CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 OVERVIEW
In this chapter will be discuss about the fallowing; Background of the study, problem of the
study, purpose of the study, Research objectives, Research questions, scope of study,
significance of the study and Conceptual framework.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Solid waste managements the collecting, treating and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal or municipal solid
waste can create unsanitary conditions and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and the outbreak s of the vector-bone disease that is disease spread by rodents and
insects. The tasks of solid waste management present complex technical challenges. They also
pose wide variety of administrative, Economics, and social problems that must be managed and
solve.

GLOBALY. Waste was an early human problem, and a growing problem that is of great
concern to every nation in the world (Allende 2009). Waste generation wasn't a concern in early
pre-industrial times, as populations were smaller. Waste was disposed of in the soil to boost soil
fertility, where it would convert to compost. Issues related to waste management are gradually
coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda, as population and consumption
growth result in growing waste quantities. In the context of the above-mentioned challenge, a
new waste management paradigm has emerged, shifting attention from waste prevention to safe
disposal to resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts throughout the waste
management life cycle. The primary objective of waste management is to provide the general
public and the environment with adequate protection from the harmful effects of waste.(Birhanu,
2015).
Canada has a bad record on waste by the Conference Board of Canada (Canada is 17th out of
according to a new international ranking of OECD countries. The sum of total non-hazardous
waste (residential and non-residential) nationally; Canada is a long way from fulfilling the goals
of the 2050 vision and the OECD commitments. This study presents the findings of a
jurisdictional analysis of existing waste management policies, waste reduction initiatives, waste
diversion programs, waste energy measures and waste disposal activities across the country to
provide a snapshot of Canada's state of waste management. It got commissioned in August 2013
by CCME. The report's terms of reference were to collect and review data directly from
submissions made by each jurisdictional member on the Task Group on Waste Management at
CCME, conduct a literature review for publicly available information, and Carrying out
interviews. When the collection of information was complete, the results were reviewed to
identify trends, problems and opportunities for improved waste prevention, reduction, diversion,
recovery and disposal, as well as possible opportunities for effective performance assessment
and waste management reporting. Developed countries: waste management is an important task
for both developed and developing countries.(CCME, Giroux Environmental Consulting, &
CCME, 2014)
Efficient and effective waste management has environmental and sanitary impacts due to
pollution that could harm the air; Soil and water but also affect the quality of life and the full
implementation of sustainable development (e.g., circular economy). Systems currently
introduced in various areas of the world for waste management are affected by several aspects of
social, cultural, political, environmental, and health care. Public health; environment; scarcity of
resources and residual values; climate change and public awareness. Even though the waste
management hierarchy (WFD), from which the 3R definition is derived, is known as an
environmentally sound waste management guide worldwide, The implementation is still fairly
limited. The present paper aims to focus attention on the main reasons for different behaviors and
outcomes in this sector by comparing the current status of waste management implementation in
different states, both from developed and developing countries. Regulatory compliance,
recycling rates, public and private sector participation have been analysed and addressed.(Ghosh,
2020)
IN AFRICA. Africa’s solid waste is produced mainly from agricultural and domestic activities,
marketplaces, organizations, public areas, and manufacturing sectors. Generators dispose of their
waste without taking into account the impacts on public health and the environment; there by
exacerbating the problem in most cities. Rapid population growth in a rapidly developing city
creates enormous quantities of waste requiring good infrastructure, institutional set-up and
community involvement. As with most developing countries, waste management is a problem in
many Ethiopian cities. Throwing of solid waste along road boundaries and in open spaces is a
concern. The lack of adequate data on the solid waste management process in the community and
solid waste collection systems makes it difficult to define and execute appropriate actions.
(Manyazewal& Walelgn, 2019)

IN SOMALIA. There is no distinction in Somalia about the nature of the waste; whether it is
concrete, liquid or any other form; waste must be regarded as waste and dumped in the dumping
sites. Both garbage and refuse collected from major cities and towns are discarded in large holes
dug several kilometers away from the city and without a separation process of hazardous and
non-hazardous waste, instead, all are dumped in one location which is not environmentally
friendly. There are tankers outside the city which collect and dump wastewater. Mogadishu has
many factories manufacturing hazardous waste that is harmful to humans, however, it has been
noted that foreign companies dump hazardous waste along the coast. Friendly countries and
international organizations have supported Somalia in monitoring and preventing waste disposal
until the government has the ability to address these issues. A visual inspection of the cities of
Hargeysa, Burao, Bossaso, Garowe, Berbera, Mogadishu, and Kismayo shows that solid waste
management is a growing crisis that is engulfing all urban centers in the world, due to a turbulent
history, particularly in the last quarter century. The Somali government's absence denied the
Somali people a chance to participate in international fora focused on waste management. The
goal of this study is to determine the level of awareness, attitudes and practice regarding solid
waste management in Mogadishu District of Karan.(Omar, Hossain, & Parvin, 2019)
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure, as it ensures environmental

protection and human health. It's not only a basic environmental issue but a highly political one
as well. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban lifestyle,
patterns of resource consumption, levels of employment and income and other socioeconomic
and cultural factors. Private waste collectors, law enforcement, and efficient solid waste
management practices in households.

Already waste management is a critical issue for communities around the globe. This becomes,
in particular, a major concern for the Indian municipalities. The developed countries have
overcome this waste management problem with the use of advanced technologies that our
country lies far behind. But the issue of increased municipal waste cannot be ignored, and it
presents a major threat to the whole environmental pollution crisis.
This dwelling is full of homes, shops and markets, railway stations, and other transportation
vehicles. Because of increased commercial and allied operations, enormous waste and garbage
are filled and the municipal authority in a fix on how to tackle this growing problem that causes
locality environmental pollution on an average municipal waste.

Lack of solid waste management in the public health problems in Somalia, and it is growing day
by day, particularly overcrowding Village s and towns, but there are not enough studies related
to this issue, so this study aimed at identifying factors influence solid waste management among
in Baladwein, District.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

The general objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing solid waste
management in Bundowein Village baladwein, District, Hiraan Somalia.
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. TO describe level of knowledge of solid waste management in Bundowein Village

baladwein, District, Hiran Somalia.
2. TO determine methods of disposal solid waste management in Bundowein Village
Baladwein, District, Hiran Somalia.
3. TO verify the ways of assessment solid waste management in Bundowein Village
Baladwein, District Hiran, Somalia.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1) What is the level of knowledge of solid waste management among households in

Bundowein Village Baladwein, District, Hiran, Somalia.
2) What are the methods of disposal solid waste management among households in
Bundowein Village Baladwein, District, Hiraan, Somalia?
3) What is ways of assessment solid waste management among households in Bundowein
Village Baladwein, District, Hiraan, Somalia?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H0 1: There is no statistically significant influence Burning to the solid waste management among
household in Bundowein, village, Beletwein district, Hiraan, Somalia.

H0 2: There is no statistically significant influence Recycling to the solid waste management among
household in Bundowein, village, Beletwein district, Hiraan, Somalia.

H0 3 : There is no statistically significant influence Burial to the solid waste management among
household in Bundowein, village, Beletwein district, Hiraan, Somalia

1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

In this study was the most effective study and so useful to people of Somalia after the conduct.
This study on the assessment of solid waste management will contribute the well-being and
improving to the health of the community as it provides valuable data and information on how to
manage solid waste in order to keep the health of the environment and community. The study
also was determine preventive measures by giving advice to community through true health
promotion and health education by managing the solid waste.

Finally this study was make recommendation to establish policies and practices that are every
fundamental for the solid waste management.

This study was used the next thesis writes or researcher and also will be kept as for future use.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study was three parts: Geographical, and content, Time of the scope, the study
will be based on the following.
1.8.1 Content scope: This study was assessment of solid waste management among household
in Bundowein Village Baladwein, District, Hiran, Somalia.
1.8.2 Geographical Scope: This research was conducted in Bundowein Village Baladwein,
District, Hiran, and Somali.

1.6.3 Time of the study: The Duration of the study was from May up to June 2024
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Solid Waste Management (SWM):The comprehensive discipline associated with the control,
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste in a
manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations.

Burning: The process of incinerating household waste to reduce its volume and dispose of
combustible materials.

Recycling: The process of converting waste materials into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials.

Burial: The disposal of household waste by burying it in the ground.

Household Waste Management Practice: The methods and activities employed by households
to handle, reduce, segregate, recycle, and dispose of waste generated within the home.

Household Waste Handling: The processes involved in the initial collection, storage,
segregation, and transportation of waste produced within a household.

Health Impact Assessment (HIA): A process that evaluates the potential health effects of a
policy, program, or project on a population, particularly in the context of waste management
practices.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):A systematic analysis of the environmental impacts of a product
or service throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A process of evaluating the likely environmental

impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic,
cultural, and human-health impacts.

Institutional Assessment: The evaluation of the structures, policies, and effectiveness of

institutions involved in managing household solid waste.

Household Solid Waste: Waste materials generated by household activities, including food
scraps, paper, plastics, glass, metals, textiles, and other discarded items.
 1.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent variable Dependent variable

(IV) (DV)

 Level of knowledge
 Household Waste
Management Practice
 Household Waste Handling
Safety Behavior
 Methods of disposal Solid waste management
 Burning
Among households in
 Recycling
Bundowein,village,Balla
 Burial
dwein, Hran, Somalia.
 Ways of assessment
 Health Impact Assessment
 Life Cycle & Environmental
Impact Assessment
 Institutional Assessment
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION
The general purpose of this study is to identify the Factors influencing solid waste management
among households and the primary goal of this chapter is to review and summarize literatures
that are relevant to the understanding of the Factors influencing solid waste management among
households in Baladwein, District, Hiran, Somalia.

2.1 Theoretical review

Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of
municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead
to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread
by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical
challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that
must be managed and solved.
A technological approach to solid-waste management began to develop in the latter part of the
19th century. Watertight garbage cans were first introduced in the United States, and sturdier
vehicles were used to collect and transport wastes. A significant development in solid-waste
treatment and disposal practices was marked by the construction of the first
refuse incinerator in England in 1874. By the beginning of the 20th century, 15 percent of major
American cities were incinerating solid waste. Even then, however, most of the largest cities
were still using primitive disposal methods such as open dumping on land or in water.
2.2.1 Level of knowledge of solid waste management among households.
Waste indiscriminate disposal is recognized as an important cause of environmental pollution
and is associated with health problems. Safe management and disposal of household waste are an
important problem to the capital city of Guinea (Conakry). The objective of this study was to
identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with practice, knowledge, and safety
behavior of family members regarding household waste management and to produce a remedial
action plan. I found that no education background, income, and female individuals were
independently associated with indiscriminate waste disposal. Unplanned residential area was an
additional factor associated with indiscriminate waste disposal. I also found that the community
residents had poor knowledge and unsafe behavior in relation to waste management. The
promotion of environmental information and public education and implementation of community
action programs on disease prevention and health promotion will enhance environmental
friendliness and safety of the community. (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

Humanity continues to develop and produce cutting-edge products in order to fulfill its most
fundamental needs of life. However, the resulting production and consumption of resources end
up with prominent problems regarding solid waste generation and management in diverse parts
of the world. Developed countries’ waste disposal practice includes landfilling, composting,
incineration, and pyrolysis . Safe management and disposal of household waste are problems that
face some metropolitan cities in Guinea. Yet, the environmental pollution associated with
indiscriminate waste disposal has serious negative impacts on public health and safety
(Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016).

The major causes of improper management of solid waste are related to the lack of financial
management and logistics, deficient municipal infrastructures, lopsided planning pastures,
disregard for basic aesthetics, and industrial and commercial growths as well as the perceptions
and sociocultural practices. Although inadequate management of solid waste might be attributed
to numerous factors, it is essential to emphasize the role of community residents, their attitudes,
their waste handling practices, and their interactions with other actors in the waste system
because they are the main end-users of waste management facilities. Barrier to solid waste
management in Guinea might be quite unique per se in terms of environmental impacts,
socioeconomic factors, and cultural heritage, so different areas will find different strategies
effective for proper waste management.

Some research studies found that either at-home safety consciousness or knowledge of waste
related deleterious health effects is associated with household waste disposal strategy. For
example, safety behavior is required to prevent direct contamination and exposure to infectious
and injurious substances to health from household waste on the one hand. On the other hand,
increasing knowledge can foster positive attitudes and build safe practices among populations. In
Guinea, there is a lack of measures aimed at informing the public about the causal connection
between environmental pollution and health, and no provision has been made for a long-term
evaluation which would make it possible to examine whether the measures are helping to reduce
environmentally related health problems in a cost-effective manner. Therefore, research and
development in waste management should continue to improve data, models, and concepts
related to long-term safety of disposal of long-lived waste.

The main objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with abnormal household
waste disposal and to assess the household knowledge of the health and safety risks posed by
improper disposal of household special waste. (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

2.2.2 Household Waste Handling Safety Behavior

The result of logistic regression analysis to appraise the influence of a set of factors on the
likelihood that the respondent would adopt safety behavior related to waste handling is presented
in Considering the full model, age, sex, education attainment, and income made a unique
statistically significant contribution to the model. The strongest predictor of having safe behavior
was being aged between 15 and 39 years which had an odd ratio of The respondents having
female gender, no education, and income less than 250001 were less likely to adopt safe
behavior (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

2.2.3 Household Knowledge of Waste Related Disease Causation

From the logistic regression model showed that only sex, education attainment, and income
made significant contributions to prediction. The odds of a woman being knowledgeable of the
health effects related to waste mismanagement were 0.59 times lesser than the odds for man. In
the same breath, the respondents having no education, primary education, and secondary
education were, respectively, less likely to know the implication of waste in disease causation.
The odd ratio value indicates that the respondents of at least a disposable income between
450001 and 650000 Guinean Francs are 5.10 times more likely to know the role of waste in
disease causation (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)
2.2.4. Household Waste Management Practice

In the logistic regression model showed that the variables such as sex, education attainment,
marital status, household income, residential area, and the distance of the respondents away from
the permitted dumpsite made a statistically independent contribution to the model. The strongest
and isolate predictors of poor waste disposal practice were residential area, education attainment,
and sex with respective odd ratios of 5.81, 3.02, and 2.50. Odd ratio for income indicates little
change in the likelihood of poor waste disposal. People who are residing 50 meters away from
municipal permitted dumpsites were less likely to poorly dispose of waste with an odd ratio of
0.04 (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

2.2.5 Assessment Methods of waste management

Currently a large number of methods, approaches and modeling tools have been developed to
support decision-making in solid waste management (Finnveden et al., 2007). With the large
number of methods available, however it is becoming increasingly difficult for practitioners and
decision makers to understand, select and apply the method which is most appropriate for their
specific needs (Finnveden et al., 2007; Chang et al., 2011; Pires et al., 2011b). Decision support
models or decision support systems (DSS), is the term most frequently used for computerized
systems that can be summarized by what Change (2011) calls “system analysis platforms”
(Chang et al., 2011). These are approaches that utilize one or more methods of assessment in
combination, to develop a more holistic view of the situation or depict the consequence of a
suggested alternative. They are all designed to help decision makers apply improvements in solid
waste management by providing better knowledge on the situation and the consequences of a
particular choice.(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

Whatever the decision problem, it must be firstly well defined by means of clear objectives that
are as specific as possible, smartly measurable, agreed among stakeholders, realistic and time-
dependent (DCLG, 2009). Once the objectives are set, steps that follow include establishing a
good understanding of the situation, identifying alternate possibilities for achieving the intended
objectives, determining and weighting the criteria which shall be used and finally the step in
which the solution options are analyzed and choices are made (DCLG, 2009).
Whatever methods are used for assessment, a first step requires defining the scope of the
assessment and the respective boundaries of the case or system which will be assessed. The
scope relates to the project cycle i.e. if the assessment has the goal to evaluate options for
planning and project design purposes or, if it shall assist with the monitoring, evaluation and
adaptation process during the operation of a project. Regarding boundaries and the extent of the
case to be assessed, most assessment methods are suited for the subsystem level, either to
evaluate specific technical alternatives for a subsystem in the overall solid waste management
system. Other methods are more encompassing and may also tackle the full system by
integrating the individual subsystems to a whole, whereby this task is much more complex and is
often used to assess impact of a given choice and not to evaluate alternative options.

In the framework of this thesis the focus will lay predominately on the categories within the
“system assessment tools” and on the analysis as to how these tools can contribute and be
integrated into “systems analysis platforms” to assist in decision support. (Prof. CARLO
COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

The subsequent sections of this chapter briefly explain the various methods and tools selected,
analyzing their strengths and weakness and describing if and how they have been used before in
the developing country waste management context. An overview of methods and tools.(Prof.
CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

2.2.6 Technical Aspects assessment

Technology assessment refers to “a scientific, interactive and communicative process which aims
to contribute to the formation of public and political opinion on societal aspects of science and
technology” (TAMI, 2004). The procedure evaluates possible environmental and societal
consequences of new scientific or technological developments. It usually does not have a site-
specific perspective but rather starts from the generic technology specifications and evaluates a
regional or global impact using other impact assessment techniques like Risk Assessment (RA)
or Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Van Eijndhoven, 1997). The process of environmental
technology assessment is described in UNEP-IETC (undated) as incorporating a four-stage
process (abbreviated by DICE) of: (i) Description, (ii) Identification, (iii) Characterization and
(iv) Evaluation. The description includes the requirements of the technology and its operating
environment then follows with the identification of the pressures the technology places on the
environment and the environmental impacts those pressures may cause. Thereafter, the
assessment becomes site-specific as the overall consequences of those impacts are evaluated in
light of local conditions (UNEP-IETC, undated). This is also reflected in the sustainability
assessment of technologies methodology (UNEP-IETC, 2012) whereby additional aspects are
included such as: Stability or Resilience; Size/Scale of Operation; Flexibility/Adaptability; Skill
Levels needed; and Other Pre-requisites (availability of space, etc.). Some of these aspects are
specific to local conditions while others are generic and related only to specifications of the
technology.

Another aspect of technical assessment focuses on a more site specific application and view of a
specific technology. Technical aspects in solid waste management can thereby relate to the
appropriateness expressed in terms of functionality and robustness, either of the technologies that
are presently in use or are potential promising future technologies. The “movement” around the
concept of appropriate technology started with Schumacher’s work and his book “Small is
Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered”. Originally he articulated this concept as
"intermediate technology", which is generally recognized as encompassing a technological
choice and application that is (Hazeltine and Bull, 1999; Akubue, 2000):  low-cost  small-
scale  labor-intensive  energy-efficient  environmentally sound  locally controlled and
people-centered Tharakan (2010) further emphasizes the criteria of:  use of local materials 
affordable  comprehensible, controllable and maintainable by the users without high levels of
education or training (Tharakan, 2010).

Assessing if a technology is “appropriate” can be summarized by evaluating the criteria above or

shown in Table 7. The table shows that pure technical issues are not discernible from this list.
Instead, all sustainability domains are already represented.(Prof. CARLO
COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

2.2.7 Environmental and Health Aspects assessment

Besides the objective to protect public health, a second main purpose of solid waste management
is the conservation of the (global) resource base and the protection of environment. Achievement
of these environmental goals is measured through resource and environmental sustainability. The
method of life cycle assessment used for environmental impact and the method of health risk to
describe threats to humans are described as the two most frequently used tools in solid waste
research of the last 15-year period (Yang et al., 2012).

2.2.8 Health Impact Assessment

How to conduct health impact assessments (HIA) is well documented and supported by the
publication of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) published in 2009: “Introduction to
health impact assessment”. Two key characteristics define health impact assessments: predicting
the consequences of project-related actions, and providing information that can help decision
makers develop and prioritize mitigation strategies throughout the project cycle. The stages of a
health impact assessment process can be summarized in IFC (2009) as follows:  Screening:
involves a first assessment to screen whether the specific intervention is likely to result in any
significant health risks. Scoping: involves a process to outline the types of hazards as well as
beneficial impacts, in participatory manner with local stakeholders. Risk Assessment:
encompasses various activities to map, analyze and qualitatively/quantitatively rank the different
health risk impacts the project is likely to have on the health of the defined communities. Health
Action Plan: takes into account the rankings developed in the previous step and thereby extracts
a health action plan which suggests actions to mitigate the expected health impacts.
Implementation and Monitoring: here decisions are taken about how the mitigation activities will
be implemented and monitored and roles and responsibilities are assigned to key stakeholders.
The monitoring system should be designed to also capture unanticipated effects.(Prof. CARLO
COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

Health impact assessment is a critical tool for developing evidence-based recommendations for
project decision makers and key stakeholders (Winkler et al., 2011; IFC, 2009). In the context of
solid waste management projects, health risk studies are documented in literature with a focus on
studies regarding effects of waste landfills and incinerators on the health of nearby residents.
Giusti (2009) provides a literature review on the different waste management practices and their
respective impact on human health. The author took into account work on health risks of
population living near landfill sites, incinerators, composting facilities and nuclear installations
and comes to the conclusion that the evidence of adverse health outcomes is usually insufficient
and inconclusive (Giusti, 2009). Most research studies identified are dedicated to developed
country situations (USA and Europe) (Buonanno et al., 2011, Cordier et al., 2010; Davoli et al.,
2010; Gerba et al., 2011; Heaney et al., 2011; Lonati and Zanoni, 2012; Musmeci et al., 2010;
Vilavert et al., 2012), with only few from low- and middle-income countries (El-Sayrafi et al.,
2011; Forbid et al., 2011; Minh et al., 2003). Also, results are reported from e-waste recycling
(especially relevant in low- and middle-income countries) (ArunVasanthaGeethan et al., 2012;
Wang et al., 2012b; Chen et al., 2011; Frazzoli et al., 2010; Tsydenova and Bengtsson, 2011;
Wath et al., 2010), health care waste management (Malarvannan et al., 2009; McDiarmid, 2006;
Patwary et al., 2011; Haylamicheal et al., 2011), bio-aerosol risks from composting or sorting
facilities (Fracchia et al., 2006; Lake, 2002; Persoons et al., 2010; Schlosser et al., 2009; Sykes
et al., 2007; Taha et al., 2007; Malta-Vacas et al., 2012) and overall risks for waste workers or
recyclers (Bleck and Wettberg, 2012; Bunn et al., 2011; Harpet, 2003).
In summary: health impact assessment is a very valuable tool which is well defined and
documented. It is increasingly becoming a routine feature of the project permitting and approval
process. Nevertheless, methodologies for HIA have been developed, validated and applied in
Western Europe and there is a need to adapt methodologies for developing country settings
where the baseline health data is lacking (Winkler et al., 2011).
2.2.9 Life Cycle & Environmental Impact Assessment
Of the wide range of methods for environmental assessment, Finnveden (2007) distinguishes
between procedural and analytical methods (Finnveden et al., 2007). Procedural methods relate
to a societal and decision making context whereas analytical methods focus more on the
technical aspects of the analysis (Wrisberg et al 2002, cited in (Finnveden et al., 2007)).
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) are
good examples of procedural methods. The techniques used in EIA and SEA are analytical
methods such as life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as part of the procedural process.

The most frequently used analytical assessment approach is life-cycle assessment (LCA), also
called life-cycle analysis, or cradle-to-grave analysis (US Environmental Protection Agency,
2012). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method to assess the environmental performance of
products or services over their whole life cycle including resource consumption, production,
utilization and finally the disposal aspects. The procedure of conducting a LCA is well defined
and described by the Standard ISO 14040 (ISO 14044, 2006). The design of a LCA contains four
main steps (Figure 11) whereby the individual steps are in succession but should also allow an
interactive process (Rebitzer et al., 2004; Pennington et al., 2004). i. Definition of goal and scope
ii. Inventory iii. Impact Analysis iv. Interpretation The assessment is defined by goal and scope;
"functional unit" – in solid waste management usually expressed in mass (kg or tons) of waste
handled - and system boundaries (geographical and temporal). Here interest and target audience
for the results must be clarified. This is particularly important when LCA is conducted for
different comparable options (Volkart, 2011). The environmental aspects and potential impacts
associated with a product, process, or service are evaluated by:  Compiling an inventory of
material inputs, energy consumption and environmental emissions  Evaluating the potential
environmental impacts linked to the identified inputs and emissions  Interpreting the results to
sustain a more informed decision Common impact categories used in LCA are: global warming,
stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical ozone formation (smog), acidification,
eutrophication, as well as human and ecotoxicity (ISSOWAMA, 2011a).
2.2.10 Economic and Financial Aspects assessment
Economic impacts are the effects of any project on the level of economic activity in a given area.
A positive economic impact can be: (1) business sales, (2) value added for customers (3) wealth
increase in the area (e.g. property values), (4) staff income or employment opportunities. Any of
these can be an indicator of improvement in the economic well-being of area. Unfortunately,
municipal solid-waste management in developing cities is often a considerable burden on
municipal and household budgets. Also for industries, the costs of getting rid of their waste can
be high. On the other hand, recycling and reuse of wastes can offer many important opportunities
to the poor fraction of the population and for the development of small and medium enterprises
(SME). Such revenues and employment opportunities can have an important positive effect on
the local economy (Scheinberg, 2001a, b). However, for other recyclables for which there is
limited demand, there may be higher costs of producing the recycled product than the financial
benefits of those products. Here, the benefits are often more indirect and companies that work in
this sector often need some form of governmental support (ISSOWAMA, 2011a). Given the
constrained financial situation in developing countries there is an urgent need for improved
financial assessment methods for solid waste management.(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI
, 2013)
2.2.11 Cost-Benefit Analysis
The assessment method of cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit– cost
analysis (BCA), is a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a
project. The approach has the goal to (a) justify the decision to invest, and (b) to compare
projects. Benefits and costs are calculated in monetary terms. To account for the time value of
money, all money flows are expressed on a common basis in "net present value" (Cellini and
Kee, 2010). Such an analysis can be performed when a project is being considered (prospective
analysis), during operation of the project (a snapshot in time) or after the project end as a way of
evaluating performance (retrospective analysis) (Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)
CBA is closely related to cost-effectiveness analysis with the difference that cost effectiveness is
more straightforward and simpler. Cost-effectiveness analysis relates the costs to a specific
measures of effectiveness (Cellini and Kee, 2010). In solid waste management this “unit of
effectiveness” is typically a defined mass of waste managed/treated. Thus, cost-effectiveness is
the ratio of costs and the unit of effectiveness, for instance US$/ton of waste treated. In
comparison cost-benefit analysis goes further by evaluating the value, in monetary terms, of the
benefits. Benefits are defined as an increase in human well-being and costs are reductions in
human well-being (Chang et al., 2011). The “net-benefit” is the difference between benefit and
cost. All impacts (financial, economic, social, environmental) should be assessed and put into
monetary terms. When comparing between options, only the difference between the baseline and
the various scenarios are assessed. This is called the marginal or incremental approach (EU
Authority for the Coordination of Structural Instruments, 2009).
The 10 steps for conducting a CBA are as follows (Cellini and Kee, 2010): 1. Set the framework
for the analysis (is a CBA needed?) 2. Whose costs and benefits should be included (setting the
boundaries of analysis) 3. Identify and categorize costs and benefits 4. Establish costs and
benefits for the life of the project (future) 5. Monetize all costs 6. Monetize all benefits 7.
Discount costs and benefits in the future to obtain present values 8. Compute net present value 9.
Perform sensitivity analysis 10. Make a recommendation where appropriate.(Prof. CARLO
COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

2.2.12 Social and Institutional Aspects Assessment

Solid waste management is not something that can be solved only by smart innovative,
technology or engineering. As a dominant urban issue, it relates closely to people through waste
generation and is linked to lifestyles and resource consumption patterns. As people are the source
of waste, socio-economic and cultural issues are important aspects to tackle. The interaction
among people their participation and empowerment are critical in all phases of a solid waste
project. Furthermore social acceptance, affordability and willingness to pay are additional
aspects that have to be established and coordination using a common platform in order to ensure
a long-term solution for sustainable solid waste management. Socially enabling environments
that affects a project and on the other hand the impact of the project on the socioeconomic and
cultural situation are two interrelated aspects within solid waste management projects. The social
enabling (or disabling) environment can be assessed by social assessment, whereas measuring
impact of a project is captured by a social impact assessment (U.S. Department of Commerce,
1994).
Social endorsement of any proposed project by the residents and community will necessitate
their interest, motivation and willingness to participate and contribute to the process and the
objectives of the project (Lüthi et al., 2011). This may include changing behavior and mindsets
or also financial contributions.(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)
2.2.13 Institutional Assessment
Closely linked to stakeholder analysis and organizational network analysis is the assessment of
institutions, often called institutional mapping (Aligica, 2006). Aligica (2006) describes its
importance as: “…any social change initiative or any policy project needs, for strategic and
tactical reasons, to get an inventory of institutions involved, identify the key players, assess
potential support or opposition among them and to highlight the relevant institutions’ roles and
the inter institutional linkages” and “…stakeholder mapping and institutional mapping are not
two separated procedures but the faces of the same coin…” (Aligica, 2006). In social science,
institutions are broadly defined as rules, formal or informal. In engineering the same term is
however often used for governmental organizations. This can be merged to one, as certain
entities (institutional organizations) are socially recognized to have the authority and power to
structure and enforce rules (Aligica, 2006). The term governance adds to the concept of
institutions with a dynamic perspective that focuses on processes of governing (SWITCH, 2011)
and research in this field relates to the connections of rules and associated actions. In recent
years the term “assessment of political economy” is also used to describe analysis of how
political forces affect the choice of policies, which relates closely to the here described
understanding of institutional assessment (Alesina, 2007). With regard to solid waste issues, an
institutional analysis can help identify and assess (Morgan and Taschereau, 1996):

2.2.14 Perception and Motivation Assessment

With the book, “Small is Beautiful - Economics as If People Mattered” by Schumacher, the
importance of people in the ownership of organization and action was highlighted (Ali, 2006).
Since Schumacher’s book, a number of organizations and individuals have embraced the concept
of people-centeredness. Understand what people want, what drives them and how they perceived
things is considered fundamental to all sustainable development projects and is also true for solid
waste management activities. For a well-functioning solid waste management activity,
acceptance by all actors, and participation with a certain behavior, is important. A group of
assessment methods exist that focus on how perceptions, motivation and “behavior change” can
be assessed and evaluated to then design more effective strategic interventions. Most of these
methods originate from disciplinary field of psychology or social-psychology.
Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis already provide valuable tools to assess people
views, relations and motivations. A more in-depth analysis of behavior can be assessed however,
with the help of the RANAS model. This integrates aspects of (Mosler, 2012) :

 risk perception: which entails perceived vulnerability and perceived severity of the threat
by a certain situation or newly proposed option

 attitudes: comprising beliefs about costs and benefits of the situation or newly proposed
option or personal feelings arising when thinking about required changes in behavior to
enable the newly proposed option

 norms: which includes personal standards on what should be done, valuing what is
typically performed by others, and what might be typically approved or disapproved by
others

 perceived abilities: which comprises perception to perform and manage a certain

behavior
  Self-regulation: which includes the ability to remember to act in a certain way, and
maintain this behavior over time.(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

2.2.15 Collaboration and Cooperation Assessment

Solid waste management involves many stakeholders. They can be formal or informal
organizations, institutions, or individuals from different societal sectors. It is the interaction and
collaboration between these stakeholders which is crucial to success, whatever the type project.
Waste collection service, needs cooperation of the households as to place their waste at the curb
on defined days. It also needs their collaboration when payment is due. A few principles of
successful collaboration are (UN-Habitat, 2001): Early involvement of all participants and
sufficient time. Willingness to participate (valuing the benefits). Transparency. Cultured
conflict: This is not an absence of disagreement; but rather ensures that all views are represented.
All of those involved listen to each other, take other perspectives seriously, and attempt to
address the voiced concerns. Sustained dialogue which seeks consensus. Capacity of facilitation,
monitoring, evaluation. Participatory methods and techniques are now central tools in
community development and the there is a continuously growing set of tools to foster
participation, transparency and accountability (UN-Habitat, 2001).

2.2.16 Integrated Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability assessment is described as a process in which the impact of a policy, legislation,
plan, program, project, practice or activity, on sustainability is evaluated (Pope et al., 2004).
Many of these have their underpinning in environmental impact assessment (EIA) or strategic
environmental assessment (SEA), but then are extended to include social and economic
considerations. This reflects the ‘triple bottom line’ (TBL) approach to sustainability (Pope et al.,
2004).(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)
Achieving the broad goals of sustainability in solid waste management, often involves assessing
and compromising on inherent trade-offs among the specific dimensions of sustainability and
this is usually a balancing act. Beneficial developments in one dimension of sustainability may
affect practices or activities in another dimension, either in a emphasizing or offsetting manner
(UNEP, 2005b). Cheapest waste management strategies in the way of economics may not be the
most environmentally benign. The most suitable option in terms of social equity may not be the
best one to meet the economic or environmental goals (Chang et al., 2011). It is therefore
necessary to clearly structure, analyze and understand these interactions in all instance of the
project cycle (Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013).
This chapter analyses methods and selected assessment tools which are broader in scope as the
methods discussed in previous chapters. The tools are not specific to solid waste management
activities but rather encompass all kinds of development projects. A stronger focus was given to
those tools which are embedded and used in development practice rather than those that are
solely of academic significance.(Prof. CARLO COLLIVIGNARELLI , 2013)

2.3 WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICE/ METHODS

Waste disposal must be carefully planned, is one of the most critical management practices.
Regarding waste disposal at the transfer station, the study found that almost all solid waste
produced in households is disposed of together indiscriminately, i.e. there is no habit of
separating organic from inorganic waste at the household level. Enormous amounts of organic
materials come from rural areas that deprave nutrients from rural soil to feed the urban
population, leftovers after consumption have no way of returning to the soil source,.(Birhanu,
2015)

2.3.1 Recycling
Public Sector Waste Recycling Subsystem In order to study the residents’ willingness to
cooperate with different recyclers, this Public Sector Waste Recycling Subsystem This analysis
divides the total amount of municipal solid waste created by residents into three sections to
research the willingness of residents to cooperate with different recyclers: the amount of
municipal solid waste recycled and classified by PU; the amount of municipal solid waste
recycled and classified by PR; and the amount of municipal solid waste not classified by PR. As
the largest responsible waste disposal network, further social obligations rest with the public
sector. Hence its waste collection is carried out mainly in a non-profit model.The study divides
the total volume of municipal solid waste created by residents into three parts: the volume of
municipal solid waste recycled and classified by PU; the volume of municipal solid waste
recycled and classified by PR; and the volume of municipal solid waste not classified. As the
largest responsible waste disposal network, further social obligations rest with the public sector.
Hence its waste collection is carried out mainly in a non-profit model. The public sector conducts
waste sorting and recycling mainly to relieve the ever increasing burden of waste disposal.The
classification of waste in the public sector and the coverage of recycling are mainly affected by
waste incineration and landfill pressure. The actual size of the municipal waste incineration
facility, the scope of the environmentally sustainable incineration plant, the current total landfill
and the environmentally permissible landfill impact the basic nature of the waste classification
policy of the public sector. The relation between the variables shows in the following.
Examining MSW's results Separate analysis on minimizing the final disposal of waste in total
waste generated by residents, the more recycling would take place in the public sector and the
less in the opposite. The more waste residents generate, the more the private sector recovers, and
vice-versa. The full analysis reveals the concept flow diagram of the urban solid waste recycling
subsystem in the private sector.(Ge, Ren, Guo, & Li, 2019)

2.3.2 Burning
Solid waste disposal is a global issue and poses a serious risk to public health and the
environment. Globally, two billion people lack access to collection systems for municipal solid
waste (MSW) and usually dispose of household waste by open burning, disposal or dumping on
open land or in watercourses. Open burning of solid waste in backyards and at unregulated
dumpsites is a significant source of black carbon (BC) pollution, a short-lived climate pollutant
(SLCP) contributing The climate change mainly through the absorption of solar radiation and
hence the warming effect. BC has clear negative effects on human health, too. However, BC
emissions from open waste burning are not included in most carbon inventories used to model
and establish mitigation strategies for local/national/international climate change. Quantifying
emissions from open waste burning involves accurate measurement of different environmental
pollutants ' emission factors (EFs), which reflect the amount of specific pollutants emitted per
unit mass of material for open waste burning Measurements are linked to them and thus a high
degree of ambiguity. A combination of significant uncertainties associated with both the
available open burning EFs for BC and the level of activity with respect to the actual amount of
waste burned by households in backyards and municipalities at dumpsites are major barriers to
understanding the effects of this potentially important source of emissions.(Reyna-Bensusan et
al., 2019)
2.3.3 Burial
Burial methods are processes of disposal in which plants and dead animals (contaminated
biomaterials) are deposited in trenches or pits filled with soil. Such infected biomaterials are
disposed of in a correctly chosen, enclosed area and maybe mixed in landfill with soil and solid
waste. The aims of burial methods in the treatment of infected animals and plants are to. Provide
the conditions that prevent contaminated materials from growing and spreading pathogens and
restrict access to them by vermin, Turn contaminated materials into inert compounds, Monitor
nuisance odors the predicted consequence of intensive livestock farming is daily animal
mortality. Farm animals are quickly endangered by an outbreak of infectious disease, pandemics
such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), avian influenza (AI), and transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE), i.e., a category of progressive prion disease disorders affecting animals
and humans ' brain and nervous systems. These TSEs are also referred to as bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow in cattle, or chronic deer and elk wasting dis-ease. Outbreaks
of disease or natural disaster may result in large scale catastrophic mortality events.(Chowdhury,
Kim, Bolan, & Longhurst, 2019)
2.3.4. Opening Dumping
The dumping site is located within Islamabad city's Sector H-10. Geographically located at
northern latitude and eastern longitude at 540 m above sea level, Sector H-10 is located in
Islamabad's Capital Territory (ICT) and the waste dumping site is located in a designated open
area. The disposal site covers an area of approximately 1 1⁄2 acres. Of the overall urban area
mainly occupied by large garbage heaps spread over open land.. The volume created by the solid
waste lies within the municipal limits. This ranges from 500 to 550 metric tons per day,
producing an average waste according to social and economic conditions..(Ali, Pervaiz, Afzal,
Hamid, & Yasmin, 2014)
Dumping is an increasingly expensive problem, with profoundly negative implications for our
communities ' livability and sustainability. In developing countries, the issue of illegal dumping
is particularly acute. While the literature is rich in comprehensive illegal dumping studies, few
studies exploit large-scale spatial-temporal data through groundbreaking analytical tools to
research the real dynamics of illegal dumping of household waste. Our research aims to fill this
gap by creating a theoretical multilevel model to explain the effects of illegal dumping. We
examine the Spatio-temporal distribution Of cases of illegal dumping using data mining..(Yang,
Fan, & Desouza, 2019)
2.4 RESEARCH GAP
After seeing this topic I realized that there is a research gap and didn’t get similar research that
was conduct in Somalia. Therefore the aim of the researcher was give considerations to
attempted to fill the gaps so I decided to solve a problem. Falls to prevent solid waste among
households in Hegan Village beletwein distruct hiran, Somalia.
2.5 SUMMARYY
In summary: health impact assessment is a very valuable tool which is well defined and documented. It is
increasingly becoming a routine feature of the project permitting and approval process. Nevertheless,
methodologies for HIA have been developed, validated and applied in Western Europe and there is a need
to adapt methodologies for developing country settings where the baseline health data is lacking (Winkler
et al., 2011).
The term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers
solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been
living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste
management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource.
Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every household, including the
business owners across the world. The industrialization has brought a lot of good things and bad
things as well. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste.
2.6 CONCLUTIONS
After looking over the cultural, educational, and microeconomics of waste management many
things become clear. Public awareness and attitudes towards waste can impact the entire SWM
system, from household storage to separation, interest in waste reduction, recycling, and the
amount of waste in the streets, and ultimately the success or failure of a SWM system. Being
aware of problems does not necessarily mean that people find it their responsibility to solve
them. It is up to all stakeholders involved to Work together towards the common goal of
sustainable waste management. Governments should take steps to educate the citizenry on waste
reduction and separation as a matter of national policy and they should enact waste-minimization
legislation as a first step. Emphasis on the need for information about environmentally
responsible behaviors, such as recycling and waste minimization, needs to be presented in a
culturally and emotionally appropriate context. Behavior change and waste prevention policy
needs to be designed with convenience in mind, based on the needs of today’s households for
time and space. This has been proven to encourage householders to engage in waste management
practices, provided that such a scheme is well publicized.
Socio-economic characteristics (especially wealth) may determine attitudes such as the perceived
ability or willingness to recycle municipal solid waste, but these attitudes may be positively
influenced by awareness-building campaigns and educational measures. This can be achieved
using a variety of factors such as the integration of environmental education centered on SWM
and the environment into the school curriculum beginning with the elementary schools. Public
awareness can also be improved through some low cost methods such as seminars, workshops,
newsletters, speeches, and church bulletins. Solid waste planners can also make the best use of
all available community resources which include elected officials, the news media, interested
groups and community organizations, all of which have the ability to generate Community
support. Although municipalities generally deliver urban SWM services, efficient and effective
service delivery is difficult to achieve without the active participation of and support from local
communities.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION:
This chapter presents the research design, area of study, population of study, sampling
techniques, sample size, data collection methods, data analysis procedure, limitation of study,
and ethical considerations,

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

The study was a cross sectional study because; cross sectional study is in depth investigation of
an individual, group, institution. Cross sectional study helps the study to describe and explain
study single or same entities in depth in order to gain insight into the larger case. This design is
appropriate for rich understanding of community study on Factors influencing solid waste
management among households in Bundo wein, Village in Beledweyne, destruct, Hiraan,
Somalia.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY:

During data collection process, solid waste management 65 owners will act as the target
population in this study. The researcher was target this group because the study deals with some
issues related to them.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE OF THE STUDY:

According to different perspectives, the larger the sample, the more representative of the
population it is likely to be. Smaller samples produce in accurate results. If the population is
small, the sample should comprise a large percentage of the population.

In order to calculate the required sample size, the researcher will be use Slovenes formula.

N n= required sample size

65
n=
n= n=56 N= Target population
1+N (e) 2 2
1+60(0.05)
e= error 1 % (0.1)
3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE OF THE STUDY:
Procedure. The sampling procedure was non-probability sampling, specially the purposive
sampling technique. This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when the researchers
need to reach a targeted sample quickly, and will sampling for proportionality is not the main
concern.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS/ DATA COLLECTION

During data collection, researcher was use closed questionnaire in order to collect numerical date
from study participants, Respondents was also be briefed about the study objectives and will also
be requested to answer the questionnaire as honest as possible.

A questionnaire was applied for the participants to inquire the study questions. Therefore, the
questionnaire comprised of three parts; level of knowledge, methods of disposal, and ways of
assessment of solid waste management among households in Bundowein Village in Beletwein,
destruct, Hiraan, Somalia.

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION:

The data analysis was used Statistical Package for Social Science-SPSS both descriptive
statistics and correlation, in descriptive the researchers was describe the variables in terms of
their demographics, also in correlation the researchers was indicate the associations between the
variables of the study of the study.

3.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

3.7.1VALIDITY

Validity of the instrument was ensuring through expert judgment and the researcher made sure
the coefficient of validity (Content Validity Index – CVI) was at least 70%. The researcher
consulted questionnaire, the necessary adjustment was making in mind of the study. The formula
that was used to determine the validity of the instrument was;

No of items declared valid

CVI=
= Total no of items
Equation 1: CVI Equation

According to Amin (2005) if this index is equal to or above 0.7 (70%) the instrument is declared
valid.

From the 24 questions asked of the respondents, 22 were declared relevant and so CVI was
calculated to be 0.917. Since it was above 0.700, the instrument was therefore declared valid by
the supervisor.

3.7.2 RELIABILITY
Reliability of the instrument was established through a test-retest technique. The

The researchers was test method and conduct pre-test for instrument and test was conducted after
one week in the same manner, to know if the respondents was provide the same result. In
calculating this value, SPSS used where a reliability test was carried out. The following results
were obtained.

3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

During the study, here are some of the challenges that the researcher may encounter;

1. Data limitation there were shrinkage of data sources also there is no daily data record in
the most parts of the country.
2. Some respondents were may refuse answering the questionnaire.
3. Insecurity conditions stopped a lot of times the researcher to reach the location of some
District.
4. Facing language barriers since of the respondents may not know English languages and
these needs to be translated in to their mother tongue.
5. Lac of enough time and financial problems support during preparing the thesis
6. Poor internet and software challenges during data analysis.

3.9 Quality control

Quality control is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a

manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or
meets the requirements.
3.9.1 Ethical Considerations:
Respect: the researcher was respect respondents and also privacy when entering their sphere and
confidentiality when asking.

Considerations: the researcher was guarantee maximum confidentiality for the participants.

Freedom to participate: participants were informed that are free to participate. They were also
informed that they have the right to withdrawal.
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.0 INTRODUCTIONS
This chapter presented analysis of the data and its interpretation. Frequency tables and charts
were used to show study results.

4.1: Gender of the respondents.

Table 4.1: Gender of the respondents.

Gender of respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 17 30.4 30.4 30.4

Female 39 69.6 69.6 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the above table 4.1 the majority of gender or more than half of the respondents
39(69.6%) were female, while17 (30.4%) were male.
Figure 4.1: Gender of the respondents.

4.2 Age of the respondents.

Table 4.2 Age of the respondents.

Age of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 15-19 17 30.4 30.4 30.4

19-22 25 44.6 44.6 75.0

22-30 10 17.9 17.9 92.9

above 30 4 7.1 7.1 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.2 the majority of the respondents 25 (44.6%) were between 19-22 years
While, 17 (30.4%) were aged between 15-19Years, Approximately 10 (17.9%) were aged
between 22 up to 30years Old, Followed by another 4 (7.1%) were Above 30 Old.

Figure 4.2 Age of the respondents.

4.3 Material status of the respondents

Table 4.3Material status of the respondents

Material status of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Married 32 57.1 57.1 57.1

Single 19 33.9 33.9 91.1

Divorced 5 8.9 8.9 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.3 the majority of the respondents 32 (57.1%) were married, 19 (33.9%)
were single, While 9 (8.9%) were divorced.

Figure 4.3 Material statuses of the respondents.

4.4 Educational level of the respondents

Table 4.4Educational level of the respondents

Educational level of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid primary 4 7.1 7.1 7.1

secondary 8 14.3 14.3 21.4

university 39 69.6 69.6 91.1

None 5 8.9 8.9 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.4 the Majority of the respondents them 39 (69.6 %) were University
Level, While 8 (14.3%) were Completed Secondary Education Level, Approximately 5 (8.9%)
were none educational level Followed by 4(7.1%) were primary Level.

Figure 4.4 Educational levels of the respondents

4.5 Occupation of the respondents

Table 4.5Occupation of the respondents

Occupation of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid Housewife 6 10.7 10.7 10.7

Student 23 41.1 41.1 51.8

Employment 19 33.9 33.9 85.7

Jobless 8 14.3 14.3 100.0

 Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.5 the Majority of the respondents them 23 (41.1 %) were students,
While 19 (33.9%) were employment Approximately 8 (14.3%) were jobless, Followed by 6
(10.1%) were housewife.

Figure 4.5Occupation of the respondents

4.6 Do you know how to make solid waste management?

Table 4.6Do you know how to make solid waste management?

 Do you know how to make solid waste management?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 41 73.2 73.2 73.2

No 15 26.8 26.8 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.6 the majority of the respondents 41 (73.2%) said ‘indicated” that they
Know how to make solid waste management, while 15 (26.8 %) were said “mentioned”, reported
that they Don’t Have any Idea About solid waste management,.
Figure 4.6Do you know how to make solid waste management?

Table 4.7Have you ever obtained training, education or information about solid waste
management, and environmental and other problems created due to carelessly thrown solid
waste?

Have you ever obtained training, education or information about solid waste
management, and environmental and other problems created due to carelessly thrown
solid waste?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 7 12.5 12.5 12.5

No 49 87.5 87.5 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.7 the majority of the respondents 49 (87.5%) were said mentioned”,
While Approximately 7 (12.5%) were said “indicated”.
Figure 4.7Have you ever obtained training, education or information about solid waste
management, and environmental and other problems created due to carelessly thrown solid
waste?

Table 4.8 would you be interested to learn more about solid waste management,
environmental impact of waste and different methods of minimizing and treating the
waste?

Would you be interested to learn more about solid waste management, environmental
impact of waste and different methods of minimizing and treating the waste?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 36 64.3 64.3 64.3

No 20 35.7 35.7 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.8 the majority of the respondents 36 (64.3%) said “indicated” that they
interested to learn more about solid waste management, environmental impact of waste and
different methods of minimizing and treating the waste, While 20 (35.7%) were reported they do
not interested to learn more about solid waste management.

Figure 4.8 Would you be interested to learn more about solid waste management,
environmental impact of waste and different methods of minimizing and treating the
waste?

4.9 Do you need the hauled containers to be placed in your surrounding?

Table 4.9Do you need the hauled containers to be placed in your surrounding?

Do you need the hauled containers to be placed in your surrounding?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 44 78.6 78.6 78.6

No 12 21.4 21.4 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.9 the majority of the respondents 44 (78.6 %) were said “indicated” that
they need the hauled containers to be placed in your surroundings, while 12 (21.4%) were
reported that they do not need the hauled containers to be placed in your surroundings.

Figure 4.9Do you need the hauled containers to be placed in your surrounding?

4.10 Do you have solid waste collection points in your area?

Table 4.10Do you have solid waste collection points in your area?

Do you have solid waste collection points in your area?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 39 69.6 69.6 69.6

No 17 30.4 30.4 100.0

 Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.10 the majority of the respondents 39 (69.6 %) were said “indicated”
that they have solid waste collection points in your area, while 17 (30.4%) were reported that
they do not have solid waste collection points in your area.

Figure 4.10Do you have solid waste collection points in your area?

4.11 Do you have access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from the
Municipality solid waste collection vehicle?

Table 4.11Do you have access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from
the Municipality solid waste collection vehicle?
 Do you have access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from the
Municipality solid waste collection vehicle?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 34 60.7 60.7 60.7

No 22 39.3 39.3 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.11 the majority of the respondents 34 (60.7 %) were said “indicated”
that they access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from the Municipality
solid waste collection vehicle, while 22 (39.3%) were reported that they do not access to door to
door solid waste collection service delivered from the Municipality solid waste collection
vehicle.

Figure 4.11Do you have access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from
the Municipality solid waste collection vehicle?

4.12Do you use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence?
Table 4.12Do you use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence?

Do you use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 48 85.7 85.7 85.7

No 8 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.12 the majority or approximately half of the respondents 48 (85.7 %)
were said “indicated” use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence, while 22 (39.3%) were reported that they do not use Municipal vehicles for door to
door solid waste collection from your residence.

Figure 4.12Do you use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence?
4.13Do you use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid
waste collection from your residence?

Table 4.13Do you use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door
solid waste collection from your residence?

Do you use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid
waste collection from your residence?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 14 25.0 25.0 25.0

No 42 75.0 75.0 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.13 the majority of the respondents 42 (75.0%) were said “mentioned”
that they do not use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid
waste collection from your residence, while 14 (25%) were said “indicated” reported that they
use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid waste collection
from your residence.

Figure 4.13Do you use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to
door solid waste collection from your residence?
4.14Do you evaluate the storage solid waste that is generated from within your
premises/house?

Table 4.14Do you evaluate the storage solid waste that is generated from within your
premises/house?

Do you evaluate the storage solid waste that is generated from within your
premises/house?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 44 78.6 78.6 78.6

No 12 21.4 21.4 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the above table 4.14 the majority of the respondents 4 (78.6%) were said
“indicated” that they storage solid waste that is generated from within your premises/house,
while 12 (21.4%) were said “no” that they don’t storage solid waste that is generated from within
your premises/house.

Table 4.14Do you evaluate the storage solid waste that is generated from within your
premises/house?
4.15What would be your favored methods of increasing your knowledge?

Table 4.15What would be your favored methods of increasing your knowledge?

What would be your favored methods of increasing your knowledge?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Open seminars 17 30.4 30.4 30.4

Door to door 19 33.9 33.9 64.3

education

Solid waste 13 23.2 23.2 87.5

management
campaign

Other specific 7 12.5 12.5 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the table 4.15 the Majority of them 19 (33.9 %) were said Door to door education,
While 17 (30.4%) were said Open seminars, Approximately 13 (23.2%) were said Solid waste
management campaign, Followed by 7 (12.5%) were said others specific.
Figure 4.15what would be your favored methods of increasing your knowledge?

4.16Do you know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing?

Table 4.16Do you know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing?

Do you know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 11 19.6 19.6 19.6

No 45 80.4 80.4 100.0

Total 56 100.0 100.0

According to the above table 4.16 the majority or More than half of the respondents 45 (80.4 %)
were said “no” that they don’t know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing only 11
(19.6%) were said “yes” reported that they know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing.
Figure 4.16Do you know the idea of solid waste recycling and reusing?

CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a discussion of findings, the conclusion and recommendations made by the
study. The discussion was focus on the major findings of the study as research objectives of the
study points, and conclusions was be drawn from the findings of the study, the research was
lastly recommend further research.

5.1 DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS

According to the table 4.1 the majority of gender or more than half of the respondents 39(69.6%)
were female, while 17(30.4%) were male.

According to the table 4.2 the majority of the respondents 25 (44.6%) were between 19-22 years
While, 17 (30.4%) were aged between 15-19Years, Approximately 10 (17.9%) were aged
between 22 up to 30years Old, Followed by another 4 (7.1%) were Above 30 Old.

According to the table 4.3 the majority of the respondents 32 (57.1%) were married, 19 (33.9%)
were single, While 9 (8.9%) were divorced.

According to the table 4.4 the Majority of the respondents them 39 (69.6 %) were University
Level, While 8 (14.3%) were Completed Secondary Education Level, Approximately 5 (8.9%)
were none educational level Followed by 4(7.1%) were primary Level.

According to the table 4.5 the Majority of the respondents them 23 (41.1 %) were students,
While 19 (33.9%) were employment Approximately 8 (14.3%) were jobless, Followed by 6
(10.1%) were housewife.

According to the table 4.6 the majority of the respondents 41 (73.2%) said ‘indicated” that they
Know how to make solid waste management, while 15 (26.8 %) were said “mentioned”, reported
that they Don’t Have any Idea About solid waste management,.
According to the table 4.7 the majority of the respondents 49 (87.5%) were said mentioned”,
While Approximately 7 (12.5%) were said “indicated”

According to the table 4.8 the majority of the respondents 36 (64.3%) said “indicated” that they
interested to learn more about solid waste management, environmental impact of waste and
different methods of minimizing and treating the waste, While 20 (35.7%) were reported they do
not interested to learn more about solid waste management.

According to the table 4.9 the majority of the respondents 44 (78.6 %) were said “indicated” that
they need the hauled containers to be placed in your surroundings, while 12 (21.4%) were
reported that they do not need the hauled containers to be placed in your surroundings.

According to the table 4.10 the majority of the respondents 39 (69.6 %) were said “indicated”
that they have solid waste collection points in your area, while 17 (30.4%) were reported that
they do not have solid waste collection points in your area.

According to the table 4.11 the majority of the respondents 34 (60.7 %) were said “indicated”
that they access to door to door solid waste collection service delivered from the Municipality
solid waste collection vehicle, while 22 (39.3%) were reported that they do not access to door to
door solid waste collection service delivered from the Municipality solid waste collection
vehicle.

According to the table 4.12 the majority or approximately half of the respondents 48 (85.7 %)
were said “indicated” use Municipal vehicles for door to door solid waste collection from your
residence, while 22 (39.3%) were reported that they do not use Municipal vehicles for door to
door solid waste collection from your residence.
According to the table 4.13 the majority of the respondents 42 (75.0%) were said “mentioned”
that they do not use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid
waste collection from your residence, while 14 (25%) were said “indicated” reported that they
use informal sectors such as daily workers, laborers, etc. for door to door solid waste collection
from your residence.

According to the table 4.14 the majority of the respondents 4 (78.6%) were said “indicated” that
they storage solid waste that is generated from within your premises/house, while 12 (21.4%)
were said “no” that they don’t storage solid waste that is generated from within your
premises/house.

5.2 CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

Solid waste management is an important public health problem in Somalia that without
appropriate preventive actions may escalate as a result of the on-going changes of life style,
unfavorable waste habits as well as limited waste from household and other sources.

Solid Waste indiscriminate disposal is recognized as an important cause of environmental

pollution and is associated with health problems. Safe management and disposal of household
waste are an important problem to the capital city of Guinea (Conakry). The objective of this
study was to identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with practice,
knowledge, and safety behavior of family members regarding household waste management and
to produce a remedial action plan. I found that no education background, income, and female
individuals were independently associated with indiscriminate waste disposal. Unplanned
residential area was an additional factor associated with indiscriminate waste disposal. I also
found that the community residents had poor knowledge and unsafe behavior in relation to waste
management. The promotion of environmental information and public education and
implementation of community action programs on disease prevention and health promotion will
enhance environmental friendliness and safety of the community. (Academic Editor: Mynepalli
K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

Humanity continues to develop and produce cutting-edge products in order to fulfill its most
fundamental needs of life. However, the resulting production and consumption of resources end
up with prominent problems regarding solid waste generation and management in diverse parts
of the world. Developed countries’ waste disposal practice includes landfilling, composting,
incineration, and pyrolysis. Safe management and disposal of household waste are problems that
face some metropolitan cities in Guinea. Yet, the environmental pollution associated with
indiscriminate waste disposal has serious negative impacts on public health and safety
(Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016).

The result of logistic regression analysis to appraise the influence of a set of factors on the
likelihood that the respondent would adopt safety behavior related to waste handling is presented
in considering the full model, age, sex, education attainment, and income made a unique
statistically significant contribution to the model. The strongest predictor of having safe behavior
was being aged between 15 and 39 years which had an odd ratio of The respondents having
female gender, no education, and income less than 250001 were less likely to adopt safe
behavior (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

From the logistic regression model showed that only sex, education attainment, and income
made significant contributions to prediction. The odds of a woman being knowledgeable of the
health effects related to waste mismanagement were 0.59 times lesser than the odds for man. In
the same breath, the respondents having no education, primary education, and secondary
education were, respectively, less likely to know the implication of waste in disease causation.
The odd ratio value indicates that the respondents of at least a disposable income between
450001 and 650000 Guinean Francs are 5.10 times more likely to know the role of waste in
disease causation (Academic Editor: Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, 2016)

Whatever the decision problem, it must be firstly well defined by means of clear objectives that
are as specific as possible, smartly measurable, agreed among stakeholders, realistic and time-
dependent (DCLG, 2009). Once the objectives are set, steps that follow include establishing a
good understanding of the situation, identifying alternate possibilities for achieving the intended
objectives, determining and weighting the criteria which shall be used and finally the step in
which the solution options are analyzed and choices are made (DCLG, 2009).

5.3 RECOMMENDATION OF STUDY

For solid waste management it is important for both municipal authorities as well as community
activity participation it solid waste management,

1. To segregate dry waste and wet waste.

2. To reduce, reuse, and recycle the waste.
3. To stop throwing waste to drainage line as it not designed for solid waste.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

1. To provide and maintains for necessary infrastructure for solid waste management if
required through ppp project.
 2. Build capacities for management, consultation, listening, and information exchange.
3. Strengthen institutions and focus on political commitment, not technology.
4. Improve information at city level. Collect, document, and analyses local problems and
good local practices, and analyses the waste stream and what is already happening to
materials.

There should be a continuous awareness programmer in place, so that every person gets well
accustomed to the new techniques of municipal solid waste management. There should also be
public education so that people are not only made aware of the new techniques, but also that they
can understand the reasons behind managing municipal solid wastes sustainably. The public
should know and understand the importance of sustainable development.