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Download Precalculus 9th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual all chapters
Download Precalculus 9th Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual all chapters
Solutions Manual
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Chapter 9
Polar Coordinates; Vectors
Section 9.1 17.
1.
18.
The point lies in quadrant IV.
2
6
2. = 9
2
b 19.
3.
a
π 20.
4. −
4
7. False
8. r cos θ ; r sin θ
9. A
22.
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B
23.
14. D
15. A
16. D
865
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter 9: Polar Coordinates; Vectors
24. 31.
4π
25. a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 5, −
3
5π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −5,
3
8π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 5,
3
26. 32.
5π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 4, −
4
27. 7π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π − 4,
4
11π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 4,
4
33.
28.
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 2, − 2π )
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 2, π )
29. c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 2, 2π )
34.
30.
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 3, − π )
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 3, 0 )
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 3, 3π )
866
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.1: Polar Coordinates
35. 4π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π − 2,
3
7π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 2,
3
3π π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 1, − 39. x = r cos θ = 3cos = 3⋅0 = 0
2 2
π
3π y = r sin θ = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −1, 2
2
π
Rectangular coordinates of the point 3, are
5π 2
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 1,
2 ( 0, 3) .
36.
3π
40. x = r cos θ = 4cos = 4⋅0 = 0
2
3π
y = r sin θ = 4sin = 4 ⋅ (−1) = − 4
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 2, − π ) 2
3π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 2, 0 ) Rectangular coordinates of the point 4,
2
are
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 2, 3π ) ( 0, − 4 ) .
37. 41. x = r cos θ = − 2 cos 0 = − 2 ⋅1 = − 2
y = r sin θ = – 2sin 0 = – 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( – 2, 0 ) are
( − 2, 0 ) .
42. x = r cos θ = −3cos π = −3(−1) = 3
5π y = r sin θ = −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 3, −
4
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( −3, π ) are
7π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −3, ( 3, 0 ) .
4
11π 3
(r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 43. x = r cos θ = 6 cos150º = 6 − = −3 3
3, 2
c.
4
1
38. y = r sin θ = 6sin150º = 6 ⋅ = 3
2
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( 6, 150º )
(
are −3 3, 3 . )
1 5
44. x = r cos θ = 5cos 300º = 5 ⋅ =
2 2
3 5 3
y = r sin θ = 5sin 300º = 5 − =−
2 2
5π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 2, −
3
867
868
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.1: Polar Coordinates
57. r = x 2 + y 2 = (−1)2 + 02 = 1 = 1 ( )
62. The point − 2, −2 3 lies in quadrant III.
y 0
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 0 = 0 ( − 2 )2 + ( − 2 )
2
r = x2 + y2 = 3 = 16 = 4
x −1
The point lies on the negative x-axis, so θ = π . y −2 3 π
Polar coordinates of the point (−1, 0) are (1, π ) . θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan
−1
3=
x −2 3
π 2π
58. r = x 2 + y 2 = 02 + (− 2) 2 = 4 = 2 The point lies in quadrant III, so θ = −π = −
3 3
y −2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1
x 0
(
Polar coordinates of the point − 2, −2 3 are )
−2 π 2π
Since is undefined, θ = . 4, − .
0 2 3
π 63. The point (1.3, −2.1) lies in quadrant IV.
The point lies on the negative y-axis, so θ = − .
2
π r = x 2 + y 2 = 1.32 + (− 2.1)2 = 6.1 ≈ 2.47
Polar coordinates of the point (0, −2) are 2, − .
2 y − 2.1
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ −1.02
x 1.3
59. The point (1, −1) lies in quadrant IV.
The polar coordinates of the point (1.3, −2.1) are
r = x + y = 1 + (−1) = 2
2 2 2 2
( 2.47, −1.02 ) .
y −1 π
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 (−1) = − 64. The point (−0.8, −2.1) lies in quadrant III.
x 1 4
Polar coordinates of the point (1, −1) are r = x 2 + y 2 = (− 0.8)2 + (− 2.1)2 = 5.05 = 2.25
π y − 2.1
2, − . θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ 1.21
4 x − 0.8
Since the point lies in quadrant III,
60. The point (−3, 3) lies in quadrant II.
θ = 1.21 − π ≈ −1.93 .
r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3)2 + 32 = 3 2 The polar coordinates of the point ( − 0.8, −2.1) are
y 3
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 (−1) = −
π ( 2.25, −1.93) .
x −3 4
Polar coordinates of the point ( −3, 3) are 65. The point (8.3, 4.2) lies in quadrant I.
3π r = x 2 + y 2 = 8.32 + 4.22 = 86.53 ≈ 9.30
3 2, .
4 y 4.2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ 0.47
x
8.3
61. The point ( )
3, 1 lies in quadrant I. The polar coordinates of the point ( 8.3, 4.2 ) are
r = x2 + y2 = ( 3)
2
+ 12 = 4 = 2 ( 9.30, 0.47 ) .
y 1 π 66. The point (−2.3, 0.2) lies in quadrant II.
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 =
x 3 6
r = x 2 + y 2 = (− 2.3)2 + 0.22 = 5.33 ≈ 2.31
π
Polar coordinates of the point ( )
3, 1 are 2, .
6
y 0.2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ − 0.09
x − 2.3
Since the point lies in quadrant II,
θ = π − 0.09 ≈ 3.05 .
869
x + y2 = x
2
67. 2 x2 + 2 y2 = 3 x2 − x + y2 = 0
( )
2 x2 + y2 = 3 1
x2 − x + + y2 =
1
4 4
2r = 3
2
2
1 1
x− + y =
2
3 3 6
r2 = or r = = 2 4
2 2 2
76. r = sin θ + 1
68. x 2 + y 2 = x
r = r sin θ + r
2
r 2 = r cos θ
r = cos θ x + y2 = y + x2 + y2
2
70. y2 = 2x (x + y ) = x
2 2 3/ 2
( r sin θ )2 = 2r cos θ (x + y ) − x = 0
2 2 3/ 2
r 2 sin 2 θ − 2r cos θ = 0
78. r = sin θ − cos θ
71. 2 xy = 1
r = r sin θ − r cos θ
2
2(r cos θ )(r sin θ ) = 1
x + y2 = y − x
2
r 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ ) = 1
x2 + x + y2 − y = 0
r 2 sin 2θ = 1
1 1 1 1
x2 + x + + y2 − y + = +
72. 4 x2 y = 1 4 4 4 4
2 2
1 1 1
4(r cos θ ) 2 r sin θ = 1 x+ + y− =
2 2 2
4r 2 cos 2 θ r sin θ = 1
r 3 cos 2 θ sin θ =
1 79. r=2
4 r =4
2
73. x=4 x + y2 = 4
2
r cos θ = 4
80. r=4
74. y = −3 r = 16
2
r sin θ = −3 x + y 2 = 16
2
870
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.1: Polar Coordinates
4 3
81. r= 82. r=
1 − cos θ 3 − cos θ
r (1 − cos θ ) = 4 r (3 − cos θ ) = 3
r − r cos θ = 4 3r − r cos θ = 3
x2 + y 2 − x = 4 3 x2 + y 2 − x = 3
x2 + y 2 = x + 4 3 x2 + y 2 = x + 3
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 ( )
9 x2 + y2 = x2 + 6 x + 9
y2 = 8 ( x + 2) 9 x + 9 y = x2 + 6 x + 9
2 2
8x2 − 6x + 9 y 2 − 9 = 0
64 x 2 − 48 x + 72 y 2 − 72 = 0
3
64 x 2 − x + 72 y 2 = 72
4
3 9 9
64 x 2 − x + + 72 y 2 = 72 + 64
4 64 64
2
3
64 x − + 72 y 2 = 81
8
83. a. For this application, west is a negative direction and north is positive. Therefore, the rectangular coordinate is
(−10, 36) .
b. The distance r from the origin to (−10, 36) is r = x 2 + y 2 = (−10)2 + (36) 2 = 1396 = 2 349 ≈ 37.36 .
y
Since the point (−10, 36) lies in quadrant II, we use θ = 180° + tan −1 . Thus,
x
36 −1 18
θ = 180° + tan −1 = 180° + tan − ≈ 105.5° .
−10 5
18
The polar coordinate of the point is 2 349, 180° + tan −1 − ≈ ( 37.36, 105.5° ) .
5
c. For this application, west is a negative direction and south is also negative. Therefore, the rectangular
coordinate is (−3, −35) .
d. The distance r from the origin to (−3, −35) is r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3)2 + (−35) 2 = 1234 ≈ 35.13 .
y
Since the point (−3, −35) lies in quadrant III, we use θ = 180° + tan −1 . Thus,
x
−35 −1 35
θ = 180° + tan −1 = 180° + tan ≈ 265.1°
− 3 3
35
The polar coordinate of the point is 1234, 180° + tan −1 ≈ ( 35.13, 265.1° ) .
3
871
( x1 , y1 ) = ( r2 cos θ 2 , r2 sin θ 2 ) .
d= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
= ( r2 cos θ 2 − r1 cos θ1 )2 + ( r2 sin θ 2 − r1 sin θ1 )2
= r22 cos 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 cos θ 2 cos θ1 + r12 cos 2 θ1 + r22 sin 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 sin θ 2 sin θ1 + r12 sin 2 θ1
( ) ( )
= r12 cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 + r22 cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 ( cos θ 2 cos θ1 + sin θ 2 sin θ1 )
3. ( x − (−2) )2 + ( y − 5 )2 = 32
( x + 2 )2 + ( y − 5 )2 = 9
4. odd, since sin(− x ) = − sin x .
2
5. −
2
1
6. −
2
14. r = 2
7. polar equation
The equation is of the form r = a, a > 0 . It is a
8. False. They are sufficient but not necessary. circle, center at the pole and radius 2. Transform
to rectangular form:
9. −θ r=2
r2 = 4
10. π − θ
x2 + y2 = 4
11. True
12. 2n ; n
13. r = 4
The equation is of the form r = a, a > 0 . It is a
circle, center at the pole and radius 4. Transform
872
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
π
16. θ = −
4
The equation is of the form θ = α . It is a line,
passing through the pole making an angle of
π 3π
− or with the polar axis. Transform to
4 4
rectangular form:
π
θ =−
4
π
tan θ = tan −
4
y
= −1
π x
15. θ =
3 y = −x
The equation is of the form θ = α . It is a line,
π
passing through the pole making an angle of
3
with the polar axis. Transform to rectangular
form:
π
θ=
3
π
tan θ = tan
3
y
= 3
x
y = 3x
17. r sin θ = 4
The equation is of the form r sin θ = b . It is a
horizontal line, 4 units above the pole.
Transform to rectangular form:
r sin θ = 4
y=4
873
18. r cos θ = 4
The equation is of the form r cos θ = a . It is a
vertical line, 4 units to the right of the pole.
Transform to rectangular form:
r cos θ = 4
x=4
21. r = 2 cos θ
The equation is of the form
r = ±2a cos θ , a > 0 . It is a circle, passing
through the pole, and center on the polar axis.
Transform to rectangular form:
r = 2 cos θ
19. r cos θ = − 2 r 2 = 2r cos θ
The equation is of the form r cos θ = a . It is a x2 + y2 = 2 x
vertical line, 2 units to the left of the pole. x2 − 2 x + y2 = 0
Transform to rectangular form:
( x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1
r cos θ = − 2
x = −2 center (1, 0) ; radius 1
22. r = 2sin θ
20. r sin θ = − 2
The equation is of the form r = ±2a sin θ , a > 0 .
The equation is of the form r sin θ = b . It is a
It is a circle, passing through the pole, and center
horizontal line, 2 units below the pole.
π
Transform to rectangular form: on the line θ = . Transform to rectangular form:
r sin θ = − 2 2
y = −2 r = 2sin θ
r 2 = 2r sin θ
x2 + y2 = 2 y
x2 + y2 − 2 y = 0
x 2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1
center (0, 1) ; radius 1
874
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
24. r = − 4 cos θ
The equation is of the form r = 2a cos θ , a > 0 .
26. r csc θ = 8
It is a circle, passing through the pole, and center The equation is a circle, passing through the
on the polar axis. Transform to rectangular form:
π
r = − 4 cos θ pole, center on the line θ = and radius 4.
2
r 2 = − 4r cos θ Transform to rectangular form:
x2 + y2 = − 4 x r csc θ = 8
x2 + 4 x + y2 = 0 1
r⋅ =8
( x + 2)2 + y 2 = 4 sin θ
r = 8sin θ
center (−2, 0) ; radius 2
r 2 = 8r sin θ
875
x2 + y2 = 8 y 28. r sec θ = − 4
x2 + y2 − 8 y = 0 The equation is a circle, passing through the
pole, center on the polar axis and radius 2.
x 2 + ( y − 4)2 = 16 Transform to rectangular form:
center (0, 4) ; radius 4 r sec θ = − 4
1
r⋅ = −4
cos θ
r = − 4 cos θ
r 2 = − 4r cos θ
x2 + y2 = − 4 x
x2 + 4 x + y2 = 0
( x + 2)2 + y 2 = 4
center (−2, 0) ; radius 2
27. r csc θ = − 2
The equation is a circle, passing through the
π
pole, center on the line θ = and radius 1.
2
Transform to rectangular form:
r csc θ = − 2
1
r⋅ = −2
sin θ
r = − 2sin θ
r 2 = − 2r sin θ 29. E
x2 + y 2 = − 2 y
x2 + y2 + 2 y = 0 30. A
x + ( y + 1) = 1
2 2
31. F
center (0, −1) ; radius 1
32. B
33. H
34. G
35. D
36. C
876
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
877
878
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
879
880
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
881
882
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Section 9.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
883
884
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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