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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Encoding is a process of ________.

A) accessing stored information B)accessing information over time
C) translating information into neural code D) retaining information over time
Answer: C

2) Storage is a process of ________.

A) encoding information over time B) retaining information over time
C) translating information into neural code D) accessing information over time
Answer: B

3) Retrieval is a process of ________.

A) translating information into neural code B)encoding information
C) accessing information over time D) retaining information over time
Answer: C

4) Arianna's teacher asks her a question, to which Arianna answers. In pulling the information to be
able to answer the question, which process of the memory system is at work?
A) encoding B) retrieval C) sensory memory D) storage
Answer: B

5) George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by ________.

A) asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both
ears
B) investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories
C) measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head
D) briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could
recall
Answer: D

6) You are witness to a hit-and-run car accident. Just before the accident you looked directly at the
car's license plate. How long can you expect your sensory memory to hold on to that iconic image?
A) 3-5 seconds B) 10-15 seconds
C) ~30 seconds D) a fraction of a second
Answer: D

7) You are a witness to a robbery. Based on research about iconic and echoic store, the time required to
recall the face of the robber would be ________ the time to recall the voice of the robber.
A) longer than B) shorter than
C) equal to D) shorter, longer, or equal to
Answer: B

8) Most sensory memory is rapidly lost, unless it enters the ________ memory.
A) exception B) generative
C) consolidation D) working (short-term)
Answer: D

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9) Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.
A) working memory is to sensory memory
B) sensation is to perception
C) short-term memory is to long-term memory
D) sight is to sound
Answer: D

10) Because they believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes
different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions such as problem solving, many
modern cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as ________ memory.
A) working B) echoic C) procedural D) semantic
Answer: A

11) Working (short-term) memory encodes information as ________.

A) syllables B) mnemonics
C) memory codes D) neurotransmitters
Answer: C

12) Memory codes ________.

A) oftendoes not correspond to the form of the original stimulus
B) are matched to the stimulus
C) are matched to the sensory organ
D) are matched to the emotional climate
Answer: A

13) The capacity of ________ memory is generally agreed to be about five to nine meaningful pieces of
information.
A) sensory B) short-term C) procedural D) episodic
Answer: B

14) Individual items grouped into larger units of meaning are called ________.
A) encoding B) grouping C) elaborating D) chunking
Answer: D

15) As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and
words look. Instead, you are probably using ________ encoding by saying the words to yourself
silently and utilizing ________ encoding by thinking about their meaning.
A) phonological; visual B) motor; semantic
C) phonological; semantic D) visual; motor
Answer: C

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16) Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map; List 2) big, huge, broad,
long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more
difficulty in accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that the ________ encoding plays an
important role in short-term memory.
A) episodic B) phonological C) visual D) sensory
Answer: B

17) Phonological code is to semantic code as ________.

A) sound is to meaning B) primacy effect is to recency effect
C) implicit is to explicit D) echoic store is to iconic store
Answer: A

18) The duration of short-term memory is approximately ________.

A) 20 seconds B) a fraction of a second
C) 1 minute D) 5 seconds
Answer: A

19) One Friday evening you meet that "special someone" for whom you have been searching your whole
life. The person gives you a phone number, but you have no pen to write it down. In your excited
state you are unable to rehearse the phone number in your head. How long can you expect your
short-term memory to remember the number?
A) at least 24 hours B) 20 seconds
C) less than 10 seconds D) 5 minutes
Answer: B

20) Ifyou were to add the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in
your ________ memory.
A) long-term B) episodic C) working D) sensory
Answer: C

21) According to the psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the
following four components?
A) phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive
B) encoding, storage, semantic, and retrieval
C) sensory, episodic, short-term, and long-term memory
D) episodic, semantic, procedural, and sensory memory
Answer: A

22) Auditory memory, episodic buffer, visuospatial memory, and a control process called the central
executive are all thought to be important components of the ________ memory.
A) sensory B) semantic C) long-term D) working
Answer: D

3
23) You are stuck in traffic and start to think of alternative routes that you could take home. A modern
cognitive memory researcher would most likely say that you are using which of the following types
of memory?
A) the phonological loop B) the iconic memory
C) the visuospatial sketchpad D) the central executive
Answer: C

24) Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the phonological loop?
A) You are stuck in traffic and you use your knowledge of the street layout to take a shortcut.
B) A child is working on a jigsaw puzzle and deciding whether a specific piece will fit in a
particular place or not.
C) You have just met someone for the first time and you mentally repeat the person's name to
yourself several times.
D) While imagining her next performance, an athlete retrieves images of previous successful
competitions from long-term memory.
Answer: C

25) The component of working memory that provides a temporary storage place where information from
the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are integrated is called the ________ component.
A) episodic buffer B) sensory C) central executive D) flashbulb
Answer: A

26) Ifyou were asked the geographic relationship between your school and Norway, you would likely
retrieve a mental world map for use in the ________ to derive your answer.
A) visuospatial sketchpad B) iconic store system
C) phonological loop D) echoic store system
Answer: A

27) Assume that you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your
________ would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, whereas your
________ would allocate the proper amount of attention to this task and allow you to retrieve an
image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization.
A) phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad B) central executive; visuospatial sketchpad
C) visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop D) visuospatial sketchpad; central executive
Answer: D

28) The capacity of ________ memory appears to be unlimited.

A) sensory B) long-term C) iconic D) working
Answer: B

29) When taking an exam, you need to retrieve information from ________ memory to answer the
questions.
A) sensory B) short-term C) evaluative D) long-term
Answer: D

4
30) People's tendency to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented
in the middle of the list is called the ________.
A) serial position effect B) state-dependent memory
C) primacy effect D) recency effect
Answer: A

31) With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words
presented at/in the ________ of the list.
A) end B) beginning and end
C) beginning D) middle
Answer: C

32) Thesuperior recall for words presented at the end of a list is the result of the ________ effect.
A) structural B) recency C) encoding D) primacy
Answer: B

33) Assume that you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been
presented, you are asked to recall as many words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend
to remember words presented ________.
A) at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning
B) in the middle the best
C) at the beginning and at the end better than words presented in the middle
D) in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end
Answer: C

34) Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle. This
is known as the ________ effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list
remain in the ________ memory.
A) recency; long-term B) serial position; sensory
C) primacy; short-term D) recency; short-term
Answer: D

35) Therecency effect is thought to occur because words at the end of the list ________.
A) are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory
B) are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list
C) receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list
D) are not bumped out of working memory by additional information
Answer: D

36) Although the ________ effect is thought to be a result of the early transfer of information to
long-term memory, the ________ effect appears to be a result of information remaining in
short-term memory.
A) primacy; recency B) recency; primacy
C) serial position; primacy D) recency; serial position
Answer: A

5
 37) The serial position effect predicts ________ between the serial position of a word in a list and the
likelihood that the word will be recalled.
A) an inverted U-shaped relation B) a negative correlation
C) a positive correlation D) a U-shaped relation
Answer: D

38) Tanya is playing a memory game with her friends, seeing ten displayed items for a few seconds, and
then recalling the names of the items. When it is her turn to recall the items, Tanya is unable to
recall three of the ten items. Which memory system did the three unrecalled items not go past?
A) short-term store B) iconic store C) echoic store D) visual store
Answer: B

39) When learning her math tables for a test the following day, Jerry repeats the tables to himself,
applying a process known as ________.
A) mental rehearsal B) numeric rehearsal
C) elaborative rehearsal D) maintenance rehearsal
Answer: D

40) When studying the sections of a chapter, Susan notices that her best recall is of the sections she
studies last. Her recall of the information learnt just before testing herself is known as the ________
effect.
A) primacy B) episodic buffer
C) scholar's amnesia D) recency
Answer: D

41) Professor Smith emphasizes that his students should pay attention to the meaning of the information
in the textbooks, and how the information is related to our lives, instead of just repeating the
information without understanding it much. Professor Smith is encouraging his students to practice
________ rehearsal.
A) elaborative B) structural C) phonological D) maintenance
Answer: A

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

42) The "central executive" is a control process that is thought to be part of long-term memory.
Answer: True False

43) The recency effect appears to be a result of the early transfer of information into long-term memory.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

44) The intentional processing of information that requires conscious attention is called ________
processing.
A) automatic B) sensory C) effortful D) implicit memory
Answer: C

6
45) Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class are both examples of ________, which refers to
encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention.
A) maintenance rehearsal B) state-dependent memory
C) automatic processing D) effortful processing
Answer: D

46) Even though you paid little attention to and did not intentionally try to encode how many times your
psychology professor has worn a particular shirt, you can recall that he has worn that shirt five times
this semester. This type of encoding information without intention is called ________.
A) automatic processing B) maintenance rehearsal
C) effortful processing D) procedural memory
Answer: A

47) Informationabout frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through
________ processing.
A) consolidated B) automatic C) primacy D) generative
Answer: B

48) Your friend tells you about a great new restaurant at which she ate. When you hear the name, you
recall seeing the restaurant and are fairly sure of the location. This memory is retrieved despite that
fact that you were not trying to remember anything about the restaurant. The name and location of
this restaurant were stored in the long-term memory via ________ processing.
A) automatic B) passive C) generative D) effortful
Answer: A

49) Incidental information that gets stored in memory is referred to as ________, whereas the encoding
of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is referred to as
________.
A) automatic processing; effortful processing
B) elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
C) effortful processing; elaborative rehearsal
D) deep processing; automatic processing
Answer: A

50) Theconcept developed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972, 2008), which states that the
more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered is referred to as the ________
concept.
A) maintenance processing B) prospective memory
C) levels-of-processing D) automatic processing
Answer: C

7
51) IfI were to ask you whether the word "force" rhymed with the word "course," to make this
distinction you would have to use ________ encoding, a method of processing that is considered to
be less "deep" than/as semantic encoding.
A) phonological B) motor C) visual D) structural
Answer: A

52) According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing
because it requires us to attend to the ________ the information being encoded.
A) sound of B) meaning of
C) details associated with D) physical form of
Answer: B

53) According to the levels-of-processing model, you could study for a test most effectively by
A) thinking about the meaning of important words.
B) memorizing the text.
C) listening to the sounds of important words.
D) looking at the shape of important words.
Answer: A

54) Your roommate decides to try different studying strategies for each of his three classes. In Art
History 101, he focuses on the beautiful handwriting of his instructor. In Spanish 101, he focuses on
the melodious voice of his instructor. In Philosophy 101, he focuses on the thought-provoking
arguments presented by his instructor. According to the depth of processing model, in which class
should he get the best grade?
A) Philosophy
B) Art History
C) Spanish
D) No differences would be predicted based on the strategies
Answer: A

55) Which of the following is more effective for transferring information from short-term memory to
long-term memory?
A) neither maintenance rehearsal nor elaborative rehearsal are effective
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal are equally effective.
D) elaborative rehearsal
Answer: D

56) Your roommate is struggling in school because she simply reads over the text and expects that it
will "sink in." The problem is that ________ rehearsal is a poor strategy for transferring information
to long-term memory.
A) repetitive B) generative C) maintenance D) elaborative
Answer: C

8
57) Your new strategy for studying seems to be working well. You first go through the text, decide
which information is the most important, and then highlight it. Then you go back and try to relate
the highlighted information to your own life. This strategy is probably effective because it uses
________ rehearsal.
A) generative B) constructive C) elaborative D) maintenance
Answer: C

58) To take advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and
improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related, material is organized ________.
A) procedurally B) episodically C) hierarchically D) phonetically
Answer: C

59) Chunking is thought to be an effective memory-enhancing technique because it ________ the total
amount of information that we have to keep active in ________.
A) increases; short-term memory B) increases; long-term memory
C) decreases; short-term memory D) increases; sensory memory
Answer: C

60) According to the ________ when information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding, it is
more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall.
A) dual coding theory B) encoding specificity principle
C) levels of processing model D) decay theory
Answer: A

61) The method of loci is a memory-enhancing technique based on ________ and it is consistent with
the assumptions of ________ theory.
A) chunking; dual coding B) imagery; dual coding
C) hierarchies; encoding specificity D) acronyms; encoding specificity
Answer: B

62) Ifyou try to remember the lobes of the cortex by associating each one with a location in your house,
you would be using the ________.
A) method of loci B) "one is a bun" method
C) method of retrieval D) "house trick"
Answer: A

63) A mnemonic device is a ________.

A) location in long-term storage
B) tool for examining the neural basis of memory
C) memory aid
D) location in working memory
Answer: C

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64) Sarah istrying to learn the difference between "Principal" and "Principle." She devices a method to
differentiate between the two words: "Your principal is your pal. A rule can be called a principle."
Sarah is using ________.
A) visual imagery B) hierarchies
C) chunking D) mnemonic devices
Answer: D

65) An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations,
or objects is a ________.
A) memory trace B) procedural memory
C) schema D) retrieval cue
Answer: C

66) You have certain expectations about what a class is like and what is appropriate behaviour in the
classroom. This would suggest that you have a ________ for classes.
A) schema B) conditioned response
C) concept map D) perceptual predisposition
Answer: A

67) Expert knowledge can be viewed as a process of developing ________.

A) short-term memory B) problems
C) working memory D) schemas
Answer: D

68) Research with expert and novice chess players by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973)
revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices
after a 5-second glance when the ________.
A) pieces were arranged hierarchically
B) pieces were arranged meaningfully
C) experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal
D) pieces were arranged randomly
Answer: B

69) Because expert chess players use ________ more effectively than novice chess players, they can
more accurately recall meaningful arrangements of pieces after viewing these arrangements for just
a few seconds.
A) schemas and chunking B) elaborative rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal D) maintenance and chunking
Answer: A

10
 70) A study conducted by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973) demonstrated that experts had
superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed
meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed
randomly, explaining the concept of ________.
A) visuospatial and auditory working memory B) maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
C) proactive and retroactive interference D) schemas and chunking
Answer: D

71) Isabellaincludes some outdoor games when packing for a picnic to a park. Isabella is using her
________ of/for a picnic when doing so.
A) reasoning B) logic C) schema D) concept
Answer: C

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

72) Maintenance rehearsal is usually more effective than elaborative rehearsal for transferring
information to long-term memory storage.
Answer: True False

73) Research indicates that it is easier to recall information that has been organized into a hierarchy.
This result is most likely because memory is enhanced by making associations between concepts.
Answer: True False

74) In comparison to novice chess players, expert chess players possess schemas that allow them to
recall more randomly placed chess pieces.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

75) Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive
system of linked ideas and concepts known as a(n) ________.
A) implicit memory B) flashbulb picture
C) mnemonic device D) associative network
Answer: D

76) The theory that suggests that there is a single node associated with each concept in memory is called
the ________ network theory.
A) distributive B) neural C) parallel D) associative
Answer: D

77) Theapproach that suggests that a pattern of node activation is associated with each concept in
memory is called ________ networks.
A) associative B) perpendicular C) hierarchical D) neural
Answer: D

11
78) Associative network theories are to ________ as neural network theories are to ________.
A) pattern of activation; individual nodes B) individual nodes; pattern of activation
C) closing; spreading D) spreading; closing
Answer: B

79) From the perspective of associative networks, your ability to think of the colour orange is likely
associated with ________.
A) one neuron B) one node
C) a pattern of nodes D) a pattern of neurons
Answer: B

80) From the perspective of neural networks, your ability to think of the concept "cheeseburger" is likely
associated with ________.
A) the activation of a pattern of nodes B) an absence of priming
C) the activation of one node D) the excitation of one neuron
Answer: A

81) Priming occurs when the activation of one node ________.

A) leads to more self-activation
B) is greater than the activation of any other node
C) leads to a stronger response by the node
D) spreads the activation to related nodes
Answer: D

82) The notion of parallel processing is most strongly associated with ________.
A) thelevels of processing B) implicit memory
C) neural networks D) mood congruent recall
Answer: C

83) Amemory researcher claims that a concept such as "dog" is triggered by the simultaneous firing of
nodes #8, #47, and #123 in a network, but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and
#301, an entirely different concept appears in the mind. The views of this researcher are most
consistent with the ________.
A) dual coding theory of memory B) neural network theory of memory
C) associative network theory of memory D) state-dependence theory of memory
Answer: B

84) The model that asserts that a node in a memory network consists of an idea, a word, or a concept is
the ________ model, whereas the model that argues that a node is physical in nature and does not
contain individual units of information is called the ________ model.
A) neural network; dual-coding B) associative network; dual-coding
C) associative network; neural network D) dual-coding; associative network
Answer: C

12
 85) Sheena loves to paint in her spare time. She collects her supplies of paints, brushes, water, drawing
book, and palette when she sits down to paint. What are the items of her supplies represented in her
mind as?
A) activators B) nodes C) strings D) knots
Answer: B

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

86) The neural network approach to memory assumes that a node in a network is physical in nature and
that it does not contain an individual unit of information.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

87) The amnesia patient H.M. was able to correctly perform a mirror-tracing task, but he had no
recollection of ever having learned it. This example most clearly illustrates the difference between
________ memory and ________ memory.
A) explicit; declarative B) semantic; episodic
C) procedural; declarative D) implicit; non-declarative
Answer: C

88) This multiple choice test question would be considered an example of a test of ________ memory.
A) procedural B) episodic C) semantic D) implicit
Answer: C

89) Implicit memories are defined as memories ________.

A) of recognition B) that we are aware of
C) that we are not consciously aware of D) of specific personal events
Answer: C

90) Suppose that you are shown a list that includes the words "plate," "tree," and "glass." Several
months later, you are shown many short word stems such as PL ________, TR ________ and GL
________. Even though you have essentially forgotten about the first list you saw, you are more
likely to complete the word stems with PLate, TRee, and GLass than other people who were not
shown the initial list. These types of memory tests are called ________ and they are used to measure
________ memory.
A) cued recall tests; explicit B) priming tasks; implicit
C) recognition tests; explicit D) recall tests; implicit
Answer: B

91) If
you were asked to list the two different types of declarative memory, this would be an example of
what is called a ________ test.
A) prospective B) recognition C) recall D) priming
Answer: C

13
 92) Declarative memory is to ________ as procedural memory is to ________.
A) experiences; ethics B) skills; knowledge
C) knowledge; skills D) ethics; experiences
Answer: C

93) Which of the following represents a procedural memory?

A) knowing the height of the Empire State Building
B) knowing the answer to this question
C) remembering your first day of school
D) a classically conditioned response to a food that was previously paired with illness
Answer: D

94) Explicit is to implicit as ________.

A) conscious is to non-conscious B) retroactive is to retrograde
C) episodic is to semantic D) procedural is to declarative
Answer: A

95) My granny tells me how life was when she was younger. When she narrates personal incidents from
decades ago, she is using her ________ memory.
A) episodic B) nondeclarative C) semantic D) procedural
Answer: A

96) Students use their ability to ________ when responding to multiple choice questions on their tests.
A) prime tasks B) recognize C) rehearse D) recall
Answer: B

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

97) Recall tests are one way of assessing explicit memory.

Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

98) Ifyour mother asks you what grade you received on your psychology exam, both "grade" and
"psychology" would be ________.
A) schemas B) retrieval cues C) mnemonics D) primes
Answer: B

99) Any external or internal stimulus that triggers the activation of information stored in long-term
memory is a ________.
A) flashbulb memory B) semantic trigger
C) retrieval cue D) prospective memory
Answer: C

14
100) Research by Timo Mäntylä (1986) has revealed that having ________ that is/are self-generated is
the most effective way to improve recall memory.
A) priming tasks B) a single vivid retrieval cue
C) cued recall D) multiple retrieval cues
Answer: D

101) Which of the following would best help you remember the word "cortex"?
A) Say the word "cortex" 10 times.
B) Generate three words that you associate with "cortex."
C) Generate one word that you associate with "cortex."
D) Ask your study partner what she associates with "cortex."
Answer: B

102) Which of the following factors improve the effectiveness of retrieval cues?
A) both the number of cues and self-generation
B) the number of cues
C) self-generation
D) generation of the cues by teachers and researchers
Answer: A

103) Many people have extremely vivid ________ memories of where they were on September 11, 2001.
A) recorded B) snapshot C) generative D) flashbulb
Answer: D

104) Consider the following list of words: farmer, cow, chicken, barn, computer, hay, crop, rooster,
pasture, and horse. When attempting to recall this list, people most likely would have little difficulty
remembering the word "computer." The increased recall of this word is most likely a result of which
of the following?
A) the dual coding theory B) distinctiveness
C) the encoding specificity principle D) the serial position effect
Answer: B

105) Flashbulb memories are often ________ and research has shown that they are frequently ________.
A) implicit and hard to verbalize; inaccurate
B) vivid and easy to remember; inaccurate
C) implicit and hard to verbalize; more accurate than normal memories
D) vivid and easy to remember; more accurate than normal memories
Answer: B

15
 106) A study of flashbulb memories for the space shuttle Challenger disaster by Ulric Neisser and Nicole
Harsch (1993) revealed that three years after the event ________.
A) memories for what had happened were highly inaccurate for many people
B) memories for what had happened were slightly less accurate than they were just after the
accident
C) people tended to forget that the accident had happened at all
D) memories for what had happened were slightly more accurate than they were just after the
accident
Answer: A

107) Research on the phenomenon of flashbulb memories suggests that how confident someone is in a
memory and the actual accuracy of that memory have ________ association.
A) a strong negative B) absolutely no
C) a strong positive D) only a weak positive
Answer: D

108) Carla's grandfather feels very happy when he remembers in detail what he was doing when he heard
about man's landing on the moon. He has vivid recollections of what he was wearing, where he was
sitting, and other details of those moments. His recollection of this event is a(n) ________ memory.
A) emotional B) positive C) flashbulb D) additive
Answer: C

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

109) Contradicting conventional wisdom, research has revealed that flashbulb memories are not as
accurate as people usually think they are.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

110) Memory is better when the conditions present during encoding match those that are present during
retrieval according to the ________.
A) encoding specificity principle B) principles of implicit memory
C) dual processing theory D) decay theory
Answer: A

111) Just before leaving college at the end of her senior year, Gail decides to visit the dormitory where
she lived as a first-year student. On walking down her old hallway, she suddenly remembers many
events that took place in the dorm that she thought she had forgotten. Gail's enhanced memory is
most readily explained by the predictions of ________ memory.
A) state-dependent B) mood-dependent
C) mood-congruent D) context-dependent
Answer: D

16
 112) Imagine that you have studied for an exam in a quiet environment and your physiological arousal
has been low while you were studying. If on the day of the exam, you were given the test in a quiet
environment and your physiological arousal remained low, the concept of state-dependent memory
would predict that your recall would be ________ and the concept of context-dependent memory
would predict that your recall would ________.
A) better; be worse B) worse; also be worse
C) better; also be better D) worse; be better
Answer: C

113) Imagine that you have studied for an exam in a noisy environment and your state of physiological
arousal has been low while you were studying. If on the day of the exam you were given the test in a
quiet environment and your physiological arousal was high (because of test anxiety), the concept of
state-dependent memory would predict that your recall would be ________ and the concept of
context-dependent memory would predict that your recall would ________.
A) worse; also be worse B) worse; be better
C) better; also be better D) better; be worse
Answer: A

114) Research on the phenomenon of mood-congruent recall has indicated that people tend to have better
recall ________.
A) when both the environmental conditions and their internal states during encoding and retrieval
are similar
B) for events that are consistent with their current mood
C) when their internal states during encoding and retrieval are similar
D) when the environmental conditions during encoding and retrieval are similar
Answer: B

115) Overlearning tends to ________.

A) improve recall B) increase interference
C) have no added benefit for memory D) harm memory
Answer: A

116) Jacob's family has visitors from out of town for a few days. His mother suggests that the visitors use
Jacob's room during their stay, and Jacob and his brother can share the brother's room during this
time. When studying in his brother's room, Jacob is unable to learn his lesson as well as he does in
his own room. Jacob's learning is affected by ________ memory.
A) time-dependent B) context-dependent
C) text-dependent D) content-dependent
Answer: B

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

117) Your ability to remember information better when you study in a classroom (versus in the library)
would be an example of state dependent memory.
Answer: True False

17
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

118) Hermann Ebbinghaus studied the processes of memory by ________.

A) damaging specific brain areas in animals and noting how this impacted learning
B) touching specific brain areas during surgery and having patients report on what they were
experiencing
C) having people read and recall an unusual Pacific Northwest Indian story
D) learning lists of nonsense syllables himself and measuring his recall and relearning
Answer: D

119) Which of the following is one of the factors that could possibly account for the substantial and rapid
forgetting that occurred to Hermann Ebbinghaus in his work on forgetting?
A) The material he learned required excessive deep processing.
B) His use of acronyms was not well suited to the memory tasks he set for himself.
C) He learned so many lists that it must have been difficult to distinguish between them.
D) He failed to use maintenance rehearsal.
Answer: C

120) Results from Hermann Ebbinghaus's studies of the forgetting process revealed that memory
________.
A) decreased slowly at first and then sharply decreased after nine to ten days
B) remained relatively constant for the first three to four days and gradually decreased after this
C) decreased rapidly at first and then slowed noticeably afterward
D) decreased at a more or less constant rate over time
Answer: C

121) Which of the following best illustrates how encoding failure can contribute to forgetting? You
forget the name of a person because ________.
A) you haven't seen her in many years and both time and disuse have eroded your memory of her
B) she looks very similar to someone else that you just met
C) you had a particularly negative and embarrassing interaction the last time you saw her
D) you failed to transfer this information into your long-term memory in the first place
Answer: D

122) Forgetting occurs because the presumed memory traces are thought to fade away with time and
disuse according to the ________.
A) encoding specificity principle B) interference theory
C) dual-coding theory D) decay theory
Answer: D

18
123) If you take a large lecture class, you would probably see the same students every day in class, but
you would have a difficult time recognizing all of them. Because most of these students are
unimportant to you, you do not process their faces in a meaningful way, forgetting their faces as a
result of ________.
A) motivated forgetting B) interference
C) decay D) encoding failure
Answer: D

124) The theory which proposes that forgetting is a result of physical memory traces fading away over
time from disuse is the ________.
A) decay theory B) interference theory
C) neural trace theory D) degenerative cue theory
Answer: A

125) According to the ________ theory we forget information because other items in long-term memory
impair our ability to retrieve it.
A) interference B) redundancy C) neural trace D) decay
Answer: A

126) Retroactive interference is said to occur when ________ material in memory interferes with the
recall of ________ material.
A) older; newly acquired B) newly acquired; other newly acquired
C) older; other older D) newly acquired; older
Answer: D

127) When old memories interfere with a person's ability to recall newer memories, it is called ________.
A) retroactive interference B) proactive interference
C) anterograde amnesia D) retrograde amnesia
Answer: B

128) One evening you study philosophy first and biology second, while your roommate simply studies
biology. Your performance on the biology quiz could be worse as a result of ________ interference.
A) redundant B) retroactive C) proactive D) interactive
Answer: C

129) You are on the phone with Sally talking about what movie you would like to see that night. Before
you end the call, you agree to meet at the theatre at 8:30. An hour or so later, your roommate Dave
sets up a psychology exam study session with you for the next evening at 8:00. As the evening
approaches and you are getting ready to go to the movie, you can't remember whether you decided to
meet Sally at 8:00 or 8:30. This example illustrates which of the following?
A) state-dependent memory B) retrograde amnesia
C) implicit memory D) retroactive interference
Answer: D

19
130) At a high school reunion, Miguel is reminiscing with his classmates. He remembers a particularly
difficult biology class he took in his senior year. While he vividly remembers what his teacher
looked like and thinks that his last name started with the letter K, he can't remember the teacher's
entire last name, demonstrating ________.
A) retroactive interference B) retrograde amnesia
C) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D) mood-congruent recall
Answer: C

131) Last semester, Anna Maria took a sociology course, and this semester she is taking a psychology
course. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty remembering some of the psychology terms because
they were defined differently in her sociology course, and she gets them mixed up. Anna Maria's
difficulty in learning psychology is most likely a result of ________.
A) encoding failure B) proactive interference
C) motivated forgetting D) retroactive interference
Answer: B

132) The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can occur because we have difficulty recalling an actual memory
that has been stored in our brains, but it is also possible that this effect could sometimes be the result
of ________.
A) encoding failure B) anterograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia D) mood-dependent memory
Answer: A

133) Liza has geography and history tests on Monday. On Sunday, she studies history first and then
geography. However, she has difficulty recalling geography information; history information
interferes with the recall of geography information. What kind of interference is Liza experiencing?
A) overactive B) retroactive C) proactive D) inactive
Answer: C

134) A patient had surgery for a brain tumour, and now cannot form new memories for anything since the
surgery. This would be an example of ________ amnesia.
A) prolonged B) retrograde C) generative D) anterograde
Answer: D

135) The amnesia patient H.M. showed a mild memory loss for the events in his life that occurred one to
two years before the operation that accidentally caused his memory damage. This type of memory
loss is an example of ________.
A) proactive interference B) retrograde amnesia
C) retroactive interference D) anterograde amnesia
Answer: B

136) Alzheimer's disease involves a disruption in the functioning of several different neurotransmitter
systems; a particularly important one among them is ________.
A) epinephrine B) serotonin C) acetylcholine D) dopamine
Answer: C

20
Another random document with
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them on the ground, the crickets chirped and the pipe wailed.

"Always about Him—there is no getting away from Him!" Merira

thought again, drearily. He sat down heavily on a tree-trunk on the ground,
stretched himself, raising his arms above his head and yawned convulsively
like a man who had not slept for several nights.

"How dreary it all is, oh dear!" he said, as he yawned. "Don't you find it
dreary, Horus?"

"Find what dreary, father?"

"Everything, my friend, everything: being born, living, dying and rising

from the dead. It would not be so bad if there were something new there,
but what if it is the same as here—everlasting dreariness!"

He suddenly raised his eyes to Horus and laughed.

"Why, my son, you seem to have two little lumps on your forehead!
That's a strange thing. You have grown horns just like a little ram. Bend
down, let me feel them."

Horus was frightened. He knew that Merira was seriously ill and knew
what his complaint was, but he feared to think of it. He always hoped that
God would have mercy and spare the great prophet who had saved the earth
from the Criminal.

He stood more dead than alive. But so strong was the habit of obeying
the master that at the words 'bend down,' he submissively bent his shaven
head. Merira gently moved his palm over it and again a smile that was like
a grimace of disgust appeared on his face.

"No, there's nothing, it is smooth.... But why are you so frightened, you
foolish boy? Come, I was joking, I wanted to test you. You keep watching
me, afraid I will go mad. But I won't, don't you fear. I have only grown
rather foolish through my war with the Fool, but it will soon pass off...."
 Horus bent down again, seized his hand and kissed it. "If he dies, I will
die with him," he thought and calmed down.

"I know you love me, dear boy," Merira said, kissing him on the head.
"There, that's enough talking, let us go. Where is the place of the fire?"

Walking a few steps they came to a sandy open space—the big pond.
Beside it, Maki's birch tree, buried in the sand, showed a bit of the broken
white stem.

As he passed it, Merira for some reason recalled Dio, and he suddenly
wanted to kiss the white slender stem, rosy in the light of the setting sun.
But he felt shy of Horus: the young man might again imagine something.
He merely slowed his pace and touched the stem as though it were a living
hand stretched out to him from the earth, and for the first time after many
days he smiled a real and not a jeering smile.

Passing the pond they came to a small sandy hillock, with charred
planks and beams sticking out here and there. These were the ruins of the
burnt palace—the tomb of Akhnaton and Dio.

"Was it here he perished?" Merira asked.

"Yes," Horus replied. "This is a holy place to them: they come here to
worship the Criminal."

On the top of the hill two charred cross-beams, with a brass hoop at the
top—probably a bolt that had been curled in the fire—stood out clearly
against the red evening sky, like the hieroglyphic of life, the looped cross
Ankh.

"What is this? Did it happen of itself in the fire?" Merira asked, pointing
to it.

"No, the Criminal's worshippers must have made it," Horus answered,
and calling one of the soldiers of the bodyguard, who were standing by the
hillock, he told him to take away the cross.
 The man climbed up, drew the poles out of the sand, broke them and
flinging them on the ground, trampled upon them.

"He is alive, alive, alive! He was dead and behold he is alive!" Merira
heard a loud voice behind him and, turning round, saw a thin ragged man,
blackened by the sun and shaggy like a wild beast, walking towards him
with a distorted face and fiercely burning eyes.

"I know what you have come for, murderer!" he cried, like one
possessed. "You want to kill the dead, but behold he is alive and you are
dead!"

At a sign from Horus the soldiers seized the man.

"Let him go," Merira commanded, and turning to the man asked him:

"Who are you?"

"Don't you recognise me? And yet we are old friends, berries from the
same vine. We both are his murderers—only I have grown wiser and you
are still foolish!"

Merira looked at him and recognized Issachar the Jew.

"Thus speaks the Lord God of Israel," Issachar cried again, lifting up his
hands. "They shall look upon Him Whom they have pierced and they shall
mourn for Him as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness
for him as one is in bitterness for his firstborn!"

And as though in answer to the cry the shepherd's pipe wailed:

"Dead is the Lord, dead is Tammuz!
Dogs wander about in the ruined house,
Ravens flock to his funeral feast.
O heart of the Lord! O pierced side!"
 Merira walked up to Issachar, took him by the hand, led him aside, and
said:

"Stop shouting and tell me plainly what do you want of me?"

"Don't you know?"

"I don't."

"Then I won't tell you: you wouldn't believe me if I did. He will tell you
himself."

Merira understood that 'he' meant King Akhnaton.

"Thine hour is at hand, Merira. To-morrow is a great day, do you know

what it is?"

"Yes, the day of the Fool's death."

"Mind you don't find yourself among the fools, you clever one!"
Issachar said, turning to go.

At a sign from Horus the soldiers again ran up and seized him, but
Merira said once more:

"Let him go, don't interfere with him!"

The soldiers released him, and he went without quickening his pace or
turning round, as though certain of not being touched again.

"Are you going to let him off, father?" Horus asked Merira. "This is
Issachar, the Jew, their prophet, the chief rebel," he added, thinking that
Merira had not recognised him.

"But what are we to do with him? You see he is crazy, nothing is to be

gained from him!" Merira answered, shrugging his shoulders, and went to
where his chariot was waiting for him. He stepped into it and drove into the
town.
IX
 erira was staying in Tuta's house, which had, at the king's
orders, been preserved for the benefit of posterity. Merira
lived in the summer house by himself, Horus and the
other priests were in the winter house and the soldiers in
the outbuildings.

Returning to the town after dark Merira called on

Horus and told him to have everything ready in the upper Aton's temple at
daybreak for a service to Amon and laying a curse upon the Criminal.

Then he went indoors to the upper chamber, where the conspirators'

meeting had once been held, and lay down on the couch. He lay there with
his eyes closed, his face still as death; he did not sleep and knew he would
not.

Late at night he got up and sniffed the air with a grimace of disgust. His
old illness was upon him again: he was everywhere pursued by bad smells
—of dead rats, as in a granary, of bats' dirt as in the tombs, of rotten fish as
on the banks of the Nile, where fish is cleaned, salted and dried in the sun.
He opened a box at the head of the bed and taking out a gold casket, with
white powder in it, sniffed it, put some on his tongue and spat it out. He
knew the powder would make him sleep but afterwards sleeplessness would
be worse than ever.

He placed the casket back in the box and took out the ring with the
carbuncle—Amon's eye. He lifted the stone which turned on a tiny golden
hinge and peeped into the cavity underneath, filled with silvery grey
powder—the poison. Only a half of it remained, the other he had put into
the king's cup at Saakera's feast. Moving the stone into its place he put the
ring back into the box.

He went down into the garden and then through a gate in the garden
wall into the street, bathed in the white moonlight on one side and black
with the shadows of the ruins on the other.

He stooped as he walked with his head bent, treading heavily and

leaning on a staff, like a weary pilgrim at the end of a day's journey.
 Clouds, fluffy like lambs, with transparent opalescent fleece, tawny-
pink and silvery-blue in the moonlight, slowly moved all in one direction as
though grazing in the pastures of heaven, with the moon for shepherd.
There was stillness in heaven and stillness on earth; nothing stirred, as
though bound by the moon's silver chains; only bats flitted to and fro like
shuttles in a loom.

Suddenly there came the sound of howling and laughter as though

someone, tickled to the point of tears, were both laughing and weeping. It
was the howling of hyenas that must have scented Merira. It was followed
by the hysterical barking of jackals. The dead city came to life. But
gradually they subsided and stillness reigned once more.

Passing a huge piece of waste ground with charred planks and beams—
remnants of the king's palace, Merira came to Aton's temple.

Most of the temple had remained. The huge building, with thick walls
of well-baked brick and stone, could not be burned and was not easy to
demolish. Only wooden rafters in the ceilings had been burned and ceilings
and columns had fallen down in places. All bas-reliefs of King Akhnaton
sacrificing to the god of the Sun had been broken and hieroglyphic
inscriptions painted over or erased. The three hundred and sixty-five
alabaster altars, in the seven courts of the temple, had also been destroyed
and their place defiled: cartloads of filth had been brought from the Jews'
Settlement and flung there, so that for a time the stench took one's breath
away. But soon the sun burnt out and cleansed everything, turning filth into
black earth; the wind of the desert covered it with sand and what had once
been a place of pollution was fragrant with the fresh smell of mint and bitter
wormwood.

"Seven courts—seven temples: of Tammuz of Babylon, Attis of the

Hittites, Adon of Canaan, Adun of Crete, Mithra of Mitanni, Ashmun of
Phoenicia, Zagreus of Thrace. All these gods are the shadow of the One to
come," Merira recalled and again he thought drearily: "He is always
everywhere, there is no escaping from Him."

Suddenly there was a sound of footsteps. He looked round—there was

no one. This happened several times. At last, by the time Merira reached the
eighth, the secret temple, where the Holy of Holies had been, he saw in the
distance a man who was running from moonlight into the shadow. He knew
people were robbed and murdered in the city at night; he remembered he
had no weapons; he stopped and wanted to shout "who goes there?" but felt
such an aversion from his own voice that he said nothing and went into the
temple.

The sixteen giant figures of Osiris in the likeness of King Akhnaton, in

royal tiaras and tightly drawn winding sheets, had all been broken to bits.
The ceiling had fallen in and pale moonlight fell upon the pale blocks of
alabaster—the giant limbs of the dead giants.

Picking his way between them and climbing over them, Merira
approached the inner wall of the Holy of Holies, where there was a figure of
a Sphinx, with a lion's body and human arms, raising to Aton the Sun a
figure of the goddess Maat, the Truth, as a sacrificial offering. The Sphinx
had the face of King Akhnaton; if a man had been tortured for a thousand
years in hell and then came to the earth again, he would have such a face.

The Sphinx had not been destroyed, either because those engaged on the
task had failed to recognize the Criminal's face or because they had not the
courage to destroy so terrible a monster.

Merira stood on a stone to see it better in the pale moonlight. He was

looking at it eagerly and suddenly stretched forward to it and kissed it on
the lips.

At the same moment he felt that someone was standing behind his back:
he turned round and saw Issachar.

"Ah, it's you again!" he said, stepping off the stone. "Why do you
follow me about? What are you doing here?"

"And what are you doing?" Issachar asked.

"I am waiting for him," Merira answered, with a jeer. "If he is alive let
him come. Does he visit you?"
 "No. But he will come to us together: we both wanted to kill him and
we shall both see him alive."

"Are you speaking of the king?"

"Of the king and of the Son—through the king to the Son—there is no
other way for you and me."

"Why do you talk as though you were my equal? I am an Egyptian and

you are a dirty Jew. Your Messiah is not ours."

"He is the same for all. You have killed Him and we shall give Him
birth."

"And kill him also? .... Well, go along," Merira said, and walked on,
without looking round. Issachar followed him.

Suddenly Merira stopped, looked round and said:

"Will you follow me about much longer? Go along, I tell you, while you
have a chance."

"Don't drive me away, Merira. If I go away He will not come to you...."

"Do you imagine you've a charmed life, you Jewish dog?" Merira
shouted, raising his stick.

Issachar never stirred and looked into his eyes. Merira lowered the stick
and laughed.

"Ah, you crazy creature! What am I to do with you?" He paused and

then said, in a changed voice:

"Very well, come along. Shall we go to my house?"

Issachar nodded, without speaking.

They walked quickly, as though in a hurry. Passing the seven sanctuary

courts they came to the street. They never spoke and only as they drew near
Tuta's estate, Merira said:

"What time is it?"

"About seven," Issachar answered, glancing at the sky. The time of the
night was reckoned from sunset.

"Another five hours before sunrise. Well, there is plenty of time,"

Merira said.

They walked through the garden to the summer house. In the hall
Merira took a lamp burning in a niche in the wall and led Issachar through
several empty chambers. They went up the stairs, passed Merira's bedroom
and entered the room next to it.

"Lie down here," Merira said, pointing to a couch, "I shall be next door.
Lie still, don't get up and don't come in to me, do you hear?"

Issachar again nodded silently.

"Are you hungry? I expect you have not tasted food for the last day or
two. See how thin you are."

"No, I am thirsty," Issachar replied.

Merira took a jug of beer off the table and gave it to him. He drank
greedily.

"Why do you tremble?" Merira asked, noticing that Issachar's hands

trembled so that he could hardly hold the jug.

He threw a cloak to him.

"Lie down and wrap yourself up, perhaps you will get warm."

"I am not sleepy, I will sit up."

"Lie down, lie down, I tell you!"

 Issachar lay down on the couch. Merira covered him up with the cloak.

"Sleep. I will wake you at daybreak. We will go to the upper temple and
meet Him there."....

Issachar sat up suddenly and would have kissed Merira's hand but he
drew it quickly away.

He went into the next room, carefully shut the door after him, but did
not lock it; put the lamp on a stand, took from the shelf by the wall two
bleached cedar tablets and writing a few lines upon them hid them in his
bosom. Then he took out of the box at the head of the bed the ring with the
carbuncle, Amon's eye, and put it on his finger.

He paced up and down the room, muttering something under his breath,
quickly and inaudibly as in delirium.

Two chairs of honour, one for the host and another for the visitor, stood
according to Egyptian custom on a carpeted brick platform, one step high,
in the middle of the room between four lotos-shaped, painted and gilded
columns.

Every time that Merira walked past these chairs he slowed down his
step and, without turning his head, looked at one of them out of the corner
of his eye. His face was sleepy and immovable and he kept muttering to
himself.

He spent more than an hour in this fashion. The moonlit sky through the
clink-like windows with a stone grating under the very ceiling, turned
darker and darker, and at last the grating was no longer visible: the moon
must have set.

Merira lingered by the platform longer and longer each time. Suddenly
he stopped and smiled, looking intently at one of the chairs. He stepped on
to the platform, sat down in the other chair, stretched himself and yawned.

"Forgive me, sire," he said aloud, as though speaking to someone who

sat on the chair opposite him. "I know it is unseemly to yawn in the
presence of a king, especially of a dead one. But I am fearfully sleepy. And
it wouldn't be so bad if I were awake, but this is a dream. Does it ever
happen to you? To be asleep and yet to feel sleepy at the same time?
Issachar now wouldn't yawn in your presence. I confess I envied him last
night. He is shaking with fear but he would give his soul to see you! It is he
you ought to visit. But evidently the dead are like women: you only love
those who don't put too much trust in you.... By the way, I ought to have
locked the door into his room, I forgot to do it. He would be frightened to
death if he came in, poor fellow! .... But perhaps I left it open on purpose so
that he might come in and I should know whether he could see you.... This
is what I am driven to in my dreariness! It is dreary, Enra, very dreary. Can
it be as bad in your world? Always the same thing—rotten fish in eternity....
Or is it rather different with you? Is it worse or better? You are silent? I
don't like it when you are silent and look at me with pity as though to say
'it's better for such as I and worse for such as you'.... Well, aren't you going
to speak? Tell me, what have you come for? Do you remember, Enra, how
you said when I wanted to kill you, 'I love you, Merira'.... And just now
who is it has said it, you or I?"

He paused as though listening to an answer and then spoke again.

"You love your enemy? He has taught you this? You come from Him to
try and save me? No, Enra, you cannot save a man who does not want to be
saved. You died for what you loved; let me too die for what I love—not for
the world beyond the grave but for this one, for this life—for living and not
for rotten fish. The world already smells of putrefaction because of Him and
one day it will stifle in its own stench. He lies that the world kills Him; He
kills the world. He calls Himself the Son of God in order to kill the true Son
—the world. I know it is hard to go against Him, but I don't care, I don't
seek for what is easy: I am the first but not the last to rise against Him.
There will be men like me when He comes: they will kill Him and destroy
His work; they will perish but will not save the world; this is how it will be,
Enra!"

He paused again and smiled suddenly, as he did in the Maru-Aton

garden that afternoon when looking at Maki's birch tree he recalled Dio.
 "How living you are to-day, more living than you have ever been! I see
every fold of your dress: see how small the pleats are: you have good
pleaters in your world. You have the royal serpent on your forehead; so you
had renounced your crown here and accepted it there? I see every line in
your face: the charming, childish ones round the mouth—your smile, Enra.
I loved it so and I love it now. Enra, Enra, do you know that I love you?
You have grown younger, more beautiful. And how is Dio? Is she with you?
There, forgive me, I won't... Yes, you are quite living, you could not be
more so! And yet I know that you don't exist, that you are my dream....
Goodbye, Enra, this is the last time I see you. I want to escape from Him....
You think I cannot? He is always and everywhere and there is no escaping
from Him? ... Well, we shall live and die and see. There is a great deal you
don't know, Enra: you are wise like a god, but you are not clever. You
remember, you yourself used to say 'wisdom is beyond reason'.... Oh, I
nearly forgot: here is the ring, do you remember it? Take it as a keepsake....
A-ah, you laugh! You understand? Yes, I want to test you: if the ring is not
on my finger when I wake, it will mean that you exist, and if it is on my
finger—you don't exist. Well, will you take it?"

His guest stretched out his hand to him—a hand he knew so well that he
would have recognized it among a thousand—a long, slender, beautiful
hand, with the same childishly piteous expression as the face, with blue
veins under the brown skin, so real that warm, red blood seemed to be
flowing in them. The middle finger was slightly apart from the others so
that the ring could be slipped on more easily and the nail on it was a dark
rosy colour with a white arch at the bottom.

"If I touch this hand I will die of horror," Merira thought and an icy
shiver ran down his back. Yet he did touch it, put the ring on the middle
finger, felt the firm bone under the soft flesh and he felt no horror but only a
desire to know what it was, who it was.

He suddenly clasped the hand: it was soft, dry, warm—a real, living
hand!

"You are real! You are real! I adjure you by the living God, tell me, are
you real?" he cried in such a voice as though his soul left his body with that
cry.
 Regaining consciousness he saw an empty chair in front of him and
Issachar kneeling beside it. Looking at the chair he trembled so violently
that Merira heard his teeth chattering.

"What has frightened you so?"

Issachar said nothing and went on staring at the chair, his teeth
chattering.

"He has been here," he whispered at last, turning to Merira.

"Who?"

"King Akhnaton."

"Have you seen him?"

Issachar was going to say 'No,' but said 'Yes,' as though somebody else
had uttered the word instead of him. And no sooner had he said it than he
believed he had really seen the king.

"Have you heard him?"

"Yes."

"What did he say?"

"That the Son would come to you."

"What else?"

"He spoke about the ring. You gave him the ring to test him."

"Did he take it?"

"He did."
 "But what's this?" Merira asked, with a laugh, pointing to the ring on his
finger. "You heard me raving—this is all the miracle."

Issachar gazed at the ring in silence with the same terror as he had
gazed at the empty chair. Suddenly he raised his eyes to Merira and
exclaimed:

"He has been here! He has!"

"Yes, he has. I, too, think that Somebody has been here," Merira
answered quietly and, as it were, thoughtfully, without a laugh.

He paused and then said, getting up:

"Let us go, it is time, the sun will soon be rising."

he sun had not yet risen but the sky was already rosy and
the morning star shone like a tiny sun, when Merira and
Issachar climbed by the outer staircase of Aton's temple on
to the flat roof where the great altar of the Sun stood intact;
only the disc of Aton had been torn away and the bas-relief
of King Akhnaton on the wall broken to bits. Aton had
once been glorified here and now a service to Amon was to be performed at
the altar and the Criminal was to be solemnly anathematized.

Horus, with the other priests, met Merira. All were surprised to see
Issachar, the Jew, by his side.

"Leave us," Merira said to the priests, and taking Horus by the hand led
him aside, looked into his face and asked: "Do you love me, my son?"

"Why do you ask, father? You know I love you."

 "Do then what I ask you."

"Speak, I listen."

"Don't lay a finger on Iserker, let him go; whatever happens, remember
that he is innocent. Release also all those whom you have arrested. Will you
do it?"

"I will."

"Swear it."

"May I not see the sun in eternity if I don't do it!"

"May God reward you, my son," Merira said, embracing and kissing
him. "And now go!"

Horus glanced at Issachar and was about to ask a question, but Merira
frowned and repeated:

"Go!"

Horus was frightened, as at Maru-Aton the day before, and obeyed as he

had done then; he turned to go without a word. But as he descended the
outer staircase of the temple he stopped half-way so that he could not be
seen from the roof and yet see what was happening there. The priests stood
on the first landing below him and the soldiers still lower down.

"Can you sing the service to Aton?" Merira asked Issachar when they
were left alone.

"Yes."

They went up to the small altar at the foot of the great one. White
alabaster dust of the broken bas-relief of King Akhnaton crunched like
snow under their feet.

All was ready for the service: the altar was decked with flowers and
incense was burning upon it.
 Merira stood before the altar with his face to the cast, where the red
ember of the sun was already ablaze in the misty gorge of the Arabian hills.
Issachar stood facing him.

"God Aton is the only God and there is none other God but He!" Merira
intoned.

"I come to glorify thy rays, living Aton, one eternal God!" Issachar
replied.

"I declare the way of life unto you all, generations that have been and
are to be: render praise to God Aton, the living God and ye shall live,"
Merira intoned again and Issachar replied:

"Praise be to thee, living Aton, who has created the heavens and the
secrets thereof! Thou art in heaven and thy son, Akhnaton Uaenra, is on
earth."

"Thy essence, Uaenra, is the essence of the sun," they both sang
together, "thy flesh is the sunlight, thy limbs the beautiful rays. In truth thou
didst proceed from the Sun as a child from its mother's womb. The Sun
rises in the sky and rejoices at its son on the earth!"

The rising sun lighted the altar. Merira raised the libation cup and
slowly, drop by drop, poured on the burning embers the thick, blood-red
wine.

"Lord!" he exclaimed in such a heart-rending voice that Issachar began

to tremble as in the night when looking at the empty chair he saw the
Invisible, "Lord! Before the foundations of the earth were laid Thou didst
reveal Thy will to Thy Son who is forever. Thou, Father, art in His heart
and no one knows Thee except Him, Thy Son!"

Then, turning his back to Issachar, he put some fresh wine into the cup,
put it on the altar table, took the tablets from his bosom and placed them on
the table, too; taking the ring off his finger, he lifted the carbuncle and put
the poison in the cup. He took the cup in his hands, again turned with his
face to the sun and cried three times in a low, as it were distant, voice:
 "Glory be to the Sun, the Son Who is to come!"

Issachar fell on his knees and covered his face with his hands: it
suddenly seemed to him that Merira saw the One Who was to come.

Merira raised the cup to his lips, drained it, and dropping it, stretched
his hands to the sun with a low cry:

"He! He!"

Then he fell to the ground like a man struck by lightning.

Horus rushed to him and bending over him cried:

"Father!"

But glancing into his face he knew he was dead. People rushed to the
roof in answer to Horus's cries and seized Issachar, thinking he was the
murderer. But someone gave Horus the tablets. He read:

"I, Merira, son of Nehtaneb, high priest of Aton, the only living God,
kill myself for having wanted to kill a righteous man. Akhnaton Uaenra,
Sun's Joy, Sun's only Son, lives for ever!"

Horus carried out the dead man's behest and released Issachar. All made
way for him when he moved to go—so strange and terrible was his face.

He went to the very edge of the roof and stretching his arms to the rising
sun cried, as though he knew that his voice would be heard at the furthest
ends of the earth:

"Thus says the Lord God of Hosts, the God of Israel: out of Egypt shall
I call my Son. Behold I will send my Messenger and the Lord whom you
seek and the Messenger of the covenant you delight in shall suddenly come
to His temple. Behold, He cometh!"
THE END
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AKHNATON,
KING OF EGYPT ***

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