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Download Power Electronics 1st Edition Hart Solutions Manual all chapters
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Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS
4/03/10
7-1)
D N2 0.4 1
a ) Vo = Vs = 36 = 12 V .
1 − D N1 0.6 2
Vo2 122
b) I Lm = = = 1.67 A.
Vs DR 36(0.4)(6)
Vs D 36(0.4)
iLm = = = 1.44 A.
Lm f 100(10) −6 (100, 000)
iLm
I Lm ,max = I Lm + = 2.39 A.
2
i
I Lm ,min = I Lm − Lm = 0.947 A.
2
VD 12(0.4)
c) Vo = o = = 0.16 V .
RCf 6(50)(10) −6 (100, 000)
Vo 0.16
= = 1.33%
Vo 12
7-2)
D N2 0.6 1
a ) Vo = Vs = 4.5 = 16.9 V .
1 − D N1 0.4 0.4
Vo2 (16.9) 2
b) I Lm = = = 7.03 A.
Vs DR 4.5(0.6)(6)
Vs D 4.5(0.6)
iLm = = = 1.08 A.
Lm f 10(10) −6 (250, 000)
iLm
I Lm,max = I Lm + = 7.57 A.
2
i
I Lm,min = I Lm − Lm = 6.49 A.
2
D (0.6)
c) Vo = = = 1.6%
RCf 15(10)(10) −6 (250, 000)
7-3)
D N2 N 2 Vo 1 − D 3 1 − .32
a) Vo = Vs = = = 0.145
1 − D N1 N1 Vs D 44 .32
N
or 1 = 6.90
N2
Vo2 32
b) I Lm = = = 0.640 A.
Vs DR 44(0.32)(1)
iLm = 0.4 I Lm = 0.4(0.640) = 0.256 A.
Vs D 44(0.32)
Lm = = = 184 H .
iLm f (0.256)(300, 000)
Vo 35
b) I Lx = = = 1.75 A.
R 20
N D .35
iLx = Vs 2 − Vo = [100(1) − 35] −6
= 2.17 A.
N1 Lx f (70)(10) (150, 000)
2.17
I Lx ,max = 1.75 + = 2.83 A.
2
2.17
I Lx ,min = 1.75 − = 0.67 A.
2
V DT 100(.35)
c) iLm = s = 0.233 A.
Lm 1(10)−3150, 000
d ) isw = I1 + iLm = i pri
I sw,max = I Lx ,max (1/1) + I Lm,max = 2.83 + 0.233 = 3.06 A.
7-8)
N 1
a) Vo = Vs D 2 = 170(0.3) = 5.1 V .
N1 10
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.3
= = = 0.175%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10)−6 (500, 000)2
−6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 170(0.3)
c) iLm = = = 0.3 A.
Lm 340(10) −6 500, 000
1 1
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax = Lm ( iLm ) = (340)(10) −6 (0.3) 2 = 15.3 J
2
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 15.3(10) −6 (500, 000) = 7.65 W .
T
7-9)
N N V 50
a ) Vo = Vs D 2 D 2 = o = = 0.625
N1 N1 Vs 80
N
If 3 = 1, then D 0.5
N1
N 2 0.625 N
Let D = 0.3, then = = 2.08 or 1 = 0.48 (not unique)
N1 0.3 N2
Vo2 502 V 50
R= = = 10 ; I Lx = o = = 5 A.
P 250 R 10
V (1 − D) 50(1 − .3)
iLx = o = = 3.5 A.
Lf 100(10) −6100, 000
3.5
I Lx ,min = 5 − = 3.25 A. 0 continuous current
2
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.3
b) = = = 0.058%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(100)(10) 150(10) −6 (100, 000) 2
−6
7-10)
N 1
a) Vo = Vs D 2 = 100(0.25) = 5 V .
N1 5
using Lx = 20 H ,
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.25
= = = 0.33%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10)−6 (375, 000)2
−6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 100(0.25)
c) iLm = = 0.20 A.
Lm 333(10) −6 375, 000
1 1
Lm ( iLm ) = (333)(10) −6 (0.2) 2 = 6.66 J
2
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 6.66(10) −6 (375, 000) = 2.5 W .
T
7-11)
N N V D 125(0.3)
a ) Vo = Vs D 2 1 = s = = 0.75
N1 N 2 Vo 50
V 50
b) I Lx = o = = 2 A.; I Lx ,min = (0.4)(2) = 0.8 A.; iLx = 2(2 − 0.8) = 2.4 A.
R 25
V (1 − D)T V (1 − D)T 50(1 − 0.3)
iLx = o Lx = o = = 58.3 H .
Lx iLx 2.4(250, 000)
Vo 1− D 1− D 1 − 0.3
c) = C= = −6
= 4.8 F .
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2 Vo 2 8(58.3)(10) (0.005)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-12)
N1
Let = 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.35, then
N1 Vs D (170)(.35)
= = = 1.2396
N2 Vo 48
N1
Rounding , let = 1.25
N2
Vo N1 48
Then D = = (1.25) = 0.353
Vs N 2 170
Let f = 200 kHz , and design for iLx = 40% of I Lx
Vo (1 − D) 48(1 − 0.353)
Lx = = = 124 H
0.4 I Lx f 0.4(3.125)200, 000
Po 150
where I Lx = I o = = = 3.125 A.
Vo 48
Alternatively, solving for the minimum Lx for continuous current ,
iLx Vo Vo (1 − D)
I Lx ,min = 0 = I Lx − = −
2 R 2 Lx f
(1 − D) R (1 − 0.353)(15.36)
Lx ,min = = = 24.9 H
2f 2(200, 000)
Vo2 482
where R = = = 15.36
Po 150
Lx must be greater than 24.9 H with margin, (e.g ., 25% greater )
making Lx 31 H
Using Lx = 124 H ,
1− D 1 − 0.353
C = = 1.63 F
Vo 2 8(124)(10) −6 (0.01)(200, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-13)
150 Vs 175 V .
Vo = 30 V .
20 Po 50 W 0.667 I o 1.667 A.
Example design :
N
Let 1 = 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.3 for Vs = 150 V .
N1 Vs D (150)(0.3)
Then = = = 1.5
N2 Vo 30
Vo N1 30
For Vs = 175 V ., D = = (1.5) = 0.35
Vs N 2 175
0.3 D 0.35,
which is an acceptable range of D. Other choices are possible.
Using the design criterion of iLx = 40% of I Lx ,
Vo (1 − D)
Lx =
0.4 I Lx f
The worst case is for the smallest D and the smallest I Lx .
Letting f = 250 kHz (arbitrary ),
30(1 − 0.3)
Lx = = 315 H
0.4(0.667)(250, 000)
1− D 1 − 0.3
C = −6
= 2.22 F
Vo 2 8(315)(10) (0.002)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-14)
The current in the physical primary winding is the sum of iL1 and iLm in the model. The physical
currents in windings 2 and 3 are the same as in the model.
7-15)
N
a) Vo = 2Vs s D = 2(50)(0.5)(0.35) = 17.5 V .
N
p
V 17.5
b) I Lx = o = = 2.19 V .
R 8
V 17.5
iLx = o (0.5 − D)T = (0.5 − 0.35)150, 000 = 0.29 A.
Lx 60(10) −6
iLx 0.29
I Lx ,max = I Lx + = 2.19 + = 2.33 A.
2 2
i 0.29
I Lx ,min = I Lx − Lx = 2.19 − = 2.04 A.
2 2
Vo 1 − 2D 1 − 2(0.35)
c) = = = 0.018%
Vo 32 Lx Cf 2
32(60)(10) −6 39(10) −6 (150, 000) 2
7-16)
7-17)
diLm
Sw1 closed : vP1 = Vs = 50 = vLm = Lm
dt
diLm VLm 50
= = −3
= 25(10)3 A / s
dt Lm 2(10)
0.35
For DT = = 2.33 s iLm = 25(10)3 2.33(10) −6 = 58.3 mA.
150, 000
Sw2 closed : vP 2 = −Vs , VP1 = −Vs
diLm
= −25(10)3 A / s
dt
diLm
Both switches open : VP1 = 0 =0
dt
7-18) The input voltage vx to the filter is Vs(Ns / Np) when either switch is on, and vx is zero when both
switches are off. (See Fig. 7-8.) The voltage across Lx is therefore
N
vLx = Vs s 0 t DT
N
p
= −Vo DT t T / 2
N T 1
VLx = Vs s DT − Vo − DT =0
N p 2 T / 2
N
Vo = 2Vs s D
N
p
7-19)
Vs N s 24 1
Vo = = = 17.1 V .
2(1 − D) N p 2(1 − 0.65) 2
Vo2 17.12
I Lx = = = 1.22 A.
Vs R 24(10)
N
VSw,max = 2Vs p = 2(24)(2) = 96 V .
Ns
7-20)
Vs N s V N p / N s 50
Vo = o = =
2(1 − D) N p
Vs 2(1 − D) 30
Let D = 0.7 ( D 0.5)
N s 50
= (2)(1 − 0.7) = 1.0
N p 30
Vo2 502 Vo2 502
R= = 62.5; I Lx = = = 1.33 A.
Po 40 Vs R 30(62.5)
7-21)
Ps = Po
Vs I Lx = Vo I o
N 2(1 − D)T
I x = I o = I Lx p
Ns T
N
Vs I Lx = Vo I Lx p 2(1 − D )
Nd
N 1
Vo = Vs S
N p 2(1 − D)
7-22)
The simulation is run using a Transient Analysis with a restricted time of 3 to 3.02 ms,
representing two periods of steady-state operation. The steady-state output voltage has an average
value of approximately 30 V and peak-to-peak ripple of approximately 600 mV, ignoring the
negative spike. The average transformer primary and secondary currents are 912 mA and 83.5
mA, respectively. The output voltage is lower than the predicted value of 36 V because of the
nonideal switch and diode, mostly from the switch. The output voltage ripple is 2%, matching the
predicted value. The converter would operate much better with a switch that has a lower on
resistance.
30.5V
Output voltage
(3.0041m,30.295)
(3.0200m,30.057)
30.0V
(3.0141m,29.697)
29.5V
3.000ms 3.004ms 3.008ms 3.012ms 3.016ms 3.020ms
V(Output) AVG(V(Output))
Time
4.0A
Primary current
2.0A (3.0200m,912.072m)
0A
I(TX1:1) AVG(I(TX1:1))
200mA
0A
(3.0200m,83.489m)
Secondary current
SEL>>
-200mA
3.000ms 3.005ms 3.010ms 3.015ms 3.020ms
I(TX1:3) AVG(I(TX1:3))
Time
7-23)
Using a nonideal switch and diode produces lower values for the currents. For iLx, the maximum,
minimum, and average values in PSpice are 1.446 A, 0.900 A, and 1.17 A, compared to 1.56 A,
1.01 A, and 1.28 A, respectively. However, the peak-to-peak variation in iLx in PSpice matches
that of the ideal circuit (0.55 A).
2.0A
(3.6286m,900.720m)
(3.6114m,1.4463)
SEL>>
0A
I(Lx)
2.0A
0A (3.6114m,1.5068)
(3.6287m,603.330m)
-2.0A
I(L1)
2.0A
0A (3.6114m,1.4463)
(3.6287m,903.647m)
-2.0A
-I(L2)
1.0A
0A (3.6115m,539.288m)
-1.0A
3.60ms 3.61ms 3.62ms 3.63ms 3.64ms 3.65ms 3.66ms
I(L3)
Time
7-24)
Design for θco= -210° and a gain of 20 dB for a cross over frequency of 12 kHz.
From Eq. 7 − 85, K = 3.73 : co = 2 12000 = 75400 radis
co75400
z = = = 20200 rad / s
K 3.73
R
For gain = 20 dB, 2 = 10
R1
Let R1 = 1 k , R2 = 10 k
1 1
C1 = = 4.95 nF ; C2 = = 355 pF
R2z p R2
7-25)
comp = 45 − (−105) = 150
150
K = tan comp = tan = 3.73
2 2
Gain = 15 dB + 9.5 dB = 24.5 dB
G = 1024.5/20 = 16.8
R2
= 16.8
R1
Let R1 = 1 k and R2 = 16.8 k
K 3.73
C1 = = = 7.07 nF
2 f co R2 2 (5000)(16,800)
1 1
C2 = = = 508 pF
K 2 f co R2 3.73(2 5000)(16,800)
7-26)
Using Vs = 6 V as in Example 7-8, the frequency response of the open-loop system shows that
the crossover frequency is approximately 16.8 kHz. The phase angle at the crossover frequency is
17°, which is much less than the desired value of at least 45°. Therefore, the system does not have
the desired degree of stability.
120
Phase
80
Magnitude (dB)
40
(16.814K,16.866)
(16.814K,48.439m)
0
-40
10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(error)) P(V(error))
Frequency
7-27)
"Ne kun pitäisi nyt saada ne luokkarajat niin selviksi ja porvarit niin
keljuiksi että se olisi sitte jokaiselle aivan selvä. Sellainen on
piirisihteerin määräys että sitä asiaa on tästälähtien yhtenään
jauhettava ja pantava väriä niin paksusti että sokeakin näkee. Totuus
ei ole siinä että se on totta, vaan siinä että se nähdään ja kuullaan,
niin sanoi piirisihteeri, aivan näillä sanoilla sanoi. Pitää panna niihin
luokkarajoihin väriä paksusti, sanoi, ja että pitää jokaisen
luokkatietoisen työläisen käydä vielä salaa pyllistämässäkin sinne
porvarien ovenpieliin että ne oikein löyhkäisivät. Niin sanoi, hehheh."
*****
Sillä sitä ei ilkeä sanoa että on lyöty. — Niin se kävi että Pekka
kun koetti Talolla, apeuttaan lieventääkseen, vähäsen tanssahtaa,
niin siinä sattui sällien kanssa tulemaan riitaa. Lopuksi, kadulle
tullessa, löi muutama heppu takaapäin Pekan puolipyörryksiin.
Nyrkkiraudalla löi, ja sanoi että: Siinä on sulle veljeyttä. Toinen vielä
potkiskeli kaatunutta, ja lisäsi: Ja tästä saat rakkautta.
"Minä tulen."
"Isä!"
"Toista tuhatta."
"Isä!"
"En tiedä."
"Ei se ole sen kummempi kuin etten tosiaankaan tiedä. Jätin äitin
jo neljä vuotta takaperin. En ole voinut sitä naista sietää sen
jouluaaton jälkeen. Ymmärrättehän? Ja sitte tuli muitakin asioita —
minun täytynee tässä sanoa että tuli pikkuvelikin, jonka isää en
varmasti tiedä."
"Luulen niin."
"Se osa perintöä tuli liian myöhään. Olen jo tuhlannut sen kaiken
edeltäkäsin."
Niin sitä siis mennään! Isä tilaa vielä kaksi autoa oven eteen.
"Vai niin. Se on hyvä, all right. Terve nyt, tuohon käteen. Hyvästi."
"Hyvästi."