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Chapter 8
s 24
8.2 X ± Z× = 125 ± 2.58 × =114.68 £ m £ 135.32
n 36
8.4 Since the results of only one sample are used to indicate whether salmon are large
enough to go to market, the farmer can never know with 100% certainty that the
specific interval obtained from the sample includes the true population mean. In
order to have 100% confidence, the entire population (sample size N) would have to
be selected.
8.6 Approximately 5% of the intervals will not include the true population. Since the true
population mean is not known, we do not know for certain whether it is contained in
the interval (between 3501.67 g and 3712.33 g) that we have developed.
𝜎 3000
8.8 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑍. = 34,000 ± 1.96. = 33,265 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 34,735
√𝑛 √64
(b) No. The manufacturer does not have the right to state that the light globes
last an average of 35,000 hours with 95% confidence.
(c) No. Since the population standard deviation is known and n = 64, from
Central Limit Theorem, we may assume that the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅ is
approximately normal.
(d) The confidence interval is wider based on a standard deviation of 6,000 hours
rather than the original assumption of 3,000 hours.
𝜎 6000
(a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑍. = 34,000 ± 1.96. = 32,530 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 35,470
√𝑛 √64
(b) Yes as 35,000 now lies within the interval the claim can be made by
the manufacturer with 95% confidence.
S 15
8.12 ̅ ± t.
X = 50 ± 2.9467. = 38.9499 ≤ μ ≤ 61.0501
√n √16
𝑆 6.4660
8.14 Original data: 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 5.8571 ± 2.4469. = −0.1229 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 11.8371
√𝑛 √7
𝑆 2.1602
Altered data: 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. 𝑛 = 4.00 ± 2.4469. 7 = 2.0022 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 5.9978
√ √
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
The presence of an outlier in the original data increases the value of the sample
mean and greatly inflates the sample standard deviation.
𝑆 25
8.16 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 380 ± 2.0096. = 372.895 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 387.105
√𝑛 √50
(b) Sydney water can be 95% confident that the average household usage is
somewhere between 372.895 litres and 387.105 litres.
(c) Water usage seems to have changed in the second summer by a significant
amount (at least at a 5% significance level).
𝑆 4.6024
8.18 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 23 ± 2.0739. = $21.01 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ $24.99
√𝑛 √23
(b) You can be 95% confident that the mean bounced-cheque fee for the
population is somewhere between $21.01 and $24.99.
𝑆 25.2835
8.20 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 43.8889 ± 2.0555. = 33.89 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 53.89
√𝑛 √27
(b) The population distribution needs to be normally distributed.
(c) Both the normal probability plot and the box-and-whisker plot show that the
population distribution is not normally distributed and is skewed to the right.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
𝑋 50 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.25(0.75)
8.22 𝑝= = = 0.25 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.25 ± 1.96√ = 0.19 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.31
𝑛 200 𝑛 200
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.36(0.64)
8.28 (a) 𝑝 = 0.36 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.36 ± 1.96√ = 0.3302 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.3898
𝑛 1000
(b) The proportion found by the Ombudsman, 0.32, does not lie within this
interval so it is very unlikely that the population proportion is still 0.32. The
proportion of complaints about faults may have increased since September
2013. However the sample proportion is based on a survey of only 1000
responses, so there may be related errors such as sampling or coverage error.
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 2.582 ×1002
8.32 𝑛= = = 166.41 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 167
𝑒2 202
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 1.962 ×0.0752
8.36 𝑛= = = 96.04 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 97
𝑒2 0.0152
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 1.962 ×0.052
8.38 𝑛= = = 96.04 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 97
𝑒2 0.012
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 1.6452 ×452
8.40 (a) 𝑛= = = 219.19 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 220
𝑒2 52
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 2.582 ×452
(b) 𝑛= 2 = = 539.17 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 540
𝑒 52
2
𝑍 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 2
1.96 ×(0.17)(0.83)
8.42 (a) 𝑛= = = 150.57 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 151
𝑒2 (0.06)2
𝑍2 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 1.962 ×(0.17)(0.83)
(b) 𝑛= = = 3338.78 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 339
𝑒2 (0.04)2
2
𝑍 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 2
1.96 ×(0.17)(0.83)
(c) 𝑛= = = 1,355.12 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 1,356
𝑒2 (0.02)2
𝑋 48 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.137(1−0.137)
8.44 (a) 𝑝= = = 0.137 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.137 ± 1.96√ = 0.101 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.173
𝑛 350 𝑛 350
(b) You are 95% confident that the population proportion of persons in the SSO
audience who are visitors is between 0.101 and 0.173.
𝑍 2 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 1.962 ×(0.137)(1−0.137)
(c) 𝑛= 2 = = 504.662 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 505
𝑒 (0.03)2
2
𝑍 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 2
2.58 ×(0.137)(1−0.137)
(d) 𝑛 = = = 874.436 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 875
𝑒2 (0.03)2
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.04(1−0.04)
8.48 (a) 𝑝 + 𝑍. √ = 0.04 + 1.2816 . √ 𝜋 < 0.0545
𝑛 300
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.04(1−0.04)
(b) 𝑝 + 𝑍. √ = 0.04 + 1.645 . √ 𝜋 < 0.0586
𝑛 300
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.04(1−0.04)
(c) 𝑝 + 𝑍. √ = 0.04 + 2.3263 . √ 𝜋 < 0.0663
𝑛 300
(b) Since the upper bound is higher than the tolerable exception rate of 0.04, the
auditor should request a larger sample.
8.56 The t distribution is used for obtaining a confidence interval for the mean when the
population standard deviation is unknown.
8.60 Difference estimation involves determining the difference between two amounts,
rather than a single amount.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.74(0.26)
8.62 (a) 𝑝 = 0.74 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.74 ± 1.96√ = 0.7320 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.7480
𝑛 11,619
(b) Yes, given the results of (a), it would be right to conclude with 95%
confidence that no more than 75% of Internet purchasers bought travel,
accommodation, memberships or tickets in 2012–13.
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.50(0.50)
(c) 𝑝 = 0.70 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.50 ± 2.58√ = 0.4880 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.5120
𝑛 11,619
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.125(0.875)
8.64 End of matter 𝑝 = 0.125 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.125 ± 1.96√ = 0.1064 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.1436
𝑛 1,212
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.012(0.988)
Annually 𝑝 = 0.012 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.012 ± 1.96√ = 0.0059 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.0181
𝑛 1,212
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.179(0.821)
Time to time 𝑝 = 0.179 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.179 ± 1.96√ = 0.1574 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.2005
𝑛 1,212
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.33(0.67)
Never 𝑝 = 0.33 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.33 ± 1.96√ = 0.3035 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.3565
𝑛 1,212
Don’t kno 𝑝=0.353 𝑝±𝑍.
𝑝(1−𝑝)𝑛=0.353±1.96
0.353(0.647)1,212=0.3261 ≤ 𝜋 ≤0.3799
The results indicate that only a small proportion of firms send client satisfaction
surveys on a regular basis so either client satisfaction is not a high priority with
many firms or they are judging it in different ways.
𝑆 70
8.66 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 350 ± 2.6490. = 327.84 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 372.16
√𝑛 √70
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.30(0.70)
(b) 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.30 ± 1.96√ = 0.19 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.41
𝑛 40
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 2.582 ×182
8.68 (a) 𝑛= = = 86.27 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 87
𝑒2 52
𝑍2 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 1.6452 ×(0.5)(0.5)
(b) 𝑛= = = 334.07 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 335
𝑒2 (0.045)2
(c) If a single sample were to be selected for both purposes, the larger of the two
sample sizes (n = 335) should be used.
𝑆 9.22
8.70 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 21.34 ± 1.9949. = 19.14 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 23.54
√𝑛 √70
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.3714(0.6286)
(b) 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.3714 ± 1.645√ = 0.2764 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.4664
𝑛 70
𝑍2 ×𝜎 2 1.962 ×102
(c) 𝑛= = = 170.74 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 171
𝑒2 1.52
𝑍2 ×𝜋(1−𝜋) 1.6452 ×(0.5)(0.5)
(d) 𝑛= = = 334.08 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 335
𝑒2 (0.045)2
(e) If a single sample were to be selected for both purposes, the larger of the two
sample sizes (n = 335) should be used.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.84(0.16)
(b) 𝑝 ± 𝑍. √ = 0.84 ± 1.96√ = 0.7384 ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 0.9416
𝑛 50
(c) The representative can be 95% confident that the actual proportion of pavers
that have required breaking strength is between 74.5% and 93.5%. He/she
can accordingly advise the public of the paver performance.
𝑍 2 ×𝜎 2 1.962 ×602
8.74 (a) 𝑛0 = 2 = = 138.298
𝑒 102
𝑛0 𝑁 138.298×25056
𝑛= 𝑛0 +(𝑁−1)
= 138.298+(25056−1) = 137.544 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑛 = 138
𝑆 0.1058
8.76 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 5.5014 ± 2.6800 . = 5.46 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 5.54
√𝑛 √50
(b) Since 5.5 g is within the 99% confidence interval, the company can claim that
the mean weight of tea in a bag is 5.5 g with a 99% level of confidence.
𝑆 0.0347
8.78 (a) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. = 4.0242 ± 1.9665 . = 4.0206 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 4.0278
√𝑛 √368
𝑆 0.0467
(b) 𝑋̅ ± 𝑡. 𝑛 = 4.0040 ± 1.9672. 330 = 3.9989 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 4.009
√ √
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
(c)
The volume for the cypress pine mulch is slightly skewed to the right while
the volume for cedar mulch appears to be slightly skewed to the left.
(d) Since the two confidence intervals do not overlap, the mean volume of
cypress pine mulch is greater than the mean volume of cedar mulch.
8.80 (a)
LCL UCL
FOOD
North Island 6.66 8.13
South Island 6.70 7.84
PRESENTATION
North Island 6.39 7.92
South Island 6.54 7.66
SERVICE
North Island 5.92 7.90
South Island 6.05 7.48
TOILETS
North Island 5.88 7.27
South Island 6.11 7.16
(b) With 95% confidence you can conclude that the mean score in North Island is
more varied than the mean score in South Island. With 95% confidence, you
can conclude that there are no significant differences in the ratings for food,
presentation, service and toilets between the two islands. If anything, South
Island scores are more consistent, which can be seen as a good thing.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
9781486018956 Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e
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expediency, of sweeping away the rule of the natural rulers of the
country?
CHAPTER X
THE FOUNDATIONS OF NATIVE SOCIETY—THE TENURE OF LAND