QUESTIONS

1. Write about the client-server architecture ?

2. What is CSS? Write the rules for writing CSS ?

3. Describe about HTML with an example ?
4. What is exception handling in java ? What is multithread programming ? What is
AWT ?
5. Write down the HTML code of the following given table:

6. List out the differences between java and javascript? What is event handling in Java?
7. What is XML? How is it different from HTML? Write down the structure of an XML?
8. Write a javascript code to find the fibonnaci series of a number?
9. Write about the TCP/IP model?
10. Write short notes on: i) Web client ii) DHTML iii) URI iv) JDBC
v) Frames vi) AJAX
1. Write about the client-server architecture?

Ans:- Client-server architecture is a widely used model in computer networking that facilitates
communication and resource sharing between multiple devices, known as clients, and a central system
called the server. This architecture forms the backbone of the internet and numerous other distributed
applications, providing scalability, reliability, and efficient data processing.
In a client-server architecture, clients are individual devices or software applications that make
requests for services, data, or resources. These clients could be desktop computers, laptops,
smartphones, tablets, or even other servers. On the other hand, servers are powerful computers or
systems designed to handle and fulfill these requests. Servers are equipped with specialized software
and hardware to provide services efficiently to multiple clients simultaneously.
The communication between clients and servers generally follows a request-response pattern.
When a client needs something from the server, such as a web page, a file, or a database query, it
sends a request over a network. The server receives the request, processes it, and sends back the
appropriate response to the client. This process is often transparent to the end-users, who interact with
the applications or services through a user-friendly interface.
Key characteristics of the client-server architecture include:
1. Centralized control: The server acts as the central authority, managing and coordinating various
client requests. This centralization enables easier maintenance, security, and updates to the services.
2. Scalability: Client-server architecture can be designed to handle a large number of clients. As the
demand for services grows, more servers can be added to distribute the load efficiently.
3. Resource sharing: The server stores and manages shared resources, like databases, files, or
computing power, which can be accessed by multiple clients. This sharing enhances efficiency and
reduces redundancy.
4. Security: By centralizing sensitive data and services, it becomes easier to implement security
measures and access controls, ensuring that only authorized clients can access specific resources.
5. Fault tolerance: Many server applications are designed with redundancy and failover mechanisms.
If one server fails, another server can take over the tasks, minimizing service disruption.
Examples of client-server architecture are abundant in modern computing:
1. Web servers: Clients (web browsers) request web pages and resources from web servers, which
respond by sending the requested content back to the clients.
2. Email servers: Clients (email clients like Outlook or Thunderbird) communicate with email
servers (like Microsoft Exchange or Gmail servers) to send and receive emails.
3. Database servers: Clients send queries to database servers to retrieve or update information in
databases.
4. Gaming servers: In online multiplayer games, clients connect to central game servers to interact
with other players and access game resources.
Client-server architecture has revolutionized the way we access and utilize computing resources. It
enables the seamless distribution of services, data, and applications over networks, playing a
fundamental role in the modern digital landscape.

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2. What is CSS? Write the rules for writing CSS?
Ans:- CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a style sheet language used to control the
presentation and layout of HTML documents. With CSS, web developers can define how the elements
of a webpage should appear, including fonts, colors, margins, padding, and positioning, among others.
CSS works in conjunction with HTML to separate the content from the presentation, making it easier
to maintain and update the website's appearance.
CSS follows a set of rules that dictate how styles are applied to HTML elements. Here are the
basic rules for writing CSS:
1. Selectors: Selectors are used to target HTML elements to which the styles should be applied. There
are various types of selectors, such as element selectors, class selectors, ID selectors, attribute
selectors, and more. For example:
/* Element selector */
p{
font-size: 16px;
}

/* Class selector */
.my-class {
color: blue;
}
/* ID selector */
#my-id {
background-color: yellow;
}
2. Properties and Values: CSS properties define the style attributes that you want to apply to the
selected elements. Each property is followed by a colon (:) and the value of the property is
specified after the colon. Multiple properties are separated by semicolons. For example:
h1 {
font-family: "Arial", sans-serif;
font-size: 24px;
color: #333;
}

3. Comments: CSS allows you to add comments within the code to provide explanations or notes.
Comments are ignored by the browser and are useful for documenting the CSS code. CSS
comments start with `/*` and end with `*/`.
/* This is a CSS comment */
4. Cascading Order: The "cascading" in CSS refers to the process of determining which styles should
be applied when there are conflicting rules. CSS follows a specific order of precedence:
- Inline styles (applied directly to an element using the `style` attribute) have the highest precedence.
- Styles applied using ID selectors have higher precedence than class or element selectors.
- Styles applied using class selectors have higher precedence than element selectors.
- The `!important` rule can be used to give a specific style the highest precedence.
5. External Style Sheets: Instead of embedding CSS directly into an HTML file, it is common practice
to use external style sheets. External style sheets are separate CSS files that are linked to the
 HTML document using the `<link>` element in the `<head>` section of the HTML file. This
approach promotes code reusability and easier maintenance.
Example of linking an external style sheet:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<!-- Content goes here -->
</body>
</html>
```
CSS provides a powerful and flexible way to control the visual appearance of web pages, and
understanding these basic rules is essential for creating well-structured and maintainable CSS code.

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3. Describe about HTML with an example?

Ans:- HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the standard markup language used to create
and structure the content of web pages. It provides a set of elements (tags) that define the structure and
semantics of the content, such as headings, paragraphs, images, links, lists, and more. Browsers
interpret these HTML tags to display web content in a formatted manner.
Here's an example of a simple HTML document:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph of text.</p>
<imgsrc="example.jpg" alt="Example Image">
<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example Website</a>
</body>
</html>
```
Let's break down the different parts of this example:
1. `<!DOCTYPE html>`: This declaration specifies the HTML version being used, which is
HTML5 in this case.
2. `<html>`: The root element of an HTML document. It contains all other elements of the page.
3. `<head>`: This section contains meta-information about the document, such as the page title and
links to external resources like CSS files and JavaScript.
 4. `<title>`: This element sets the title of the web page, which is displayed in the browser's title bar
or tab.
5. `<body>`: The main content of the web page is contained within the `<body>` element. It
includes all visible content that users see in the browser.
6. `<h1>`: This is a heading element. HTML provides six levels of headings from `<h1>` to
`<h6>`, where `<h1>` is the highest level and `<h6>` is the lowest.
7. `<p>`: The paragraph element represents a block of text.
8. `<img>`: This element is used to display images on the web page. The `src` attribute specifies
the image file's URL, and the `alt` attribute provides alternative text for accessibility and SEO
purposes.
9. `<a>`: The anchor element creates hyperlinks to other web pages or resources. The `href`
attribute contains the URL of the destination page or resource.
When this HTML code is rendered in a web browser, it will display a web page with the following
content:
```
Welcome to My Web Page
This is a paragraph of text.
[Example Image]

Visit Example Website

```
Note: To view the image and navigate to the link, replace `example.jpg` with a valid image URL and
`https://www.example.com` with a valid website URL.

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4. What is exception handling in java? What is multithread programming? What is AWT?

Ans:- Exception Handling in Java: Exception handling is a mechanism in Java that allows
developers to handle and manage errors and abnormal situations that may occur during the execution
of a program. When an exceptional event occurs, Java generates an object known as an "exception"
that contains information about the error, such as its type and message. If exceptions are not handled
properly, they can cause the program to terminate abruptly.
Java provides a robust exception handling mechanism through the use of `try`, `catch`, `finally`, and
`throw` blocks:
- `try`: This block encloses the code that may throw an exception.
- `catch`: This block catches the thrown exception and specifies how to handle it.
- `finally`: This block is optional and is used to define code that should be executed regardless of
whether an exception occurred or not.
- `throw`: This keyword is used to explicitly throw a custom exception.
Here's a simple example of exception handling in Java:
```java
public class ExceptionHandlingExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = divide(10, 0); // This will throw an ArithmeticException
System.out.println("Result: " + result); // This line won't be executed
} catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage()); // Handling the exception

} finally {
System.out.println("End of the program"); // This will always be executed
}
}
public static int divide(int dividend, int divisor) {
return dividend / divisor;
}
}
```
Multithread Programming: Multithreading is a programming paradigm in which multiple threads
run concurrently within a single process. A thread is a separate flow of execution that can perform
tasks independently. Multithreading allows programs to take advantage of modern multi-core
processors and achieve better performance and responsiveness.
In Java, multithreading is achieved by extending the `Thread` class or implementing the
`Runnable` interface. The `Thread` class provides methods to control the execution of threads, such as
`start()` to begin the execution and `join()` to wait for a thread to finish. The `Runnable` interface
represents a task that can be executed by a thread.
Here's a simple example of multithreading in Java using the `Runnable` interface:
```java
public class MultiThreadExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new MyRunnable("Thread 1"));
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new MyRunnable("Thread 2"));
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
}
}
classMyRunnable implements Runnable {
private String name;
publicMyRunnable(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void run() {
for (inti = 1; i<= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(name + ": " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000); // Pause the thread for 1 second
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
```
AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit): AWT is a set of classes and components provided by Java to
create graphical user interfaces (GUI) for Java applications. It is one of the oldest GUI libraries in Java
and provides a basic set of GUI components like buttons, labels, text fields, checkboxes, etc.
AWT is part of the Java Standard Edition (Java SE) and is platform-dependent, meaning the look
and feel of AWT components vary based on the underlying operating system. While AWT is simple to
use, it lacks some advanced features and customization options found in other modern GUI libraries
like Swing and JavaFX.
Here's a simple example of an AWT application that displays a window with a button:
```java
importjava.awt.*;
importjava.awt.event.*;
public class AWTExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Example");
Button button = new Button("Click me!");
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});
frame.add(button);
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
```
When you run this program, it will display a window containing a button. When you click the
button, it will print "Button clicked!" to the console.

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5. Write down the HTML code of the following given table:

Ans:- Below is the HTML code for the above table:

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Time Table</title>
<style>
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
width: 100%;
}
th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 8px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Time Table</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Time</th>
<th>Mon</th>
<th>Tue</th>
<th>Wed</th>
<th>Thu</th>
<th>Fri</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Table</td>
<td>Science</td>
<td>Maths</td>
<td>Arts</td>
<td>Social</td>
<td>History</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hours</td>
<td>English</td>
<td>Social</td>
<td>Sports</td>
<td>Lunch</td>
<td>Science</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Maths</td>
<td>Science</td>
<td>Maths</td>
<td>Project</td>
<td>Social</td>
</tr>
</table>
 </body>
</html>
```
The HTML code above creates a simple table with 6 columns and 4 rows, containing the
provided data. The table has a basic styling using CSS to add borders and align the content to the
center. You can further customize the table's appearance by modifying the CSS styles to suit your
preferences.

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6. List out the differences between java and javascript ? What is event handling in Java ?

Ans:- Java and JavaScript are both widely used programming languages, but they have different
purposes, features, and use cases. Here are some key differences between Java and JavaScript:
1. Purpose and Context:
- Java: Java is a general-purpose, high-level programming language mainly used for developing
desktop applications, server-side applications, Android apps, and enterprise applications.
- JavaScript: JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language primarily used for
front-end web development. It is used to enhance the interactivity and behavior of websites, and it
runs directly in web browsers.
2. Platform:
- Java: Java is platform-independent, which means Java code can be executed on any platform that
has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
- JavaScript: JavaScript is mainly used within web browsers, although it is now also used on the
server-side through platforms like Node.js.
3. Typing:
- Java: Java is statically typed, which means variable types are explicitly defined during
compilation.
- JavaScript: JavaScript is dynamically typed, meaning variable types are determined at runtime.
4. Syntax:
- Java: Java has C-like syntax and requires the use of semicolons to terminate statements.
- JavaScript: JavaScript has a similar syntax to Java but is more forgiving in terms of syntax rules
and does not require semicolons for all statements.
5. Object Orientation:
- Java: Java is a fully object-oriented language, and all code is encapsulated within classes and
objects.
- JavaScript: JavaScript is also object-oriented, but it uses a prototype-based inheritance model
instead of class-based inheritance.
6. Threading and Concurrency:
- Java: Java has built-in support for multithreading and provides robust mechanisms for handling
concurrent programming.
- JavaScript: JavaScript in web browsers is single-threaded, but asynchronous operations can be
handled using callback functions and promises. Node.js, on the other hand, uses an event-driven,
non-blocking I/O model that allows concurrency.
Now, let's discuss event handling in Java:
Event handling in Java refers to the process of handling various events (user actions or system-
generated) that occur during the execution of a Java program. Events can include user interactions like
button clicks, mouse movements, key presses, or system events like timer expirations.
Java provides an event model to handle events using the following key components:
1. Event Source: The object that generates the event is called the event source. Common examples
are buttons, text fields, and timers.
2. Event Listener: An event listener is an object that waits for specific events to occur. It registers
with the event source to receive notifications about the events.
3. Event Handler: The event handler is a method or block of code that gets executed when the
associated event occurs. It contains the logic to respond to the event.
4. Event Dispatcher: The event dispatcher is responsible for dispatching events to the appropriate
event listeners when the event occurs.
Here's a basic example of event handling in Java using the `ActionListener` interface, which
handles button click events:
```java
importjavax.swing.*;
importjava.awt.event.ActionEvent;
importjava.awt.event.ActionListener;
public class EventHandlingExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Event Handling Example");
JButton button = new JButton("Click Me!");
// Register an ActionListener to the button
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// Event handler code
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.getContentPane().add(button);
frame.pack();
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
```
In this example, when you click the button, the event listener (ActionListener) triggers the
actionPerformed() method, which prints "Button clicked!" to the console.

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7. What is XML? How is it different from HTML? Write down the structure of an XML?

Ans:- XML, short for Extensible Markup Language, is a markup language designed to store and
transport data. It provides a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-
readable and machine-readable. XML is widely used for data interchange and configuration purposes,
and it plays a crucial role in web services, data representation, and other applications where structured
data needs to be exchanged.
Differences between XML and HTML:
1. Purpose:
- XML: XML is primarily used to structure and store data in a hierarchical format. It focuses on
data representation and interchange, not presentation.
- HTML: HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create and structure the content of web
pages. It defines the layout and appearance of web content using various elements and attributes.
2. Tags:
- XML: XML allows users to define custom tags to represent their data in a meaningful and
descriptive way. There are no predefined tags, and XML tags must be properly nested.
- HTML: HTML uses predefined tags to define the structure and presentation of a web page. Tags
like `<div>`, `<p>`, and `<img>` are examples of HTML tags.
3. Presentation vs. Data:
- XML: XML is used for representing structured data, and it does not specify how the data should
be displayed or formatted.
- HTML: HTML focuses on how the data should be presented and displayed in web browsers.
4. Self-closing Tags:
- XML: In XML, tags must be explicitly closed, either with an end tag (e.g., `<tag>data</tag>`) or
a self-closing tag (e.g., `<tag/>`).
- HTML: HTML allows self-closing tags for certain elements that do not require content, such as
`<br>`, `<hr>`, and `<img>`.
Structure of an XML document: An XML document follows a tree-like hierarchical structure,
consisting of elements, attributes, and data. The root element serves as the starting point of the tree,
and all other elements are nested within it. Each element can have child elements, attributes, or textual
data.
Here's the basic structure of an XML document:
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rootElement attribute="value">
<childElement>Textual data</childElement>
<anotherChild>More data</anotherChild>
</rootElement>
```
Explanation of the structure:
1. `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>`: This is the XML declaration, which specifies the
XML version and character encoding used in the document. It is optional but recommended to
include.
2. `<rootElement attribute="value">`: This is the root element of the XML document. It can have
attributes and contains child elements or textual data.
3. `<childElement>Textual data</childElement>`: This is a child element of the root element. It can
also contain textual data.
4. `<anotherChild>More data</anotherChild>`: This is another child element of the root element,
also containing textual data.
In a real XML document, the structure can be much more complex, with multiple levels of
nesting and more elements and attributes. XML's flexibility allows it to represent various data
structures, making it a versatile format for data exchange and storage.

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8. Write a javascript code to find the fibonnaci series of a number ?

Ans:- To find the Fibonacci series of a given number in JavaScript, you can use a simple loop or a
recursive function. Here's a JavaScript code using a loop to find the Fibonacci series:
```javascript
functionfibonacciSeries(n) {
if (n <= 0) {
return [];
} else if (n === 1) {
return [0];
} else if (n === 2) {
return [0, 1];
}
letfibonacci = [0, 1];
for (let i = 2; i< n; i++) {
fibonacci.push(fibonacci[i - 1] + fibonacci[i - 2]);
}
returnfibonacci;
}
const number = 10; // Replace 10 with the desired number to find Fibonacci series
const result = fibonacciSeries(number);
console.log(`Fibonacci series of ${number}: ${result.join(', ')}`);
```
In this code, the `fibonacciSeries` function takes an input `n`, which represents the number of
Fibonacci series elements to generate. It then calculates and returns the Fibonacci series as an array.
When you run this code with `number = 10`, it will output:
```
Fibonacci series of 10: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
```
You can change the value of `number` to find the Fibonacci series for any other desired number.

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9. Write about the TCP/IP model ?

Ans:- The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a conceptual framework used
to understand and describe the communication protocols used on the internet and most modern
computer networks. It is named after its two most important protocols, Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which are fundamental to the functioning of the internet. The TCP/IP
model is organized into four layers, each responsible for specific tasks in the communication process.
Here are the four layers of the TCP/IP model:
1. Application Layer:
- The topmost layer of the TCP/IP model.
- It provides network services directly to end-users or applications, enabling communication
between software applications running on different devices.
- Examples of protocols in this layer include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System).
 2. Transport Layer:
- The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and data transfer between
devices on a network.
- It ensures reliable and error-free data delivery, as well as flow control and congestion control.
- The two main protocols in this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented data delivery, while UDP
offers faster, connectionless data transfer.
3. Internet Layer:
- The internet layer handles the addressing and routing of data packets between devices across
different networks.
- It is primarily responsible for logical addressing, where each device on the internet is assigned
a unique IP address.
- The Internet Protocol (IP) is the core protocol of this layer, responsible for routing packets to
their destination based on IP addresses.
4. Link Layer (or Network Access Layer):
- The link layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
- It is responsible for communication between devices on the same physical network segment,
such as a local area network (LAN).
- This layer deals with hardware addressing (MAC addresses for Ethernet networks) and the
physical transmission of data over the network medium.
The TCP/IP model is a flexible and robust framework that allows different network technologies
and protocols to work together in a seamless manner. It is widely used as the foundation for internet
communication and forms the basis for the protocols that power various applications, websites, and
services on the World Wide Web. The TCP/IP model is often compared to the OSI model, another
network reference model that consists of seven layers.

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10. Write short notes on:

i) Web client ii) DHTML iii) URI iv) JDBC v) Frames i) AJAX

Ans:- i) Web Client: A web client refers to any software application or device that accesses and
interacts with web services, websites, or web applications on the internet. Web clients are responsible
for sending requests to web servers and receiving responses to display or process the requested
content. Common examples of web clients include web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari),
mobile apps that use web APIs, and other internet-enabled devices like smartphones and tablets. Web
clients communicate with web servers using standard protocols like HTTP or HTTPS.

ii) DHTML (Dynamic HTML): Dynamic HTML (DHTML) is a combination of technologies that
allow web developers to create dynamic and interactive web pages. It combines HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript to manipulate the content and presentation of web pages in real-time. DHTML enables
developers to change the appearance and behavior of elements on a page based on user actions or
events without requiring a full page reload. It is commonly used to create interactive menus, animated
effects, and other dynamic content, enhancing the user experience on websites.

iii) URI (Uniform Resource Identifier): A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of
characters that identifies a resource on the internet or any other network. It provides a standardized
way to locate and access resources, such as web pages, images, files, and services. A URI consists of
two main components: the scheme (protocol), which specifies how to access the resource (e.g., http,
https, ftp), and the resource's address or path. URIs can be further divided into Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs), which specify the address of a resource, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs),
which provide a unique name for a resource.

iv) JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): JDBC is a Java API that allows Java applications to
interact with relational databases. It provides a set of classes and interfaces that enable developers to
execute SQL queries, retrieve data, and perform database operations from Java code. JDBC acts as a
bridge between the Java application and the database, providing a standard way to access various
database systems. By using JDBC, developers can create dynamic, data-driven applications that can
store and retrieve data from databases efficiently.

v) Frames: Frames are a feature of HTML that allows developers to divide a web page into multiple
independent sections or windows, each with its own content. These sections, known as frames, can
display different web pages or documents simultaneously. Frames are created using the `<frame>` or
`<iframe>` elements in HTML. However, the usage of frames has become less popular due to various
issues, including accessibility concerns and difficulties with search engine indexing. Modern web
development favors alternative techniques like CSS layout, server-side includes, or client-side
scripting for achieving similar effects.

vi) AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): AJAX is a web development technique that
allows web applications to retrieve and send data to a web server asynchronously, without the need for
a full page reload. AJAX combines JavaScript, XML (although JSON is more commonly used now),
and other technologies to enable dynamic and interactive user experiences. By using AJAX, web
developers can update specific parts of a web page without refreshing the entire page, leading to faster
and more responsive applications. AJAX has played a significant role in shaping modern web
applications, and it is commonly used in web development frameworks like React, Angular, and
Vue.js.

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