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evsjv‡`k-AvšÍR©vwZK-†gŠwjK wel‡qi mgš^‡q
mvaviY Ávb
BDwbfvwm©wU I Re cÖ¯‘wZi c~Y©v½ Av‡jvPbv

iPbv I m�úv`bvq
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ivóªweÁvb wefvM
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GK ey÷vi eB�U wiwWs covi mgq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co‡eb, QUdU Ki‡eb bv KviY, Concentra�on is
paying a�en�on to a chosen thought. �wZ�U UwcK �_‡g wiwWs covi †Póv Kiæb| gyL� bq eis
Kb‡mÞ w�qvi Kiæb|
eB�U wiwWs c‡o †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡jB �cbvi ��we�vm †e‡o wظb n‡e Bbkv ��vn|
÷vi wPwýZ UwcK¸‡jv †Kv‡bv g~‡j¨B Qvo‡eb bv|
m�ú~Y© eB�U `y-evi wiwfkb w`‡jB �cwb PgrKvi cixÿv w`‡eb, wek^vm Kiæb|
eB�U‡Z wewf� wel‡q mswÿß �‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z M‡íi Q‡j �cwb †�ÿvcU gv_vq ivL‡Z
cv‡ib|
GK ey÷vi eB�U Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wewf� miKvwi PvKzix, XvKv we�we`¨vj‡qi B BDwbU,
Rvnv½xibMi B, I C BDwbU, PÆ�vg we�we`¨v‡qi B BDwbU, ivRkvnx we�we`¨vj‡qi A BDwbU , GST fz³
B BDwbUmn mKj cixÿvq mvaviY Áv‡bi wm‡jevm Kvfvi Ki‡e| GST-Gi Rb¨ GBPGmwmi †gvU 16
mve‡R‡±i mswÿß wbh©vm hy³ Kiv �‡Q eB�Ui †k‡l †gŠwjK As‡k| �kv ivwL Gi evwn‡i �� �m‡e
bv|
hviv gvbweK wefv‡Mi bb wK� �vRy‡qkb Ki‡Z Pvb Kjv ev mvgvwRK weÁvb Abyl‡` A_ev PvKzix ‡c‡Z
Pvb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ eB�U n‡Z cv‡i �vg KvW©| KviY avivevwnK mymw¾Z UwcKmg~n Lye mn‡RB �qË n‡e
Ges Kg c‡oB †ewk b�i �m‡e| evRv‡i �PwjZ Z_vKw_Z weL¨vZ eB †_‡KI †ewk Kg‡bi wbðqZv
w`w”Q, ��v ivLyb|
wewmGm w�wj �v_x© ‡`i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k, ��R©vwZK, mykvmb I f~ ‡Mvjmn †gvU 70 b�i Kvfvi Ki‡e GK
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wewea evK¨
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GKvwaK eB bv c‡o GB eB�U GKvwaKevi cW�–b, �cwb fv‡jv Ki‡Z eva¨|
w� civgk© �i g�U‡fkb †_‡K `~‡i _vKzb| g‡b ivL‡eb, �cbvi mvd‡j¨i PvweKv�V �cbvi nv‡ZB
Ah_v †`Šov‡`Šwoi K‡i mgq bó Ki‡eb bv|
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 m~wPcÎ
evsjv‡`k welqvewj
evsjvi BwZnvm
ev½vwj RvwZi DrcwË ....................................... 17
Abvh© I Avh© Rb‡Mvôx...................................... 17
evsjv bv‡gi DrcwË ......................................... 18
cÖvPxb evsjvi HwZnvwmK MÖš’ ............................. 18
Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvMZ cwieªvRK ........................... 19
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`mg~n .................................. 20
weL¨vZ ivRavbx .............................................. 22
cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm
†gŠh© hy‡M evsjv .............................................. 24
¸ß hy‡M evsjv ................................................ 26
¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨ ............................................ 27
gvrm¨b¨vq ..................................................... 27
cyl¨f~wZ ivR¨................................................. 27
cvj kvmbvgj ................................................ 28
`wÿY-c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxb ivR¨ ............................ 30
†mb kvmbvgj ................................................ 30
Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi Avwe©fve
myjZvb gvngy‡`i fviZ Awfhvb.......................... 31
Z¡ivB‡bi hy× ................................................. 32
evsjvq gymwjg kvmbvgj ................................... 33
evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx kvmb .............................. 34
Bwjqvm kvnx kvmb .......................................... 34
û‡mb kvnx kvmb ............................................ 34
Be‡b eZzZv ................................................... 35
ev‡iv fuyBqv‡`i BwZnvm .................................... 36
w`wjø mvjZvbvZ
`vm esk ...................................................... 37
LjwR esk .................................................... 37
ZzNjK esk................................................... 38
gyNj mv¤ªvR¨ (1526-1857) ............................. 39
evsjvq my‡e`vwi kvmbvgj ................................. 44
evsjvq bevex Avgj ........................................ 47
gyNj Avg‡ji weL¨vZ ¯’vcZ¨ ..............................49
evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb
BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡`i Av‡`¨vcvšÍ .......................... 50
evsjvq Bs‡iR kvmb ........................................52
Bs‡iR Mfb©‡ii Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbv......................52
evsjvq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ji I kvmbKvj .................... 54
fvi‡Z Mfb©i †Rbv‡ji I kvmbKvj .................... 54
GK bR‡i Bs‡iR KxwZ© .....................................56
e½f½ ......................................................... 58
¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ............................................ 58
evsjvq wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb.....................................59
evsjvq ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb..................................60
¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖvYcyiæl ............................64
fviZ wefvMc~e© ivRbxwZ
fviZ kvmb AvBb .......................................... 67
K…lK cÖRv cvwU© I †k‡i evsjv ............................ 67
wØ-RvwZZË¡ ................................................... 68
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve ................................................. 68
wµcm wgkb .................................................. 68
fviZ Qvo Av‡›`vjb........................................ 68
cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi .............................................. 68
gš¿x wgkb ..................................................... 68
Awef³ evsjvi 3 g~L¨gš¿x ................................ 69
KjKvZv `v½v................................................. 69
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj
c~e© evsjv I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mf©bi ...................... 70
c~e© evsjvi g~L¨gš¿x ......................................... 70
AvIqvgx jxM cÖwZôv ........................................ 71
fvlv Av‡›`vjb ............................................... 72
ZgÏyb gRwjm ............................................... 72
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖviw¤¢KZv ............................... 72
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi DËvj w`b ............................... 74
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi kwn` ..................................... 75
kwn` ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ ................................................ 75
ivóªfvlv ¯^xK…wZ .............................................. 77
hv wKQz GKz‡k cÖ_g ......................................... 78
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯’vcbv I Mvb ........................... 79
hy³d«›U wbe©vPb............................................... 81
21 `dvi g~j welq .......................................... 81
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g kvmbZš¿ ................................. 82
KvMgvix m‡¤§jb ............................................. 82
mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi.......................................... 82
†gŠwjK MYZš¿ ............................................... 83
wkÿv Av‡›`vjb .............................................. 83
cvK-fviZ hy× ............................................... 83
1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv ...................................... 84
AvMiZjv gvgjv ............................................. 85
1969 mv‡ji MY-Af¨yÌvb ................................. 86
1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb ............................. 88
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× I ¯^vaxbZv
1971 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡mi NUbvcÖevn ..................... 89
gyw³hy×Kvjxb Acv‡ikb ................................... 91
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ ........................................ 92
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª .................................. 94
gywRebMi miKv‡ii MVb I Kvh©vewj .................... 95
gyw³hy‡×i iY‡KŠkj ........................................ 98
gyw³hy‡×i evwnbx............................................. 99
†m±i I KgvÛviMY ........................................ 100
hy‡× we‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i Ae`vb ......................... 102
KbmvU© di evsjv‡`k...................................... 104
gyw³hy‡× e„nr kw³e‡M©i f~wgKv.......................... 105
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK„wZ`vb ................................... 106
exiZ¡m~PK †LZve........................................... 107
mvZ exi‡kÖô ................................................108
bvix exi cÖZxK I gyw³‡hv×v............................. 110
1971 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi NUbvewj................. 111
P~ovšÍ weRq I AvZ¥mgc©b ............................... 112
wmgjv Pzw³ .................................................. 113
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm, bvUK, MÖš’ .................... 114
gyw³hy×wfwËK Pjw”PÎ, fv¯‹h© ........................... 115
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ............................... 117
Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx ........................................ 118
Avgvi †`Lv bqv Pxb ....................................... 119
KvivMv‡ii †ivRbvgPv ..................................... 119
e½eÜz nZ¨vKvÛ I †mbvkvmb ........................... 120
gyw³hy× cieZ©x c`‡ÿc .................................. 121
MYcwil` I msweavb
MYcwil` I msweavb...................................... 122
msweavb I MYcwil` mswkøó e¨w³Z¡ ................... 122
msL¨vgq msweavb .......................................... 124
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ....................... 126
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv..................................... 141
RvZxq msm` ................................................ 141
RvZxq msm` cwiPvjbv mswkøó e¨w³Z¡................. 142
AvBbmfv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Uvg© ........................... 142
evsjv‡`‡ki MY‡fvU I cÖ_g wbe©vPb ................... 143
wbe©vnx ev kvmb wefvM
gš¿YvjqwfwËK wefvMmg~n................................ 145
ivóªcwZ....................................................... 145
cÖavbgš¿x ..................................................... 146
gwš¿cwil` ..................................................... 14
‡K›`ªxq cÖkvmb ............................................. 147
gvV cÖkvmb ................................................. 147
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi ............................... 148
evsjv‡`‡ki mvsweavwbK I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v.............. 149
wePvi wefvM
evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM................................. 152
‡`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vwi wePvi ............................. 152
mywcÖg †KvU© I Ab¨vb¨ Av`vjZ ......................... 153
evsjv‡`‡ki evi KvDwÝj ................................ 154
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvm‡b cÖ_g
cÖ_g cÖkvmwbK e¨w³eM© .................................. 155
cÖkvm‡b bvix cÖ_g ........................................ 155
cÖ_g PvjyK…Z bxwZ ......................................... 155
evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ........................................ 155
evsjv‡`‡ki †kÖó ........................................... 155
ms¯’v I cÖwZôvb cÖavb .................................... 156
M‡elYv †K›`ª I cÖwZôvb ................................. 156
Pjgvb wKQz cÖKí .......................................... 157
cÖwZiÿv I wbivcËv evwnbx
evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx ..................................... 158
evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx .................................... 158
evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbx ....................................... 158
AvBbk„•Ljv evwnbx ........................................ 158
AvšÍevwnbx ms¯’vmg~n ..................................... 160
mykvmb
mykvm‡bi cÖvgvb¨ aviYv ...................................161
g~j¨‡eva ..................................................... 162
‰bwZKZv .................................................... 163
AvBb......................................................... 164
AvaywbK ivóªe¨e¯’v ......................................... 165
gvbevwaKvi ................................................. 165
MYZš¿, B-Mfv‡b©Ý, weKí miKvi...................... 165
RvwZ I RvZxqZv .......................................... 166
mvg¨ I mgvR .............................................. 166
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx ......................................... 166
mykxj mgvR ................................................. 167
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj
RvZxq c`K ................................................. 169
RvZxq cÖZxK................................................ 169
miKv‡ii wmj‡gvni ....................................... 170
RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa ........................................... 170
RvZxq msMxZ ............................................... 170
RvZxq Kwe .................................................. 171
RvZxq eb I Ab¨vb¨ RvZxq welq ...................... 172
f~‡Mvj
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb I AvqZb .......................... 174
evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ...................................... 174
mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi cuvP ivR¨ ............................ 176
AvqZb I mxgvbv........................................... 176
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvšÍxq I mxgvšÍeZ©x ¯’vb .................. 177
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`-b`x I Ab¨vb¨ .................. 181
evsjv‡`‡ki ebR m¤ú` .................................. 190
my›`ieb ...................................................... 192
evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvo, ce©Z, Sb©v.......................... 194
mgy`ª‰mKZ, Øxc, †jK..................................... 196
‡fŠ‡MvwjK Dcbvg I cÖvPxb bvg ........................ 199
f~‡Mv‡ji cÖv_wgK aviYv .................................. 201
gnvwek^ I †R¨vwZ®‹gÛj ..................................202
‡mŠiRMr.................................................... 203
K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni BwZnvm ...................................206
`y‡hv©M.........................................................207
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy ....................................... 213
AÂjwfwËK ‡fŠZ cwi‡ek ............................... 215
f~Z¡‡Ki Af¨šÍixY MVb I Dcv`vb ..................... 217
c„w_exi evwn¨K MVb ....................................... 218
we‡k^i weL¨vZ Øxc ......................................... 222
c„w_exi we‡kl AÂj ......................................224
gvjf~wg I mgf~wg.......................................... 226
b`xi mÂqRvZ f~wgiƒc ...................................227
b`xi ÿqRvZ f~wgiƒc .....................................228
evqygÐj ..................................................... 229
evwigÐj ..................................................... 231
gnvmvMixq Øxc ............................................ 232
¯’j‡ewóZ ivóª .............................................. 233
AvšÍR©vwZK b`xi DrcwË I ZxieZ©x kni ............ 234
we‡k^i cÖavb mgy`ªe›`i ................................... 235
mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡ki f~wgiƒc ............................... 236
e„wócvZ ...................................................... 237
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy Dcv`vb............................ 238
KvíwbK e„wócv‡Zi bvg................................... 240
c„w_exi AvKvi AvK…wZ .................................... 241
AvwýK evwl©K MwZ ........................................ 243
†Rvqvi fvUv ................................................ 244
P›`ª I m~h©MÖnY.............................................. 245
we‡k^i weL¨vZ cÖYvjx I jvBb ........................... 247
wkÿv
†`‡ki cÖvPxb wkÿv cÖwZôvb ............................. 255
wkÿv Kwgkb ............................................... 255
cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq ............................ 256
gva¨wgK I mswkøó welq .................................. 257
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq.............................................. 257
wkÿv ‡evW© .................................................. 258
wek^we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb ............................... 258
cvewjK wek^we`¨vjqmg~n ................................ 259
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©e¨e¯’v
A_©wefvM .................................................... 264
gy`ªv e¨e¯’v .................................................. 265
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ............................................ 266
MÖvgxY e¨vsK ................................................ 267
‰e‡`wkK evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM ............................ 268
wewWGd .................................................... 268
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ...................................... 269
A_©‰bwZK †gŠwjK aviYv ................................. 269
†kqvi evRvi ............................................... 272
Riæix †mev b¤^i ........................................... 274
evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx
AÂjwfwËK DcRvwZ ......................................275
DcRvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª ............................... 277
DcRvZxq Drme .......................................... 277
Rxebaviv ....................................................279
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤ú`
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl............................................ 281
wewfbœ dm‡ji RvZ ....................................... 283
K…wl m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨............................... 283
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl welqK ms¯’v .......................... 284
evsjv‡`‡ki ebR m¤ú` ................................. 285
evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú` ................................ 287
M¨vm‡ÿÎ.....................................................290
cÖvwYR m¤ú` ................................................ 292
we`y¨r m¤ú` .................................................293
evsjv‡`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨
evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq ............................................294
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AÂj KZ©„cÿ(‡eRv) .........295
evsjv‡`‡ki EPZ.........................................295
e½eÜz wkíbMi .............................................295
wkí gš¿Yvjq................................................295
†cvlvK wkí ................................................. 296
Jla wkí .................................................... 296
Pvgiv wkí ................................................... 296
KvMR wkí ...................................................297
wPwb KviLvbv ................................................297
mvi KviLvbv ................................................297
cvU wkí .....................................................298
RvnvR wkí ..................................................298
ch©Ub wkí ...................................................298
mgy`ª e›`i ................................................... 299
wewfbœ w`em I msev`cÎ
w`em .......................................................... 301
evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ.................................... 303
weL¨vZ msev`cÎ I m¤úv`K ........................... 303
 evsjv‡`‡ki wkí ms¯‹…wZ
evsjv‡`‡ki weL¨vZ Pviæ wkíxMY....................... 305
mvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡ .......................................... 308
evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”PÎ I Ab¨vb¨.......................... 310
†`kxq hš¿ ................................................... 313
`„k¨Kjv...................................................... 314
¯§„wZ‡mŠa I fv¯‹h© ........................................ 316
evsjv‡`‡ki HwZnvwmK ¯’vb I wb`k©b ................ 321
cÖvPxb †eŠ× wenvi ......................................... 323
weL¨vZ gmwR` ............................................. 327
cÖZœZvwZ¡K wb`k©b ......................................... 328
KbwdDkb .................................................. 329
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb
wKQz RvZxq cÖwZôvb ....................................... 330
weL¨vZ Rv`yNi ............................................. 331
Ab¨vb¨ Rv`yNi I ¯’vb .................................... 332
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^v¯’‡mev
AvšÍR©vwZK D`ivgq M‡elYv †K›`ª ..................... 334
¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv I cwievi Kj¨vY wefvM ................... 334
wb‡cvU© ....................................................... 334
evW© ........................................................... 334
MY¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª............................................... 334
evi‡Wg, Rxeb Zix ....................................... 335
m¤úªmvwiZ wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP .............................. 335
AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b evsjv‡`k
AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b evsjv‡`k ............................ 336
evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª weRq .................................. 338
XvKvq AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`i `ßi ................... 338
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯§i‡Y wbwg©Z ................................ 338
‰e‡`wkK Kvh©µg .......................................... 338
K~U‰bwZK wgkb ............................................ 339
HwZnvwmK Pzw³ ............................................ 340
Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³ ................................................. 341
cwienY I ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
moK c_ .................................................... 342
eûg~Lx †mZz .................................................342
†bŠ c_ ...................................................... 343
†ij c_ ..................................................... 343
AvKvk c_ .................................................. 343
Gwkqvb nvBIqvb cÖKí .................................. 344
wgwWqv I MYgva¨g
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb ...................................... 346
evsjv‡`k †eZvi........................................... 346
evsjv Pjw”PÎ .............................................. 346
WvK e¨e¯’v ................................................. 347
Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v.................................. 347
evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv
SDGs ..................................................... 348
MDGs .................................................... 348
iƒcKí 2041 ev fxlY evsjv‡`k...................... 348
¯§vU© evsjv‡`k ............................................. 349
†Wëv cøvb 2100 .......................................... 349
LDC †_‡K D‡ËviY .................................... 350
†Ljva~jvq evsjv‡`k
†Ljva~jvq evsjv‡`k ....................................... 351
wµ‡KU ....................................................... 351
`vev I muvZvi ............................................... 351
 m~wPcÎ
AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Gwkqv gnv‡`k cwiwPwZ
Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k ¯^vaxb 44wU †`k ................. 354
Gwkqvi e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg ........................... 355
Av‡jvwPZ AÂj ...................................... 355
`wÿY Gwkqv
fviZ.................................................... 356
cvwK¯Ívb ................................................ 362
kÖxj¼v ................................................... 363
gvjØxc ................................................. 364
†bcvj .................................................. 365
fzUvb .................................................... 365
AvdMvwb¯Ívb ........................................... 366
`wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv I Ab¨vb¨
B‡›`vPxb ................................................ 368
K‡¤^vwWqv ............................................... 368
wf‡qZbvg .............................................. 368
jvIm ................................................... 368
c~e© wZgyi ............................................... 368
gvqvbgvi ............................................... 369
_vBj¨vÛ ................................................ 370
B‡›`v‡bwkqv............................................ 371
gvj‡qwkqv ............................................. 372
wdwjcvBb .............................................. 372
`~i cÖvP¨/ DËi-c~e© Gwkqv
Pxb ...................................................... 373
DËi †Kvwiqv .......................................... 378
`wÿY †Kvwiqv ......................................... 378
Rvcvb .................................................. 379
ZvBIqvb............................................... 379
g‡½vwjqv ............................................... 379
ga¨ Gwkqv I ga¨cÖvP¨
ga¨ Gwkqvb ivóªmg~n ................................ 380
BivK ................................................... 381
Bivb .................................................... 382
wmwiqv .................................................. 383
Bmiv‡qj............................................... 384
wdwjw¯Íb ............................................... 387
B‡q‡gb ................................................ 388
KvZvi .................................................. 389
†jevbb ................................................. 389
†mŠw` Avie............................................ 389
wgki.................................................... 390
Zzi®‹ .................................................... 390
BD‡ivc gnv‡`k
BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxb 48wU †`k .............391
BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡ki ivRavbx I gy`ªv ............... 392
BD‡ivc m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv ............... 392
BD‡iv‡ci e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg ........................ 393
BD‡iv‡ci hv weQz weL¨vZ........................... 393
weª‡Ub ................................................... 393
ivwkqv .................................................. 397
Rvg©vwb.................................................. 401
d«vÝ ..................................................... 403
wMÖm ..................................................... 407
BZvwj ................................................... 409
†¯úb .................................................... 411
f¨vwUKvb ............................................... 412
Awֻqv .................................................. 412
Avj‡ewbqv ............................................. 412
†cvjvÛ ................................................. 412
BD‡µb ................................................. 413
Avqvij¨vÛ ............................................. 413
mvb g¨vwi‡bv ........................................... 413
†ejwRqvg .............................................. 413
cZ©yMvj ................................................. 413
†gvbv‡Kv ................................................ 414
RwR©qv .................................................. 414
iægvwbqv ................................................ 414
myBRvij¨vÛ ............................................ 414
eyj‡Mwiqv .............................................. 414
mvBcÖvm ................................................. 414
gvëv .................................................... 414
BD‡iv‡ci we‡kl AÂj
¯‹¨vbwÛ‡bwfqvb ....................................... 415
ejKvb AÂj .......................................... 416
mv‡eK hy‡Mvkøvwfqv ................................... 416
K‡Kkvm ............................................... 417
evwëK AÂj .......................................... 417
DËi Av‡gwiKv
DËi Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxb 48wU ivóª................. 418
DËi Av‡gwiKvi ‡`kmg~‡ni ivRavbx I gy`ªv ... 418
DËi Av‡gwiKv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv ...... 418
gvwK©b hy³ivóª ......................................... 419
KvbvWv .................................................. 428
†gw·‡Kv ................................................ 429
ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †`kmg~n ........................... 429
ga¨ Av‡gwiKv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv........ 430
`wÿY Av‡gwiKv
`wÿY Av‡gwiKv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv ..... 430
Av‡R©bwUbv ............................................ 431
eªvwRj .................................................. 431
‡fwbRy‡qjv ............................................ 431
wPwj ..................................................... 431
ewjwfqv ................................................ 431
Kjw¤^qv................................................. 432
BKz‡qWi ............................................... 432
mywibvg ................................................. 432
†ciæ .................................................... 432
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki 54wU ¯^vaxb †`k ............. 433
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv ..... 433
Avwd«Kvi ivRavbx I gy`ªv ........................... 434
Bw_Iwcqv .............................................. 434
wgki.................................................... 435
my‡qR Lvj ............................................. 435
bxj b` ................................................. 435
K¨v¤ú‡WwfW Pzw³ .................................... 435
‡mvgvwjqv .............................................. 436
wR¤^vey‡q................................................ 436
†Kwbqv ................................................. 436
gwikvm ................................................. 436
gv`vMv¯‹vi ............................................. 436
my`vb.................................................... 437
wjweqv .................................................. 437
wZDwbwkqv ............................................. 437
gi‡°v .................................................. 437
`wÿY my`vb ........................................... 437
wm‡qiv wjIb .......................................... 438
jvB‡ewiqv ............................................. 438
DMvÛv .................................................. 438
bvB‡Rwiqv ............................................. 438
`wÿY Avwd«Kv ......................................... 439
Avwd«Kv m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ ..................... 440
I‡kwbqv gnv‡`k
I‡kwbqv gnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxb ivóª..................... 441
I‡kwbqv ‡`kmg~‡ni ivRavbx I gy`ªv ............. 441
A‡÷ªwjqv .............................................. 441
wbDwRj¨vÛ ............................................. 442
†gjv‡bwkqv ............................................ 442
cwj‡bwkqv ............................................. 443
gvB‡µv‡bwkqv ......................................... 443
G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k................................... 443
mv‡eK Dcwb‡ewkK ivóªmg~n
mv‡eK Dcwb‡ewkK ivóªmg~n ....................... 444
weMZ eQ‡i Avmv MCQ .......................... 444
gvbe mgv‡Ri weeZ©b
gvbe mgv‡Ri weeZ©b ................................ 446
mf¨Zvi DËiY ........................................ 447
mf¨Zv m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ ...................... 453
wek¦hy×
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ‡cÖÿvcU ............................ 454
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i g~j KviY ........................... 454
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i djvdj ............................ 455
wØZxq wek¦hy×.......................................... 458
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i cUf~wg ............................. 458
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i `vgvgv ............................. 459
hy‡×i mgvwß ........................................... 463
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mv‡_ RwoZ MÖš’ I ÷¨vPz ....... 463
RvwZmsN
RvwZmsN ............................................... 465
GKbR‡i RvwZmsN .................................. 465
RvwZms‡Ni we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v....................... 475
‡eªUb DW&m m‡¤§jb .................................. 476
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej ............................. 477
wek^e¨vsK MÖæc ........................................ 477
wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v..................................... 477
RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v
UNESCO ......................................... 478
ILO ................................................... 479
WHO ................................................ 479
FAO ................................................. 479
WFP ................................................. 479
IOM ................................................. 480
IFAD ............................................... 480
IAEA ............................................... 481
IMO ................................................. 481
WIPO .............................................. 481
IMO ................................................. 481
WIPO .............................................. 481
UPU ................................................. 481
UNIDO ............................................ 481
UNICEF .......................................... 481
ITU .................................................. 481
ICAO................................................ 481
UNCTAD ......................................... 481
UNHCR .......................................... 482
UNCHE ........................................... 482
UNDP .............................................. 482
UNHCR ........................................... 482
UNCHE ........................................... 482
UNDP .............................................. 482
UNFPA ........................................... 482
RvwZms‡Ni bvix welqK msMVb
bvix welqK msMVb .................................. 483
CEDAW ........................................... 483
UNIFEM .......................................... 483
UN Women ...................................... 483
AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK ‡RvU
G-7 ................................................... 484
G-77 .................................................. 484
EU ..................................................... 484
D-8 .................................................... 486
CIRDAP ........................................... 486
APEC................................................ 486
OPEC ............................................... 486
G-20 .................................................. 487
ADB .................................................. 487
OECD ............................................... 487
BRICS .............................................. 487
AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK ‡RvU
Avie jxM .............................................. 489
OIC ................................................... 489
NAM ................................................. 490
Commonwealth .............................. 491
AU ..................................................... 492
OAS .................................................. 492
AvšÍR©vwZK mvgwiK msMVb
b¨v‡Uv ................................................... 493
AKvm ................................................... 493
AvbRym ................................................. 493
IMCTC ............................................. 493
UNODA ............................................ 493
OPCW .............................................. 494
CSDP ................................................ 494
ASF ................................................... 494
Interpol ............................................ 494
‡KvqvW ................................................. 494
Ab¨vb¨ †RvU .......................................... 495
AvšÍR©vwZK `vZe¨ msMVb .......................... 497
weL¨vZ K‡qKwU Kb‡fbkb
‡R‡bfv................................................. 498
ivgmvi ................................................. 498
wf‡qbv.................................................. 498
ev‡mj .................................................. 498
Ab¨vb¨ Kb‡fbkb ................................... 498
AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ekMZ Bmy¨
Rxe I ˆewPÎ msiÿY Kb‡fbkb ................. 500
UNFCCC ......................................... 500
V-20 ................................................. 500
IPCC ............................................... 500
UNEP .............................................. 500
awiÎx m‡¤§jb ....................................... 500
wek^ Rjevqy m‡¤§jb ................................ 501
cwi‡ek msµvšÍ w`em ............................... 501
AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ekev`x ms¯’v
IUCN ................................................ 501
WWF................................................ 502
Greenpeace ...................................... 502
WRI.................................................. 502
Friday For Future .......................... 502
cwi‡ek welqK Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ ....................... 502
wewfbœ AvÂwjK ms¯’v
mvK© ..................................................... 504
Avwmqvb................................................ 505
Avwmqv‡bi AvÂwjK †dvivg ....................... 506
GCC ................................................. 506
CIRDAP ........................................... 506
Gwkqvi we‡kl AÂj
Gwkqvi we‡kl AÂj ................................ 507
c„w_exi wewfbœ we‡kl AÂj ........................ 507
Av‡jvwPZ †Mwijv I †Mv‡q›`v msMVb............. 509
wewfbœ †Mwijv Ges ivR‰bwZK `j ................ 510
weL¨vZ wecøe
iæk wecøe .............................................. 512
divmx wecøe ........................................... 512
‡iu‡bmv .................................................. 514
wkí wecøe .............................................. 514
Biv‡bi Bmjvwg wecøe ............................... 515
kÖwgK wecøe ............................................ 515
Pxbv wecøe .............................................. 515
Avie emšÍ wecøe ..................................... 515
Av‡jvwPZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯‹qvi ........................... 516
meyR wecøe ............................................. 516
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ hy×mg~n
¯œvqy hy× ................................................. 517
cÖ_g I wØZxq Avwdg hy×........................... 518
cÖ_g DcmvMixq hy× ................................. 518
IqvUvi jy hy× ......................................... 518
UªvdvjMvi hy× ......................................... 518
dKj¨vÛ hy× ........................................... 518
wf‡qZbvg hy× ......................................... 518
kZel© hy× ............................................. 518
BivK-Bivb hy× ....................................... 519
iæk-Rvcvb hy×........................................ 519
Pxb-Rvcvb hy× ........................................ 519
B½-evg©v hy× ........................................... 519
wµwgqv hy×............................................. 519
Av‡gwiKvb M„nhy× .................................... 519
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ hy× .................... 520
wKQz KzL¨vZ MYnZ¨v ................................. 522
HwZnvwmK Pzw³mg~n
HwZnvwmK Pzw³mg~n ................................. 522
K~U‰bwZK cwifvlv ................................... 528
ivR‰bwZK Uvg© ....................................... 529
ga¨hyM
‡ivgvb mv¤ªvR¨ ........................................ 530
Aviweq mf¨Zvi DÌvb I weKvk .................. 531
†`kwfwËK gy`ªv
Wjvi ................................................... 533
BD‡iv I Ab¨vb¨ gy`ªv ................................ 533
wWwRUvj gy`ªv I ÷K GK‡PÄ ...................... 628
‡fŠ‡MvwjK Dcbvg
‡fŠ‡MvwjK Dcbvg ................................... 636
weL¨vZ e¨w³‡`i Dcvwa ............................. 537
we‡k^i wewfbœ DcRvwZ ............................... 538
¯’vcZ¨ .................................................. 539
weL¨vZ evmfeb ...................................... 539
wewfbœ †`‡ki mwPevjq .............................. 540
weL¨vZ e¨w³ Rxebx
weL¨vZ e¨w³ Rxebx.................................. 541
weL¨vZ `vk©wbK ....................................... 542
weL¨vZ weÁvbx ........................................ 543
AvBbmfv .............................................. 541
weL¨vZ Mªš’vewj ....................................... 545
weL¨vZ gbxlxi Dw³ ................................. 551
weL¨vZ AvBbmfv I Ab¨vb¨
weL¨vZ AvBbmfv..................................... 553
AvqZ‡b e„nËg-ÿz`ªZg ............................. 554
we‡k^i `xN©Zg ......................................... 554
we‡k^i e„nËg .......................................... 554
we‡k^i D”PZg ........................................ 555
wewfbœ wel‡qi D™¢e I ¯’vb ......................... 555
we‡k^i cÖ_g e¨w³ ev e¯‘ ............................ 556
we‡k^i BwZnv‡m bvix ................................. 556
wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖPwjZ fvlv
wewfbœ ‡`‡ki fvlv.................................... 558
wegvb ms¯’v ............................................ 559
wegvbe›`i ............................................. 560
wewfbœ †`‡ki RvZxq cÖZxK ........................ 560
wewfbœ welq ev kv‡¯¿i RbK
kv‡¯¿i RbK ........................................... 561
wewfbœ Z‡Ë¦i RbK ................................... 562
wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖvPxb bvg ............................ 564
wewfbœ †`‡ki msev` ms¯’v
wewfbœ †`‡ki msev` ms¯’v .......................... 565
weL¨vZ wbDR P¨v‡bj ................................ 566
weL¨vZ wPÎKg©
weL¨vZ wPÎKg© ........................................ 569
`vk©wbK gZev` ....................................... 571
ag©
Bmjvg .................................................. 573
wn›`y ..................................................... 574
†eŠ× .................................................... 575
wLªóvb ................................................... 576
‰Rbag© ................................................. 576
Bûw` ag© ............................................... 576
‡bv‡ej I Ab¨vb¨ cyi¯‹vi
†bv‡ej ................................................. 577
g¨vM‡m‡m cyi¯‹vi .................................... 579
A¯‹vi ................................................... 579
eyKvi ................................................... 579
cywjrRvi ............................................... 579
Ab¨vb¨ cyi¯‹vi ........................................ 580
we‡k^i weL¨vZ e¨vsK ................................. 581
†Ljva~jv
†Ljv m¤úwK©Z k㸔Q .............................. 581
Awjw¤úK .............................................. 582
wµ‡KU ................................................. 583
dzUej .................................................. 587
wddv I wek^Kvc dzUej ............................. 587
†Uwbm, KvevwW, e¨vWwg›Ub ......................... 589
`vev ..................................................... 590
nwK ..................................................... 590
ev‡¯‹Uej .............................................. 590
Mjd, fwj, gywóhy× ...................................591
AvMvg evZ©v ............................................591
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ............................ 593
†gŠwjK Z_¨ ........................................... 593
Kw¤úDUv‡ii hZ K_v ............................... 593
ICT: Abbreviation .......................... 594
Kw¤úDUv‡ii MvwYwZK cÖwµqv ..................... 596
‡m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU .............................. 597
Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ ............................... 598
wewea ................................................... 598
wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kw¤úDwUs ......................... 599
AvaywbK D™¢veb ....................................... 599
weÁvb msµvšÍ ........................................ 600
AvaywbK cwigvc hš¿ ................................. 600
Avwe®‹vi ...............................................601
International Abbreviation............ 602
‡gŠwjK welq (GBP.Gm.wm)
BwZnvm cÖ_g cÎ .................................... 603
BwZnvm wØZxq cÎ ................................... 606
A_©bxwZ cÖ_g cÎ .....................................610
A_©bxwZ wØZxq cÎ....................................615
mgvRKg© 1g cÎ ..................................... 618
mgvRKg© 2q cÎ ..................................... 621
mgvRweÁvb 1g cÎ .................................. 625
mgvRweÁvb 2q cÎ.................................. 629
cwimsL¨vb ............................................. 633
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb 1g cÎ ........................ 634
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb 2q cÎ ........................ 638
hyw³we`¨v 1g cÎ ..................................... 642
hyw³we`¨v 2q cÎ ..................................... 648
f~‡Mvj 1g cÎ ........................................ 653
f~‡Mvj 2q cÎ ........................................ 660
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm 1g ............................... 665
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm 2q ............................... 667
g‡bvweÁvb............................................. 667
AvBwmwU ................................................ 668
‰`bw›`b mvaviY weÁvb ............................. 675
20 GK ey÷vi

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv bv‡g †Kv‡bv ALÐ iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQjbv| g~jZ, evsjvi hvÎv ïiæ nq wewÿß Rbc`¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q| ¸ß, cvj
I †mb cÖf„wZ Avg‡ji DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I wewfbœ mvwnZ¨MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxb evsjvq cÖvq 16wU Rbc‡`i K_v Rvbv hvq (evsjvq wQj
10wU)| cyЪ RvwZi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq ˆew`K mvwnZ¨ I gnvfvi‡Z| Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖvPxb Rbc` nj cyÛª (cyЪea©b)
Avi AvqZ‡b e„nËg I cÖ_g ¯^vaxb Rbc` wQj e½| wb‡¤œ we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nj|

Rbc‡`i bvg weeiY

 we‡klZ¡ : evsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I mg„× Rbc` nj- cyÛª Rbc`|
 AšÍf~©³ AÂj : iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov| (kU©KvU: isivw`e)
 ivRavbxi : cyЪbMi/cyЪea©b (gnv¯’vbMo Ki‡Zvqv b`xi Zx‡i, e¸ov)|
cyЪ  gnv¯’vbM‡o cvIqv hvq : wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq kZ‡K m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki kvmbKv‡ji cv_‡ii
[*****] PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc| cyЪ ¯^vaxb mËv nvivq A‡kv‡Ki
ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
 cyЪ RvwZi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq : ˆew`K mvwnZ¨ I gnvfvi‡Z|

 AšÍf~©³ AÂj : PuvcvBbeveMÄ, gvj`n, gywk©`vev` I b`xqv| (kU©KvU: PvcvB gvgyb)

 ‡MŠ‡oi cÖ_g aviYv †g‡j : e¨vKiYwe` cvwYwbi MÖ‡š’|
 ivRavbx : KY©myeY, gywk©`vev`| ***
 †MŠ‡oi ¯^vaxb b„cwZ wQ‡jb : †MŠoivR kkvsK| ****
†MŠo  †MŠo Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i (c~e©‡`‡ki Rbc` bv‡g L¨vZ)|
[*****]  †MŠo Rbc‡`i evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †Rjv : PuvcvBbeveMÄ|
 kkv‡¼i kvmbvg‡ji c‡i e½‡`k wZbwU Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| h_v cyЪ, †MŠo I e½ GB
A‡ji ivRv‡`i †MŠoivR Dcvwai Rb¨ †MŠo bvgwU mgMÖ evsjv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Zv|
 637 wLªóv‡ã ivRv kkv‡¼i g„Zy¨i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq m„wó nq: gvrm¨b¨vq|
48 GK ey÷vi

†_‡K gy‡½‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib|

1764 mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ gxi Kvwk‡gi hy× nq e·vi bvgK ¯’v‡b,
hy‡× `yf©vM¨µ‡g mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †gRi gb‡ivi Kv‡Q gxi Kvwkg civwRZ nb|
Kvwkg‡K civwRZ K‡i weªwUk †ewbqviv kvmb cvKv‡cv³ K‡i|
 gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i w¯’wZKvj cÖvq 331 eQi (1526-1857) wLªóvã| Z‡e 1758 mvj ch©šÍ cÖZxwK ÿgZv wU‡K wQj
gyNj‡`i| me©‡kl m¤ªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn (†i½y‡b wbe©vwmZ)|
Re GÛ G¨vWwgkb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. beve gxi Kvwm‡gi evsjvi kvmbKvj- [Rvwe,wm Abyl`-16-17]
K. 1760-1764 L. 1767-1718 M. 1763-1769 N. 1757-1767
2. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve †K? [37 BCS]
K. beve wmivR-D`-‡ÏŠjvi L. gywk©`Kzjx Lvb M. Bwjqvm kvn N. AvjvDÏxb û‡mb
3. evsjvi gymwjg kvmbvg‡j ÔAveIqveÕ kãwU †Kvb †¶‡Î e¨eüZ n‡Zv? [DU ÔLÕ 12-13]
K. b`x L. cvwb M. LvRbv N. Rwg
4. evsjvi ivRavbx wn‡m‡e ‡mvbviMuvI Gi cËb †K K‡ib? [DU L 03-04]
K. mgªvU AvKei L. Ckv Luv M. Bmjvg Lvb N. kvnRv`v AvRg
5. cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i? [Xvwe: wW Abyl`-16-17]
K. ûMjx L. M½v M. `v‡gv`i N. fvMxi_x
6. †KvbwU wRqvDwÏb evivbx iwPZ MÖš’? [ivwe, G Abyl`, 12-13, 10-11]
K. ZvwiL-B-gyevkvnx L. wiqvRym mvjvwZb M. ZvwiL-B-wd‡ivRkvnx N. wmivZ-B-wd‡ivRkvnx
7. gy‡½‡i evsjvi ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib- [Rvwe,wm Abyl`- 16-17]
K. beve Avjxe`©x Lvb L. beve midivR Lvb M. beve gxi Rvdi N. beve gxi Kvwmg
8. beve midivR Lv‡bi evsjvq kvmbKvj- [Rvwe,wm Abyl`-16-17]
K. 1727-1739 L. 1739-1740 M. 1730-1740 N. 1717-1727
9. beve myRvDwÏb Lv‡bi evsjvi kvmbKvj [Rvwe,wm Abyl`-16-17]
K. 1727-1739 L. 1742-1755 M. 1939-1743 N. 1749-1756
10. beve wmivR-D-‡ÏŠjvi wcZvi bvg wK? [Rvwe, we Abyl`- 17-18]
K. R‡qb DwÏb L. Avjxe`©x Luv M. kIKZ Rs N. nvq`vi Avjx
11. cjvkx hy× msNwUZ nq K‡e? [cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv, Rywbqi BÝUªv±i- 2016]
K. Ryb 22, 1756 L. Ryb 23, 1757 M. Ryb 21, 1958 N. Ryb, 1757
12. gymwjg kvmbvg‡j ivóªfvlv wQj- [cÖZœZË¡ Awa`ßi, Gw÷‡gUi, 2019]
K. evsjv L. Aviex M. dviwm N. Bs‡iwR
1. K 2. L 3. M 4. L 5. N 6. M 7. N 8. L 9. K 10. K 11. L 12. M
150 GK ey÷vi

 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb cÖwZwôZ nq- 1926 mv‡j|

 BPSC- Bangladesh Public Service Commission
 cÖwZwôZ nqÑ 1972 mv‡ji 8 GwcÖj| (Kg© Kwgkb w`em 8 GwcÖj)|
 evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb Aew¯’Z- cyivZb wegvb e›`i, †ZRMuvI|
 miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb GKwU- mvsweavwbK ¯^vaxb I ¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôvb|
 cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb- W. G. wKD. Gg. eRjyj Kwig|
 miKvwi Kg© Kwgk‡bi eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vb- †mvnive †nvmvBb (13 Zg)|
miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb  evsjv‡`k wmwfj mvwf©‡mi K¨vWvi msL¨v- 26 wU|
 msweav‡bi (137-141) bs Aby‡”Q‡` Kg© Kwgk‡bi K_v ejv Av‡Q|
 Kwgk‡bi m`m¨M‡Yi c`gh©v`v- mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ‡`i mgvb|
 BPATC- Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre
 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖavb cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª- BPATC
evsjv‡`k †jvK cÖkvmb  cÖwZôv- 1984 mv‡j| Ae¯’vb- XvKvi A`~‡i mvfv‡i|
 BPATC Gi cÖavb- miKv‡ii mwPe c`gh©v`vi GKRb Kg©KZ©v A_©vr
cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª (‡i±i)|
 bewbhy³ wewmGm bexb Kg©KZ©v‡`i AvBb I cÖkvmb msµvšÍ †gŠwjK cÖwk¶Y
†`q- cuvP gvm †gqv‡`|
 `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb AvBb RvZxq msm‡` cvm nq- 2004 mv‡j|
 Kvh©vjq- XvKvi †m¸bevwMPv|
 `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb‡K ms‡¶‡c- `y`K ejv nq|
 `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb MwVZ nq- `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡iv Gi cwie‡Z©|
 m`m¨‡`i c`gh©v`v- nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZi mgvb|
 ¯^vaxb `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb Gi Aaxb cÖ_g gvgjv nq- ewikv‡j|
`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb  GKRb †Pqvig¨vb I `yBRb Kwgkbvi wb‡q `y`K Kwgkb MwVZ nq|
 `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb Gi cÖ_g †Pqvg¨vb- wePvicwZ myjZvb †nv‡mb Luvb
 eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vbÑ gCbDwÏb Avãyjøvn (7g)
 wbe©vPb Kwgkb MwVZ nq- 1972 mv‡j|
 KvR- wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv| ‡gqv`- 5 eQi|
 msweav‡bi †h Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx MwVZ nq- 118 bs Aby‡”Q`|
 wbe©vPb Kwgkb GKwU ¯^Zš¿, wbi‡c¶ I mvsweavwbK cÖwZôvb|
 cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM †`b- ivóªcwZ|
 RvZxq cwiPqc‡Îi †gqv`- 15 eQi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wbev©Pbx AvPib wewagvjv cÖYxZ nq- 1996 mv‡j|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb- wePvicwZ Gg Bw`ªm
w  Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv ev RvZxq cwiPqcÎ ˆZix Kg©m~wPi bvg wQjÑ Acv‡ikb
behvÎv|
be©vPb Kwgkb
 †fvUvi ZvwjKvfy³ nIqvi kZ©vejx:
 evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|
 eqm Kgc‡¶ 18 eQi n‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRb ‡gvZv‡eK AcÖK…wZ¯’ bq e‡j Av`vjZ KZ©„K †NvwlZ n‡Z n‡e|
 f~‡Mvj 203

 gvby‡li ˆZwi wewfbœ DcMÖn Av‡Q hviv c„w_exi Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q|

 KvR- AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm, Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, †Mv‡q›`v bRi`vwi, LwbR m¤ú‡`i mÜvb,
K…wÎg DcMÖn
cwi‡e‡ki `~lY wbY©q BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Gme K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwiZ cÖ_g ¶y`ªvK…wZi (b¨v‡bv m¨v‡UjvBU) K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni bvg- eª¨vK
A‡š^lv|
b¶Î ivw·ejv †gNgy³ AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j
 c„w_exi wbKUZg b¶Î- m~h©| c„w_exi wØZxq wbKUZg b¶Î- D¾¡j Av‡jvK we›`y wgUwgU K‡i R¡j‡Z †`Lv
cÖw·gv †m›UvivB| AvKv‡ki D¾¡jZg b¶Î Sirius ev jyäK| hvq, G‡`i‡K b¶Î e‡j| b¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv
 Av‡jv cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û AwZµg K‡i cÖvq 3 j¶ wK‡jvwgUvi c_| R¡jšÍ M¨vmwcÐ, hv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I wnwjqvg M¨vm
 GB †e‡M 1 eQ‡i †h cwigvY `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡i e‡j GK w`‡q ˆZwi| GB M¨vm AwZ D”P (cÖvq 6000°
Av‡jvK el©| Av‡jvKel© e¨envi K‡i cwigvc Kiv nq- `~iZ¡| †mjwmqvm)
 m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M- 8 wgwbU 19
‡m‡KÛ| myZivs c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i `~iZ¡ cÖvq 15 †KvwU
wK‡jvwgUvi|
 aªæeZviv GKwU b¶Î| me‡P‡q eo b¶Î †e‡UjMg (m~‡h©i †P‡q
500 ¸Y eo)
 m~‡h©i wbKUZg b¶Î- cÖw·gv †m›UvivB (Proxima
Centauri)| c„w_ex †_‡K Gi `~iZ¡ cÖvq 4.20 Av‡jvK el© hv
cÖvq 38 j¶ †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
†mŠiRM‡Zi 8wU MÖn [*****]
MÖ‡ni bvg ‰ewkó¨
 m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn eya|
 †mŠiRM‡Zi ÿz`ªZg Ges `ªæZZg MÖn|
eya  GwU me‡P‡q Kg mg‡q m~h©‡K cÖ`wÿY K‡i|
Mercury  `yB c„‡ôi DòZvi cv_©K¨ me©vwaK|
 DcMÖn : †Kv‡bv DcMÖn †bB|
 m~h©‡K GKevi cÖ`wÿY K‡i Avm‡Z ey‡ai mgq jv‡M 88 w`b|
 c„w_exi wbKUZg/cÖwZ‡ekx/‡evb MÖn ejv nq|
 †mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q DòZg I D¾¡jZg MÖ‡ni bvg ïµ |
ïµ  DcMÖn : †Kv‡bv DcMÖn †bB|
 ivwÎ I w`‡bi ZvcgvÎvi cwigvb GK|
Venus  m~h© cwiµg‡Yi mgq 225 w`b|
 c~e© †_‡K cwðg ev `w¶YveZ©x (Clockwise) AveZ©b K‡i|
 †fv‡ii AvKv‡k ïKZviv/jywmdvi Ges mܨvi AvKv‡k mܨv Zviv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 c„w_ex m~‡h©i Z…Zxq I GKgvÎ Av`k© MÖn|
c„w_ex  c„w_ex wbKUZg MÖn- ïµ| DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 1 wU; Pvu`|
Earth  c„w_ex‡K bxj MÖn ejv nq| AveZ©‡bi mgq 24 N›Uv
 m~h©‡K GKevi AveZ©b Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M 365 w`b 5 N›Uv 48 wgwbU 47 †m‡KÛ|
248 GK ey÷vi

4. wReªvëvi cÖYvjx
Avwd«Kv Ñ BD‡ivc f~-ga¨mvMi + AvUjvw›UK
(kU©KvUÑ ‡Reªv Avwd«D f~Æv)

cÖYvjxi bvg c„_K K‡i mshy³ K‡i

5. ‡ewis cÖYvjx
Av‡gwiKvÑ Gwkqv †ewis + DËi mvMi
(kU©KvUÑ Avwk‡e Dˇi)
 f~‡Mvj 227
n‡Z ‡h f~wgi m„wó nq Zv‡K ÿqRvZ mgf~wg e‡j|
 D`vniY : A¨vcv‡jwkqvb cv`‡`kxq mgf~wg, BD‡iv‡ci wdbj¨vÛ I mvB‡ewiqv mgf~wg|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gaycy‡ii PZ¡i I e‡i›`ªf~wg G ai‡bi mgf~wg |
 ‡Kvb wb¤œ A‡j b`x, wngevn, evqycÖevn cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv cwj, evjyKYv, a~wjKYv
mwÂZ n‡q Kvjµ‡g †h mgf~wg m„wó nq ZvB mÂqRvZ mgf~wg|
mÂqRvZ mgf~wg  D`vniY : e-Øxc mgf~wg (evsjv‡`k), cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg (cjj cvLv), cøveb mgf~wg
(hgybv, cÙv cøveb mgf~wg), DcK~jxq mgf~wg (†UKbvd), DcZ¨Kv mgf~wg (†bcvj
DcZ¨Kv)
b`xi mÂqRvZ f~wgiƒc [*****]
cjj †KvY I cjj cvLv :
 cve©Z¨ †Kv‡bv AÂj †_‡K b`x mgf~wg‡Z cwZZ nIqvi Rb¨
wkjvP~Y© cwjgvwU cÖf„wZ cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k mgf~wg‡Z mwÂZ n‡q
w·KvY I nvZcvLvi b¨vq f~-L‡Ði m„wó K‡i, hv‡K cjj †KvY ev
cjj cvLv e‡j|
 cvwb †kvlY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y wkjvP~Y© we¯Í…Z n‡q †KvYvK…wZ nq|
 wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k M½vi wewfbœ Dcb`xi MwZc‡_ Giƒc f~-LÐ
†`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|
cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf~wg :
 cvnvwoqv b`x cv`‡`‡k cwj mÂq K‡i cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k M‡o
†Zv‡j wekvj mgf~wg, G ai‡bi mgf~wg‡K cv`‡`kxq cjj
mgf~wg e‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wZ¯Ív, AvÎvB, Ki‡Zvqv msjMœ iscyi I w`bvRcyi
†Rjvi AwaKvsk ¯’vbB cwiwPZ cjj mgf~wg bv‡g|
 Gme b`x Drcbœ nq: Dˇii wngvjq ce©Z n‡Z|
cøveb mgf~wg :
 msÁv: b`xi `yav‡ii wb¤œf~wgmg~n cwj Øviv Ave„Z n‡q †M‡j Zv‡K
cøveb mgf~wg e‡j|
 m„wói KviY: µgvMZ eb¨vi cvwb e„w×|
 evsjv‡`‡k cøveb mgf~wg: cÙv, hgybv, †gNbv cÖf„wZ b`x we‡aŠZ AÂj
e-Øxc (Delta)
 msÁv: w·KvYvKvi mgZjf~wg‡K e-Øxc e‡j|
 AvK…wZ: gvÎvnxb evsjv e Ges wMÖK kã ‡Wëvi g‡Zv| ZvB Gi
evsjv bvg: e-Øxc
 c„w_exi e„nËg e-Øxc: evsjv‡`k
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg e-Øxc: my›`ieb
 ûMwj b`x †_‡K c~e© w`‡K †gNbv b`xi mxgvbv ch©šÍ cwðge½ I
evsjv‡`‡ki mg¯Í `wÿYvÂj M½v I cÙvi weL¨vZ e-Øxc AÂj|
 ‡mvqvP Ae †bv MÖvDÛ n‡jv e‡½vcmvM‡i `yejvi P‡ii `w¶‡Y
Aew¯’Z GKwU mve‡gwib K¨vwbqb ev Wy‡ev wMwiLvZ| 900 wgUvi
Mo MfxiZv Ges 1734 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii GB AÂjwU Wjwdb,
wZwg, nv½i I K”Q‡ci Afqvkªg I cÖRbb †K›`ª| GwU M½v
wMwiLvZ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GwU Lvov Xvj wewkó GKwU mvgyw`ªK
wMwiLvZ hv e½xq DcØx‡ci Ask|
264 GK ey÷vi

evsjv‡`‡ki A_© e¨e¯’v

 A_© wefv‡Mi ev‡RU : †Kvb wbw`©ó Avw_©K eQ‡ii m¤¢ve¨ miKvwi Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve wbKvk‡K ev‡RU e‡j|
 ‡gqv`: evsjv‡`‡k A_©eQi (Fiscal Year) 1 RyjvB †_‡K ïiæ n‡q cieZ©x 30 Ry‡b †kl nq|
 NvUwZ ev‡RU: m¤¢ve¨ Avq A‡c¶v m¤¢ve¨ e¨q †ewk n‡j Zv‡K NvUwZ ev‡RU e‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ev‡RU g~jZ NvUwZ ev‡RU|
 cÖ_g A_©gš¿x: 1972 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ev‡RU †NvlYv K‡ib- ZrKvjxb A_©gš¿x ZvRDÏxb Avng`|
A_© wefv‡Mi Aaxb¯’ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `ßi :
ICB: Investment Corporation of Bangladesh. 1976 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ ivóªvqË wewb‡qvM e¨vsK|
SPCBL: The Security Printing Corporation Bangladesh Ltd. 1988 mv‡j MvRxcy‡i cÖwZwôZ nq|
RvZxq ivR¯^ †evW:© (National Board of Revenue NBR) : 1972 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq, †nW Awdm- AvMviMvuI| miKv‡ii mvgwMÖK
ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i RvZxq ivR¯^ †evW©| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Av‡qi cÖavb Drm- Ki ivR¯^| †ev‡W©i cÖavb wbe©vnxi
c`we †Pqvig¨vb|
evsjv‡`‡ki Ki KvVv‡gv `yB fv‡M wef³ :
1. cÖZ¨¶ Ki : AvqKi, f~wg Dbœqb Ki, K‡c©v‡iU Ki, bb-RywWwkqvj ÷¨v¤ú cÖf„wZ|
2. c‡iv¶ Ki: g~mK (VAT), weµq Ki, Avg`vwb ïé (Custom Duties), m¤ú~iK ïé (Supplementary Duties),
AveMvwi ïé (Excise Duties) BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ki-ewnf©~Z ivR‡¯^i Drm mg~n : †Uvj I †jwf, my`, cÖkvmwbK wd, fvov I BRviv BZ¨vw`|
AvqKi : 1984 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx AvqKi n‡”Q e¨w³i mË¡vi Avq ev jf¨vs‡ki Dci cÖ‡`q Ki| Ki`vZv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K
eQi Zuvi hveZxq Drm †_‡K AwR©Z Avq AvqKi wefv‡M wbw`©ó Q‡K AvqKi wiUvb© (Income tax return) `vwLj Ki‡Z
nq| AvqKi wiUvb© `vwL‡ji Rb¨ TIN (Taxpayer’s Identification Number) MÖnb Ki‡Z nq| 12 wWwR‡Ui
B‡jKUªwbK wUAvBGb (e-TIN) †iwR‡÷ªkb c×wZ Pvjy nq- 2012 mv‡j| GbweAv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZeQi 30 b‡f¤^i
RvZxq AvqKi w`em cvwjZ nq|
g~mK : evsjv‡`k miKvi g~mK n‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk ivR¯^ Avq K‡i| 1 RyjvB, 1991 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki
(Value Added Tax) ms‡¶‡c g~mK (VAT) cÖewZ©Z nq| evsjv‡`‡k f¨v‡Ui nvi 15%| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ
cÖvBRe‡Ûi BDwbU g~j¨ 100 UvKv |
GKbR‡i Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨ :
 Non-Bank Financial Institution – NBFI
 Insurance Development & Regulatory Authority – IDRA (exgv AvBb: 2010)
 Bangladesh Insurance Academy – BIA
 Microcredit Regulatory Authority – MRA
 Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation – PKSF (g½v wbim‡b 2006 mvj †_‡K ÔcÖvBg Kg©m~wPÕ Pvjy K‡i)
 SDF- Social Development Foundation (2000 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ)
 wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mvnvh¨cyó GmwWGd Gi cÖKí: Social Investment Program Project (SIPP) I NJLIP
Re GÛ G¨vWwgkb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi wefvM KqwU? [`y`‡Ki mnKvwi cwiPvjK : 20]
K) 4wU L) 2wU M) 3wU N) †Kvb wefvM bvB
2. NvUwZ ev‡RU Kv‡K e‡j? [IBBL’i wdì Awdmvi : 22]
K) Av‡qi Zyjbvq e¨q †ewk n‡j L) Av‡qi Zyjbvq e¨q Kg n‡j
M) Avq Ges e¨q mgvb n‡j N) †KvbwUB bq
 HwZnvwmK ¯’vb I wb`k©b 323

KvR©b nj (Curzon Hall)

 KvR©b nj XvKvi GKwU HwZnvwmK feb|
 1904 mv‡j fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb fvBmiq KvR©b Gi wfwË cÖ¯’i ¯’vcb K‡ib|
 GwU wbwg©Z nq XvKv K‡j‡Ri cvVvMvi wnmv‡e|
 1921 mvj n‡Z Xvwe weÁvb wefv‡Mi GKwU GKv‡WwgK fe‡b cwiYZ nq KvR©b
nj|
e½feb (Bangabhaban)
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi miKvix evmfeb e½feb|
 e½feb XvKvi w`jKzkv GjvKvq Aew¯’Z|
 1905 mv‡j c~e©e½ I Avmv‡gi miKvi G ¯’vbwU wK‡b cÖvmv`mg evwo ˆZwi
K‡i|
 GwU weªwUk I cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ÔMfb©i nvDmÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
 1972 mv‡j 12 Rvbyqvwi Mfb©i nvD‡Ri bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôe½feb Kiv nq|
 GKBw`‡b Avey mvC` †PŠayix evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvsweavwbK ivóªcwZ nb Ges
¯’vbwU‡K ivóªcwZi feb wn‡m‡e e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib|

KgbI‡qj_ mgvwa
 KgbI‡qj_ mgvwa 2wU- PÆMÖv‡g I Kzwgjøv‡Z wØZxq wek¦hy‡× (1941-1945)
wLªóvã |
 evg©vq msNwUZ hy‡× 45000 KgbI‡qj_ ˆmwbK wbnZ nq|
 Zv‡`i ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_© ˆZwi Kiv nq iY mgvwa‡¶Î (War cemetery)
 evsjv‡`‡k 2wU KgbI‡qj_ mgvwa- GKwU PÆMÖv‡g Ges AciwU Kzwgjøvi
gqbvgwZ‡Z|
wZb †bZvi gvRvi
 wZb †bZvi gvRvi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq (kvnevM _vbv) GjvKvq Aew¯’Z|
 ¯^vaxbZv c~e© evsjvi wZb weL¨vZ †bZv †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x, LvRv
bvwRgywÏb Ges †k‡i evsjv Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj n‡Ki Ke‡ii Dci wbwg©Z
XvKvi Ab¨Zg wMÖK ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b|
cÖvPxb †eŠ× wenvi [*****]
‡mvgcyi wenvi (Somapura Mahavihara)
 ag©cvj bIMuv †Rjvi e`jMvQx Dc‡Rjvi cvnvocy‡i GB wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡ib|
 wenviwUi bvg wQj †mvgcyi wenvi| Aóg kZvãx‡Z ag©cvj GwU wbg©vY K‡ib|
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖZœZvwË¡K e„nËg †eŠ×wenv‡ii bvg- †mvgcyi wenvi|
 mZ¨ cx‡ii wfUv †mvgcyi wenv‡ii GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb|
 †mvgcyi wenv‡i evM`v‡`i Lwjdv nviæb-Ai iwk‡`i Avg‡ji †iŠc¨ gy`ªv cvIqv †M‡Q
 1807-1812 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q eyKvbb n¨vwgëb cvnvocyi cwi`k©b
K‡ib| GwU wQj cvnvocy‡ii cÖ_g cÖZœZvwË¡K cwi`k©b| †mB m~Î a‡i 1879 mv‡j
Kvwbsnvg GB wekvjKxwZ© Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
gqbvgwZ wenvi (Moynamoti)
 Kzwgjøvi weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK ¯’vb gqbvgwZ (Moynamoti)|
 gqbvgwZi c~e© bvg wQj †ivwnZwMwi|
 GjvKvwU cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU cÖvPxb bMix Ges †eŠ× wenv‡ii Aewkóvsk|
 mßg-Øv`k kZvãxi g‡a¨ GB bMix I wenvi¸‡jv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
330 GK ey÷vi

¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb I Rv`yNi

‡cÖÿvcU: fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j m„ó cÖwZôvb- evsjv GKv‡Wwg|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg n‡jv: evOvwj RvwZmËvi cÖZxK|
cÖwZôv: 3 wW‡m¤^i, 1955 mvj (17 AMÖnvqY, 1362 e½vã)|
¯^cœ`ªóv: W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn|
g~j fe‡bi c~e©bvg: ea©gvb nvDR|
 cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK W. gvhnviæj Bmjvg (1972)
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Pvjy 1960 mv‡j|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖv½‡Y †gjv ïiæ nq- 1972 mv‡j|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z Aew¯’Z- bRiæj gÂ, iex›`ª gÂ, †iv‡Kqv gÂ|
 g~j wgjbvqZ‡bi bvg- Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi` wgjbvqZb|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg  cÖwZeQi eB †gjvi Av‡qvR‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i- 1978 mvj †_‡K
 XvKvi †m¸b evwMPvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ„fvlv Bbw÷wUDU|
 iex›`ªbv‡_i mva©kZ Rb¥evwl©K Dcj‡¶ iex›`ª cyi¯‹vi Pvjy – 2010 mv‡j|
 fv¯‹h© Ô‡gv‡`i MieÕ ¯’vwcZ nq- 2007 mv‡j (¯’cwZ- AwLj cvj)
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cwÎKvmg~n
bvg DËivwaKvi m„Rbkxj gvwmK cwÎKvq
avb-kvwj‡Ki †`k ‰ÎgvwmK wK‡kvi cwÎKv
‡jLv gyLcÎ evsjv GKv‡Wwgi gvwmK gyLcÎ
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cwÎKv M‡elYvg~jK ˆÎgvwmK
evsjv GKv‡Wwg weÁvb cwÎKv lvb¥vwmK
evsjv GKv‡Wwgi Rvb©vj Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖKvwkZ lvb¥vwmK
PwiZvwfavb GK nvRvi ev½vwj gbxlxi Rxebx mgMÖ
 cÖwZôv: 1784 mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqv‡g GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq|
 cÖwZôvZv: m¨vi DBwjqvg ‡RvÝ
 cvwK¯Ívb GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq 1952 mv‡j |
evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU  cÖKvk: 2003 mv‡j evsjvwcwWqv bv‡g 10 L‡Ði (eZ©gv‡b 14)
GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqv cÖKvk K‡i|
 evsjvwcwWqvi cÖavb m¤úv`K- Aa¨vcK wmivRyj Bmjvg|
cÖwZôvZv: Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx`
cÖwZôv mvj: 1978 mv‡j|
bxwZevK¨: Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl PvB
wek^ mvwnZ¨ †K›`ª j¶¨: wK‡kvi Ges hye mgvR‡K Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv|
g~j Kvh©vjq: XvKvi evsjv gUi GjvKvq Aew¯’Z|

cÖwZôv mvj: 1974 mv‡j

cwiPq: evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq mvs¯‹„wZK †K›`ª|
evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg g~j Kvh©vjq: XvKvi ‡m¸bevwMPvq Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq Aew¯’Z|
evsjv‡`k wkï GKv‡Wwg cÖwZwôZ nq: 1976 mv‡j
cwiPvjbvq: ms¯‹„wZ gš¿jv‡qi Aax‡b Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
338 GK ey÷vi

evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª weRq [*****]

evsjv‡`k ebvg wgqvbgvi

2012 mv‡ji 14 gvP© Rvg©vwb‡Z Aew¯’Z mgy`ª AvBb welqK AvšÍR©vwZK UªvBey¨bv‡j (ITLOS) GB gvgjvi ivq †`qv nq|
ivq Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k Zvi DcK‚j †_‡K 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj ch©šÍ we‡kl A_©‰bwZK A‡j AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡i|
GQvovI mgy‡`ª Aew¯’Z 28wU eø‡Ki g‡a¨ 18wU eø‡Ki gvwjKvbv evsjv‡`k cvq |
evsjv‡`k ebvg fviZ
2014 mv‡ji 7 RyjvB †b`vij¨v‡Û Aew¯’Z ¯’vqx mvwjwk Av`vjZ (UNCLOS) Gi iv‡q evsjv‡`k, fviZ I wgqvbgvi
†_‡K 1, 18, 813 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi mgy`ª AÂj, 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj ivR‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv, 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj GK”QÎ
A_©‰bwZK AÂj (Exclusive Economic Zone- EEZ) Ges PÆMÖvg DcK‚j †_‡K 354 bwUK¨vj gvBj ch©šÍ
gnx‡mvcv‡bi Zj‡`‡k Aew¯’Z me ai‡bi cÖvwYR I AcÖvwYR m¤ú‡`i Ici mve©‡fŠg AwaKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|
 mvaviYZ gnx‡mvcv‡bi `~iZ¡ _v‡K 350 bwUK¨vj gvBj|
 Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †¶‡Î 354 bwUK¨vj gvBj
 1 bwUK¨vj gvBj = 1.852 wK‡jvwgUvi|
XvKvq AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`i `ßi
 AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ„fvlv Bbw÷wUDU cÖwZôv 2001 mv‡j, †m¸bevwMPvq|
 XvKvq Aew¯’Z AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`i `ßi: ICDDRB, SAIC, BIMSTEC, CIRDAP, USG, SMRC
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯§i‡Y wek¦
bvg Ae¯’vb bvg Ae¯’vb bvg Ae¯’vb
evsjv‡`k ¯‹qvi jvB‡ewiqv I BZvwj iƒcmx evsjv MÖvg AvBfwi†Kv÷ wgwb evsjv‡`k ‡miv½yg, wm½vcyi
evsjv‡`k †Rjv Av‡g©wbqv evsjv‡`k MÖvg Kvk¥xi evsjv UvDb weªKj¨vÛ, jÛb
evsjv‡`k w÷ªU AvBfwi‡Kv÷ evsjv‡`k w`em KjKvZvq cvwjZ nq wjUj evsjv jm G‡Äjm, hy³ivóª
evsjv‡`k cvov wbDBqK© evsjv‡`k feb kvwšÍwb‡KZb, KjKvZv  
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK Kvh©µg
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ
msweav‡bi 25bs Aby‡”Q‡` ciivóªbxwZi weeiY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
350 GK ey÷vi

LDC D‡Ëvjb
RvwZmsN ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki (LDC) ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i 1971 mv‡j| evsjv‡`k LDC (Least Development
Country) AšÍf³ ©~ nq 1975 mv‡j| LDC †_‡K †ewo‡q hvevi Rb¨ cÖ_g †hvM¨Zv hvPvB DËiY- 2018 mv‡j| LDC
†_‡K †ewo‡q hvevi Rb¨ wØZxq I P~ovšÍ hvPvB DËiY- 2021 mv‡j| LDC †_‡K DËi‡Yi m¶gZv AR©‡bi 3 eQi ci
GKwU †`k Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki KvZv‡i c`vc©b K‡i| RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`i 76Zg ˆeV‡Ki 40Zg †cøbvwi mfvq 23
b‡f¤^i, 2021 evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki (GjwWwm) ZvwjKv †_‡K DËi‡Yi mycvwik Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k
P~ovšÍ mycvwik jvf K‡i 26 †deªæqvwi 2021| †m Abymv‡i 2026 mv‡ji 24 b‡f¤^i evsjv‡`k P~ovšÍfv‡e GjwWwm †_‡K
†ei n‡e| evsjv‡`k cvkvcvwk †bcvj I jvIm Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ¯^xK…wZ †c‡Z hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki 2024 mv‡j
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e LDC Graduation m¤ú~Y© nevi K_v _vK‡jI K‡ivbvi Kvi‡Y Zv 2 eQi wcwQ‡q DËi‡Yi mgq 2026
wba©viY Kiv nq|
Re GÛ G¨vWwgkb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. RvwZms‡Ni †UKmB Dbœq‡bi jÿ¨ KqwU? [43Zg wewmGm-2021] ev, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
KqwU? [42Zg wewmGm-2021]
K. 11 L. 15 M. 17 N. 21
2. evsjv‡`k miKvi †Kvb LvZ †_‡K m‡e©v”P ivR¯^ Avq K‡i? [42Zg wewmGm-2021]
K. AvqKi L. f~wgKi M. Avg`vwb-ißvwb ïé N. g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki
3. GmwWwR Gi †Kvb j¶¨wU †RÛvi m¤úwK©Z? [RU(A) 2021-22]
K. GmwWwR-5 L. GmwWwR-3 M. GmwWwR-1 N. GmwWwR-7
4. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki ZvwjKvq AšÍf©yw³i mvj Ges Dbœqbkxj †`‡k DËivq‡Yi mvj †KvbwU?
[Lv`¨ Awa`߇ii mnKvix Dc-Lv`¨ cwi`k©K 2021]
K. 1975, 2026 L. 1972, 2021 M. 1972, 2026 N. 1975, 2021
5. evsjv‡`k GjwWwm (LDC) †_‡K K‡e graduation Ki‡e? [(BSCIC) Gi wPd AwWUi 2021]
K. 2024 L. 2026 N. 2041 M. 2030
6. evsjv‡`k P~ovšÍ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ mycvwik jvf K‡i †Kvb Zvwi‡L? [cjøx Dbœqb GKv‡Wwg,mn:cwiPvjK 2021]
K. 18 gvP©, 21 L. 31 Rvbyqvwi, 2021 M. 18 GwcÖj, 2021 N. 26 †deªæqvwi, 2021
e¨vL¨v : 26 †deªæqvwi, 2021 AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni KwgwU di †W‡f‡jc‡g›U (wmwWwc) wÎevwl©K ch©v‡jvPbv mfvq wØZxqev‡ii
g‡Zv GjwWwm †_‡K DËi‡Yi gvb`Ð c~i‡Yi mycvwik jvf K‡i evsjv‡`k|
1| M 2| N 3| K 4| K 5| L 6| N
SELF TEST- 08
1. Pvwn`vi kZ© KqwU?
K) 2 L) 3 M) 4 N) 5
2. mgv‡R gh©v`v e„w× cvq †Kvb `ªe¨ †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g?
K) wM‡db `ªe¨ L) †fe‡jb `ªe¨ M) cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ N) wbZ¨ `ªe¨
3. Pvwn`vwewai MvwYwZK cÖKvk‡K wK e‡j?
K) Pvwn`v m~wP L) Pvwn`v mgxKiY M) e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v N) Pvwn`v †iLv
4. †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Afve c~i‡Yi ¶gZv‡K wK e‡j?
K) Dc‡hvM L) †fvM M) Drcv`b N) m¤ú`
5. †gvU Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”P n‡j cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM wK n‡e?
K) Kg‡Z _vK‡e L) k~b¨ n‡e M) evo‡Z _vK‡e N) w¯’i _vK‡e
6. Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi †h †Kv‡bv we›`y Kx wb‡`©k K‡i?
K) ¯^í Drcv`b L) †eKviZ¡ M) c~Y© wb‡qvM N) Ac~Y© wb‡qvM
408 GK ey÷vi

wMÖ‡mi weL¨vZ e¨w³eM©

SPAA [S= m‡µwUm, P= †cø‡Uv, A= Gwi÷Uj, A= Av‡jK‡Ûvi]
m‡µwUm
 `k©‡bi RbK I Áv‡bi wcZv wn‡m‡e mgv`„Z|
 wMÖK mf¨Zvq hyw³ev`x `vk©wbK‡`i ejv nZ- †mvwd÷|
 weL¨vZ Dw³-
 Know thyself /We want justice
 An unexamined life is not worth living
 Ô‡ngjK' bvgK welcv‡b Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq |
†cø‡Uv
 Av`k© iv‡óªi aviYvi cÖeZ©K |
 Zvi cÖwZwôZ wkÿv cÖwZôvb- A¨vKv‡Wwg
 weL¨vZ MÖš’- wicvewjK, WvqvjMm, †÷BUg¨vb
 m`¸Y ej‡Z- cÖÁv, mvnm AvZ¥wbqš¿Y I b¨vq‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
 Dw³: kvmK hw` nq b¨vqcivqY AvBb Abvek¨K, kvmK hw` nq
`yb©xwZ civqY AvBb wbi_©K
Gwi÷Uj
 ivóªweÁvb, cÖvwYwe`¨v, bxwZwe`¨v, hyw³we`¨v I Rxewe`¨vi RbK|
 cÖwZwôZ cÖwZôvb- jvBwmqvg
 weL¨vZ MÖš’- cwjwUKm, Bw_Km&, jwRK I †i‡UvwiK
 Dw³: gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe/AvBb nj cÿcvZnxb hyw³
 Golden Mean (myeY© ga¨K) n‡”Q `ywU Pig cš’vi ga¨eZ©x
Ae¯’vb
Av‡jKRvÛvi
 Av‡jKRvÛvi †gwm‡Wvwbqvi wQ‡jb| Zvi †mbvcwZ- †mjyKvm
 gvÎ 20 eQi eq‡m wZwb wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
 wLªóc~e© 327 A‡ã fviZel© AvµgY K‡i `Lj K‡ib|
 wZwb Zvi mvgªv‡R¨i ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib- e¨vwej‡b|
 mgvwa: g„Zz¨ nq Biv‡K Z‡e mgvwa Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv (wgk‡i)|
gnvKwe †nvgvi
 †nvgvi MÖx‡mi AÜ gnvKwe|
 ÔBwjqvUÕ I ÔI‡WwmÕ Zvi `y'wU gnvKve¨|
 weL¨vZ Dw³-
 ÒcÖwZwU `ytLx AvZ¥v mZZvi cÖZxKÓ
 ÒAmr Avb‡›`i †P‡q cweÎ †e`bv fv‡jvÓ
410 GK ey÷vi

Uz `¨ c‡q›U:
 j¨vÛ Ae gv‡e©j ejv nq- BZvwj‡K| BZvwji RvZxq cÖZxK- †k^Z cÙ|
 BZvwji †cv b`xi †gvnbvq Aew¯’Z- †fwbm kni|
 BZvwj cÖRvZš¿ wn‡m‡e MwVZ nq- 1946 mv‡j MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g|
 A‡civi cÖ_g cÖPjb nq- BZvwj‡Z|
 d¨vwmev‡`i cÖe³v †ewbZ gy‡mvwjbx wQ‡jb BZvwji cÖavbgš¿x|
 gy‡mvwjbxi ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg wQj 'b¨vkbvj d¨vwm÷ cvwU©Õ|
 f~ga¨mvM‡i Aew¯’Z BZvwji weL¨vZ Øxc- wmwmwj, mvwW©wbqv I Kwm©Kv|
 BZvwji †fZ‡i †iv‡gi cv‡k f¨vwUKvb wmwU I m¨vb g¨vwi‡bv bv‡g ¯^vaxb ivóª i‡q‡Q|
 gvbwP‡Î BZvwji AvK…wZ A‡bKUv eyU Ry‡Zvi g‡Zv †`Lvq| BD‡iv‡ci eyU ejv nq- BZvwj‡K|
 BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq- PZy`©k kZvãx‡Z †d¬v‡iÝ bMix‡Z|
 BZvwji wPÎwkíx, fv¯‹i I Kwe gvB‡Kj A¨v‡Ä‡jv‡K '‡i‡bmuv gvbe' ejv nq|
BZvwji weL¨vZ e¨w³Z¡
gvB‡Kj G‡Äjv
 BZvwji Kwe, fv¯‹i Ges wPÎwkíx
 weL¨vZ wPÎKg©-
 Madonna of the Steps
 David
 The creation of Adam
 Madonna of Bruges,
 The Deposition
 wZwb †i‡bmuv g¨vb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂ
 BZvwji †i‡bmuvi me©‡kªô cyiæl
 wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i wPÎwkíx, fv¯‹i, A¼kv¯¿we`, weÁvbx I `vk©wbK|
 D‡ovRvnv‡Ri cÖ_g b·v A¼b K‡iwQ‡jb|
 `¨ jv÷mvcvi
 †gvbvwjmv
 fvwR©b Ae `¨ iKm
†ewb‡Uv gy‡mvwjbx
 BZvwji d¨vwm÷ ivóªcÖavb|
 wnUjv‡ii eÜy I mn‡hvMx|
 wZwb d¨vwmev‡`i cÖe³v|
 weL¨vZ Dw³ ÔGKKvjxb kvwšÍI m¤¢e bq, msMZI bq'|
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’-
 Prisoners Notebook
 mf¨Zvi DËiY 447

mf¨Zvi DËiY
wMÖK mf¨Zv
 MYZ‡š¿i m~wZKvMvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wMÖK mf¨Zv|
 cÖ_g bMiivóª wQj MÖx‡mi G‡_Ý I ¯úvU©v|
 cÖvPxb Awjw¤úK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m~Pbv nq- MÖx‡m|
 c„w_exi cÖ_g gvbwPÎ AsKb K‡ib- MÖxK weÁvbxiv|
 cÖvPxb MÖx‡m bMi ivóª wQj 158 wU|
 b`xi Zx‡i M‡o I‡Vwb- MÖxK, †ivgvb I wneªæ mf¨Zv|
 ÔGwi÷Uj ÔjvBwmqvg' bv‡g wk¶v †K›`ª cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 m‡µwUm‡K †ngjK bvgK wel cÖ‡qv‡M nZ¨v Kiv nq|
 Republic †cø‡Uvi weL¨vZ MÖš’|
 †fŠ‡MvwjK ms¯‹„wZi Kvi‡Y wMÖK mf¨Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ-†n‡jwbK I
†n‡jwbw÷K ms¯‹„wZ|
wgkixq mf¨Zv
 wgkixq mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V‡Q- bxj b‡`i Zx‡i|
 wgki‡K bxj b‡`i `vb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb- ‡n‡iv‡WvUvm|
 Lydzi cv_‡ii ˆZwi wmsng~wZ©- wùsm|
 12 gv‡m 1 ermi, 30 w`‡b 1 gvm MYbvixwZ Pvjy|
 cÖvPxb wgkixq ivRv‡`i ejv nZ- dvivI|
 bxj b‡`i †`eZvi bvg wQj- Iwmwim|
 cÖvPxb wgkixq mgvR wQj- gvZ„Zvwš¿K |
 wgkixq‡`i wjLb c×wZi bvg- nvqv‡ivwMøwdKm|
 wgmixqiv c¨vwcivm bvgK GK cÖKvi MvQ w`‡q wjLZ|
 c„w_exi me‡P‡q cyivZb KxwZ©¯Í¤¢- wcivwgW|
 wK¬I‡cUªv wQ‡jb wgk‡ii ivYx|
 BwZnv‡mi †kªô wbg©vZv ejv nq- wgkixq‡`i|
‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqv mf¨Zv
 Ae¯’vb- BivK I wmwiqv|
 mf¨Zvi m~wZKvMvi e‡j cwiwPZ|
 M‡o D‡VwQj `Rjv I †dvivZ b`xi Zx‡i |
 `Rjv I †dvivZ b`xi eZ©gvb bvg h_vµ‡g UvBwMÖm BD‡d«wUm|
 †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv mf¨Zvi ch©vq wQj 4 wU; h_v- my‡gixq, A¨v‡mixq,
e¨wejbxq I K¨v‡jWxq mf¨Zv|

†gŠwjK welqvewj
17.
BwZnvm cÖ_g cÎ 18.
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: fviZe‡l© BD‡ivcxq‡`i AvMgb: Bs‡iR AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv 19.
1. †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx‡`i ejv nq- w`‡bgvi| 20.
2. fviZe‡l© cÖ_g cZ©ywMR Dcwb‡ek M‡o I‡V- ûMwj‡Z| 21.
3. midivR Lvb wbnZ nb- wMwiqvi hy‡× (1740) 22.
4. Avjxe`©x Lvb RvwZ‡Z wQ‡jb- ZzwK© 23.
5. ivgbvivqY wQ‡jb- wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v| 24.
6. Ij›`vR‡`i cÖavb NvuwU wQj- evsjvi PzPzov| 25.
7. K¬vBf wØZxqevi evsjvq Av‡mb- 1765 mv‡j| 26.
8. †Kv¤úvwbi AvwkÖZ iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq- A‡hva¨v| 27.
9. A‡hva¨vi beve wQ‡jb- myRvD‡ÏŠjv 28.
10. 1765 mv‡j Mfb©i n‡q Av‡mb- jW© K¬vBf| 29.
11. ZzwK© A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨i Afz¨Ìvb N‡U- cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z| 30.
12. mgy`ªhvÎvi Rb¨ bvweK‡`i cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb K‡ib- wcÖÝ †nbwi| 31.
13. cZ©yMvj †¯ú‡bi AšÍf©y³ nq- 1565 mv‡j| 32.
14. e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ fviZe‡l© cÖ_g AvMgb K‡i- cZ©ywMRiv| 33.
15. gymjgvbiv Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj weRq K‡ib- 1453 mv‡j| 34.
16. fv‡¯‹v-`v-Mvgv fviZe‡l© G‡m cÖ_gevi wQ‡jb- 3 gvm| 35.
17. Kveªvj †bŠeni G‡bwQ‡jb- 13wU| 36.
18. †Mvqvi K¨v_wjK ag© hvRK‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`b- †cvc Z…Zxq cj| 37.
19. Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb mb` jvf K‡i- 1600 mv‡j 38.
20. nj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmxiv BwZnv‡m cwiwPZ- WvP ev Ij›`vR bv‡g| 39.
21. WvPiv gvjv°v AwaKvi K‡i- 1616 mv‡j| 40.
22. WvPiv fviZel© Z¨vM K‡i- 1805 mv‡j| 41.
23. ivR ejøf wQ‡jb- N‡mwU †eM‡gi †`Iqvb| 42.
24. wmivR-D`-‡`Šjvi Rb¥ nq- 1733 mv‡j| 43.
wØZxq Aa¨vq: Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb: †Kv¤úvwb Avgj 44.
1. †nw÷sm KjKvZvq Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib- 18 eQi eq‡m| 45.
2. †nw÷sm evsjvi Mfb©i wbhy³ nb- 1772 mv‡j|
3. KjKvZvq †nw÷sm cÖ_g- '‡iwm‡W›U' c` jvf K‡ib| 46.
4. ‡nw÷sm evsjvi Mfb©i wbhy³ nb- KvwU©qv‡ii ¯’†j|
5. wUcy myjZv‡bi civRq N‡U- Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z| 1.
6. Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm AbymiY K‡ib- gyNj wePvie¨e¯’v‡K| 2.
7. cuvPmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy nq-- ivR¯^ Lv‡Z Avq evov‡Z| 3.
8. ivR‡Kv‡li Rb¨ ivR¯^ †evW© MVb K‡ib- †nw÷sm| 4.
9. †nw÷s‡mi mgq Av`vj‡Zi cÖavb wQ‡jb- beve A_ev bvwRg | 5.
10. cÖwZ †Rjvq †`Iqvwb I †dŠR`vwi Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡ib- †nw÷sm 6.
11. †nw÷sm ZuvwZ‡`i Ici Ryjyg wbwl× K‡ib- †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©| 7.
12. Mfb©i Ges `yRb cwil` wb‡q MwVZ- m`i †`Iqvwb Av`vjZ|
13. †nw÷sm ivR‡Kvl gywk©`vev` †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib- KjKvZvq| 8.
14. webv ï‡é e¨w³MZ evwYR¨ eÜ K‡i †`b- †nw÷sm| 9.
15. †i¸‡jwUs A¨v‡±i cÖ‡YZv wQ‡jb- jW© b_©| 10.
16. wbqvgK AvB‡b KvDwÝj †gqv` aiv nq- 5 eQi| 11.
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