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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
b. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
c. From part (a), the interval [−10.58; 0.78] contains 0, the value
hypothesized under the null hypothesis. At the 5% significance level, we
do not reject 𝐻0 and we cannot conclude that the population means differ.
2.
a. For 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 = 15 + 20 − 2 = 33; 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 =
𝑡0.025,33 = 2.035.
(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22 (15−1)7.9+(20−1)9.3
𝑠𝑝2 = = = 8.71
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 15+20−2
1 1
( 𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) ± 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 √𝑠𝑝2 ( + 𝑛 ) = (−10.5 + 16.8) ±
𝑛1 2
1 1
2.035√8.71 (15 + 20) = 6.3 ± 2.05, or 4.25 to 8.35
b. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
10-1
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
c. From part (a), the interval [4.25; 8.35] does not contain 0, the value
hypothesized under the null hypothesis, so we reject 𝐻0 . At the 5%
significance level, the population means differ.
3.
𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 57 − 63
𝑧= = = −1.41
2 2
𝜎2 𝜎2 √11.5 + 15.2
√ 1 + 2 20 20
𝑛1 𝑛2
For the two-tailed test, we compute the p-value as 2𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.41) =
2(0.0793) = 0.1586. Since the p-value = 0.1586 > 0.05 = 𝛼,
we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 5% significance level, we cannot conclude that
the population means differ.
4.
a.
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇20 ≥ 1.719) is between 0.05 and 0.10; the exact p-value
= 0.051. Since the p-value > α = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 5%
significance level, we cannot conclude that µ1 is greater than µ2.
5.
(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22 (10−1)352 +(10−1)232
a. 𝑠𝑝2 = = = 877
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 10+10−2
𝑑𝑓 = 10 − 10 − 2 = 18
10-2
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇18 ≤ −0.982) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-
value = 0.17. Since the p-value > α = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 5%
significance level, we cannot conclude that µ1 is less than µ2.
b.
𝑠 2𝑠 2 2 2
( 1+ 2) 352 232
𝑛1 𝑛2 ( + )
10 10
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 = 15.55, rounded down to 15
𝑠 𝑠2 (35 2
⁄
2
(23 ⁄10)
( 1⁄𝑛 ) ( 2⁄𝑛 ) 10)
1 2 +
+ 10−1 10−1
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇15 ≤ −0.982) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-
value = 0.171. Since the p-value > α = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the
5% significance level, we cannot conclude that µ1 is less than µ2.
6.
(𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22 (22−1)21.52 +(18−1)15.22
a. 𝑠𝑝2 = = = 358.81
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 22+18−2
𝑑𝑓 = 22 − 18 − 2 = 38
( 𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅ 2 ) − 𝑑0 ( 57 − 43) − 5
𝑡𝑑𝑓 = 𝑡38 = = = 1.495
1 1
√𝑠𝑝2 ( +𝑛 ) √358.81 ( 1 + 1 )
𝑛1 2 22 18
The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇38 ≥ 1.495) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-
value = 0.144.
7.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
10-3
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇14 ≤ −1.724) is between 0.05 and 0.10; the exact p-
value = 0.053. Since the p-value > α = 0.01, we do not reject 𝐻0 .
At the 1% significance level, we cannot conclude that the mean of the
second population is greater than the mean of the first population.
c. With 𝛼 = 0.10, since the p-value < α, we reject 𝐻0 . At the 10% significance
level, we conclude that the mean of the second population is greater than
the mean of the first population.
8.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
𝑠 2𝑠 2 2 2
( 1+ 2) 16.26862 10.91182
𝑛1 𝑛2 ( + )
6 6
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 = 8.74, rounded down to 8.
𝑠 𝑠2 2
(16.2686 ⁄6)
2
(10.9118 ⁄6)
( 1⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 )
+
+ 6−1 6−1
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇8 ≤ −1.667) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-
value = 0.134.
c. Since the p-value > 𝛼 = 0.10, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 10% significance
level, we cannot conclude that the population means differ.
9.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(𝜇1 is the population mean of life expectancy for females and 𝜇2 is the
population mean of life expectancy for males)
10-4
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅2 81.10−74.80
b. 𝑧 = = 2 2
= 3.00;
𝜎2 𝜎2 √8.2 +8.6
√ 1+ 2 32 32
𝑛1 𝑛2
c. Since the p-value = 0.0013 < 0.10 = 𝛼, we reject 𝐻0 . The sample data
suggest that female Bostonians live longer than male Bostonians at the
10% significance level.
10.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
(𝜇1 is the population mean of salary with associate degree and 𝜇2 is the
population mean of salary with no associate degree)
𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅2 52,000−54,700
b. 𝑧 = = 2 2
= −5.81
𝜎2 𝜎2 √4,400 +1,500
√ 1+ 2 100 100
𝑛1 𝑛2
c. Since the p-value < 𝛼 = 0.05, we reject 𝐻0 . The sample data indicates that
𝜇1 < 𝜇2 at the 5% significance level. The “community college penalty”
seems to apply to Lucille’s university as well.
11.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(𝜇1 is the population mean for individuals with CFAs and 𝜇2 is the
population mean for individuals with MBAs)
b.
𝑠 𝑠2 2 2 2
( 1+ 2) 34,0002 46,0002
𝑛1 𝑛2 ( + )
38 80
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 = 95.50, rounded down to 95
𝑠 𝑠2 34,0002 46,0002
( 1⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 ) (
38
) (
80
)
+ +
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1 38−1 80−1
10-5
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇95 ≥ 1.061) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p −
value = 0.146.
12.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
(Sample 1 represents condominiums and Sample 2 represents apartment
buildings.)
𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅2 244200−235800
b. 𝑧 = = 2 2
= 1.53
𝜎 2𝜎 2 √22500 +20000
√ 1+ 2 30 30
𝑛1 𝑛2
c. Since the p-value is greater than 0.05 and 0.10, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At
either the 5% or 10% significance levels, we cannot conclude the mean
profitability differs between condominiums and apartment buildings.
13.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(Sample 1 represents students in the first section and Sample 2 represents
students in the second section.)
b.
2
𝑠2 𝑠2
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )
1 2
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 = 26 (rounded down)
𝑠2 𝑠2
( 1 ⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 )
𝑛1 − 1 + 𝑛2 − 1
10-6
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
c. 𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇26 ≥ 0.798) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value =
0.216. Since the p-value > 𝛼 = 0.01, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 1%
significance level, there is no evidence that the first class outperforms the
second class.
14.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(Sample 1 represents the output rates of the new process and Sample 2
represents the output rates of the old process.)
With 𝑑𝑓 = 8 + 10 − 2 = 16,
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇16 ≥ 2.145) is between 0.01 and 0.025; the exact p-
value = 0.024.
15.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 120 (minutes); 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 120 (minutes)
(Sample 1 is from the population of new phones and Sample 2 is from the
population of old phones. All times are converted into minutes.)
10-7
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
b.
2
𝑠2 𝑠2
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )
1 2
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 = 146 (rounded down)
𝑠2 𝑠2
( 1 ⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 )
𝑛1 − 1 + 𝑛2 − 1
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇146 ≥ 4.069) is less than 0.005; the exact p-value = 0
(approximately). Since the p-value < 𝛼 = 0.05, we reject 𝐻0 . The claim
that the new product has, on average, a battery life of more than two hours
longer than the leading product is supported by the sample data at the 5%
significance level.
16.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 30, 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 30
(Sample 1 is the sample of SUVs and Sample 2 is the sample of small cars.)
With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 = 18 + 38 − 2 = 54,
𝑇he p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇54 ≥ 2.219) is between 0.025 and 0.05; the exact p-
value = 0.03.
c. Since the p-value < 𝛼 = 0.10, we reject 𝐻0 . The sample data contradicts the
claim that it takes 30 days longer to sell SUVs compared to smaller cars at
the 10% significance level.
17.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐵 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐴 − 𝜇𝐵 ≠ 0
10-8
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
b.
16.525 − 17.250
𝑧= = −1.48
√4.4 + 5.2
40 40
18.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
(Samples 1 and 2 represent website searches for daytime and nighttime
advertisements, respectively.)
b.
With 𝑑𝑓 = 30 + 30 − 2 = 58,
𝑇he p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇58 ≤ −7.249) is less than 0.005; the exact p-value = 0
(approximately).
19.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(Samples 1 and 2 represent weight loss with low-carb and low-fat,
respectively.)
b. With 𝑑𝑓 = 30 + 30 − 2 = 58,
10-9
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇58 ≥ 7.581) is less than 0.005; the exact p-value = 0
(approximately).
20.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
(Samples 1 and 2 represent the assembly times with the new method and
old method, respectively.)
𝑠 2𝑠 2 2
( 1+ 2)
𝑛1 𝑛2
b. 𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 = 66 (rounded down)
𝑠2 𝑠2
( 1⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 )
+
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇66 ≤ −1.436) is between 0.05 an 010; the exact p-value
= 0.078.
21.
a. Let Samples 1 and 2 represent major-league players with and without
nicknames, respectively.
𝑥̅1 = 68.0556, 𝑥̅2 = 64.0833
b. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 2.50; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 2.50
c. With 𝑑𝑓 = 18 + 12 − 2 = 28,
10-10
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇28 ≥ 0.633) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value =
0.266.
22. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(Samples 1 and 2 represent the salary in 2008 and 2010, respectively.)
2
𝑠2 𝑠2
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )
1 2
𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 = 60 (rounded down)
𝑠2 𝑠2
( 1 ⁄𝑛1 ) ( 2⁄𝑛2 )
𝑛1 − 1 + 𝑛2 − 1
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇60 ≥ 0.692) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value = 0.246.
Since the p-value > 𝛼 = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . At the 5% significance
level, we cannot conclude that the starting salary has declined from 2008 to
2010.
23. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
(Samples 1 and 2 represent spending by men and women, respectively.)
With 𝑑𝑓 = 40 + 60 − 2 = 98,
𝑇he p-value = 𝑃(𝑇98 ≥ 2.928) is less than 0.005; the exact p-value = 0.002.
10-11
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
24.
a. With 𝛼 = 1 − 0.90 = 0.10 and 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 20 − 1 = 19, 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 =
𝑠 1.61
𝑡0.05,19 = 1.729. 𝑑̅ ± 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 𝐷 = 1.3 ± 1.729 = 1.3 ±
√𝑛 √20
0.62, or [0.68, 1.92].
b. Since the value zero is not included in the [0.68, 1.92] interval, we reject
𝐻0 . At the 10% significance level, we conclude that the mean difference
differs from zero.
25.
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑) ̅ 2
a. 𝑑̅ = 𝑛 𝑖 = −1.625; 𝑠𝐷 = √ 𝑛−1 =2.3261
𝑠 2.3261
𝑑̅ ± 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 𝐷𝑛 = −1.625 ± 2.365 = −1.625 ± 1.945, or [−3.57, 0.32].
√ √8
b. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
c. Since the value zero is included in the [−3.57, 0.32] interval, we do not
reject 𝐻0 . We cannot conclude that the mean difference differs from zero
at the 5% significance level.
26.
−2.8−0
a. With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 12 − 1 = 11, 𝑡11 = 5.7 = −1.702
⁄
√12
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇11 ≤ −1.702) is between 0.05 and 010; the exact p-
value = 0.058.
27.
𝑑̅ −𝑑0 5.6−2
a. With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9, 𝑡9 = 𝑠𝐷 = 6.2⁄ = 1.836.
⁄
√𝑛 √10
10-12
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
28.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≤ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 > 0
𝑑̅−𝑑0 1.2−0
b. With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 35 − 1 = 34, 𝑡34 = 𝑠𝐷 = 3.8⁄ = 1.868.
⁄
√𝑛 √35
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇34 ≥ 1.868) is between 0.025 and 0.05; the exact p-
value = 0.035.
29.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 < 0
(Mean difference between Before and After)
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑̅) 2
b. 𝑑̅ = 𝑛 𝑖 = −0.975; 𝑠𝐷 = √ 𝑛−1 = 1.1634
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
With df = 𝑛 − 1 = 8 − 1 = 7, 𝑡7 = 𝑠 = −2.37.
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇7 ≤ −2.37) = 0.025. Since the p-value < 𝛼 = 0.05,
we reject 𝐻0 . At the 5% significance level, we conclude that the experiment
increases the magnitude of the observations.
30.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
(Mean difference between Method A and Method B)
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑̅) 2
b. 𝑑̅ = 𝑛 𝑖 = −1.8571; 𝑠𝐷 = √ 𝑛−1 = 2.3401
10-13
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
𝑑̅ −𝑑0
With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6, 𝑡6 = 𝑠𝐷 = −2.10
⁄
√𝑛
c. The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇6 ≤ −2.10) is between 0.05 and 0.10; the exact p-value
= 0.08.
31.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≤ 5; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 > 5
(Mean difference between Before and After)
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑̅) 2
b. 𝑑̅ = 𝑛 𝑖 = 5.6667; 𝑠𝐷 = √ 𝑛−1 = 2.9439
𝑑̅ −𝑑0
With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5, 𝑡5 = 𝑠𝐷 = 0.555.
⁄
√𝑛
c. The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇5 ≥ 0.555) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value = 0.301.
d. Since the p-value > 𝛼 = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . The diet center’s claim
is not supported by the data at the 5% significance level.
32.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
(Mean difference between the value from Appraiser 1 and Appraiser 2)
∑𝑑 ∑(𝑑𝑖 −𝑑̅) 2
b. 𝑑̅ = 𝑛 𝑖 = −2.1667; 𝑠𝐷 = √ 𝑛−1 = 6.1779
𝑑̅ −𝑑0
With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5, 𝑡5 = 𝑠𝐷 − 0.859.
⁄
√𝑛
c. The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇5 ≤ −0.859) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value =
0.430.
10-14
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
33.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
(Mean difference between the defects with Brand A and Brand B)
b. 𝑑̅ = −0.3333; 𝑠𝐷 = 1.633, 𝑑𝑓 = 5
𝑑̅ −𝑑0
With 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5, 𝑡5 = 𝑠𝐷 = −0.50.
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇5 ≤ −0.50) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value =
0.638.
c. Since the p-value > 𝛼 = 0.05, we do not reject 𝐻0 . We cannot conclude the
mean difference between Brand A number of defects and the Brand B
number of defects is different from zero.
34.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 < 0.
(Mean difference between the time with New Processor and Existing
Processor)
b. 𝑑̅ = −0.2771; 𝑠𝐷 = 0.1991, 𝑑𝑓 = 6
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡6 = 𝑠 = −3.682
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇6 ≤ −3.682) = 0.005.
c. Since the p-value < 𝛼 = 0.05, we reject 𝐻0 . We conclude that the mean
difference between new and the existing processing time is less than zero.
Yes, there is evidence the new processor is faster than the old processor.
35.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 < 0
(Mean difference between the score on Mock SAT and Real SAT)
b. 𝑑̅ = −30; 𝑠𝐷 = 49.5696; 𝑑𝑓 = 7
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡7 = 𝑠 = −1.712
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇7 ≤ −1.712) is between 0.05 and 0.10; the exact p-value
= 0.065.
10-15
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
36.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≤ 100; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 > 100
(Mean difference between the Competitor’s and Insure-Me premiums)
b. 𝑑̅ = 197.06; 𝑠𝐷 = 443.9387; 𝑑𝑓 = 49
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡49 = 𝑠 = 1.546
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇49 ≥ 1.546) is between 0.05 and 0.10; the exact p-value
= 0.064.
37.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
(Mean difference between Electronics and Utilities returns)
b. 𝑑̅ = 2.0933; 𝑠𝐷 = 35.2420; 𝑑𝑓 = 8
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡8 = 𝑠 = 0.178
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇8 ≥ 0.178) is more than 0.20; the exact p-value =
0.864.
10-16
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
38.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
(Mean difference between Estimated and Actual returns)
b. 𝑑̅ = 0.6286; 𝑠𝐷 = 2.3400; 𝑑𝑓 = 34
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡34 = 𝑠 = 1.589
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 2𝑃(𝑇34 ≥ 1.589) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-
value = 0.122.
39.
a. 𝑑̅ = 7; 𝑠𝐷 = 7.4915
(Mean difference between After and Before weights)
With 𝛼 = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05 and 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 49, 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 = 2.010.
𝑠
𝑑̅ ± 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑑𝑓 𝐷𝑛 = 7 ± 2.010(1.059) = 7 ± 2.13, or [4.87, 9.13].
√
With 95% confidence, the mean gain in weight is between 4.87 and 9.13
pounds.
b. Since 5 is within the 95% confidence interval, we cannot conclude that the
mean gain in weight due to quitting differs from 5 pounds at the 5%
significance level.
40.
a. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝐷 ≥ 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇𝐷 < 0
(Mean difference between Shift Defense and Standard Defense)
b. 𝑑̅ = −0.0262; 𝑠𝐷 = 0.0671; 𝑑𝑓 = 9
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0
𝑡9 = 𝑠 = −1.235
𝐷
⁄
√𝑛
The p-value = 𝑃(𝑇9 ≤ −1.235) is between 0.10 and 0.20; the exact p-value
= 0.124.
10-17
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
41.
With 𝛼 = 0.10, 𝑧𝛼/2 = 1.645
0.85(1−0.85) 0.90(1−0.90)
1.645√ + = −0.05 ± 0.039 or [−0.089, −0.011]
400 350
42.
50 70
𝑝̅1 = 200 = 0.25; 𝑝̅2 = 250 = 0.28; 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑧𝛼/2 = 1.96
0.25(1−0.25) 0.28(1−0.28)
1.96√ + = −0.03 ± 0.082 or [−0.112, 0.052].
200 250
43.
250 275 525
a. ̅𝑝1 = 400 = 0.6250; 𝑝̅2 = 400 = 0.6875, ̅𝑝 = 800 = 0.6563
10-18
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
44.
a.
100 172 272
̅𝑝1 = 250 = 0.40; 𝑝̅2 = 400 = 0.43; ̅𝑝 = 650 = 0.4185
45.
300 325 625
a. ̅𝑝1 = 600 = 0.50; 𝑝̅2 = 500 = 0.65, ̅𝑝 = 1100 = 0.5682
46.
150 130
a. ̅𝑝1 = 250 = 0.60; 𝑝̅2 = 400 = 0.325.
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Chapter 10 – Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations
significance level.
47. Let p1 represent the population proportion of girls and p2 the population
proportion of boys.
344 369
a. 𝑝̅1 = 430 = 0.80; 𝑝̅2 = 450 = 0.82
0.80(1−0.80) 0.82(1−0.82)
1.96√ + = −0.02 ± 0.052 or [−0.072, 0.032].
430 450
b. 𝐻0 : 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 : 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ≠ 0
48. Let p1 represent the population proportion of planks that are scrapped under
the old method and p2 represent the population proportion of planks that are
scrapped under the new method.
62 36
a. 𝑝̅1 = 500 = 0.124; 𝑝̅2 = 400 = 0.09
0.124(1−0.124) 0.09(1−0.09)
1.96√ + = 0.034 ± 0.040 or [−0.006, 0.074]. The
500 400
difference in the population proportions is between ―0.6% and 7.4%, at
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towards the whole free colored population of the United States. I
understand that policy to comprehend: First, the complete
suppression of all anti-slavery discussion; second, the expulsion
of the entire free people of the United States; third, the
nationalization of slavery; fourth, guarantees for the endless
perpetuation of slavery and its extension over Mexico and
Central America. Sir, these objects are forcibly presented to us in
the stern logic of passing events, and in all the facts that have
been before us during the last three years. The country has
been and is dividing on these grand issues. Old party ties are
broken. Like is finding its like on both sides of these issues, and
the great battle is at hand. For the present the best
representative of the slavery party is the Democratic party. Its
great head for the present is President Pierce, whose boast it
was before his election, that his whole life had been consistent
with the interests of slavery—that he is above reproach on that
score. In his inaugural address he reassures the South on this
point, so there shall be no misapprehension. Well, the head of
the slave power being in power it is natural that the pro-slavery
elements should cluster around his administration, and that is
rapidly being done. The stringent protectionist and the free-
trader strike hands. The supporters of Fillmore are becoming the
supporters of Pierce. Silver Gray Whigs shake-hands with
Hunker Democrats, the former only differing from the latter in
name. They are in fact of one heart and one mind, and the union
is natural and perhaps inevitable. Pilate and Herod made
friends. The key-stone to the arch of this grand union of forces of
the slave party is the so-called Compromise of 1850. In that
measure we have all the objects of our slaveholding policy
specified. It is, sir, favorable to this view of the situation, that the
whig party and the democratic party bent lower, sunk deeper,
and strained harder in their conventions, preparatory to the late
presidential election to meet the demands of slavery. Never did
parties come before the northern people with propositions of
such undisguised contempt for the moral sentiment and religious
ideas of that people. They dared to ask them to unite with them
in a war upon free speech, upon conscience, and to drive the
Almighty presence from the councils of the nation. Resting their
platforms upon the fugitive slave bill they have boldly asked this
people for political power to execute its horrible and hell-black
provisions. The history of that election reveals with great
clearness, the extent to which slavery has “shot its leprous
distillment” through the lifeblood of the nation. The party most
thoroughly opposed to the cause of justice and humanity
triumphed, while the party only suspected of a leaning toward
those principles was overwhelmingly defeated, and some say
annihilated. But here is a still more important fact, and still better
discloses the designs of the slave power. It is a fact full of
meaning, that no sooner did the democratic party come into
power than a system of legislation was presented to all the
legislatures of the Northern States designed to put those States
in harmony with the fugitive slave law, and with the malignant
spirit evinced by the national government towards the free
colored inhabitants of the country. The whole movement on the
part of the States bears unmistakable evidence of having one
origin, of emanating from one head, and urged forward by one
power. It was simultaneous, uniform, and general, and looked
only to one end. It was intended to put thorns under feet already
bleeding; to crush a people already bowed down; to enslave a
people already but half free; in a word, it was intended and well
calculated to discourage, dishearten, and if possible to drive the
whole free colored people out of the country. In looking at the
black law then recently enacted in the State of Illinois one is
struck dumb by its enormity. It would seem that the men who
passed that law, had not only successfully banished from their
minds all sense of justice, but all sense of shame as well; these
law codes propose to sell the bodies and souls of the blacks to
provide the means of intelligence and refinement for the whites;
to rob every black stranger who ventures among them to
increase their educational fund.
“While this kind of legislation is going on in the States, a pro-
slavery political board of health is being established at
Washington. Senators Hale, Chase, and Sumner are robbed of
their senatorial rights and dignity as representatives of sovereign
States, because they have refused to be inoculated with the pro-
slavery virus of the times. Among the services which a senator is
expected to perform, are many that can only be done efficiently
as members of important committees, and the slave power in the
Senate, in saying to these honorable senators, you shall not
serve on the committees of this body, took the responsibility of
insulting and robbing the States which has sent them there. It is
an attempt at Washington to decide for the States who the
States shall send to the Senate. Sir, it strikes me that this
aggression on the part of the slave power did not meet at the
hands of the proscribed and insulted senators the rebuke which
we had a right to expect from them. It seems to me that a great
opportunity was lost, that the great principle of senatorial
equality was left undefended at a time when its vindication was
sternly demanded. But it is not to the purpose of my present
statement to criticize the conduct of friends. Much should be left
to the discretion of anti-slavery men in Congress. Charges of
recreancy should never be made but on the most sufficient
grounds. For of all places in the world where an anti-slavery man
needs the confidence and encouragement of his friends, I take
Washington—the citadel of slavery—to be that place.
“Let attention now be called to the social influences
operating and coöperating with the slave power of the time,
designed to promote all its malign objects. We see here the
black man attacked in his most vital interests: prejudice and hate
are systematically excited against him. The wrath of other
laborers is stirred up against him. The Irish, who, at home,
readily sympathize with the oppressed everywhere, are instantly
taught when they step upon our soil to hate and despise the
negro. They are taught to believe that he eats the bread that
belongs to them. The cruel lie is told them, that we deprive them
of labor and receive the money which would otherwise make its
way into their pockets. Sir, the Irish-American will find out his
mistake one day. He will find that in assuming our avocation, he
has also assumed our degradation. But for the present we are
the sufferers. Our old employments by which we have been
accustomed to gain a livelihood are gradually slipping from our
hands: every hour sees us elbowed out of some employment to
make room for some newly arrived emigrant from the Emerald
Isle, whose hunger and color entitle him to special favor. These
white men are becoming house-servants, cooks, stewards,
waiters, and flunkies. For aught I see they adjust themselves to
their stations with all proper humility. If they cannot rise to the
dignity of white men, they show that they can fall to the
degradation of black men. But now, sir, look once more! While
the colored people are thus elbowed out of employment; while a
ceaseless enmity in the Irish is excited against us; while State
after State enacts laws against us; while we are being hunted
down like wild beasts; while we are oppressed with a sense of
increasing insecurity, the American Colonization Society, with
hypocrisy written on its brow, comes to the front, awakens to
new life, and vigorously presses its scheme for our expatriation
upon the attention of the American people. Papers have been
started in the North and the South to promote this long cherished
object—to get rid of the negro, who is presumed to be a standing
menace to slavery. Each of these papers is adapted to the
latitude in which it is published, but each and all are united in
calling upon the government for appropriations to enable the
Colonization Society to send us out of the country by steam.
Evidently this society looks upon our extremity as their
opportunity, and whenever the elements are stirred against us,
they are stimulated to unusual activity. They do not deplore our
misfortunes, but rather rejoice in them, since they prove that the
two races cannot flourish on the same soil. But, sir, I must
hasten. I have thus briefly given my view of one aspect of the
present condition and future prospects of the colored people of
the United States. And what I have said is far from encouraging
to my afflicted people. I have seen the cloud gather upon the
sable brows of some who hear me. I confess the case looks bad
enough. Sir, I am not a hopeful man. I think I am apt to
undercalculate the benefits of the future. Yet, sir, in this
seemingly desperate case, I do not despair for my people. There
is a bright side to almost every picture, and ours is no exception
to the general rule. If the influences against us are strong, those
for us are also strong. To the inquiry, will our enemies prevail in
the execution of their designs—in my God, and in my soul, I
believe they will not. Let us look at the first object sought for by
the slavery party of the country, viz., the suppression of the anti-
slavery discussion. They desire to suppress discussion on this
subject, with a view to the peace of the slaveholder and the
security of slavery. Now, sir, neither the principle nor the
subordinate objects, here declared, can be at all gained by the
slave power, and for this reason: it involves the proposition to
padlock the lips of the whites, in order to secure the fetters on
the limbs of the blacks. The right of speech, precious and
priceless, cannot—will not—be surrendered to slavery. Its
suppression is asked for, as I have said, to give peace and
security to slaveholders. Sir, that thing cannot be done. God has
interposed an insuperable obstacle to any such result. “There
can be no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.” Suppose it were
possible to put down this discussion, what would it avail the
guilty slaveholder, pillowed as he is upon the heaving bosoms of
ruined souls? He could not have a peaceful spirit. If every anti-
slavery tongue in the nation were silent—every anti-slavery
organization dissolved—every anti-slavery periodical, paper,
pamphlet, book, or what not, searched out, burned to ashes, and
their ashes given to the four winds of heaven, still, still the
slaveholder could have no peace. In every pulsation of his heart,
in every throb of his life, in every glance of his eye, in the breeze
that soothes, and in the thunder that startles, would be waked up
an accuser, whose cause is, ‘thou art verily guilty concerning thy
brother.’”
I did not sign my name, and the result showed that I had rightly
judged that Mr. Blackall would understand and promptly attend to the
request. The mark of the chisel with which the desk was opened is
still on the drawer, and is one of the traces of the John Brown raid.
Having taken measures to secure my papers the trouble was to
know just what to do with myself. To stay in Hoboken was out of the
question, and to go to Rochester was to all appearance to go into the
hands of the hunters, for they would naturally seek me at my home if
they sought me at all. I, however, resolved to go home and risk my
safety there. I felt sure that once in the city I could not be easily
taken from there without a preliminary hearing upon the requisition,
and not then if the people could be made aware of what was in
progress. But how to get to Rochester became a serious question. It
would not do to go to New York city and take the train, for that city
was not less incensed against the John Brown conspirators than
many parts of the South. The course hit upon by my friends, Mr.
Johnston and Miss Assing, was to take me at night in a private
conveyance from Hoboken to Paterson, where I could take the Erie
railroad for home. This plan was carried out and I reached home in
safety, but had been there but a few moments when I was called
upon by Samuel D. Porter, Esq., and my neighbor, Lieutenant-
Governor Selden, who informed me that the governor of the State
would certainly surrender me on a proper requisition from the
governor of Virginia, and that while the people of Rochester would
not permit me to be taken South, yet in order to avoid collision with
the government and consequent bloodshed, they advised me to quit
the country, which I did—going to Canada. Governor Wise in the
meantime, being advised that I had left Rochester for the State of
Michigan, made requisition on the governor of that State for my
surrender to Virginia.
The following letter from Governor Wise to President James
Buchanan (which since the war was sent me by B. J. Lossing, the
historian,) will show by what means the governor of Virginia meant to
get me in his power, and that my apprehensions of arrest were not
altogether groundless:
[Confidential.]
Richmond, Va., Nov. 13, 1859.
To His Excellency, James Buchanan, President of the United States, and to the
Honorable Postmaster-General of the United States:
WHAT was my connection with John Brown, and what I knew of his
scheme for the capture of Harper’s Ferry, I may now proceed to
state. From the time of my visit to him in Springfield, Mass., in 1847,
our relations were friendly and confidential. I never passed through
Springfield without calling on him, and he never came to Rochester
without calling on me. He often stopped over night with me, when we
talked over the feasibility of his plan for destroying the value of slave
property, and the motive for holding slaves in the border States. That
plan, as already intimated elsewhere, was to take twenty or twenty-
five discreet and trustworthy men into the mountains of Virginia and
Maryland, and station them in squads of five, about five miles apart,
on a line of twenty-five miles; each squad to co-operate with all, and
all with each. They were to have selected for them, secure and
comfortable retreats in the fastnesses of the mountains, where they
could easily defend themselves in case of attack. They were to
subsist upon the country roundabout. They were to be well armed,
but were to avoid battle or violence, unless compelled by pursuit or
in self-defense. In that case, they were to make it as costly as
possible to the assailing party, whether that party should be soldiers
or citizens. He further proposed to have a number of stations from
the line of Pennsylvania to the Canada border, where such slaves as
he might, through his men, induce to run away, should be supplied
with food and shelter and be forwarded from one station to another
till they should reach a place of safety either in Canada or the
Northern States. He proposed to add to his force in the mountains
any courageous and intelligent fugitives who might be willing to
remain and endure the hardships and brave the dangers of this
mountain life. These, he thought, if properly selected, on account of
their knowledge of the surrounding country, could be made valuable
auxiliaries. The work of going into the valley of Virginia and
persuading the slaves to flee to the mountains, was to be committed
to the most courageous and judicious man connected with each
squad.
Hating slavery as I did, and making its abolition the object of my
life, I was ready to welcome any new mode of attack upon the slave
system which gave any promise of success. I readily saw that this
plan could be made very effective in rendering slave property in
Maryland and Virginia valueless by rendering it insecure. Men do not
like to buy runaway horses, nor to invest their money in a species of
property likely to take legs and walk off with itself. In the worse case,
too, if the plan should fail, and John Brown should be driven from the
mountains, a new fact would be developed by which the nation
would be kept awake to the existence of slavery. Hence, I assented
to this, John Brown’s scheme or plan for running off slaves.
To set this plan in operation, money and men, arms and
ammunition, food and clothing, were needed; and these, from the
nature of the enterprise, were not easily obtained, and nothing was
immediately done. Captain Brown, too, notwithstanding his rigid
economy, was poor, and was unable to arm and equip men for the
dangerous life he had mapped out. So the work lingered till after the
Kansas trouble was over, and freedom was a fact accomplished in
that Territory. This left him with arms and men, for the men who had
been with him in Kansas, believed in him, and would follow him in
any humane but dangerous enterprise he might undertake.
After the close of his Kansas work, Captain Brown came to my
house in Rochester, and said he desired to stop with me several
weeks; “but,” he added, “I will not stay unless you will allow me to
pay board.” Knowing that he was no trifler and meant all he said, and
desirous of retaining him under my roof, I charged three dollars a
week. While here, he spent most of his time in correspondence. He
wrote often to George L. Stearns of Boston, Gerrit Smith of