1.

The state of a system is defined by:

Answer: Its temperature, pressure, and specific volume.

2. Which property of a substance remains constant during a phase change?

Answer: Temperature

3. At constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released during a process is known as:
Answer: Enthalpy

4. The process in which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without passing through
the liquid phase is called:
Answer: Sublimation

5. The point at which the solid, liquid, and vapour phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium is
known as the:
Answer: Triple point

6. The efficiency of a heat engine is given by:

Options:
A) (Work output) / (Heat input)
B) (Heat input - Heat output) / (Heat input)
C) (Heat input - Work output) / (Heat input)
D) (Heat output) / (Heat input)

7. The process of a gas expanding and cooling without the exchange of heat with the surroundings is
known as:
Answer: Adiabatic process

8. Which property of a substance remains constant during an isentropic process?

Answer: Entropy

9. The property of a substance that relates internal energy to temperature is known as:
Answer: Specific heat

10. The ideal gas law equation is expressed as:

Options:
A) PV = nRT
B) PV = mRT
C) P/V = nRT
D) PV/T = nR

11. In a reversible process, the entropy change of the system is:

Answer: Zero

12. Calculate the change in internal energy when 500 J of heat is added to a system performing 200
J of work.

Solution:
Step 1: Use the First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W
Where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done by the system.

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

ΔU = 500 J - 200 J = 300 J

Answer: 300 J

13. A heat engine absorbs 1500 J of heat from a high-temperature reservoir and expels 1000 J of
heat to a low-temperature reservoir. What is the efficiency of the engine?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the work done by the engine:
W = Qin - Qout = 1500 J - 1000 J = 500 J

Step 2: Calculate efficiency:

Efficiency = (Work done) / (Heat input) = 500 J / 1500 J = 0.333 or 33.3%

Answer: 33.3%

14. Calculate the change in entropy when 500 J of heat is added to a system at 300 K. (Given:
Specific heat capacity at constant volume = 0.5 J/g K)

Solution:
Step 1: Use the entropy change formula: ΔS = Q / T
Where ΔS is the change in entropy, Q is heat added, and T is temperature.

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

ΔS = 500 J / 300 K = 1.667 J/K

Answer: 1.667 J/K

15. A refrigerator absorbs 300 J of heat from the cold reservoir and expels 100 J of heat to the hot
reservoir. What is the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the work done by the refrigerator:
W = Qout - Qin = 100 J - 300 J = -200 J

Step 2: Calculate the Coefficient of Performance (COP):

COP = Qin / |W| = 300 J / 200 J = 1.5

Answer: 1.5

16. A gas expands from a volume of 1 m³ to 3 m³ at a constant temperature of 300 K. If the initial
pressure is 4 atm, what is the final pressure? (Given: R = 8.31 J/mol K)

Solution:
Step 1: Use Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (since temperature is constant)

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

(4 atm)(1 m³) = P2(3 m³)

Step 3: Solve for P2:

P2 = (4 atm × 1 m³) / 3 m³ = 1.33 atm

Answer: 1.33 atm

17. Calculate the change in enthalpy when 200 g of water at 25°C is heated to steam at 100°C.
(Given: Heat of vaporization of water = 2260 J/g)

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of water from 25°C to 100°C:
Q1 = mc(ΔT) = 200g × 4.186 J/g°C × (100°C - 25°C) = 62,790 J

Step 2: Calculate the heat required for vaporization:

Q2 = mHv = 200g × 2260 J/g = 452,000 J

Step 3: Calculate the total change in enthalpy:

ΔH = Q1 + Q2 = 62,790 J + 452,000 J = 514,790 J = 514.79 kJ

Answer: 514.79 kJ

18. A gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion, reducing its volume to half. If the initial pressure is 5
atm, what is the final pressure? (Assume an ideal gas)

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as the specific heat ratio of the gas) to
solve using the adiabatic process equation. Without this information, it's not possible to calculate
the final pressure accurately.
19. Calculate the amount of work done when 2 moles of an ideal gas expand isothermally from 10 L
to 20 L at 300 K. (Given: R = 8.314 J/mol K)

Solution:
Step 1: Use the isothermal work equation: W = nRT ln(V2/V1)

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

W = 2 mol × 8.314 J/mol·K × 300 K × ln(20 L / 10 L)
W = 4988.4 J × ln(2)
W = 4988.4 J × 0.693
W = 3457 J

Answer: 3457 J

20. A substance undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid at constant pressure. If 500 J of heat
is added to 100 g of the substance, what is the change in enthalpy? (Given: Heat of fusion = 200 J/g)

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the heat required for melting:
Q = m × Hf = 100 g × 200 J/g = 20,000 J

Step 2: Since the heat added (500 J) is less than the heat required for complete melting, the change
in enthalpy is equal to the heat added.

Answer: 500 J

21. Calculate the change in entropy when 1 mole of an ideal gas expands isothermally at 300 K from
10 L to 20 L. (Given: R = 8.314 J/mol K)

Solution:
Step 1: Use the entropy change formula for isothermal expansion: ΔS = nR ln(V2/V1)

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

ΔS = 1 mol × 8.314 J/mol·K × ln(20 L / 10 L)
ΔS = 8.314 J/K × ln(2)
ΔS = 8.314 J/K × 0.693
ΔS = 5.76 J/K

Answer: 5.76 J/K

22. A gas undergoes an isobaric compression, reducing its volume to half. If the initial pressure is 3
atm, what is the final pressure? (Assume an ideal gas)
Answer: 3 atm

23. In an open system such as a heat exchanger, energy conservation principle dictates that:
Answer: Total energy remains constant.

24. When a gas expands in a piston-cylinder arrangement and does work on its surroundings, which
principle of energy conservation applies?
Answer: Conservation of mechanical energy

25. In a closed system undergoing a cyclic process, the net change in energy is:
Answer: Always zero

26. A refrigerator operates on the principle of:

Answer: Conserving thermal energy

27. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system:
Answer: Increases over time

28. Entropy is a measure of:

Answer: The disorder or randomness of a system

29. For an irreversible process, the entropy change of the universe:

Answer: Increases
30. Which statement is true regarding the entropy change of the universe for a reversible process?
Answer: It is always zero.

31. The change in entropy of a system at constant temperature is given by:

Options:
A) ΔS = Q/T
B) ΔS = mcΔT
C) ΔS = nRln(V2/V1)
D) ΔS = Cp ln(T2/T1)

32. Entropy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the:

Answer: Initial and final states of the system

33. The change in entropy for an adiabatic process is:

Answer: Zero only for reversible processes

34. In which scenario would entropy increase?

Answer: Ice melting at 0°C

35. Entropy can be thought of as a measure of:

Answer: The randomness or disorder of a system

36. Which process results in a decrease in entropy?

Answer: Compression of a gas at constant temperature

37. The entropy change of the surroundings is related to the entropy change of the system by:
Options:
A) ΔSsurr = -ΔSsys
B) ΔSsurr = ΔSsys
C) ΔSsurr = -Q/T
D) ΔSsurr = Q/T

38. Entropy can be thought of as a measure of:

Answer: The energy "quality" of a system

39. A gas occupies a volume of 4 L at a pressure of 3 atm. If the temperature remains constant, what
will be the volume of the gas if the pressure is increased to 6 atm?

Solution:
Step 1: Use Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2 (since temperature is constant)

Step 2: Substitute the given values:

(3 atm)(4 L) = (6 atm)V2

Step 3: Solve for V2:

V2 = (3 atm × 4 L) / 6 atm = 2 L

Answer: 2 L

40. If 3 moles of an ideal gas are at a temperature of 400 K and occupies a volume of 20 L, what is
its pressure? (Given: Ideal gas constant R=8.314 J/mol⋅K)

Solution:
Step 1: Use the ideal gas law: PV = nRT

Step 2: Rearrange the equation to solve for P:

P = nRT / V

Step 3: Substitute the given values:

P = (3 mol × 8.314 J/mol·K × 400 K) / 20 L
P = 9976.8 Pa
Step 4: Convert Pa to atm (1 atm = 101325 Pa):
P = 9976.8 Pa / 101325 Pa/atm = 0.0985 atm

Answer: 0.0985 atm