#.What is Animal Husbandey ?
MILCH BREEDS
“Animal Husbandry may be defined -. as a
science as well an art of management
including scientific feeding, breeding,
housing, health care, of common domestic
animals aiming for maximum returns.
Domestic animals such as cattle, buffalo ,
sheep, goat , yak, camel .pig, horse, dog,
poultry ete.
* Cattle Breeds in India:-
India possesses the largest number of cattle
of any country in the world. There are 26
breeds of cattle and six brads of buffaloes
in addition to a large number of non-
descript which are small in size and too low
productivity. Cattle of good breeds are
found in Punjab , Haryana , Delhi,
Rajasthan, U.P. and parts of Bombay,
Madras . Mysore and Andhra Pradesh.
Most of the Indian breeds are well known
for their draught resisting qualities and to
with stand diseases and parasites. They
possess potentialities for improvement and
respond favourably to better feeding and
management. In the humid areas like those
Of. Assam. Bengal , Bihar Orissa and
Kerala that Cattle are small and non
descript,
#. What is breed :- A group of animals
related by descent and similar in most
characters like general appearance ,
features, size configuration etc. are said to
be breed . There may be considerable
differences between individuals, still they
have as a group many common points
which distinguish them from other group.
Such a common characteristic group is
termed as a breed . The purity of the breed
is maintained by confining the mating of
animals to within the breed.
What is species :- A group of individuals
which have certain common characteristics
that distinguish them from other groups of
individuals .Within a species the
individuals are fertile when mated in
different species.
#.Cattle Brecds in India :-
Milch breeds:
1. Sahiwal
2. Red Sindhi
3. Gir
4. Deoni
Dual Purpose breeds :-
1. Hariyana
2. Tharparkar
3. Ongole
4. Kankrej
Draught breeds :-
1. Amrit Mahal
2. Kangayam
3. Malvi
4. Siri
reasonable resistance to certain tropical
1.Sahiwal :- Origin & distribution :-
Central and southern dry areas of the
Punjab particularly in Montgomery district.
Several pedigree hard are now being
maintained in most of the large cities of
Punjab. Delhi, U.P. , Bihar and M.P.
DAIRY CATTLE:- The indigenous cattle
of Assam are mainly non-descript and are
small but hardy with low production and
they are well known for their adaptability to
the hot and humid climatic condition of
Assam and their disease resistance capacity.
Some Important Indian and Exotic
Miich Breeds of Dairy Cattle:
Indian:
1.Red Sindhi :- Origin: Karachi and
Hyderabad of Pakistan.
Milk production : Average lactation yield
is about 1727kg,in a lactation of 300days.
2.Haryana :- Origin: Rohtak, Hissar,
Gurgaon and Karnal in Haryar.a and in
Delhi.
Milk production :- 900 kg to 1.350 kg per
lactation
3.Sahiwal :- Origin: Sahiwal district of
pakistan
Mik1production :- 1400 to 2,500 kg per
lactation
4.Gir :- Origin: This breed probably
originated in the gir forest of south
kathaiwar (gujarat)
Milk production :- 1746 lit to 3170 lit per
lactation
5.Deoni :- origin: Originated on north-east
and western portion of Hyderabad.
Milk production :- 900-1800 lit per
lactation
B) Exotic:
1.Jersey:- Origin: British Isles.
Milk production :- Average milk yield is
about 4050 ke with 5.3% fat per lactation of
305 days.
2.Holstein Friesian:- Origin: Netherland
Milk production :- Average milk yield of
this breed is 6120 kg with 3.6% fat in a
lactation of 305 days.
#.CHOICE OF EXOTIC BREED AND
LEVEL OF EXOTIC INHERITANCE
a.The choice of exotic dairy cattle breed for
improvement of local cattle should be
restricted to Jersey in the entire state of
Assam.
b.The best crossbred group of cattle has
been found to be half bred (50% Jersey,
50% local).
c.The half- bred cows are also found to
have adequate heat, tolerance and
diseases.
d. If the inheritance level of Jersey
increases beyond 50% in the crossbreds, the
animals become less adaptable to the
prevailing conditions of environment and
lose resistance to tropical diseases in
comparison to half-breeds.
e. Holstein Friesian inheritance may be
infused only in limited scale in some
defined geographic areas/herds, Areas
where fodder production and its availability
is more promising with well-developed
milk marketing channel and also in areas of
high elevation with congenial climate and
areas where sizable number of improved
(Graded) Holstein Friesian animals already
exist, Holstein Friesian inheritance may
be infused, if desired by the fanner.
IDEAL DAIRY CONFORMATION:
Cow:
a. Dairy character is best indicated by a
clean cut, spare open conformation and a
strong refined appearance with freedom
from coarsencss and excess flesh
throughout.
b. The head should be clean cut and should
blend smoothly.
c. Withers sharp, angular and well de fined.
lactation. Wedge shaped body outline; the
deepest point lies in front of the udder and
the body narrows towards the first rib and a
constrictive brisket and a large abdomen are
indication of high fertility in cow.
d. The hips very prominent, sharp and well
defined; the pins sharp and the thigh
thin and incurving.
e. Prominent, large tortuous and well-
branching mammary vein.
Heifer:
a.A trim, growthy, deep open ribbed, with
smooth shoulder, straight top, angular good
legs, proper dairy refinement and
outstanding breed characteristics is
preferred.
b. Short and compact individual which
exhibits too much fleshing and thickness is
not preferable.
c. The head and neck should be a
combination of feminity with strength and
should blends with entire frame to indicate
dairy quality.
d. Although, mammary development 1s
difficult to predict, the placing of teats can
be determined fairly accurately.
SELECTION OF BULLS:
Choosing of superior bulls should be
based on-
> Information on pedigree .
> Information on collateral relatives.
> Information on progeny performance
CULLING OF ANIMALS
Productivity of a herd can be kept at a
higher level by discarding the poor animals.
Animals showing any of the following
should be culled:
i.Animals with abnormally poor birth
weight
ii.Very low producing animals.
iii. Repeat breeders with no. of detectable
cause of repeat breeding.
iv. Animals beyond the age of 12-14 years.
v. Animals with chronic incurable diseases
vi. Animals with contagious diseases
vii. Animals with very poor growth rate
viii.Free-martin heifers unless proved
pregnant
ix. Animals with leaky and fibrous udder
(mastitis)
In addition to the above, animals
with conformation lacking breed
characteristics, total blindness, only one
testicle or abnormal testicles in bull, poor
semen quality are also to be culled from the
herd.
BREEDING RECORDS:- In order to
maintain scientific breeding programmers
keeping of breeding record is essential.
These records aid in scientific selection of
breeding dams and sires and it monitoring
the improvement of the herd.
HOUSING: Proper housing is essential for
good health, comfort and protection from
inclement weather would enable the
animals to express their genetic ability and
feed for optimal production.
For successful dairy farming
planning of cattle shed is very important.
While planning housing the following
points should be kept in mind.
1.The shed/site selected should be dry;
elevated and well drained with good water
supply and provision for enough space for
future expansion. Low lying marshy land
or damp area should not be selected for
cattle shed.
2. Locally available low cost materials
should be used for construction, which are
durable and can be maintained easily.
3. Fresh air and light should be ample.
4. A dairy building should be located to
maintain maximum exposure to the sun,
both in the morning and afternoon and
having north-south orientation with FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENT:
protection from strong cold or hot wind. a) Standing space:
The building should be so constructed that For crossbred cows: 1.2 x 1.2 m per animal
direct sunlight can reach the platform, or 1.5 x 1.7 m per animal
gutters and mangers in the cattle shed. (considering the size of the animal)
5. Thatch serves as an excellent roofing b) Manger:
material under rural condition. Others like Width :0,.6 m per animal
G.I. sheets, asbestos can also be used as Length : 0.6 m per animal
roofing materials. Depth :30cm.
6. The drain will have to be laid just outside c) Gutter:
the shed. Width : 25-30 cm:
7. A manure pit above ground level should Depth :2.5 cm
be constructed away from the cattle shed (with provision of gradient towards the
with suitable roofing. main drain)
d) Calf pen:
METHODS OF HOUSING: Suckling calves :
There are two types of housing: Pen size — Covered area: 1 x 1 m/calf
LOOSE HOUSING: Loose housing may Open area: 2 x 1 m/calf
be defined as a system where animals are Older calves :
kept loose except during milking and Pen size - Covered area: 2 x 1 m/calf
treatment periods, This is the most efficient Open area: 2 x 2 m/calf
and economical system.Some features of > The floor should be non-slippery and
loose housing are:- hard. It can be brick laid or rough
a. Reduced cost of construction concrete
b. Further scope for expansion without
much change. IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTION
c. Easy detection of animals in heat. DETAILS:
d. Optimum exercise of animals ensures A.Floors:-
better health and production, 1.The floor shall be hard, impervious to
e. Better management can be practised, water and easy to clean.
f. Reduces stress conditions. 2.The floor may be:
i)Cement concrete or paved with cement
#.CONVENTIONAL BARN: concrete flooring tiles.
Conventional barns may defined ii)Brick-on-edge flooring
as a housing system in which the COWS iii)Stone slab flooring
are confined together on 4 platform and iv)Moorum or Kankar flooring
secured at neck by stanchions or neck
chain. The cows are fed as well as milk in 3.The floor should have a slope of 3.0cm/m
this barn. The born completely roofed and of paved area
walls are also complete windows and/or B. Slope of the drain:
ventilations located at suitable place. 1.Slope of drain should be in between 1 in
Conventional barns are suitable for 60 to 1 in 40 depending on the need.
commercial dairies. C.Walls:
The animals in conventional barns 1.Under loose housing system, walls are
arrangement either in single row or in few and not so extensive.
double row. 2.In conventional barn, the side walls may
a) Single Row :- Suitable when the number be constructed up to a height of 3.5
of animal approximately ten. ft. and the thickness of the wall should not
al is below ten or app! exceed 35 cm.
3.Above the half walls, bamboo nettings or
b) Double Row arrangement: galvanized wire nettings should be .
> In medium to large farms it 1s always provide for proper ventilation.
desirable arrange the animals in double row D. Roofs:
in a conventional barn considering high 1.The roof should be light, strone, durable,
cost of construction. weather proof and a bad conductor
In double row animals can be arranged of heat.
either in two ways:- 2. Height from ground level the centre of
> Head-to-head or Face-to-face and the roof should be 4.6m.
> Tail-to-tail arrangement. 3. Height on the sides should be 2.42m.
4. Fall/extension beyond wall should be
0.75m
E. Manger: Raised manger from the floor
in Double row Tail to tail arrangement can
be practiced for free movement of air with
proper protection from the predators.
SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT:
Three systems of dairy cattle management
are generally in vogue viz -
1.Extensive :- It is a life stock management
system where animal graze on large non
cultivated land.
i. Characterize by low input and low output
ii. Associated area cropping pattern.
2. Semi-intensive :- Where the livestock’s
are kept indoor but there is a provision of
free range area.
i. Characterize by medium input and
medium output
ii. Animal are fed on grass, fodder, crop
residues.
3.Intensive:- Where the livestock’s are
kept indoor and fed on concentrate feed.
i. high input and high output.
ii. Animals are completely stall fed,
landless market area closed to dairy market.
MILKING:
METHODS OF MILKING:
There are two methods of milking:
i) Hand Milking
ii) Machine Milking
i) Hand Milking:- In India, Hand Milking
of cows is still most common practices.
Hand Milking can be done by three
methods viz.
> Full Hand Method,
> Stripping Method and
> Knuckling Method.
Full Hand and Stripping methods
of milking are the two commonly used
method of milking. Practice Full Hand
method, where the teats are of standard
size, as Full Hand method is considered to
be superior to Stripping and Knuckling.
ii) Machine Milking:
a.The main advantage with the machine
milking is the reduction in labour cost.
b.As the milking rate is fast in Machine
Milking, high yielders can be milked
completely.
c.Contamination of milk is also less in
Machine Milking as the milk does not come
into contact with outside objects.
The cost of the Milking Machine is around
Rs. 50,000.00 to Rs. 1,00,000.00 only.
d.A commercial dairy farm with around 20
milking cows can profitably use Milking
Machine in his farm.
CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION:
The clean milk
a.Should be free from dirt and dust.
b.Should not have any objectionable odour.
C.Should be free from harmful
bacteria/disease organism.
STEPS FOR CLEAN MILK
PRODUCTION
PRECAUTIONS:
a.Disease or suspected animals should be
milked at last.
b.Do not frighten or abuse the animals
c.Milking should be done at regular
interval.
d.Offer green fodder or release the animals
in outdoor immediately after milking so
that they may not sit for about half an hour
to prevent entry of micro-organisms into
the teat canal.
MANAGEMENT OF MILCH AND
DRY PREGNANT ANIMAL
a. Provide sufficient green fodder around
35-40 kg per day t0 the milking COW:
b. Feed 3-4 kg of paddy straw daily along
with greens.
c. During lean period, when green fodder is
not available, soaked paddy straw sprinkled
with little molasses should be provided if
urea treatment of paddy straw not possible.
d. Do not re-breed the cow within 2 months
of calving.
e. Do not milk the cow up to date of
calving. Allow 60 days of dry period.
f. Provide 1 kg of concentrate to each
dry/pregnant cow long with sufficient green
fodder.
SUMMER MANAGEMENT
1.Protect animals from direct sun
2. Supply adequate water
3. Provide adequate manger space
4. Eliminate flies
5. Avoid over crowding
6. Allow animals to move freely.
7. Sprinkle cool water twice or thrice daily
with a Sprinkler.
CARE OF THE PREGNANT COW
A pregnant cow needs special
nursing in every respect. The following
points are -
1.A cow may be watched for oestrus and
tested for pregnancy after 60 days of
service.
2. From sixth month onwards the cow may
be given 2 kg extra concentrate ration.
3. Good quality green fodder should be
supplied sufficiently.
4. For Proper observation of the pregnant
animals they are to moved to calving pens.
5. Slippery conditions should be avoided as
it may lead to fall, dislocation, fracture etc.
6.The parturition pen should be cleaned and
disinfected.
CARE AT AND AFTER
PARTURITION
1.Do not disturb the cow during parturition.
2. During complications take help of the
Veterinarian
3. The placenta should be buried.
4. Cows should not be allowed to eat the
placenta.
5. If placenta is not expelled within 12
hours of parturition then seek veterinary
help.
MANAGEMENT OF CALF AT BIRTH
1.Immediately after birth, clean the mouth
and nostrils of the calf by removing the
slimy fluid. Clean the body of the calf with
a clean cloth and keep the calf near the
mother and allow the mother to lick the
calf.
2. In case, the new born calf does not start
breathing then artificial breathing may be
given by a jerk, holding the calf on its hind
legs with the head downward. If the calf
does not breath even after the jerk, blow air
from your mouth through the nostrils of the
calf.
3. Clean the navel cord by squeezing and
apply antiseptic like tincture of iodine or
Dettol solution,
4. Clean and wash the udder of the cow
with antiseptic solution such as 0.01%
potassium permanganate or 1% Dettol
solution.
5. Disbud with caustic potash stick as soon
as the horn buds appear.
6. Raise calves in pens to minimise
infection.
7. Deworming of calves should be done
between 15 —21 days after birth.
MILK FEEDING TO CALVES:
1.Milk feeding should be done generally up
to 8 weeks of age. But if necessary it should
be continued up to 13 weeks of age.
2. From 4th day onwards, milk should be
fed at body temperature @ 10% of the body
weight up to 4 weeks of age (if artificially
fed) .
3. From 5th to 8th weeks it should be fed @
6.5% of body weight. .
4. If necessary, from 9th to 13th weeks,
milk should be fed@5% of the body
weight.
5. Antibiotics may be either given with
milk or with calf starter ration as per
recommendation.
FEEDING OF CALF STARTER #. Adlibitum supply of drinking water is Best site of deposition of semen in A.L:
RATION required for milch cow, #. During the time of insemination semen
1.An ideal calf starter ration should contain should be deposited in the body of the
20-22% DCP and 70-75% TDN. EXTRA ALLOWANCE DURING uterus,
2.Calf starter ration should be feed PREGNANCY: Minimum sperm motility and sperm
adlibitum from 7th days to 3 months of age > During the last trimester of the number per dose of semen:
along with good quality forage. pregnancy, an additional amount of 1.5kg- a)A sample of semen used for A.I. should
3. An ideal calf starter ration 1s as follows: 2kg of concentrate mixture is have at least 50% progressively motile
Ingredients parts recommended. sperm.
Maize 50 b) Number of progressively motile
Ground nut cake 30 BREEDING OF COWS AND HEIFERS spermatozoa should not be less than 15
Fish meal 10 THROUGH ARTIFICIAL million per insemination dose.
Wheat bran 8 INSEMINATION
Mineral mixture 2
Advantages of A.I. :-
Add a) common salt – 500g.
1.Use of A.L. for breeding cattle makes it PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS:
b) Vitamin AB2D3 – 20g.
possible to obtain large number of » Cessation of the oestrous cycle following
c) TM -5 -400g.
genetically superior calves out of A.I. or in other words not returning to heat
indigenous cows within comparatively after 21 days of AI. is the first indication of
shorter period of time. pregnancy.
FEEDING OF ADULT CATTLE:
2. It reduces the risk of spreading sexually » However, it is advisable to confirm
1. For adult cattle, after 1 year of age
transmitted diseases as there will be no pregnancy after 2 to 3 months of Al. by a
should be fed balanced concentrate mixture
Physical contact between the bull and the veterinanan.
along with green cereal fodder,
cow at the time of breeding.
2. A balanced concentrate mixture should
3. A,I. enables preservation of frozen Important considerations while breeding
have 10 —- 15% DCP and 65 — 75%
semen for long time. heifers and cows:
TDN.
4. A.L. permits use of outstanding bulls that a).Breeding of crossbred heifers should
3. Paddy straw can be fed to reduce the
are not capable of mating due to injury. start only after 18-20 months of age.
quantity of green fodder to some extent.
b). In heifers two to three heat periods
4. The following concentrate mixture can
Signs of heat in cows and heifers: should precede first A.l.
be prepared for adult cattle:
#. Standing to be mounted by a bull or other
Ingredients Parts
cows c). Cows after calving should be
Maize crushed 35
#. Aggressive behaviours inseminated only after two months of
GNC/Til cake 25
Wheat bran 20 #. Frequent bellowing calving so that the uterus gets enough time
Rice polish 17 #. Restlessness or excitement for regaining its pre-gravid conditions.
Common salt 2 #. Frequent urination d). Cows having difficulty at calving such
Common salt 1 #. Drop in 'milk yield as dystokia, retention of placenta should not
total 100 #. Loss of appetite be inseminated before 90 days of calving.
#. Swelling or oedema of vulva
#. Secretion of mucus from the vagina Management of anoestrus and repeat
FEEDING OF MILCH CATTLE: breeding:
#.The following concentrate mixture can be Best time of insemination: 1.A crossbred heifer failing to express Sign
prepared for milch cattle: a.A cow or heifer to be inseminated only of heat after attaining maximum pubertal
Ingredients Parts during heat period which extends for 18 to age of 24 months and a cow failing to show
Maize 47 24 hours usually, signs of heat after 3 months of parturition
D.O.Rice bran 10 b. The best time of insemination is 12 hours are said to suffer from anoestrus.
Wheat bran 10
after the cow shows first sign of oestrus. In 2.Such animals should be treated with
D.O. GNC 5
practice it means a cow coming to oestrus broad spectrum anthelmintics followed by
D.O.MOC 10
Soyabean meal 10 in morning hours should be inseminated improved feeding with vitamins and area
Molasses 5 same day in the evening. In case she shows specific mineral mixtures In consultation
Mineral mixture 2 signs of oestrus in the evening hours she with the vetermarian.
Common salt 1 should be inseminated in the morning hours
total 100 of the following day. Repeat breeding:
c. In case a cow remains in heat for more 1.Acow or heifer with normal oestrous
#. For cows yielding more than 10kg of than 24 hours a second insemination is cycle
milk daily, feed 1.5kg of concentrate indicated 12 to 24 hours after the first. of 21-22 days and heat period of 18 to 20
mixture for maintenance and additional d. Some cows may remain in oestrus for 3 hours not conceiving even after 3
300g concentrate mixture per kg of milk to 4 days. In such cases inseminations be inseminations is Called a repeat breeder.
yield. continued at 24 hours interval till cessation 2.In such cases treatment of the animal with
#. Green and dry fodder should be fed of oestrus signs, the Veterinarian to be undertaken.
@2/3™ of the total DM requirement
according to the body weight.