Practical Business Statistics 7th

Edition Siegel Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/practical-business-statistics-7th-edition-siegel-solutio
ns-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Business Statistics in Practice 7th Edition Bowerman

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/business-statistics-in-
practice-7th-edition-bowerman-solutions-manual/

Business Statistics Australia New Zealand 7th Edition

Selvanathan Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/business-statistics-australia-
new-zealand-7th-edition-selvanathan-solutions-manual/

Business Statistics A First Course 7th Edition Levine

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/business-statistics-a-first-
course-7th-edition-levine-solutions-manual/

Practical Financial Management 7th Edition Lasher

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/practical-financial-
management-7th-edition-lasher-solutions-manual/
Essentials of Criminal Justice 7th Edition Siegel Test
Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/essentials-of-criminal-
justice-7th-edition-siegel-test-bank/

Practical Statistics for Nursing Using SPSS 1st Edition

Knapp Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/practical-statistics-for-nursing-
using-spss-1st-edition-knapp-solutions-manual/

Practical Study of Argument 7th Edition Govier

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/practical-study-of-argument-7th-
edition-govier-solutions-manual/

Management A Practical Introduction 7th Edition Kinicki

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/management-a-practical-
introduction-7th-edition-kinicki-solutions-manual/

Practical Business Math Procedures 12th Edition Slater

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/practical-business-math-
procedures-12th-edition-slater-solutions-manual/
Chapter 8 Teaching Objectives 8.1

Chapter 8: Random Sampling

Planning Ahead for Data Gathering

Teaching Objectives
This chapter introduces the basics of statistical inference (learning about a
population from a random sample). This chapter forms the basis for material in future
chapters involving confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. In particular, the random
sample (covered here) will be one of the assumptions used later on, and the central limit
theorem (covered here) leads to the standard error (covered here) which will be needed in
future calculations for statistical inference.
Now is the time for your students to get comfortable with the distinction between
population quantities and their sample analogues: e.g., population parameter and sample
statistic (estimator), population mean and sample average. They will also need to recognize
that much of inference will concern the population mean, not the individual elementary
unit. In particular, they will need to carefully distinguish between the standard deviation
(variability of individuals) and the standard error (variability of the sample average).
The central limit theorem is very important both for computing probabilities and in
helping assumptions for statistical inference be satisfied. Students will need to carefully
distinguish between (1) a random experiment that generates a single observation and (2) a
random experiment that generates a sample of n independent such observations that are
then averaged or summed.
In the real world, a random sample is not always available to answer the tough
questions, and business people still need to generalize from their data to the extent possible.
The concept of an idealized population is used to represent the larger group you wish to
infer about in such a case. While useful, this notion should be used with care because the
particular choice of appropriate idealized population is a subjective one.
If you wish to omit some material, here is a list of topics that are not drawn upon
very much in later chapters: sampling with replacement, finite-population correction factor,
adjusted standard error, stratified sampling, systematic sampling.
8.2 Question Answers Chapter 8

Question Answers
1. a. A population is a collection of units (people, objects, or whatever) that you are
interested in knowing about.
b. A sample is a smaller collection of units selected from the population. Sampling
is useful because it allows us to draw inferences about a large population from
the examination of a small section of this population.
c. A sample that includes the entire population is called a census.
No. Even if you had the resources, you might decide that it isn’t worth the time
and trouble to do a full census on all occasions.
2. a. A sample is representative if each characteristic (and combination of
characteristics) arises the same percent of the time in the sample as in the
population.
b. A sample that is not representative in an important way is said to show bias.
c. A random sample will (on average) be representative.
3. A frame is a scheme which enables you to gain access to the population units by
number. In general, the frame consists of a list of population units numbered from 1
to N, where N is the number of units in the population.
4. a. A random sample is selected so that (1) each population unit has an equal
probability of being chosen, and (2) units are chosen independently without
regard to one another.
b. The random sample is approximately representative because personal tastes and
human factors have been removed that might bias the selection process. Random
sampling is as fair and unbiased as possible because population units are equally
likely to be chosen. By choosing independently, random sampling tries to gather
as much independent information as it can. The resulting sample is therefore more
likely to be fair and representative than if an “arbitrary” sample were selected.
c. A sample is said to be chosen without replacement if units cannot be chosen more
than once in the sample; that is, if all units in the sample must be different. A
sample is said to be chosen with replacement if a population unit can appear more
than once in the sample.
d. A table of random digits is a list in which the digits 0 through 9 each occur with
probability 1/10 independently of each other. The table of random digits is used
to choose the number of each selected population unit. The unit itself is then
found with the help of the frame.
e. Place a column of random numbers next to your frame, sort both columns in order
by the random number column, and select your sample of n units starting at the
top of the (now randomly reordered) frame.
Chapter 8 Question Answers 8.3

5. a. A pilot study is a small-scale version of a study designed to help you identify

problems and fix them before the real study is run.
b. You might find that the data are not easily obtainable or are not reliable. You
might find that questions need to be reworded.
6. a. A statistic is any number computed from your sample data.
b. A parameter is any number computed for the entire population.
7. a. An estimator is a sample statistic computed from data that represents your best
information about an unknown population parameter. For example, the sample
average is an estimator of the population mean.
b. The actual number computed from the data is called an estimate of the population
parameter. For example, in a particular case the estimate might be 18.3.
c. This number is an estimate.
d. The error of estimation is the estimator (or estimate) minus the population
parameter.
No, because the population parameter is usually unknown.
8. a. The sampling distribution of a statistic is its probability distribution based on
random sampling.
b. The standard deviation of a statistic is the standard deviation of its sampling
distribution, representing approximately how far the statistic is from its mean.
9. a. The central limit theorem says that, for a random sample of n observations from
a population, the following statements are true: (1) Distributions become more
and more normal as n gets large, for both the average and the sum, and (2) the
means and standard deviations of the distributions of the average and the sum are
as follows, where  is the mean of the individual random variable and  is the
standard deviation of these individuals:  X =  ,  X =  / n ,  sum = n , and
 sum =  n .
b. No, just for the average or for the sum, not for individual cases.
c. The average of a random sample is a random variable, the result of a random
experiment, and therefore has a distribution. If you were to imagine obtaining
many independent samples, then a histogram of the averages would look normal.
d. The mean of a sum is  sum = n . Its standard deviation is  sum =  n .

e. The mean of a sample average is  X =  . Its standard deviation is  X =  / n .

8.4 Question Answers Chapter 8

10. a. The standard error of a statistic is an estimate, based only on sample data, of the
standard deviation of the statistic. The standard error indicates, approximately,
how far the observed value of the statistic is from its mean.
b. By measuring the variability of the estimate. An estimate with smaller variability
is, on average, closer to the value you wish to know about and therefore is of
higher quality.
c. The standard error decreases as sample size increases, all other things being equal.
11. a. The finite-population correction factor, ( N − n ) / N , is used to reduce the
standard error formula when the population is small, so that the sample is an
important fraction of the population.
b. The adjusted standard error, SX ( N − n) / N , is used when the population is
small, so that the sample is an important fraction of the population, and is found
by applying the finite population correction factor to the standard error formula.
c. An idealized population is the much larger, sometimes imaginary, population that
your sample represents.
d. When you use the finite population correction factor your results are limited to
the population represented by your frame. Without this correction your results
can be generalized to a larger population than your frame represents.
12. For a binomial distribution, the standard error SX indicates the estimated uncertainty
or variability in the observed count X, while Sp indicates the estimated uncertainty in
the observed proportion p.
13. a. A stratified random sample is obtained by choosing a random sample separately
from each of the strata (segments or groups) of the population.
b. If the population is similar (homogeneous) within each stratum but differs
markedly from one stratum to another, stratification can increase the precision of
your statistical analysis.
c. Stratification is most likely to be helpful when a population contains clear,
known, easily identified groups. If you choose a random sample from the
population as a whole, each segment or stratum may be under- or
over-represented in the sample as compared to the population. This may
contribute some extra randomness to the results since you would not be using the
known information about these groups.
14. a. A systematic sample is one which is obtained by selecting a single random
starting place in the frame, then taking units separated by a fixed, regular interval.
b. Systematic sampling can fail if there is a repetitive pattern in the frame which
matches the selection process, and/or if the list is ordered in a meaningful
Chapter 8 Question Answers 8.5

important way. Also, there is no reliable standard error available for a systematic
sample.
c. Because there is no replication we are not assured that new independent
information is observed for each sample unit.

Problem Solutions
1. a. Unreasonable. This is an unrepresentative sample. The first transmissions of the
day might get extra care.
b. Unreasonable. This sample is unrepresentative and biased, since these
transmissions are known to be old, defective, possibly weather damaged and
unrepairable. They are not characteristic of the transmissions regularly produced,
and certainly not characteristic of “tomorrow’s production.”
c. Acceptable, but not good. This is a systematic sample. While you do have
information about production throughout the day, you also have all the potential
problems of systematic sampling.
d. Good.
e. Good. Such a stratified sample would combine random sampling with a closer
look at the defective transmissions.
2. Sample c, because all other choices are biased.
3. Sample d, because all other choices are biased (even c, since a group of the “most
typical” employees is not likely to represent the diversity of all employees).
4. The “percent voting democrat in the sample” would not be unbiased. It would
overestimate the true percentage because all people together in a single household are
counted the same as a single-person household, therefore underrepresenting multiple-
people households.
5. a. Statistic.
b. Parameter.
c. Parameter.
d. Statistic.
e. Parameter. Note that this is  X =  / n , which involves the population standard
deviation and therefore cannot be computed just from sample data.
f. Statistic.
6. The sample is HP, ITT, and Ford.
8.6 Problem Solutions Chapter 8

7. The sample is Illinois Tool Works, Silgan, Newell, and MASCO. (There are 16 firms
here; these are numbers 5, 14, 11 and 3 in the list).
8. The sample consists of documents numbered 43, 427, and 336.
9. The sample consists of suppliers numbered 83, 68, 64, and 22.
10. The sample consists of contracts numbered 309, 227, 234, 91, and 313.
11. The sample consists of invoices numbered 344, 339, 198, 354, 57, 35, 246, and 26.

12. The standard deviation is  X = 120 / 8 = $42.43 .

13. The standard deviation is  sum = 10 15 = 38.73.

14. The standard deviation is  X = 14

. / 8 = 0.495 .

15. The estimation error is 384,000 − 416,000 = −32,000 , in dollars. The estimation error
is negative because the estimate is lower than the true value.
16. a. The answer is 0.540. Using the central limit theorem, the mean for the total time
is 25 17 = 425 minutes and the standard deviation is 10  25 = 50 minutes.
The probability that a normal distribution with this mean and standard deviation
is greater than 7  60 = 420 minutes is 0.540.
b. The answer is 0.067. Using the central limit theorem, the mean for the average
time is 17 minutes and the standard deviation is 10 / 25 = 2 minutes. The
probability that a normal distribution with this mean and standard deviation is
greater than 20 minutes is 0.067

17. The standard deviation is $36 / 12 = $10.39 .

18. The standard error of this binomial percentage is 0.518  (1 − 0.518) / 369 = 0.0260 ,
or 2.60% (as percentage points).
19. a. The mean for tomorrow’s average, 90, is identical to that of a single machine.
b. The standard deviation,  X = 35 / 40 = 5.534, is smaller than the standard
deviation (35) for a single machine.
c. Approximately normal because of the central limit theorem.
d. The probability is 0.15.
20. a. The mean is 20.04 ounces.
b. The standard deviation is 0.0274 ounces.
c. The probability is 0.07.
Chapter 8 Problem Solutions 8.7

21. The probability is 0.12, using the Central Limit Theorem to find the standard deviation
15,000 / 5 = 6,708.204 .

22. The probability is 0.14, using the Central Limit Theorem to find the standard deviation
$30/ 35 = $5.0709 .
23. The probability is 0.35. The procedure is to first find the mean (5.55) and standard
deviation (6.9676) for individual projects (using material on discrete random variables
from Chapter 7), then to use the central limit theorem.
24. a. No, because you don’t know the distribution.
b. The mean is $3,149.30. The standard deviation is $145.89.
c. Normal, because of the central limit theorem.
d. The probability is 0.15.
e. The probability is 0.50.
25. a. The mean is $3,000. The standard deviation is $282.84.
b. The mean is $60. The standard deviation is $5.6569.
c. That the groups are independent of one another. Alternative answer: that n = 50
is large enough to take care of the skewness present.
d. The probability is 0.36.
e. The probability is 0.45.
26. a. The mean is $2,601×45 = $117,045.

b. The standard deviation is $1,275 45 = $8,552.96.

c. Because of the central limit theorem.
d. The probability is 0.92.
e. The probability is 0.02.
f. The probability is 0.62.
g. The probability is 0.04.
h. The probability is 0.57.
27. a. The mean is 100. The mean of the average is the same as the mean of the
individual machines.
b. The standard deviation is 15/ 40 = 2.3717. It is considerably smaller than the
standard deviation for a single machine, 15.
8.8 Problem Solutions Chapter 8

c. Approximately normal because of the central limit theorem which states that the
distribution of an average of a random sample becomes more and more normal as
n gets large.
d. The probability is 0.20.
e. The probability is 0.79.
28. a. The frame is as follows:
1 Anadarko Petroleum 18 Hess
2 Apache 19 Holly
3 Baker Hughes 20 Kinder Morgan
4 Cameron International 21 Marathon Oil
5 Chesapeake Energy 22 Murphy Oil
6 Chevron 23 National Oilwell Varco
7 ConocoPhillips 24 Newmont Mining
8 Consol Energy 25 Occidental Petroleum
9 Devon Energy 26 Oneok
10 El Paso 27 Peabody Energy
11 Enbridge Energy Partners 28 Plains All American Pipeline
12 Energy Transfer Equity 29 Smith International
13 Enterprise GP Holdings 30 Spectra Energy
14 EOG Resources 31 Sunoco
15 Exxon Mobil 32 Tesoro
16 Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold 33 Valero Energy
17 Halliburton 34 Western Refining
35 XTO Energy

b. Arranging the random digits in groups of 2, we have:

82, 08, 75, 50, 53, 75, 37, 07, 10, 30, 92, 27, 55, 54, 97, 97, 12, 34, 09, 19, 57, 47,
97, 67, 31, 39, 75, . . .
Eliminating numbers larger than 35 or smaller than 1, we have the sample:
08, 07, 10, 30, 27, 12, 34, 09, 19, 31
These firms are: Consol Energy, ConocoPhillips, El Paso, Spectra Energy,
Peabody Energy, Energy Transfer Equity, Western Refining, Devon Energy,
Holly, and Sunoco.
c. The average is 0.32%. (The sample percentages are 11.68%, 3.48%, -11.64%,
17.95%, 7.1%, 8.17%, -5.15%, -27.67%, .41%, and -1.11%).
d. The standard error of the average is 4.10%. With finite-population correction
factor, this becomes 3.47%.
e. The standard error estimates the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
This number tells you approximately how far the sample average is from the mean
of the entire population.
Chapter 8 Problem Solutions 8.9

f. The population mean is 2.38% for all 35 firms in the frame.

g. The sample average for the 10 firms randomly selected (0.32%) is an estimate of
the mean of the population of all 35 firms (2.38%). The standard error (4.10%, or
adjusted as 3.47%) is an estimate of how different the population and sample
means are. The actual error of estimation (0.32%–2.38% = –2.06%) is about half
of the standard error. In most applications, you would have only the sample
average and the standard error (adjusted or not) as an approximation to the
unknown error of estimation.
29. a. Using the first word in each firm’s name, the 10 samples and their averages are
as follows:
First firm Second firm Average
Procter Colgate 4.0%
Procter Avon 6.0%
Procter Estee 7.5%
Procter Clorox 3.5%
Colgate Avon 5.0%
Colgate Estee 6.5%
Colgate Clorox 2.5%
Avon Estee 8.5%
Avon Clorox 4.5%
Estee Clorox 6.0%
b.

4
Frequency

0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Percent change in revenues (averages of two firms)

c. The sample average is 5.0% for Colgate-Palmolive and Avon Products.

Arranging the digits in groups of 1, because the population has N = 5 units, we
have: 0 7 8 6 2 7 6 7 3 1. Eliminating numbers larger than 5 or smaller than 1, the
first two are firms 2 and 3.
8.10 Problem Solutions Chapter 8

d.
4

Frequency
3

0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Percent change in revenues
(averages of two firms)

Average from part c

e. They are the same because of the definition of the sampling distribution. By
“drawing a random sample from the population and finding the average” you first
select a random sample, which may be viewed as selecting one entire sample at
random from all possible samples. The sample average you compute for this
sample is then one sample average chosen at random from all possible sample
averages. This is a representation of the sampling distribution.
For this problem, the random sample chosen in part c selected one number (5.0%,
the fifth one) from the sampling distribution of the average as listed in part a.
30. a. The average is 5.5917%. The standard deviation is 0.220971%. The average is
the typical forecast summarizing the forecasts of this group of economists. The
standard deviation is the typical difference between individual forecasts and their
average.

b. The standard error of the average is (0.220971%.)/ 46 = 0.03258%. The sample

error of the average is an estimate of the difference between the average for this
sample of economists and the mean for the larger population. Thus the observed
average (5.5917%) is approximately 0.03258 percentage points from the mean of
the larger population.
c. The average forecast, 5.5917%, is 0.2917 percentage points higher than the actual
outcome of 5.3%.
d. The actual outcome is 0.2917/0.003258 = 8.95 standard errors lower than the
forecast. Yes, we would ordinarily be surprised because we expect to be within
two standard errors most (about 95%) of the time.
e. The population is the idealized population of economists like these making
predictions in October 2014. The population mean for this larger group is still a
prediction as of October 2014 and is not aware of events that occurred after this
Chapter 8 Problem Solutions 8.11

time. The actual outcome on June 2015 involves future information that was not
available to any economists at the earlier time. Therefore the actual outcome is
not the mean of the idealized population and the usual standard error calculation
does not apply in this case.
31. a. The average, $499.38, summarizes the typical size of these sales.
b. The standard deviation, $280.70, summarizes the variability of sales by indicating
approximately how far they are from average.
c. The standard error, $77.85, indicates approximately how far this average is from
the mean of the idealized population of sales made under similar circumstances.
d. The forecast is 500×$499.38 = $249,692.
32. No. Your friend has confused the standard deviation (9.2, which represents the
variability of individuals) with the standard error (9.2/ 200 = 0.651, which represents
the variability of the sample average).
33. The standard error is 1.15.
34. a. The standard error of the average is 16.48/ 50 = $2.33. This indicates
approximately how far the population mean is from the average of the sample.
b. If we had n = 200, then the standard error of the average would be 16.48/ 200 =
$1.17.
35. The average is $94. The standard error is 129.0762/ 10 = $40.82.

36. The average is 115.35. The standard error is 38.53235/ 17 = 9.35.

37. The average is 1.658. The standard error is 0.033023/ 20 = 0.00738.

38. The standard error is S p = 0.63(1 − 0.63) /823 = 0.0168 , or 1.68 percentage points.

39. a. The estimated percentage is p=152/763 = 19.92%.

b. The standard error is S p = .1992(1−.1992) / 763 =.0145 or 1.45%. The sample

estimate (19.92%) is approximately 1.45 percentage points away from the
unknown population percentage.

40. a. The standard error, S p = .036(1−.036) / 868 = 0.0063 or 0.63%, estimates

approximately how far the sample percentage (3.6%) is from the unknown
population percentage.
b. No, because 4% is only 0.63 standard errors higher than 3.6%.
c. Yes, because 10% is 10.12 standard errors higher than 3.6%.
41. a. 21/25 = 84% of the sample.
8.12 Problem Solutions Chapter 8

b. The standard error is S p = .84(1−.84) / 25 = 0.0733 or 7.33%.

42. a. Approximately 42.3%.

b. First reason: the standard error gives the approximate difference; we expect to be
more than one standard error away approximately 1/3 of the time.
Second reason: the election is three weeks away and there may be shifts in voter
preference in the intervening time period as new facts come to light.
43. Stratum Population Sample Total Standard
Size Size Error Deviation
Large 56 56 $ 5,018 $968
Medium 956 143 $ 2,165 $152
Small 16,246 325 $10,792 $ 73
TOTAL 17,258
a. The sample averages are
Large accounts: = $15,018/56 = $268.1786
Medium accounts: = $1,165/143 = $8.1469
Small accounts: = $792/325 = $2.4369
b. The stratified sample average is
(56×268.1786+956×8.1469+16,246×2.4369)/17,258 = $3.62.
c. The standard error (without adjustment) is $0.500:

1 562  968.62 2 9562  7.12 2 16,2462  514

. 2
+ +
17,258 56 143 325

The adjusted standard error is $0.267:

1 56(56 − 56)968.62 2 956(956 − 143)7.122 16,246(16246 − 325)5.142

+ +
17,258 56 143 325

The two answers differ primarily because the large accounts (with their large
variability) contribute nothing to the adjusted standard error (they have been
completely sampled so there is no randomness).
d. The unknown population mean error per account differs from the estimated
average error per account ($3.62) by approximately $0.267.
44. a. The average for this stratified sample is 11.015:
[3,638,815×13.77 + 6,899,665×12.72 + 9,608,853×8.79 +
709,212×10.43]/(20,856,545)
b. The standard error (without finite population correction factor) is 0.488731.
Chapter 8 Problem Solutions 8.13

c. The standard error (with finite population correction factor) is 0.488723. Without
finite population correction factor it is 0.488731. The results are so similar
because the sample sizes are so small compared to the population sizes.

Database Exercise Solutions

1. The employee database has a numbering system which can be used to locate
information about that employee by number. Given an employee number from 1 to
71, information about that employee can easily be found to the right of the employee
number.
2. Arranging the random digits in groups of 2, we have:
14 53 62 38 70 78 40 24 17 59 26 23 27 74 22 76 28 95 75
Eliminating numbers that are more than 71 or less than 1:
14 53 62 38 70 40 24 17 59 26 23 27 22 28
The first 10 numbers have no duplicates and give us the sample:
14, 53, 62, 38, 70, 40, 24, 17, 59, 26
If you want them in order by employee number:
14, 17, 24, 26, 38, 40, 53, 59, 62, 70
a. The employee numbers are 14, 53, 62, 38, 70, 40, 24, 17, 59, and 26.
b. The average is $43,342, summarizing the salaries of the 10 employees in the
sample and estimating the mean salary for the population.
c. The standard deviation is $12,299. This summarizes approximately how far the
individual salaries are from their average for the sample of 10 employees.
d. Standard error = 12,299/ 10 = $3,889. This indicates approximately how far the
sample average for the 10 employees is from the population mean salary for all
71 employees.
The main difference is that the standard error indicates the variability in the
sample average, while the standard deviation (from part c) indicates the
variability among individuals.
3. a. The population mean is $45,142.
b. The population mean (45,142) is $1,800 more than the sample average (43,342).
This is 1,800/3,889 = 0.46 standard errors.
c. The population standard deviation is $10,729, indicating approximately how far
the individual salaries are from the mean for the population of all 71 employees.
8.14 Database Exercise Solutions Chapter 8

d. The population standard deviation (10,729) is different from, but fairly close to,
the sample standard deviation (12,299).
e. Population standard deviation for the average salary:
10,729/ 10 = $3,393 for samples of size 10.
This indicates approximately how far the sample average for the 10 employees is
from the population mean salary for all 71 employees. The population standard
deviation of the average salary (3,393) is slightly different from, but fairly close
to, the standard error (3,889).
f. Population Sample
Average and Mean $45,142 $43,342
Standard deviation of individuals $10,729 $12,299
Standard deviation and standard error
of sample averages of 10 employees $3,393 $3,889
4. a. The employee numbers are 14, 53, 62, 38, 70, 40, 24, 17, 59, and 26.
b. The average is 46.2 years, summarizing the ages of the 10 employees in the
sample and estimating the mean age for the population.
c. The standard deviation is 6.84 years. This summarizes approximately how far the
individual ages are from their average for the sample of 10 employees.
d. Standard error = 6.8443/ 10 = 2.16. This indicates approximately how far the
sample average for the 10 employees is from the population mean age for all 71
employees.
The main difference is that the standard error indicates the variability in the
sample average, while the standard deviation (from part c) indicates the
variability among individuals.
5. a. The employee numbers are 14, 53, 62, 38, 70, 40, 24, 17, 59, and 26.
b. The average is 7.40 years, summarizing the experience of the 10 employees in
the sample and estimating the mean experience for the population.
c. The standard deviation is 3.34 years. This summarizes approximately how far the
individual experiences are from their average for the sample of 10 employees.
d. Standard error = 3.33999/ 10 = 1.06. This indicates approximately how far the
sample average for the 10 employees is from the population mean experience for
all 71 employees.
Chapter 8 Database Exercise Solutions 8.15

The main difference is that the standard error indicates the variability in the
sample average, while the standard deviation (from part c) indicates the
variability among individuals.
6. a. The population mean is 45.54 years.
b. The population mean (45.54) is 0.66 less than the sample average (46.2). This is
0.66/2.16 = 0.31 standard errors.
c. The population standard deviation is 7.26, indicating approximately how far the
individual ages are from the mean for the population of all 71 employees.
d. The population standard deviation (7.26) is different from, but fairly close to, the
sample standard deviation (6.84).
e. Population standard deviation for the average age:
7.26/ 10 = 2.30 for samples of size 10.
This indicates approximately how far the sample average for the 10 employees is
from the population mean salary for all 71 employees. The population standard
deviation of the average age (2.30) is slightly different from, but fairly close to,
the standard error (2.16).
f. Population Sample
Average and Mean 45.54 46.20
Standard deviation of individuals 7.26 6.84
Standard deviation and standard error
of sample averages of 10 employees 2.30 2.16
7. a. The population mean is 5.75 years.
b. The population mean (5.75) is 1.65 less than the sample average (7.40). This is
1.65/1.06 = 1.56 standard errors.
c. The population standard deviation is 3.22, indicating approximately how far the
individual experiences are from the mean for the population of all 71 employees.
d. The population standard deviation (3.22) is different from, but fairly close to, the
sample standard deviation (3.34).
e. Population standard deviation for the average experience:
3.22/ 10 = 1.02 for samples of size 10.
This indicates approximately how far the sample average for the 10 employees is
from the population mean salary for all 71 employees. The population standard
deviation of the average experience (1.02) is slightly different from, but very
close to, the standard error (1.06).
8.16 Database Exercise Solutions Chapter 8

f. Population Sample
Average and Mean 5.75 7.40
Standard deviation of individuals 3.22 3.34
Standard deviation and standard error
of sample averages of 10 employees 1.02 1.06
8. a. The binomial X is 5 females.
b. The standard error is 10  0. 5  0. 5 = 1.58, indicating that the observed
binomial X is approximately 1.58 above or below the mean number you would
expect to find in a random sample of 10 from the same population.
c. The population mean is 3.94 females, on average, for samples of size 10 from this
population.
d. The observed X (5) is 1.06 more than the population mean (3.94).
If males are being counted: the observed X (5) is 1.06 less than the population
mean (6.06).
e. The difference (1.06) is fairly similar to the standard error (1.58).
9. a. The binomial p is 5/10 = 0.5, or 50% female.
b. The standard error is 0. 5  0. 5 / 10 = 0.158, indicating that the observed
binomial p is approximately 0.158 above or below the mean proportion you
would expect to find in a random sample of 10 from the same population.
c. The population mean is 0.394 or 39.4% female, on average, for samples of size
10 from this population.
d. The observed p (0.5) is 0.106 more than the population mean (0.394).
e. The difference (0.106) is fairly similar to the standard error (0.158).

Case Discussion Material

This case is about a sampling plan with some complications: changes were made, with a
second sample having been drawn. In addition, there were subsequent follow-up efforts to
obtain responses from those who initially did not respond, as well as a small and apparently
non-representative pilot study.
1. Do you agree that drawing a second sample was a good idea?
It’s not entirely clear that this was a good idea and it may well have been unnecessary.
There are several issues here:
(a) While it’s usually better to have more information, it is not always worth the extra
cost.
Chapter 8 Case Discussion Material 8.17

(b) The second sample may not have been necessary because the standard error of
the first sample initial returns ($57.78=849.26/ 216 ) is already less than the
$100 to within which they want to know average spending.
(c) Those who chose to respond initially may not be entirely representative. Rather
than choose a new sample and receive another biased group of responses, the
follow-up of non-respondents is preferable.
(d) However, there is nothing fundamentally wrong with choosing a second sample
for the purpose of obtaining more information. It is permissible to draw two
random samples and then combine them, forming a single random sample with a
larger size, provided the decision to draw the second sample was not based on
estimates obtained from the first sample.
2. Do you agree that the follow-up mailings were a good idea?
Yes, these probably were a good idea. Since the 400 in the initial mailing of the first
sample were chosen to represent the entire membership, the opinions of the initial non-
respondents are important. It can happen that those who respond initially are different
from the others: perhaps they have more time, or are more actively involved in the
issues. Since the purpose is to survey the membership (and not just the most active
members) these extra efforts should help ensure representation.
3. How might you explain differences among averages in the results?
The pilot study averages are very much higher than any of the others. Recall that these
were not randomly drawn and so we have no reason to consider them representative
of the membership in general.
The follow-up averages are much lower than the others. Evidently there is a
relationship between planned spending and sending in the questionnaire. Those with
high spending were more likely to send it in.
Differences from one sample to the other are not large.
4. Are there useful results here? Which ones are useful? Are they sufficient, or is
further study needed?
Here are some considerations:
(a) There are some useful results here, but even after follow-up efforts, only about
70% have responded. We still lack information from about 30% of these people.
Considering the differences between initial mailing and follow-up responses, these
30% could well be below any of the reported averages. We don’t know. In the real
world, there often is non-response that cannot be eliminated as a problem.
(b) The pilot study should probably not be combined with the other responses. The
pilot study was not a random sample to begin with and has served its purpose in testing
the questionnaire.
8.18 Case Discussion Material Chapter 8

(c) It might be argued that all other responses (first and second sample, initial
mailings and follow-up responses) are useful and should be combined. The resulting
average ($3,374) has a standard error of $64, which is less than the $100 required.
This then represents the planned spending of the approximately 70% of members who
are likely to answer these questionnaires.
(d) Ideas for further study could include different design methods or additional
follow-up of non-respondents.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Gold and glory;
or, Wild ways of other days, a tale of early
American discovery
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Gold and glory; or, Wild ways of other days, a tale of early
American discovery

Author: Grace Stebbing

Release date: May 31, 2022 [eBook #68211]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: Thomas Whittaker, 1885

Credits: Juliet Sutherland, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOLD AND

GLORY; OR, WILD WAYS OF OTHER DAYS, A TALE OF EARLY
AMERICAN DISCOVERY ***
GOLD AND GLORY
OR,
WILD WAYS OF OTHER DAYS

A TALE OF EARLY AMERICAN DISCOVERY

 BY GRACE STEBBING

Author of "Silverdale Rectory," "Only a Tramp," etc.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

New York
THOMAS WHITTAKER
2 AND 3, BIBLE HOUSE.
 INTRODUCTION.
Only an apology for having written this historical tale.
My private opinion is, that all writers of historical tales should return
me thanks if I apologize for them with myself, all in a body, the truer
the tale the ampler being the spirit of the apology.
While I have been writing this tale, sometimes in its most important
or serious portions, I have been startled by detecting my own mouth
widening with an absurd smile, or by hearing a ridiculous chuckle
issuing from my own lips, and have suddenly discovered that I was
quite unconsciously repeating to myself the famous old Scotch
anecdote of the old woman and the Scotch preacher—"That's good,
and that's Robertson; and that's good, and that's Chalmers; ... and
that's bad, and that's himsel'."
Turning the old woman into the more learned among my possible
readers, and the Scotch preacher into myself, I read the anecdote
—"That's good, and that's Prescott; that's good, and that's
Robertson; that's good, and that's guide-book; that's good, and that's
Arthur Helps; and that's bad, and that's hersel'."
I can only wind up my apology by pleading, that at least my badness
has not gone the length of distorting a single fact, nor of giving to this
wonderful page of history any touch of false colouring.
G. S.
 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. A POISON-FLY FOR THE HEART OF ARAGON
CHAPTER II. CONSPIRATORS
CHAPTER III. RIVALS AT DON PHILIP'S HOUSE
CHAPTER IV. THINKING OF EXILE
CHAPTER V. DEATH FOR ARBUES DE EPILA
CHAPTER VI. SANCHO'S BROKEN VICTUALS
CHAPTER VII. CONSULTING A SWEET TOOTH
CHAPTER VIII. A POWERFUL FRIEND
CHAPTER IX. FROM THE NEW PRINTING PRESS
CHAPTER X. A JACK IN OFFICE
CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST FIND
CHAPTER XII. SURGEON TO THE REDSKINS
CHAPTER XIII. FOR LIFE OR DEATH
CHAPTER XIV. MASTER PEDRO'S DOGS IN DANGER
CHAPTER XV. NOISE TO THE RESCUE
CHAPTER XVI. I AM 'DON ALONZO'
CHAPTER XVII. GOOD OLD DON
CHAPTER
DEATH FOR DON
XVIII.
CHAPTER XIX. THE WAY TO TREAT THE REDSKINS
CHAPTER XX. THE MASSACRE AT CAONAO
CHAPTER XXI. THE PATRIOT CACIQUE HATUEY
CHAPTER XXII. ANOTHER STORM FOR THE PILOT ALAMINOS
CHAPTER
A SYMBOL WITH TWO MEANINGS
XXIII.
CHAPTER
KINDRED FEELING
XXIV.
CHAPTER XXV. MONTORO DE DIEGO TURNS HANGMAN
CHAPTER
CORTES BURNS HIS SHIPS
XXVI.
CHAPTER
MONTORO LEADS A CHANT
XXVII.
CHAPTER
THE GODS MUST AVENGE THEMSELVES
XXVIII.
CHAPTER MONTORO AND CABRERA RESCUE A HUMAN
XXIX. SACRIFICE
CHAPTER
TOO USEFUL TO BE KILLED
XXX.
CHAPTER
ONCE FOR ALL—THEY SHALL CEASE
XXXI.
CHAPTER
ON THE ROAD TO MEXICO
XXXII.
CHAPTER
THE CAUSE ONCE MORE IN JEOPARDY
XXXIII.
CHAPTER
AN INDIAN GIRL-CHAMPION
XXXIV.
CHAPTER
THE TLASCALAN KNIGHT'S PROBATION
XXXV.
CHAPTER
ACROSS THE CAUSEWAY
XXXVI.
CHAPTER
ESCALANTE'S FATE DECIDES IT
XXXVII.
CHAPTER
THE DOWNFALL OF AN EMPIRE
XXXVIII.
CHAPTER
HOMEWARD BOUND
XXXIX.
CHAPTER XL. REINSTATED
GOLD AND GLORY,
OR
Wild Ways of other Days.
 CHAPTER I.
A POISON-FLY FOR THE HEART OF ARAGON.
In an apartment, gorgeous with a magnificence that owed something
of its style to Moorish influence, were gathered, one evening, a
number of stern-browed companions.
A group of men, whose dark eyes and olive complexions proclaimed
their Spanish nationality, as their haughty mien and the splendour of
their attire bore evidence to their noble rank.
The year was 1485: a sad year for Aragon was that of 1485, and
above all terrible for Saragossa. But as yet only the half, indeed not
quite the half, of the year had gone by, when those Spanish
grandees were gathered together, and when one of them muttered
beneath his breath, fiercely:
"It is not the horror of it only, that sets one's brain on fire. It is the
shame!"
And those around him echoed—"It is the shame."
During the past year, 1484, his Most Catholic Majesty, King
Ferdinand of the lately-united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, had
forced upon his proud, independent-spirited Aragonese a new-
modelled form of the Inquisition. The Inquisition had, indeed, been
one of the institutions of the noble little kingdom for over two hundred
years already, but in the free air of Aragon it had been rather an
admonisher to orderliness and good manners than a deadly foe to
liberty. Now, all this was changed. The stern and bitter-spirited
Torquemada took care of that. The new Inquisition was fierce,
relentless, suspicious, grasping, avaricious, deadly. And in their
hearts the haughty, freedom-loving Aragonese loathed its imperious
domination even more than they dreaded its cruelty.
"It was not the horror of it only," said Montoro de Diego truly, "that
made their eyes burn, and sent the tingling blood quivering into their
hands. It was the shame."
And those others around him, even to Don James of Navarre, the
King Ferdinand's own nephew, echoed the words with clenched
hands, and between clenched teeth—
"It is the shame!"
But what cared Torquemada, the Grand Inquisitor, that mortal
wounds should be inflicted on the noblest instincts of human nature?
or what cared his tools in Aragon? Crushed, broken-spirited men
would be all the easier to handle—all the easier to plunder or
destroy.
Montoro de Diego had been one of the deputation sent by the Cortes
to the fountain-head, as it was then believed, of all truth and mercy
and justice, to implore release from the new infliction; for whilst one
deputation had gone to the king himself, to implore him to abolish his
recent innovation, another, headed by Diego, had gone to the pope.
But the embassy was fruitless. The pope wanted money, and
burning rich Jews, and wealthy Aragonese suspected of heretical
tendencies, put their property into the papal coffers. The pope very
decidedly refused to give up this new and easy way of making
himself and his friends rich. The king's refusal was equally
peremptory, and the deputations returned with dark brows and heavy
hearts to those anxiously awaiting them.
The burnings and confiscations had already begun.
Soon after Diego and his companions entered the city of Saragossa
they encountered a great procession, evidently one of importance
judging from the sumptuousness of the ecclesiastics' dresses, their
numbers, and the crowds of attendants surrounding them, crucifix-
bearers, candle-bearers, incense-bearers, and others. There was no
especial Saint's Day or Festival named in the Calendar for that date,
and for a few moments the returning travellers were puzzled. But the
procession advanced, and the mystery was solved.
In the centre of the gorgeous train moved a group so dismal, so
heart-rending to look upon, that it must have rained tears down the
cheeks of the Inquisitors themselves, had they not steeled their
hearts with the impenetrable armour of a cold, utter selfishness.
Deadly pale, emaciated, unwashed, uncombed, with wrists and
fingers twisted and broken, and limping feet, came the members of
this group clad in coarse yellow garments embroidered with scarlet
crosses, and a hideous adornment of red flames and devils. Some
few of the tortured victims of base or bigoted cruelty were on their
way to receive such a pardon as consisted in the fine of their entire
fortunes, or life-long imprisonment; the others—they were to afford
illuminations for the day's ceremonies with their own burning bodies.
For each member of the wretched group there was the added
burden of knowing that they were leaving behind them names that
were to be loaded with infamy, and families reduced to the lowest
depths of beggary.
"And all," muttered a voice beside Diego's elbow, "for the crime, real
or suspected, or imputed, of having Jewish blood in their veins."
"Say rather," fiercely muttered back the noble—"say rather, for the
crime of having gold and lands, which will so stick to the hands of the
Inquisitors, that the king's troops in Granada will keep the Lenten
fast the year through, before a sack of grain is bought for them out of
those new funds."
"Ay," answered the unknown voice, "the Señor saith truth, unless
there shall be hearts stout enough, and hands daring enough, to rid
our Aragon of yon fiend Arbues de Epila."
Montoro de Diego turned with an involuntary start to look at the
speaker of such daring words. For even though they had been
uttered in low cautious tones they betokened an almost mad
audacity, during those late spring days when the very breath of the
warm air seemed laden with accusations, bringing death and ruin to
the worthiest of the land, at the mandate of that very Arbues.
But Diego's eyes encountered nothing more important than the
wondering brown orbs of a little beggar child, who was taking the
whole imposing spectacle in with artistic delight, unmixed with any
idea of horror, and who was evidently astonished at the agitated
aspect of his tall companion, and irritated too, that the Señor should
thus stand barring the way, instead of passing on with the rest of the
rabble-rout trailing after the procession.
Whoever had ventured to express his fury against the new Inquisitor
of Saragossa, it was evidently not this curly-headed little urchin, and
with a somewhat impatient gesture of disappointment the noble
turned away in search of his companions. But they also had
disappeared. Carried away by the excitement or curiosity of the
moment, they also had joined in the dread procession of the Auto da
Fé.
 CHAPTER II.
CONSPIRATORS.
"It is the shame," that was the burden of the low and emphatic
consultation that was being held by the group of men, gathered
privately in the palace of one of the indignant nobles of Aragon. Little
more than twenty-four hours had passed since the disappointed
deputation to Rome had returned, in time to witness the full horrors
of the cruel tribunal they had so vainly tried to abolish, and the
feeling of humiliation was keen.
And shame, indeed, there was for the brave, proud Aragonese, that
the despotic tyranny of the Inquisition should hold sway amidst their
boasted freedom and high culture.
"We are not alone in our indignation," added Montoro de Diego after
a pause, and with a keen, swift glance around at the faces of his
companions to satisfy a lurking doubt whether the muffled voice at
his elbow, yesterday, had not indeed belonged to one of them.
But every face present was turned to his suddenly, with such vivid,
evident curiosity at the changed and significant tone of his voice, that
the shadowy supposition quickly faded, and with a second cautious
but sharp glance, this time directed at doors and windows instead of
at the room's occupants, the young nobleman replied to the
questioning looks by a sign which gathered them all closer about him
as he repeated:
"No; we are not alone in our just resentment. The spirit of
disaffection is rife in Saragossa."
"The Virgin be praised that it is so," muttered one of the grandees
moodily, while another asked hastily:
"But how know you this? What secret intelligence have you
received?"
"And when?" put in a third questioner somewhat jealously.
The new system was already beginning to grow its natural fruit of
general suspicion and distrust. But Diego speedily disarmed them as
regarded himself on this occasion. His voice had been low before, it
sank now to a scarcely audible whisper as he answered:
"One, I know not who—even the voice was a disguised one I believe
—spoke to me yesterday in the crowded streets; one who must have
marked the anger and mortification of my countenance I judge, and
thence dared act the tempter."
"But how?" "In what way?" came the eager, impatient queries.
"In the intimation that the world were well rid of Arbues de Epila."
As those few weighty words were rather breathed than spoken,
those self-controlled, impassible grandees of Spain started
involuntarily, and stifled exclamations escaped their lips.
Arbues de Epila! The day was hot with brilliant sunshine. Even in
that carefully-shaded room the air was heavy with warmth, and yet—
as Montoro de Diego muttered the hinted threat against Arbues de
Epila, the crafty, cruel, unsparing Inquisitor—those brave, dauntless,
self-reliant men felt chill. They were in a close group before, but
involuntarily they drew into a still closer circle, and looked over their
shoulders. In open fight with the impetuous Italians or with the
desperate Moors of Granada, no more fearless warriors could be
found than those grandees of Spain, but against this new, secret,
lurking, unaccustomed foe their haughty courage provided them no
weapons. To be snatched at in the dark, torn secretly from home,
fame, and family, buried in oblivion until brought forth to be burnt;
and branded, unheard with the blackest infamy—these were agonies
to fill even those stout hearts with horror.
Stealthy glances, of which until the present time they would have
been altogether disdainful, were cast by each and all of them at one
another. Who should say that even in their own midst there might not
be standing a creature of the Inquisition, bribed to the hideous work
by promises of titles, lands, position, or Paradise without Purgatory?
Quailing beneath these strangely unaccustomed fears all maintained
a constrained silence for some time. But meanwhile the suggestion
thrown out yesterday, and now repeated, worked in those fevered
brains, and at length the fiercest of the number threw back his head,
folded his arms across his breast, and spoke. Not loudly indeed, but
with a concentrated passion that sent each syllable with the force of
an alarum into the hearts of his hearers.
"The stranger was right. We have been cravens—children kissing
the rod, with our petitions. Now we will be men once more, judges in
our own cause, and Arbues shall die."
As he pronounced that last dread word he held out his hand, and his
companions crowded together to clasp it, in tacit acceptance of the
declaration. But there was one exception. One member of the group
drew back. Montoro de Diego stretched forth no consenting hand,
but stood, pale and sorrowful, gazing at his friends. They in turn
gazed back at him with mingled astonishment, fear, and fury. But he
never blenched. His lip indeed curled for a moment with something
of scorn as he detected the expression of terror in some of the
gleaming eyes turned on him. But scorn died away again in sadness
as he said slowly:
"Is it so then, truly, that we nobles of Aragon have already yielded
ourselves voluntarily for slaves, accepting the despicable sins of
slaves—cowardice and assassination! Now verily it is time then to
weep for the past of Aragon, to mourn over its decay."
But bravely and nobly as Montoro de Diego spoke, he could not
undo the harm of his incautious repetition of the stranger's fatal hint.
Some of his companions had already their affections lacerated by
the loss of friends, torn from their families to undergo the most
horrible of deaths, the others were full of dark apprehensions for
themselves, or for those whose lives were more precious to them
than their own. And the thought of getting quit of the cruel tormentor
took all too swift and fast hold of the minds of that assembled group.