might
hook on something should be avoided.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 095

EYE SAFETY

A sign over a bench grinder read, "DO NOT REMOVE

SHIELDS FROM GRINDER. SPARE EYES AND - When working with grinders or power tools, be especially
FINGERS ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE." Amusing, careful by keeping your face a safe distance from the tool
but true! An injury to any part of the eye can result in a and away from the line of work just in case a tool breaks
permanent loss of vision. or particles fly up.

Those who have had close calls and nearly lost their
eyesight are usually very conscious of wearing eye
protection. They look for and recognize the unsafe
conditions that may affect their eyes. A lot of us,
however, take these hazards to the eyes far too lightly.
Perhaps it would benefit us all to reflect on the things that
we can and should do to safeguard our eyesight.
For your safety, follow these eye safety tips:
- Wear your goggles or face shield when doing any work
that presents an eye injury hazard.
- Keep your mind on your work, particularly when eye
hazards are involved. Remember, it only takes a fraction
of a second for a fragment or particle to damage an eye.
- If you do get a particle in your eye, do not rub the eye to
dislodge it. Rubbing the eye could cause an abrasion. Use
clean, warm water to wash the particle out.
- Always be alert to tool hazards such as mushroomed
heads on chisels, cracked hammers and badly worn
screwdrivers. These tools have caused serious eye
injuries far too often.

- Don't wear dirty, greasy, scratched or badly worn safety Remember that you are the one who can do the most
goggles—they can distort your vision. It's better to take when it comes to protecting your eyesight. Your eyes can't
the time to clean them, or if necessary, replace them. be replaced.

- Be especially careful of splashes or spills when opening

containers of acids, caustics or other harmful liquids that
could cause injury to the eyes or face.

- Don't wear contact lenses in production plants where

chemicals, spray mists or flying particles could cause
injury. Contact lenses should never be used as a
substitute for proper eye protection.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 096
PROTECT YOUR HANDS
There are very few jobs around that don't involve your
hands in some way. In fact, next to your eyes, your
hands are probably the most important part of your body
when it comes to doing your job. Your hands are your
wage earners, a valuable asset that must be protected.
It's up to you to prevent your hands from being among
the over 500,000 injured each year. Your employer helps
by developing safety measures to overcome the hand
injury hazards in your workplace, but it's up to you to use
them.
Play your part in the hand safety effort. Remember, it's
up to you to:
- Wear proper hand protection for the job. Be sure you
know the right kind of glove for the job. If you're not sure.
ask.
- Think through each task before you do—know what
you're asking your hands to do.
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- Follow safety rules, even if you've gotten away with
short cuts before. It only takes one wrong move to
suffer a serious hand injury.
- Seek prompt treatment if an accident does occur. Prompt
treatment can help prevent more serious consequences,
such as an infection from occurring.
- Report all injuries to your supervisor, immediately. He
needs to know the specifics of the accident to help prevent
if from occurring again.
Remember, your employer is committed to helping you
prevent injury to your hands, but the hand safety effort
takes team work. You must do your part by learning basic
safety rules developed by your employer and following
them.

SAFETY TALK 097
HEARING CONSERVATION
Noise is a fact of life we cannot ignore. Noise can
damage your hearing permanently, that's why it's
important to protect your hearing at work, at home and
everywhere else. Right now, let's review some of the
things you may already know and possibly a few new
things for you to consider. Awareness of the hazard is
the first step in hearing conservation. Being aware that
noise can hurt your hearing goes a long way in
preventing injuries.
Generally, a hearing conservation program has three
specific parts, but the most important focal point is the
effort you take to protect your hearing. The program is
based upon TESTING, TRAINING AND
PROTECTION. Let's look at the testing phase of
hearing conservation.
The company takes noise levels throughout the
facilities, to determine if noise levels are high enough
to warrant a hearing conservation program. If the noise
levels are high, generally those employees who are
exposed to the noise will be given a base line hearing
test. The test will be conducted in a clinic by
audiologists or specialists in noise and hearing
conservation. This test determines how well you hear,
which becomes your baseline. Generally, you'll be
tested on an annual basis to make sure your hearing
hasn't decreased. If your work area has high noise
levels, engineering controls will be used to reduce the
noise levels as much as possible.
Often times loud machines are isolated by barriers, or
other noises are reduced through engineering controls
as much as possible.
In the event engineering controls cannot reduce the
noise to an acceptable level, the protection part of the
program includes hearing protection.
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Hearing protection comes in many forms, such as ear
muffs, ear plugs and other types of protection. The most
important rule to remember when wearing hearing
protection is to make sure it fits properly and that you
keep it clean and in good working condition. If you put a
dirty ear plug in your ear, you could get an infection or
other disease, so make sure your hands are clean
when placing ear plugs in your ear canal.
The same applies to ear muffs, make sure the muffs are
clean before you wear them. As we indicated earlier,
part of the hearing conservation program is training.
It's important to understand how your hearing works
and what you can do to protect your valuable hearing.
Let's take a quick look at your ear and how it works.
The outer ear concentrates sound waves and channels
them through the ear drum to the middle ear. Tiny
bones in the ear convert these sound waves to
mechanical vibrations. There are thousands of hair cells
in the inner ear that translate these vibrations into
electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the
brain for interpretation and action.
It's sort of like a computer. You strike the keys which
represents the sound waves, then the circuits inside the
computer converts the sound waves to mechanical
vibrations and then other circuits change their form and
transmit them to the computer screen so they can be
seen and acted upon.
Another way of looking at this is to put your hand to
your ear to hear better. This is actually duplicating the
function of the outer or external ear. The sound travels
down the ear canal and strikes the ear drum, causing it
to vibrate.

The eardrum vibrates in response to the sound waves
that strike it. The vibration or motion is transmitted
across the air-filled middle ear cavity to a fluid in the
delicate inner ear. This creates waves in the inner ear
fluid that stimulate microscopic hair cells. This
generates nerve impulses, which pass along the
auditory nerve to the brain.
Sounds complicated? Well, to be honest it is, but you
don't have to remember all this information.
The important part is the hearing process is extremely
complicated, delicate and many things can damage
your hearing. Loud sound or noise can damage those
tiny hair cells and when these hair cells are damaged,
they bend over like grass that's been stepped upon.
Eventually, they will straighten up, but frequent
exposure causes the cells to be permanently
damaged. Some cells die off naturally with age and
noise damage.
You just can't replace these tiny hair cells in your ear
when they become permanently damaged.
Have you ever been in a high noise situation, such as
riding on a motorcycle or shooting a pistol, then notice
a temporary loss of hearing? It's those hair cells being
damaged, like the blades of grass when they're
stepped on. After a while the grass stands up again,
as do the tiny hair cells.
Too much or too frequent exposure to high noise can
lead to permanent damage and to hearing loss. The
extent of hearing loss depends upon the intensity or
loudness of the exposure and for how long.
Sometimes, a sudden single exposure to very high
noise levels, such as a gunshot, is sufficient to cause
permanent damage and permanent hearing loss.
To make a long story short, you're the person who
makes the decision to protect your hearing.
Ok, let's say you have the three part program of
testing, training and protection. Let's look a bit closer
at the protection part.
You've all seen or heard of people wearing cotton in
their ears for hearing protection. For years, people in
the military were issued cotton when they practiced
firing pistols, rifles and other loud noise areas.
Cotton does not protect your hearing... not at all.
We've discovered that cotton does not prevent hearing
loss from loud noises.
Let's look at some of the things that will protect your hearing.
Soft plugs are placed into the ear canal, blocking out unwanted
noise. Custom ear plugs are molded to the exact fit of your ear.
Ear muffs are placed over the ear to block out unwanted noise,
however, you have to be careful with ear muffs. If you wear
glasses or chew gum, the ear muffs can leak noise and can
give you a false sense of security. To wear soft plugs, make
sure your fingers and hands are clean, then roll the plug in your
fingers, gently pull up on your outer ear and slide the plug into
the ear canal.
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The plug will then expand and block out unwanted
noise or sound.
Here's an important safety tip. Everyone has seen
cotton swabs used to clean ears, however, you should
never insert the cotton swab directly into the ear canal.
The cotton swab manufacturer even gives you this
warning, not to insert the swab into the ear canal. All
you're doing is pushing wax deeper into the ear canal
and eventually may cause a hearing deficiency or
infection.
Consult with your medical adviser for the proper method
of cleaning wax from your ears. It's very important to
keep your ears cleaned, especially ear plugs that you're
inserting into the ear canal.
If your ear plugs become dirty or damaged, get new
ones. If you're wearing reusable ear plugs, keep them
clean and sanitized. Keep them in a clean case or bag
when they're not being used.
Inspect your hearing protection before you use it. Ear
muffs should be check for cracks, cuts or stiffness.
Do not modify your hearing protection in any way, such
as drilling small holes in ear muffs.
How about radio headphones as hearing protection?
Don't even think about it..... Radio headphones should
never be worn at work anyway, as they are a
distraction, but more importantly, they do not serve any
purpose for hearing protection.
Your organization can provide the testing, training and
hearing protection, but hearing conservation is your
responsibility. You're the only person who controls what
you do on a daily basis.
Sure, you can take short cuts and not wear the proper
protection when it's required, but hearing loss is
permanent. As you get older, you're going to notice a
normal loss of hearing, so you don't need to lose your
hearing if you don't have to.
If you follow the rules, you can protect your hearing
from damage and loss. Prevention is the best medicine
and you're the person that can prevent hearing loss and
damage to those tiny hair cells.
How about all those loud rock and roll bands that have
played loud music without any hearing protection?
After a while, they have to start wearing hearing aids to
watch television. If you're a rock and roller, wear your
hearing protection too.
If you have a job in a high noise area, wear your hearing
protection. It just doesn't make sense to do it any other way.

SAFETY TALK 098
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hazards in the workplace are a fact of life. No
matter what you do, there's the need for personal
protective equipment on many of the jobs you
perform. Health hazards, eye hazards, noise and
chemicals. whether or not you use personal
protective equipment is really up to you. If you
choose not to, your attitude may be the biggest
hazard of all. Personal Protective equipment is
one of the best ways to protect your own health
and safety.
You've all seen it before.............eye protection
that's uncomfortable, equipment that sets in your
way and thousands of other excuses for not
wearing protection, when it's required. When
personal protective equipment is provided by
your employer and its use is required, it's your
job to wear it. Maybe your equipment isn't
comfortable or convenient as you'd like it to be,
but you should convince yourself that your health
and well being are worth the effort.
Stop for a minute and consider the risks. What if
you lost an eye, or hand or became exposed to a
life threatening illness? Is it really worth the
gamble? Of course not. Let's take a quick look at
some basics of personal protective equipment:
Ear plugs or ear muffs can go a long way to
avoid hearing loss. Adjust your muffs so they're
comfortable and don't squeeze your ears.
Disposable ear plugs must be clean and fitted
properly. Never insert dirty ear plugs or use dirty
hands when putting the plugs in your ears. Of
course, ear plugs connected to portable radios
are not considered hearing protection.
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Safety glasses provide eye protection from flying
chips, debris and other eye hazards. Goggles
protect your eyes from chemical splashes and
face shields are a safeguard when worn over
other protective eyewear, such as safety glasses.
Handy dandy straps connected to your safety
glasses keep them from falling off your nose, or
connected around your neck when safety glasses
are not necessary. Gloves protect your hands
from chemicals, rough or sharp parts and a wide
range of skin protection. Keep in mind that there
are literally hundreds of different types of gloves,
each designed for a specific purpose, so select
the proper glove for the job.
Respirators can protect you against a wide variety
dusts, fumes, gases, vapors and many other
health hazards. One of the most misused
respirators in industry is the dust mask. It's
designed only for certain types of dust, but many
people believe it's good for any type of hazard. A
dust mask cannot be used for spray painting or
other types of vapors. Each specific hazard must
have the proper respirator that provides protection
for that hazard. Proper fitting of respiratory
equipment and the wearing of equipment as it was
intended is equally important.
The old standby. . . . hard hats protects your head from
low hanging or falling objects. Wear hard hats as they
were intended to be worn and never make modifications to
your hat, such as drilling air holes in the sides. Each hat is
engineered for impacts and if you modify the hat, you
could damage the hat to such a degree where the hat will
not afford the designed protection. Bump caps
 Just a day without accidents.. today

are made of lesser quality plastic and are not It's your attitude that really makes the difference. If
engineered for falling objects or impacts. Bump you have a good attitude about safety, follow the
caps are used in areas where there are bump rules and take the time to perform your job
hazards and not falling objects. Many food safely.....you can't go wrong. Wearing personal
processing facilities use bump caps solely for the protective equipment when it's required is not only
purpose of containing hair and not for protection for your protection.
from impacts of falling objects. It makes good sense to protect your safety and health.
Safety glasses can be a pain in the neck because you
Boots and shoes are good personal protective
may not be used to wearing them, or respirators can get
equipment. Even if your job doesn't require steel uncomfortable from perspiration or perhaps the straps
toed safety shoes, leather topped shoes can
may not fit just right. Tennis shoes may be more
provide a degree of protection from chemical
comfortable than leather topped shoes. It may be a hassle
splashes, petroleum products and small cuts, not to wear safety glasses under face shields when
bruises and abrasions. Your shoes should be in
grinding metal. Gloves may not fit properly or they're 20
good condition and the soles of the shoes should
feet away and it's only going to be a short job. You're only
be slip resistant. Keep your footwear in good going to handle a small amount of chemical, so you
condition and always clean off your shoes before
neglect to take proper precautions. These are attitudes,
climbing ladders, or getting into vehicles. Grease
but they really don't add up when it comes to you, your
or slippery shoes can create accidents.
family and to the company. Safety and health are much
Chemical clothing and encapsulating suits are too important to neglect. When you're required to wear
personal protective equipment, then that's the professional
used when there are vapor, gas and other
thing to do. You won't regret it.
airborne hazards. When you're engaged in this
type of work, more training is necessary, to make
sure you understand what protection is offered
and how to specifically use, handle and store the
equipment. When we talk about personal
protective equipment, the basic equipment just
described comes to mind, but in a work
environment, you must consider many other
safety devices that could be lumped together
with personal protective equipment.

Machine guarding isn't just for one individual, but

it could be considered personal protective
equipment. Electrical safety devices, lock and tag
out procedures, barriers, warning signs, labels
and hundreds of other safety devices should be
considered. Safety isn't just one thing. It's a
combination of equipment, procedures and each
individual interacting together to make health and
safety a reality. Let's say you're spray painting. A
proper respirator isn't your only concern. It's how
you handle, store and use the paint. What
precautions you take if the paint is toxic or
flammable, so you don't expose others or create
an explosion. It's cleaning your equipment when
you're finished. It's reporting unsafe equipment or
hazards to your supervisor.

EHS Central
 Just a day without accidents.. today

SAFETY TALK 099

HOW TO SPARE YOUR BACK

Anyone who has ever suffered the pain and discomfort of

a backache should understand how important it is to
prevent the strain in the first place. Far too many of the
back strains that occur, at home and at work, could have
been prevented if a few rules were followed. Take just a
moment to learn these easy steps and use them
whenever you're lifting heavy objects. They could prevent
a backache from ruining your day.
PRACTICAL TIPS ON LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS
5. Lift the object slowly straightening your legs; keeping
the load close to you as you come up. (By keeping your
spine straight, you force your leg muscles to do the lifting.)
6. If you have to change direction, do not twist your body.
To turn, move only your legs and feet
7. To set down the object, reverse the lifting procedure.
With back straight, bend knees and go down to the
crouching position.

1. Footing is as important in lifting as it is to a batter in

baseball. Your feet should be close to the object to be
lifted and far enough for good balance (about shoulder
width). Place one foot slightly ahead of the other. Your
toes should be pointed slightly outward.

2. Bend your knees and go down to a crouch (but not a

full squat—it takes double effort to straighten up from a
full squat as it does form a crouch).

3. Keep your back as straight as possible; don't arch it.

4. Get a good, firm grip on the object. Do not lift until your
hold is strong and your hands won't slip.

EHS Central

SAFETY TALK 100
LOADING DOCK SAFETY
INTRODUCTION:
Loading Docks are often the stardng and ending points of
our production cycle. Traffic on these docks can be quite
heavy. Certain employee safety considerations should be
made for those working around loading docks. Below are
problem and solution ideas with discussion questions
Use those most applicable to your situation for presenting
your safety talks.
THE PROBLEMS:
.... Floor & edge irregularities
.... Dockplates—securing, design capacity, handling
.... Exposure to inclement weather
.... Shear points of hydraulic dockplates
.... Car/truck spotting & control
.... Elevated work area
.... Inadequate illumination
.... Spills
.... Dock/truck height alignment
.... Temporary Storage on docks
.... Improper dock edge protection
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SOLUTIONS:
.... Inspection maintenance program
.... Better design
.... Edge protection (bumpers, angle iron, etc.)
.... Warning signs
.... Perimeter protection (guardrails)
.... Provide access to elevated area
.... Planned storage & positive
.... Chocks & positive means to prevent car/truck
movement DISCUSSION
QUESTIONS:
1. Who inspects and maintains our docks?
2. Is traffic congested on our dock?
3. What aids would make our work easier on our docks?
4. What improvements do you have for our material
storage and traffic?