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tembe r
. Fur
ther deta
ils
: Miche
le c
ontrac t w or
th mo re t han ten m il
lion f
o
rmu la early this year. OFTEL w i
ll a
lso
S
hemming (071) 217 4
131. p
ounds f or several thousands o f n ew b
e tak
ing a c lose l ook a t BT d i
rectory
p
ayphones . T hese will a ccept ac om- e
nquiry services .
b
ination o f paymen t me thods - c o
ins. B
uta tleas tw e now k now w hy the BT
BT P honeca rds a nd c redit ca
rds . At c
hai
rman w anted t hat l a
rge p ay ri
se -
The End o
f Stea m p
resen t mos t B T p ublic p ayphones t
o he
lp p ay f o
r h i
s l unches . A ccording
Rad
io as we Kno w i
t? a
ccep t ei
the r co
ins or B T Phoneca rds. t
o aB T p ubl
ica t
ion. i n 1 960 a t h
ree-
a
nd a t housand a l
so a ccep
t c red i
t m
inute c a
ll to Ame r
ica c ost mo re than
The BBC h as a nnounced t hat the
c
ards. T he a nnouncemen t comes a t a aslap
-up dinne
r a
t the Savoy
. N ow it
b
roadcas ting o f R ad
io T hree o n the
t
ime w hen B T
's q uality o f s ervice c
osts l
ess t
han ag
lass o
fmineral wa
ter
medium -wave ( MW ) b and w il
l c ease
r
esults s how mo re t han 9 5% o f i t
s a
tthe bar
.
o
n F eb
ruar y 2 8
th. t he s ervice b e-
9
7.000 p ayphones a re w ork
ing a t any
c
om ing FM -only a fter th
is d a
te. T he
o
ne t ime.
f
requency s pace t hatwill b
e l i
berated i
s
Meanwh ile, i t
s b ecome a t ough
r
ese rved for the second n ationa l com-
t
rading t i
me f or B T T he p ast s ix Chips with Everything
mercial rad
io s tat
ion , whose f ranchise
mon ths s aw B T having o n
ly a sma l
l US company Cir
rus L
ogic has in
tro
-
w
il
l b e a warded l ater th
is y ear by the
i
ncrease i np rof
its
, thanks t oinc
reas ing d
uced a $
45 ch
ip se
t w
hich
, accord
ing
n
ew ly-formed R adio A utho r
ity ( no
A Photocopier with c
ompe t
it
ion, t he tough RP I - t
o 'Compute
rgrant can e nhance a
d
oub t, to t
he h i
ghes t bidder!
).
f
ormu la o n p r
ices, and t he effects o f l
ap
top computer with c
apabi
li
ties fo
r
an IQ I
nadd
it
ion
. MW t
r
ansm
it
ters u
sed b
y
t
he r ecession . Pr
ice f ormula o r n o
, i t f
ax
, e
lec
tronic ma
il and v
oice answe
r-
t
he f o
l
low ing BBC l o
cal radio sta
tions
The p hoto ( above ) s hows t he h
as n o
t st opped B T from p os t
ing a i
ng t
echniques
. T he new c ommuni-
w
i
ll c lose: C
leveland ( 1548 k Hz
):
Panason ic F P2670 , t he l a
tes t in t he d
raft o f n ew p r
ices. H oweve r
, t he c
ator i
sabou t t
he si
ze of t
wo pos
tage
Northamp ton (
1
107 k Hz)
: N ot
tingham
c
ompany s 1 0 r ange o f b lack-and - i
ndus try w atch-dog OFTEL h as e x
- s
tamps a nd a l
ready s eve
ral laptop
(
152 1 k Hz): a
nd O xford ( 1485 k Hz
).
wh
i te c op
ie rs. D esigned f or rel
iab le p
ressed a greemen t with the in
creases , p
roducers are c ons
ide
ring us
ing t he
Detai
ls: Alan L
affer
ty 10811 752 5 432
.
c
opy q ual
ity a nd e asy ma intenance wh
ich i tsays are broadly inline w
ith the t
wo-ch
ip set
.
t
h
is mach ine c an d eliver ac opy i n5 .5
s
econds . F ea tu r
ing a h ost o f u ser
c
onven iences , t he s ystem i s h ighly Paper
less Po wer
f
l
exib le w ith a modu la r, e xpandab le
C
ove
ring a
n a
rea s
t
retch
ing f
r
om
d
es ign - a s its hould b e w i
th a £ 3400
Ches terfield t o M i
lton K eynes a nd
p
r
ice t ag f o
r t he b asic mode l
! N eve r-
Coven try t o K ette r
ing . E ast M id lands
t
heless. i fag ene rous P anason ic rep is
E
lec t r
icity s erves a p opu la tion o f s ome
r
ead ing t h
is, w e c ould d o w ith a ny
f
i
ve m ill
ion . B utw ha t makes i tspec ial is
s
pa re o ne y ou may h ave, t o replace
t
he f act t hat i tist he f i
r s
t i nt he c oun t
ry
o
ur 2 0
-yea r o ld mons te r which l eaks
t
o u t
il
ise a f ul
ly -blown N etwo rk I n
fo r-
c
hem icals w heneve r iti sused ! D e
ta i
ls .
ma t
ion Managemen t S ystem ( NIMS )
.
Ruth Ll oyd ( 034 ) 8 539 10 .
When t he s ystem i s c omp le ted a t
t
he e nd o f t he y ea r
, E as t M id lands
E
lec t r
icity w ill b e a ble t o manage i ts
CPD f
ro m TEC ne
two rk w ithou t t he u se o f w al
l -cha r
ts
a
nd p ape r i n
fo rma t
ion s ys tems . T h
is
T
he E
nginee
ring C
ounc
il i
sta
rge
ting a
f
l
ex ible a rrangemen t w ill h elp t o c o
-
l
eaflet c ampa ign a t t he 2 35,000 e n-
o
rdina te t he o rgan isa t
ion a nd p resen -
g
inee rs a nd t echn icians o n i t
s UK
t
at
ion o f i n
fo rma tion, o f w hich t here i s
r
egiste r. Its aim i st o e ncou rage s uch
c
lea rly a l o
t i n t he c ase o f ap owe r
people i nto ' Con t
inu ing P rofess iona l
d
istribu tion n etwo rk. T hese b ene fi
ts
Deve lopmen t' ( CPD )
. T he l ea
flet p ro-
w
il
l e ven tua lly b e p assed b ack t o the
motes a f ree brochu re that s hows h ow
c
us tome r a s as ignif
ican tly i mp roved
e
ng inee r
ing s taff a nd t heir emp loye rs
s
e rvice , a f
te r a l, i mpor tan t d ecisions
c
an b enefit. T he s cheme , a s d evel-
o
n i t
sd ay -to-day ( and l o ng -
te rm , c ome
o
ped b y t he c ounc il, w i
ll e nable i nd
i-
t
ot h
ink o fi t
)r unn ing c an o nly b e made
v
idua ls t o ' u
pda te t he
i r k now ledge
when t he re i s s uf
ficien t i n
fo rma tion
a
nd s ki
lls .. w hile h e
lping i ndus tr
ial
a
va ilab le t o b ase t hem o n
. I mpo rtan t
c
ompan ies t o i mp rove t heir p er
fo rm - PICT URE CA PT
I O N C HALLE NGE
f
ea tures t hat N I MS w i
ll i n
troduce t o
a
nce '. CP Us a ims i nc
lude : c a
ree r p ath
Eas t M idlands i nclude t he a utoma tion Now why w ou
ld B T be p
lan
ting a u
nder-
rive
r p honebox
. S
upp
lied o
f
p
lann ing , t he u pda ting o f t echn ical
o
f p l anned a nd o n-demand s witch ing p
honebox i
n mid r
i
ver? Wha
t i
sg o
ing c
ourse COD.
k
now ledge t h
rough c ontinued e du-
s
chedu les , f eede r a nd d ead z one o
n? I
sit
:
c
ation , t he g a
ining o f c omme rcial
t
racing , s afety c heck ing , a nd t he
awa reness , a nd t he d evelopmen t *BT launches thei
r n
ew f
l
oat
ing S
t
il
l not s u
re? We l
l i ti
s ap hoto oft he
a
utoma t
ic g ene ration o f s afety a nd
o
f c ommun ication a nd managemen t mar
ina phonebox
; BT e nginee r u pdating t he r emotes t
o
pe rationa l d ocumen tation .
s
ki
lls. F und ing f o
r t he n a
tiona l scheme p
hone k iosk i n Norfolk T hree p anels.
The c on trac t, w h
ich i s wo rth a round *BTfi
nding i
t
sel
f inthe d
eep e
nd af
ter
i
ncludes £ 450,000 f r
om t he D epar t- f
eatur
ing t he c ompany 's con t
rove rsial
£
2 m i
llion , t os upp ly t he e quipmen tw as d
el
iver
ing a water
tight p
honebox
;
men t o f E duca tion a nd S c
ience . n
c tv P an-style l o go, made f r
om
awa rded t o F erran t
i I nterna t
iona l. T h
is B
T r
espond
ing t
o ar
eques
t f
r
om t
he
t
hough i t
s P ICKUP ( Profess iona l. s
pecially s t
reng thened g lass, w ere
d
ec ision w as i nf
luenced b y t he c hosen l
o
cal s
ub-ma
rine
rs c
l
ub:
I
ndus trial a nd C omme rcial U pdating ) t
r
anspo r
ted b y b oat t o the i s
olated
s
ys tem 's f l
exibili
ty : i ti s d es igned t o
i
n
itiative. Con tac t: (07 1) 2 40 7 891. *BT e
ngineer gets wa
te r
-logged c
ardphone k iosk atB e
rney A rms , nea r
o
pen s tanda rds ( t
he c ompu te r s ystem .
w
hen ins
tal
ling the wo
rlds f i
rs
t G
rea t Yarmou th
f
or e xamp le . i s UN IX -based , u s
ing
X
-W indows , Mo tif g raph ics a nd a n
Auto mating the Ho me
I
ng res r ela t
iona l d atabase ) I na ddition,
ofthe Future t
he s ystem c an c ommun ica te w ith What
's On and Where 2
3 F ebruary
. N or
thern Cross R
ad io
e
xis t
ing e quipmen t via E the rne t, a nd. R
ally
, R od
il
lian S chool
, o n A 61.
According to resea rch by t
he Na t
iona l
a
s y ou may e xpec t, many eme rgency (
GOFLX ). T
el
: (0532) 8
27883.
E
conom ic D evelopmen t Council
, t he Open u nt
il 19 J anuary 1 992. Docto
r
f
eatu res h ave b een i nco rpo ra ted . A 2
5-28 Feb
ruary
. The I
BM User Show
,
n
ex t ma jor c onsume r e lect
ron ics Who h as extended h i
s t r
avel t
hrough
g
row th a rea w i
ll b e that of h ome b
ack -up s ys tem i sinstalled a t ar emo te B
i
rmingham. T
el
: (
071) 4
04 4844
.
t
ime a nd w i
ll b e a ppear
ing o ve
r
e
lectronic s ystems - whe re c leve r l
oca tion, a nd e ach w orks ta t
ion i s 4-5 March. T
he N e
two rked Economy.
Chr
istmas a nd the New Y ear
. Museum
m
icrop rocesso r-contro
lled ci
rcu
itry w i
ll c
apab le o f manag ing t he e nt
ire n et
-
o
f t he Moving I mage. S outh B ank
, A ma jo
r c on
ference w hich b
r
ings
e
nab le p eople t o have mo re c ontrol work s hou ld a ma jo r i nc
iden t a rise. t
ogether t
he i
nd
ividuals w
ith t
he power
L
ondon . Te
l: (071) 928 3232.
o
ver t hei
r d omes tic envi
ronmen ts. I n Details : ( 061) 4 99 9 900 . t
o s hape t he t e
lecommun ica
tions
Open unt
il 1
9 January 1 992
. Michael
t
he future, a n i n
dividual w il
l h ave t he Fa
raday 1791 -
1867. National Por
tra
it f
u
ture ..P
aris
. T
el
: (
081) 8
68 4
466
.
f
reedom t o r emo tely o perate h eating Ga
lle
ry, L
ondon. T
el
: (071) 306 0055. 3
1 March-2 Apr
il
. CD -ROM E u
rope
s
ystems , p rog ram t he VCR , a rm '
9
2. B
r
ighton T
el
: (0895
) 622233
.
d
isarm t he s ecuri
ty s ystem , or turn o n Rad
io T
i mes Open u n
til the e nd of January
.
J
apan's N at
iona
l S pace D
eve
lopment 7
-10 Apri
l. The Which Compute
r?
t
he oven toc ook ap re-prepa red mea l- The R adiocommun ications A gency
Agency
. S c
ience Museum , London
. S
how • C ommun
icat
ions '
92
. NEC .
a
nd a l t h
is w i
ll b e a chieved f rom h
as a nnounced t hat the c ont
rac t f o
r
T
el: (
071) 938 8000
. B
i
rmingham. T
el
: (
081) 9
40 3
777.
a
nywhe re within r each of at e
lephone ! amateu r and ci
t
izens b and ( CB) r adio
To st
imu late i n
te rest among y oung 4
-6 F ebruary
. P or
tab
le Computer 1
3-15 Ap
ril
. Cable a
nd Sate
ll
ite O
lym
-
l
i
censing h as been a wa rded t o S ub-
e
nginee rs i n t h
is f ie
ld, t he N at
iona l Communica
tions S
how, Wemb
ley
. Te
l: p
ia
, L
ondon. T
el: (
081) 9
40 3 777
,
s
cript
ion S erv
ices Ltd, aw ho
lly o wned
E
conom ic D evelopmen t Off
ice a nd t he s
ubsidiary o f ( wa
it for i t
) the P ost (
071) 3
83 3323
. 2
4-26 Apri
l. T he Th
ird M
IDI Mus
ic
I
nst
itu
tion o f E lectrical E nginee rs a re O
ffice, From 1 st A pr
i
l 1 992
, a l n ew 1
4-15 February
. The Un
iverse Comes Show
, H amme rsmi
th, London
. Tel
:
c
o-sponso ring ac ompe t
it
ion f or unive r- l
i
cences w i
ll be i
ssued by S SL, and that t
o L
ondon , T
he E u
ropean A s
troFest
.. (
081) 5
49 3444
s
i
ty and p o
lytechn ic studen ts tod es
ign ow
ing t
o the f
al
l in demand
, li
cences s
ponsored by '
Ast
ronomy N ow ..Ken- P
lease s
end d
eta
i
ls o
fevents f
o
rt he
ahome a u
toma tion p roduc t or service . w
il
l n
ot be ava
ilab
le over t
he coun
ter s
i
ngton Town Hal
l. London
. T e
l: (
071) D
iary Li
st
ings to The D
iary Editor
,
T
eams o f studen ts w il
l b e s ponso red f
rom p
ost o
ff
ices a
fte
r tha
t da
te. 5
80 2104. '
ELECTRON ICS

F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 3
 n t oday
's crowded s k
ies
, t he s
igna ls were t rans m it
ted a t HF . ma
inta
in c
ontac
t w
ith a
irc
raf
t f
l
ying
a
bil
ity to t
a
lk w
ith g
round c
ont
rol- Wh i
lst those f r
equenc ies a re sti
ll i n t
hrough o ur a
irspace . To appreciate
le
rs ise ssen tia
l to s afety inthe a i
r, use t oday - p articularly f or t rans- how t h
is c o m municat
ions n e
twork
and t o suppor t th
is n eed f or re
liable ocean ic c o m munica t
ion - t he work - operates, it is fi
rst n ecessary t o
a
ir/ground c o m mun ica tion, t he l ast horse o ve r land i s n ow VHF , w ith understand how the UK 's '
control
led'
f
if
ty y ears h ave s een t he g rowth o f a much u se made o f The i n
terna t
iona l a
irspace is o
rgan ised.
mass ive a ir
-traff
ic c on t
ro l s yste m aeronaut ica l a
lloca tion 118 t
o
spann ing t he e nt
ire g lobe . It is a 137 MHz . D
ivis
ion of
s
ys te m i n wh ich e lec tron ics p lay a That is certainly the c ase i n the A
irspace
majo r role, through t he med iu m o f United Kingdo m , where a n etwork o f F
or A
ir-T
raf
fic Con
tro
l (
ATC
) p
ur-
r
adio . In 1 910 , avia tors i n Amer ica r
e mo te tr
ans m it
/rece ive s tations d o
t- p
oses, t
he coun try i
sdiv
ided in
to two
were t he fi
rst to d
iscove r the v a
lue o f t
ed a round t he c oun t
ry e nab le c on- F
l
ight I
nfor mat
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r
ad io for passing i
nfor ma tion t
rol
le rs at Wes t D rayton, P restw ick L
ondon a nd Sco tt
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ssechos
.
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t.
S
o. 9-
.
4
•
••
• p
j
, C
o
l
at
itude , r ough ly the S cott
ish b order .
Cutting a cross t hese F IRs a re t he
A
irways . Each i st en m iles w ide w i
th
ab ase b etween 5 ,000 t o7 ,000f t. and
extend ing u pward t o 2 4,500 f
t. —
FL245 . A irways a re l i
ke mo torways
i
n the s ky, a nd l i
nk t he UK 's a irports
w
ith t hose o f othe r c ountr
ies . T he
a
irspace w ithin them i s arranged s o
t
ha t a
i rcra f
tf lying ino ne direction a re
a
to dd t housands o ff eet, those g oing
t
he o ppos ite way a t e ven thousands .
Whe re s everal mee t —u sua l
ly i n
t
he v icinity o f o ne o r more ma jor
a
irpor ts — T erm inal Con trol Areas a re
a
rranged . These a re v ast chunks o f
a
irspace wh ich p rotec t the A irway
i
ntersec t
ions . Be low a s pecif
ic a l
ti-
t
ude , a ircra f
t d escend ing t hrough
t
he T raf f
ic Manoeuver ing A reas
(
TMAs ) e nter a n Ae rodro me Con trol
Zone o r i t
s m il
itary e quiva lent MATZ
— Mili
ta ry Aerodo me T raff
ic Zone . A
p
ilotw ish ing t otrans itthese z ones , is
r
equ ired t o r eques t p erm ission f r om
t
he r e
levan t ATC u nitb efore e ntering .

H
igh F
lying
Above F L245 t he F
IR b eco mes a n
Uppe r I
nforma t
ion Reg ion ( U
IR ) and
t
he airspace i s designated a Spec ial
Rules A rea ( SRA ). Tha t means a l
l T
he UK A
irways S
ystem 1
989
.
a
ircraft are s ubject to a f ul
l a nd
manda tory a i
r-traf
ic s ervice . The Sectors many a s eight diferen
t c ontrol
lers.
a
irways e x
tend u pward into t he SRA As traf
fic lessens these s ec
to rs are
A
ll this adds u p to a p heno mena l
banded t ogether
, a nd at nigh t t
he
and b ecome Upper A ir Rou tes . amoun t o
f radio traf
fic
, a nd to help
sa me p i
lot may o n
ly talk t o two
Howeve r
, where p ossible h igh fl
ying c
on trol
lers h andle i t s afe
ly a nd
contro
llers.
a
ircraft operate o n di
rec t routings t o ef
icien t
ly t
he FIRs /UIRs are s p
li
t i
nto
conserve f uel. For m il
i tary p i
lo ts sectors, e
ach w i
th their own frequen-
much SRA i s also a Manda tory c
ies a nd area of responsibil
ity
.
D
ivis
ion of
Rada r Serv ice A rea, a nd t hey a re Dur
ing d ayl
ight h ours it means Respons
ib i
lity
r
equired t o r eceive a r ada r c ontrol t
hat a n ai
rcraft fly
ing t hrough UK T
raf
f
ic fl
ying w
ith
in A
irways
, Term
inal
serv
ice. a
irspace c ould b e h andled b y as Con
tro
l A reas or Special Rules

L
ondon A
i
r-T
raf
ic C
ont
rolC
ent
re O
pera
tions R
oom
.

F
e
brua
ry1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine
 F
r
e
-%

" •
_

i
b.
: 1
11r
4

r
4
4
4i
;
!
r
an

T
r
imm
ingham V
HF R
adio T
ransm
itte
r.

A
irspace c o me u nder d irect c ontro
l Approach Contro
l c
on troller gives Rada r h eadings t o
o
f L ondon a nd Sco tt
ish ATC c en t
res. The h and -over p oint b e
tween A ir- e
nab le t he p ilot t o i n
tercep t t he
I
n a ddition t he Manches ter s ub ways a nd Approach Con tro l is k ept I
nstru men t L anding Sys te m ( ILS)
centre — t echn ical
ly p art of L ondon del
ibe ra tely f l
exible s o tha t c ontrol- r
adio g u
idance s yste m.
A
ir-Tra f
fic Con trol Centre ( LATCC ) — l
ers c an r eac t t
o di
ffering traff
ic flows . The ILS trans mits two directional
handles a ll a ircraf
t i n the b usy As a r esu lt itc ould b e at ime, f l
ight r
adio b ea ms c al
led t he g l
ide p ath
a
irways o ver t he Nor th- West a nd l
evel o r g eograph ic l ocat
ion , a nd i s a
nd l ocal
ise r
. Once t he pilo
t repor ts
I
r
ish Sea u p to 19,500ft. —F L195 . not always o bvious f rom r adio trans - '
l
ocked o n to t
hese b ea ms, control i
s
Con trol
le rs mus t k eep a ircraf
t missions . Once t hat p o
int h as b een p
assed t o t
he t ower.
w
ith
in their sectors sepa
ra ted by fi
ve r
eached , Approach Con trol i ssue
m
iles hor
izonta l
ly and 1
,000 ft i
n
itial clea rances , and ifthe a irpor t i
s
v
ert
ical
ly. P i
lots a re e xpected t o busy, i nstruc t
ions t o enter a ' s
tack '
Aerodro me
f
o
llow t he c on
trol
lers i ns
tructions a
re g iven . Contro
l
i
mpl
ici
tly. '
Stacks a
re b ased o n r ad io The Aerodro me Con troller si
ts in the
I
n the descen t and n ear
ing a n beacons w ith the aircraft fly
ing i n a n Tower — a lso k nown a s the V isual
Aerodro me Con tro
l Area, t
he respon- oval p attern a round t he m, b ut a t Contro l Roo m — a nd i s r
espons ib
le
s
ibi
lity beco mes t
hat o
f a
irpor
t d
ifferent a l
titudes . Once t he way i s f
or t he s afe p assage o f a rr
iving,
contro
llers
. c
lear f
or a
n a
pproach t
o t
he f
i
eld
, t
he depar t
ing a nd trans
it
ing a ircraft
.
Using Distance f ro m Touchdown
I
ndica tor equip ment h e can c heck o n
an a
rr
iving a
ircraf
t's p osit
ion i
n
r
elat
ion t o r unway t hresho ld a nd
centre-line, and i
ssues l
anding
i
nstructions , wind c hecks a nd othe r
v
i
ta l i
nforma t
ion. A t small a
ir
fields h e
may a lso c ontrol the move men t o f
a
ircraft a nd v ehic
les o n t
he g round ,
but at o ur bigges t ai
rports this d u
ty
f
a
lls u pon t he G round Move men t
Control
ler .

Heathro w AT C
Because of t
he vas
t n u mbe
r of
a
irc
raf
t us
ing L
ondon Hea
throw, a
i
r-
t
raf
fic control a
t t
he a
irport i
s
markedly dif
ferent to anywhere e lse
i
n the UK . A l
l inbound aircraft are
d
irected b y LATCC t o one o f four
ho
lding p o
ints. These are located at
Bovingdon, L a mbourne, B
igg in a nd
Ockha m.
Two Approach and two Radar
c
ontrol
lers are r
espons
ible for a
ir
-
S
cot
tish A
i
r-T
raf
ic C
ont
rol C
ent
re O
pera
tions R
oom
. c
raf
t w ith
in t
hese s
tacks, and g
ive
6 M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry 1
992
p
i
lo ts cons tant instructions regard ing t
aking f u
ll a dvan tage o f p reva il
ing r
unway time s lo
t a re c
lea r
.
a
lt
itude h eading a nd s peed. As e ach w
inds . Over much o f t he Ocean , the I
t a
l
l a dds u p to h or
rendous
a
ircraf
t e xi
ts at the b ase of the stack, a
irspace between 27,500 f
t and de
lays for tr
avelle rs, bu
t when o ne
i
tis p assed o ver t o a Nu mber Two 40,000 ft i
sk nown a s M ini mu m Nav i- ba
lances safety a gainst an ext
ra f
ew
Rada r c ontro
ller, who h as the u nen- gat
ion Perfor mance Spec if
ica t
ion hours i
n 'transit'
, Ik now wh ich I
v
iable task o forgan ising them a l
l i n
to a
irspace . Aircra f
t f l
y
ing w i thin i tmus t would c
hoose !
one stream o f tr
aff
ic h ead
ing t oward c
ar ry a level of n aviga t
ion e quip men t
t
he runway . t
ha t wi
ll enab le t he m t o b e fl
own w ith To be Cont
inued
...
Around s ix t o eigh t miles f rom a h igh d eg ree o f a ccu racy . I n the I
n n ex
t mon th's i
ssue
, Chris Yates
t
ouchdown — o nce e ach aircra
ft h as c
rowded ' t
racks ' s yste m , s uch a t
akes a n i
n
-dep th l
ook a
t moni
tor
ing
l
ocked o nto t he I LS — c ont
ro l i s l
eve l o f accu racy i s e ssen tial
, a nd a
ir
-traf
fic c
ontrol
, and t
he e
quip ment
t
ransfe r
red l o A ir A rr
ivals i n t he t
he s l
igh tes t d eviation f rom p lanned t
o use.
T
owe r. E ven G round Managemen t r
ou tes c ould s pell d isas te r
. P osit
ion
Control di
ffers at Heathrow
, in t
hat r
epo r
ts a nd f orwa rd e st
i ma tes t o the Post Scr
ipt
dut
ies a re s
pli
t between two c
ontro
l- next reporting p oint a re u sed t o keep
A
ll change a
t London ATCC
l
ers instead o f t
he more usual one s
epa ration b etween a i
rc ra f
t.
I
t i s w idely r ecogn ised t hat t he
o
r n one! I
n a ny s yste m t he re a re a lways
a
irspace o ve r t he Sou th-Eas t o f
e
xcep tions t o t he r ule, a nd i n this
England i s the b usies t in the wo r
ld,
Ocean
ic Contro
l case i t is Conco rde . S upe rson ic
and i s g e
tting b usie r a l
l t he t ime.
f
l
igh ts o pera te v ia t he ir own f i
xed
Aside f r
om i ts d o mestic ATC s ervice , With t his i n m ind , t he q ues t
ion o f
t
racks — S ie rra M ike i s u sed Wes t
-
t
he Un ited K ingdo m i s r espons ible c
rea ting mo re a irspace h as b een
bound a nd S ie rra Nove mbe r o r
f
or a ir
-traff
ic c ontro
l o ve r a s izab le exercising m inds o ver recen t yea rs
.
S
ie rra Osca r Eas tbound .
port
ion o f the A tlantic Ocean . I ti s a Now t hough , t he p lanne rs h ave
duty s hared w ith Canada , the USA , evolved a r adical n ew s yste m o f air
-
Portuga l and I celand . F
lo w Contro
l t
raff
ic C ontrol f or t he Sou th-Eas t
Because o f t he l imi
ted r ange The re is af i
nite l imi
t o n h ow many ca
lled Cen tral Con trol Function
poten t
ial o f VHF c om mun ica t
ions , a
ircraftc an bea cco m moda ted s afely (CCF ).
t
hese g ive way t o HF b eyond t he i
n 'control
led' airspace , a nd the r apid CCF w il
l r e-organ ise s ec tors of
30°W l i
ne o f l ongitude . As VHF expans ion of E uropean a ir-
traf ic h as a
irspace i n
to t unne ls i n t he s ky. Al
l
canno t b e used, itfo
llows t hatn ei
ther l
eft many ATC u n
its s t
re tched t o the t
rafic i n a ny g iven t unne l w il
l b e
can Rada r
. Instead , p i
lo ts fly
ing t he l
imit
. T o e nsure t he a irspace d oes mov ing i n the s a me d irec t
ion , a nd
A
tlan t
ic a re af
fo rded t he p rotec t
ion o f not beco me u nsa fe, limits are p laced each o f t he ma jo r Sou th-Eas t a ir
-
t
he ' Ocean ic T racks' s ys te m. on h ow many a irc raft can e nter a ny ports w il
l h ave i ts own t unne ls f or
The ' t
racks ' a re r econs t
ruc ted g
iven s ector at a ny o ne t ime. T he i
nbound a nd o utbound a ircraft. One
every 1 2 h ours, to a cco m moda te a s syste m isc a
lled ' Flow Manage men t
' controllerw il
l b e respons ible f ore ach
many a ircraft a s p ossible o n t he ir and means t hat f l
ights a re h e
ld o n t
unne l, a nd i t
's bel
ieved t here w i
ll be
mos t e conom ic f l
igh t p aths, a nd t
he g round u nt
il the ir destina t
ion a nd no n eed f or t he c r
iss -cross ing o f

T
YVES
T =IM eN
TA
N
IM EAS
T =if
lITE
S
IN GE D =G
REEN
S
C
RTIMIES
T =YELLO
W
S
aflYEAS
T =BLUE
G
ATWICK =

C
ent
ralC
ont
rol F
unc
tion O
utbound A
i
rspace d
iag
ram
. C
ont
inued o
npage 1
.
F
e
brua
ry1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 7
I
fyour ca r isnot fi
ted with some
k
i
nd o f ' l
i
ghts-on w a
rning'
, t he b
y J
oe F
ul
ler
c
hances a re tha
t y ou wi
ll (i
fy ou
FEATURES
h
ave n o
t a l
ready d one s o
!) leave
y
our li
ghts s w
itched o n
. M urphy's *Lo w-cost and s ma
ll s
ize
l
aw dic
tates t ha
tw hen you d o so
, *Eas
ily f
itted to m ost negat
ive earth cars
y
oura bsence f r
om t he ca
rw il
l be *Buzzer sounds w hen l
ights are l
eft on
o
f suff
icient d urat
ion t o e nsure
t
hat th
e b a
ttery wil
l b e wel
l a nd a
ble, howeve r
, s ome b ecome a n uisance many c ars h aving t he l i
ght s wi
tch ' s
ta lk'
t
r
uly fl
at
. O f c ourse M urphy, n o
t b
ecause t hey s ound c ont
inuous ly w hen o
n t he d r
ive r
's d oor s ide o f the s tee r
ing
c
ontent t o do t h
ings b y halves, t
he l i
ghts a re d el
ibe rately l e
f
t o n
. F or c
olumn .
i
nstance, w h
ilstt he dr
ive ri sw a
it
ing i nt he The L ights-On Wa rn ing i nd
ica tor w il
l
w
i
ll ensu re that ithappens w hen c
ar atnight, with t he eng ine s w
itched o f
f. emi
t a c learly a udible b uzzing s ound
y
ou a r
e l a
te f o
r s ome i mpo r
tant S
ome mo re s ophis t
icated d evices when t he c arl i
ghts a re lef
to n, the i g
nit
ion
w
i
ll nots ound i ft he li
ghts are s w
itched o n sw
itch i st urned -o f
f a nd t he d r
ive r's d oo r
o
ccasion a nd thatt he
re isn o one
a
ga in a fter t he i gn
ition h as b een o
pened . I n this manne r t he b uzze r w i
ll
e
l
se a r
ound t ogive you ap ush or sw
itched o ff
. i .
e. f or p ark
ing l i
gh ts. o
nly s ound w hen t he drive r isg enuine ly
ajump s tar
t! Howeve r, th
is fai
ls t ow arn t
he driver ifh e a
bou t t o leave t he c ar
.
i
nadverten t
ly ' knocks t he li
ght s w
itch o n Now t hat y ou a re t ho rough ly c on -
Mode rn c a rs fur
the r a ggrevate t he when leaving t he c a
r —a s isthe case with v
inced t ha t f
ort he s ake o f af ew p ounds ,
s
i
tuat
ion a s many o f t hem , b e
ing f i
ted y
ou n eed n ot b e caugh t o ut i nt he futu re,
w
i
th e lectronic i gni
tion o r e lectronic why n ot b u
ild t h
is h andy a ccesso ry
e
ngine managemen t s ystems . j
ust plain (
which t he manu fac ture r s hou ld h ave
r
e
fuse t o b e push -started! i
nc
luded a s s tanda rd ) a nd f i
ti tinto y ou r
I
tis amazing t hat s uch mechan ically c
ar? E nte rpr
ising r eade rs may w ish t o
a
dvanced c ars o f
ten d on oth ave al i
ghts- o
f
fe rt h
is ' add o n' tof r
iends , r e
latives a nd
o
n w arning i ndica tor o f s ome k ind. T o n
eighbou rs f or as ui
tab le f ee (don 'tf orge t
i
l
ustrate this
, t he prototype w as i
nstal
led t
o te
ll t he t ax man !). Ap ersona l ta
le o f
i
n a2 .0 i n
jection F ord S ierra Estate — woe a nd t he a ssu rance t ha
t, " I
've g ot
d
espite b eing a ' Ghia', t here was n o o
ne a nd i th as s topped me f rom g ett
ing
l
i
ghts
-on wa rning d ev
ice ! c
augh t o ut aga in!" i ss ure t o w in a f ew
Var
ious wa rning d evices a re a va
il- T
he a
ssemb
led P
CB. f
avou rable r esponses .
8 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92
 F
t
. r
cu
itd
i
agram
. F
i
gure 2
.PCB l
e
gend a
nd t
r
ack
. T
he L
i
ghts
-On u
n
ita
t
tached t
o ac
onven
ien
tsur
face
.

TR1 v ia R 2
. N ote t hat the in
te rna l resist
-
ance o fa ccesso ries ( i
.e. radio -casse t
te)
may b e s u
ffic
ien t
ly l ow t o make t he
c
onnec t
ion t o P3 u nnecessary ; t h
is c an
be d e
term ined b y e xpe r
imen ta tion.
P
6 isc onnec ted t ot he d rive r
's d oor
swi
tch , thus w hen t he doo r iso pened , a
c
omp lete p a
th t o O V isp rovided b y t he
d
oo r s w
itch, a low ing t he b uzzer t o
s
ound .
When t he ignit
ion s wi
tch i so n, P 2 is
p
ulled h igh, r eve rse b i
asing D l. R 3
e
nsu res t hat TR1 i sh e
ld i nt he o f
f st a
te.
T
he p osi
tive s upp ly t o B Z1 i sr emoved
a
nd t hus p reven ts i t from s ound ing,
r
ega rdless ofw hethe rthe dr
ive r's doo ri s
o
pen o r shut
.
When t he l i
ghts a re o f
f a nd t he c ar
d
oo rs a re c losed , t he p o
la r
i ty o f t he
s
upp ly tot he unit ise fec t
ively r eversed .
D2 preven ts d amage t ot he c i
rcu it unde r
t
h
is c ondit
ion .

C
ons
truc
tion
Assemb ly o f t he u nit i ss imp l
icity i t
self
,
h
oweve r
, the c omp le te b eg inne r i sr e
fe r
-
r
ed to t he C ons truc tors ' G uide s upp l
ied
with the k i
t, w h
ich c on tains u se ful i n
fo r
-
P
hoto 1
. Connec
tions t
o t
he s
ide
ligh
t c
i
rcu
it (
l
eft
) a
nd a
ccessory c
i
rcu
it(
r
igh
t)
.
ma t
ion o n c ons truc tion t echn iques .
Referr
ing t o F i gu re 2 , i ti sa dvised
C
ircui
tD esc
rip
tion a
nd s
ide
l
igh t circuit of t
he c a
r and p rovides t
ha tthe PCB p i
ns a re f i
tted f i
r s
t, f o
llowed
p
owe r tot he ci
rcuit on
ly w hen t he l i
ghts
Operat
ion a
re switched o n
. T he side
light c i
rcuit is
byt he r es
isto rs a nd t he d i
odes a nd f i
nally
t
he t r
ans isto r
. Make s ure t hatt he t ransis-
T
he c i
rcui
t of the L igh
ts-On Wa rn
ing l
i
ve w hen e i
the r s
idel
ights or h ead l
ights t
or i sfit
ted f airly c lose t o PCB o the rwise
I
nd
icator isve
ry simple, as c
an be s
een a
re switched o n. t
he PCB w ill n o
t f i
ti n
to t he c ase .
f
r
om F igu
re 1.H oweve r
, itiswor
thwhi
le P2 i s connected t o the accesso ry Nexts olde rt he b uzze r's w ires t ot he
t
o k
now h ow the ci
rcui
t opera
tes as t
h
is c
i
rcui
t a nd w hen the ign
it
ion s w
itch i so f
f, PCB p ins, r ed ( +V ) t o P 4
, b lack ( —V ) to
w
i
ll h
elp, shou
ld problems occur
. P
2 isp ul
led l ow via R3 (P3 isconnec ted P5. A t
tach t he c onnec ting w ires t o the
P1 of the un
it isc onnec
ted to the t
oO V
). D 1 isforward biased and t urns o n PCB p ins a nd l a
be l t he f r
ee e nds s ot hat
you c an i den t
ify t he w ires a fter t he P CB
has b een f i
ted i n
to t he c ase !
D
rivers The PCB s imp ly l ays i nt he c ase ,t he
d
oor sw itch
w
ires p ro
trud ing t hrough t he a perture
p
rov ided . S c rew t he c ase t oge the r a nd
B
uzzer a
ff
ix t he b uzze r on to t he l i
d o ft he c ase
u
sing o ne o ft he d oub le -sided a dhes ive
pads. T he o the rp ads c an b ep laced o n
to
A
ccessory
t
he u nde rside o ft he c ase r eady f orf i
t
ting
c
ircu
it
i
n
to t he c ar.
To side
l
i
ghts A
lthough i tisu nlike ly t ha t the re will
1
00 mA
b
e a ny p rob lems w ith t he u nit, i ti s
i
n line fuse
a
dv isable t ot es
t i tb efo re f i
t
t
ing i n
to t he
c
a r
. Itise asie rt ot ake r emed ia l action o n
• Chass
is c onnect
ion t
he w ork b ench t han u nde rnea th t he c ar
may n ot be required
d
ashboa rd! U s
ing a9t o 1 4V s upp ly ( i
.e.
See t
ex t
PP3 b attery, b a
ttery e l
im ina to r, et c.
) c on -
n
ec t P3 a nd P 6 toO V
, t hen C onnec t P1
F
igu re 3(
above)
.P CB c
onnect
ions. t
o +V ,t he b uzze rs hou ld s ound . C onnec t
P
ho to 2(l
ef
t)
.C onnec
tions t
othe d
oor P2 to +V a s w el
l, t h
is s hou ld s i
lence t he
s
witch ci
rcui
t. b
uzze r.
F
ebruary 1
992 M
aplm M
agaz
Ine
9
 S
ide l
i
ght Head l
i
ghts S
ide l
i
ght

T
o P1 of
l
i
ghts on PCB
v
ia fuse

F
uses
Per manent S
i o Head
lights
+
1 2V s upply
S
ide
lights

O
ff
I
gnit
ion switched 52 Ma
in
0
+
1 2V s
upp ly
i
p D
ip
0 T
ail l
i
ghts
0 F
lash

0-

F
igure 4
.Typ
ica
l l
i
ght
ing c
ircu
it a
nd c
onnec
tions
.

I
ns
tal
lat
ion
COURTESY L
IGHT Refer t o F igures 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 . I ti s
n
ecessa ry to g ain a ccess to the c ar
's
w
iring, w hich w ill u ndoubtedly i nvolve
+1 2V Door
r
emov ing t he u nderside o f the d ash -
P
er manent O
ff
s
upp ly 0 N
.C.I b
oa rd, t r
im p anels, etc. Iti
sa dv
isab le t o
F
use
On r
efer t o a wo rkshop manua l, e.g. of t he
'
Haynes ' var
ie ty; ify
ou d o not have o ne ,
e
i
the r b uy o ne - a s itwil
l b e u se ful
T
o P6 a
nyway , o r b or
row o ne from y our l ocal
o
f L igh
ts
Cut wire and on PCB l
i
bra ry
. Aw orkshop manua l wi
ll al
so h e
lp
i
nsert d
iode y
ou a scertain t he co rrec
t wires to c on -
(
MR751) n
ec t t o - o the rwise i twil
l b e a c ase
o
f t r
acing t he c or
rec t wires w i
th a
D
rivers
door switch mult
ime ter
.

I
mpor tan t N o
tes : d isconnec t t he c ar
b
a t
te ry b efore mak ing c onnec tions t ot he
w
iring . C onnec tions t oe xisting w iring c an
b
e made u sing ' snap l o ck' c onnec to rs o r
O
ther door t
erm inal b locks o f a dequa te c urren t
sw
itches
r
at
ing - r emembe r t he L igh ts-On u n
it
d
raws v ery l i
t
le c urren t, b ut t wo 5 5W
h
ead lamp b u
lbs d raWcons ide rab ly mo re!
Ensu re t hat t he n ew w i r
ing w il
l n ot
b
ecome e ntangled w i th a ny c on tro ls,
F
igu
re 5
.Typ
ica
l c
our
tesy l
i
ghtc
i
rcu
ita
nd c
onnec
tions
. e
spec ially t he brake p eda l a nd s tee r
ing
c
olumn . T o preven t s hor t c i
rcu its, make
s
ure t ha t a l c onnec tions a re p rope rly
i
nsu lated , u se a dhes ive e lect r
ica l t ape .
I
GNIT
ION SW
ITCH Connec t P 1, v ia af use a nd f use -
h
olde r
, t o a p oin t i n t he w iring w hich
Per manent b
ecomes l ive w hen t he s ideligh ts a re
S
tar
t .
.To s
tar
ter s
oleno
id
+
1 2V s upply
switched o n ( F
igu re 4 a nd P ho to 1 )
.
i
gni
tion I
gnition sw
itched Connec t P 6
, t o t he d r
ive r
's d oo r
F
use 6 - +1 2V supply
switch ( Figu re 5a nd P ho to 2 ). T o p reven t
Accessory T
o P2 of o
the r d oors f r
om o pera ting t he b uzze r
,
l
i
ghts o
n PCB
i
nstall a n MR75 1 d iode i ns e
ries w ith t he
.
••
Car w
ire t o t he c ourtesy l i
gh t.
O
ff
12V F
use Connec t P 2 t o ap oin t i nt he w ir
ing
B
at tery
which b ecomes l i
ve w hen t he i g n
it
ion
switch i st u
rned t o ' accesso ry', i .
e. +V
R
adio s
upp ly t o the rad io ( Figu re 6 a nd P ho to
1
). A l
te rna t
ively, i fthere i sn o ' accesso ry'
position, c onnec t P 2 t o ap oint i n t he
w
iring w h
ich b ecomes l i
ve w hen t he
i
gnition s wi
tch i st u
rned t o ' i
gn ition '.
Connec t P3t ot he c ar
's c hass is ( OV )
i
yurc l
y
tlu
lu; .
1-WI S.
bV
1111141 6 U1111 e1,11
o
r t o a p oint i n t he w i r
ing w h
ich i s
o M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
p
ermanen tly c onnected t o t he c a
r's
c
hass is. N o
te that th
is c onnection may
T
est
ing s
hou ld n
W
i
ot c
th l i
ause t
ghts tu
he buzze
rned off
r t
, t
o s
ound
he b
.
uzzer
b
e u nnecessa ry ift
he i n
ternal r
esistance Sw
itch l
i
ghts o n, leave i g
nit
ion s witched s
hou ld n
ots ound with any combinat
ion of
o
f any a ccessory issu f
fic
ien t
ly low. This o
f
f and open the dr
ive r
's d oor
;t he b uzzer i
gni
tion switch posi
tions ord oo
rs open or
may b e a scer
tained b y test
ing t he u n
it s
hould s
ound . c
losed.
w
ith P 3 l ef
t unconnec ted a nd al a cces- W
ith the dr
iver's d oor shut, open ing A
ssum ing t he uni
t is working cor-
s
ories s wi
tched o f
. Ifi n doubt connec t a
ny other d oor s hould n o
t c ause t he r
ect
ly, re
fit underside of dashboard a nd
P3 as p reviously described. b
uzzer t
o s ound. t
r
im p anels.

n
ec
D
t t
oub
he c
le
a
-check c
r b
attery
.
onnec t
ions, r econ-
s
ory
'o
W
ith t
r'i
gni
he i
tion
g
n
'
i
,o
t
ion s
pen
w
itched t
ing the dr
o'
iver
a cces
's d oo
-
r i
t
l o to

L
IGHTS
-ON WARN
ING P
ARTS L
IST
R
ESISTORS:A
l
l0.6W 1% Me
tal F
i
lm OPT
IONAL (No
ti nki
t
)
A
l 3
k9 (
M3K9
) 1
6/0
.2 Wire A
sReq (
FA26D—FA36P
)
R
2 1
0k (
M10K
) S
nap Lock Cable Connec
tor A
sReq
. (
JR88V
)
R
3 1
00k (
Ml00K
) T
ermina
l Block 5A A
sReq
. (
HFO1B
)

S
EMICONDUCTORS
T
he M apl
in 'Get-You- Wo rking' Se rvice isa vai
lable f or th
is
D
1 1
N4 148 (QL80B
) p
ro
jec t
, see C onstructo rs
' G u
ide o rc urrent M apl
in
D
2 1
N400 1 (QL73Q
)
Ca
talogue f or d e
tails.
T
R1 BC327 (
QB66 W
)
T
he a bove i t
ems ( exclud ing Op tiona l
) are a vai
lab le a s a
MR751 (
YH96E)
k
it
, w h
ich ofers a s aving o ver b uying t he p arts
s
epara te
ly .
M
ISCELLANEOUS
Orde r A s (
Lights-On R eminde r) L P77J P r
ice £ 3
.95.
B
Z1 B
uzze r 1 2V 1 (FL40T
)
P
lease N o
te: where 'package ' q uan ti
ties are s t
ated i nthe
P
1-6 P
ins 2145 1Pk
t (
FL24B)
P
a r
ts L i
st (e
.g. packet
, s t
rip, reel
, e tc.) th
e e xact quan t
ity
I
n
-line F use Holder 11/
41
n
. 1 (
RX5 1F
)
r
equi
red t ob u
ild th
e p roject wi
ll b e s uppl
ied i nthe k i
t
.
1
00mA 11/ 4i
n
. Fuse 1 (
WRO8J)
PCB 1 (
GE88V) T
he fo
l
lowing new it
em ( wh
ich isin
cluded inth
e ki
t) i
s
M
in iB ox and Base 1 (
JX56L
)
a
l
so avai
lab
le s epa
rate
ly, bu
t isn o
t shown inthe
Quickstick Pads 1S
tr
ip (
HB22Y)
1
992 M ap
lin Ca
talogue.
I
nstruct
ion L eaf
let 1 (
XT11 M
)
L
i
ghts
-On P CB O rder As GE88V P rice 8
0p.
Constructors' Guide 1 (
XH79L)

E
lec
tron
ics i
nAv
iat
ion P
art T
wo c
ont
inued f
r
om p
age 7
.
r
ou tes wh ich h ampers t he p resen t hours o n du
ty they h ave a h al
f-hour appl
ication f orm c ontact t
he C iv
il
syste m. b
reak . F or experienced c ontrollers Aviat
ion Au thor
ity a t the address
CCF i s b ased o n a s yste m t
he average wage i
s c urren t
ly be
low .
a
lready i n u se i n the United S tates, £33,000 p er a nnu m. P rospec tive C
ivil Aviat
ion Au tho
rity,
and i s e xpec ted t o result i n a3 0% c
and idates mus t b e e ducated t o a CAA h ouse ,
i
nc rease i n t he n u mber o f aircraft
, m
ini mu m A -leve
l s tanda rd, w i
th a t 4
5 -59 Kingsway ,
con t
rolle rs c an h andle s a
fely. A l
east o ne pass in t
he S ciences . London .
ma jor f eature o
f CCF i
s t hat F
or mo re i n
for mation a nd a n W C2B 6 TE.
App roach a nd Radar c on trol for the
a
irpo rts w ill move t o Wes t Dray ton,
g
rea t
ly s
imp l
ifying c
o-ord ina tion. E
lectron
ics i
n Av
iat
ion Ter m
ino
logy
Once t he s yste m i s u
p a nd r unn ing,
T
er m Meaning
t
he c ent re w i
ll b ecome r espons ib
le
HF H
igh Frequency
. Often r
e
fer
red t
o a
s S
hor
twave
. F
requency
only f o
r t he Sou th-Eas t
. A n ew a ir-
Range 3 t
o 3
0 MHz
t
raff
ic c on trol c entre i s c urrently
be
ing c ons truc ted a t F areha m i n VHF Very H
igh F
requency
. Range 3
0 t
o 3
00 MHz
Hampsh ire, a nd wil
l hand le air-traf
fic ATC A
ir-T
raf
fic Con
tro
l
ove r t
he r e mainder o f the UK . F
IR F
l
igh
t I
n
for ma
tion Reg
ion
UI
R Upper I
n
for ma
tion Reg
ion
Beco m
ing an A
ir-T
raf
fic
A
irway A c
orr
idor of ai
rspace connec
ting the Termina
l Manoeuvring
Contro
ller A
reas to t
he A
irways o
f o
ther c
ount
ries. Each i
sten m
iles w
ide.
Because o f the v ast increase we a re I
LS I
nstru ment Land
ing Syste m. Of
ten c a
lled the local
ise r
. In i
ts
see
ing i n E uropean a ir
-traff
ic , t he
s
imp lest f
orm th
is i
s n o
thing more t
han a VHF r adio signa
l,
r
ecruitmen t o f n ew c ontrol
lers h as
bea med d own t
he c
entre-l
ine o
f ar unway, a nd gives pi
lots an
been i ncreased s ign i
fican tly inr ecen t
i
ndicat
ion of whe
ther t
hey a re r
ight o
r lef
t o
f a n i
deal tr
ack.
y
ea rs. A round 2 40 a pplican ts p er
CCF Cent
ral Con
trol Funct
ion
. A syste m o
f ai
r-tra
ffic c
ont
rol based
y
ea r a re b e
ing a ccep ted o nto t he
on t
unne
ls in t
he sky
. CCF i
sc urren
tly b
eing p hased i
n f
or ATC
Nat
iona l A ir
-T raff
ic Serv ices t ra
in ing
i
n t
he South
-Eas t o
f Eng
land
.
p
rogra m me e very y ear, a nd t hat
l
evel is e xpec ted t o re main s tatic f or TMA T
raf
fic Manoeuv r
ing A rea. A d esignated area o f ai
rspace
t
he foreseeab le f uture. s
urrounding an airport (
5 to 10 nau
tical mi
les radius and up to
T
he ' cade ts' u nde rgo t ra
in ing a t 3
,000ft
. above the airport
). Designed to p
rotec
t a i
r-t
raf
fic w
ith
in
t
he CAA Co l
lege o f Air
-T raff
ic Con trol t
hat area
. Aircraf
t wishing to cross the TMA n eed to request
i
n B ournemou th, a nd o nce licensed , s
pecial VFR clearance.
a
re p osted t o e i
ther Wes t D ray ton , VFR V
isual Fl
ight Rules. Pilots mus t be ab
le t
o s
ee o
the r t
raf
f
ic wi
thin
P
res twick o r Manches ter . t
he zone that the ai
rc raft is f
ly
ing. The p
i
lot must be able have
As a ir-traffic c ontrol i s prov ided 3n aut
ical mi
les o f visibil
ity
; a nd keep 1 m
ile hor
izontal
ly, and
o
n a2 4-hour b asis, con trol
le rs work 1000f
t. ver
tica
lly, f
rom c loud.
t
o a wa tch s yste m , and f or every t wo
F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 1
J
i
ngle b
e
l
ls
,Ji
ng
leb
e
l
ls
,
J
i
ng
lea
lth
ewa
y,(
)
l
ah
iwha
tfu
nit
s0

WHEN CHRISTMAS
RUNS OUT
..
.

.M
MAK
AKE SURE
BATTER
IES
DON'T
!

D
urace
l
lb at
ter
ies
,a va
ilab
le fr
om Map l
in s
t
ores
n
a
tionwide
.P l
us
! EverReady,Panasonic
,Yuasa
,
F
u
jiand Un
irossbat
ter
ies
.S ee t
he 1
992 Mapl
in
C
ata
logue fo
rthefu
llrange o
freplacementand
r
e
chargeable b
at
terie
s.

M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
eb
rua
ry 1
992
_
)
-
11
2
r_c
ial2
r
2"_
(
!
)
-
*S
ave o ver£1! Yes,save money b
yt aking *I
t
's b
urs
ting a
tthe seams w
ith p
rojec
ts
asubsc r
iption
,i t
's c
heaperthan buying a
nd i
nte
rest
ing fea
tures t
oread.
e
ach individua
lc opy
.
*I
ts s
tree
ts a
head o
fit
sr i
vals,with f
u
ll
* TWO FREE ISSUES i
fyou a
gree t
o c
olour p
ages a
nd f
arless adve
rtis
ing
s
ubscr
ibe byDirec
tD eb
itor Con
tinuous s
pace.
C
red
itC ard
. *P
lus— News,reviews, r
eade
rs le
tte
rs,
*FREE d
el
ive
ry toy
our doo
r,the
re a
re n
o c
ompe t
itions a
nd l
ots
, lo
ts mo
re
a
ddit
ionalc
arr
iage c
harges. b
esides!

T
os ubscribe ju
stsend ac heque pos
talor
derfo
r£ 8.58 m ade p
ayable toM ap
lin El
e c
tron
ics,P .O.B ox 3.Ray
leigh. EssexS S6 8
LR.O Ryouc a
nt a
ke a
dvantage of
o
uro fe
ro ftwofr
ee i sues bycomplet
ing t
hecoupon b e
low anda g
reeing t opaybyC redi
tC ard orD i
rectDebi
t.T he twofr
ee isues o
feronly app
l
iesifyouu s
eo ne
o
fthese t w
om e
thods o fpayment
.S imp
ly f
i
linthe* Paymentb yCredi
tC ard o r'Pa
ymen tb yD i
rectD ebi
ting Mandate'and re
tu
rn itt
oM ap
l
in.E veryti
me,about
1month b e
fore yo
urs ubs c
rip
t
ion isdue
,w ewi
l
ls e
nd yo u ale
t
tergiv
ing detai
lso fthesubscr
iption ra
te and te
l
ing y o
ut hedate o
nw h
ich wew i
llcha
rge you
rC red
it
C
ard ord ebi
ty ou
rb ank a c
count
. Ify
oud ono
tw i
sh t ocon
tinue y
o u
rs ubscr
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More I
CE P
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len tr esults,
DearS ir
, when p owe red prope r
ly,c ompa red
Ihave jus
tr ead y ourp rojectf o
ra w
ith good c omme rcial amps .
c
ara udio s w
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th b ui
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peake rs.N o
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a
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tteri stoa sk i
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y
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llb eu pdating this projectfor measu re t hese dif
fe rences .I s
u
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th y our1 50 watt MOSFET t
here as imp le w ay of measu ring
amps,a lso s tereo preamps a s t
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la t
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5
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John JD arlow , t
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he w a
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The car a udio sw itching PSU w as T
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ou r own s peake rs.I nf actq ua l
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*************
Second ly,t he apparen td ife rence s
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Todrive t wo MOSFET amps ,t wo r

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T
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MOSFET amps w illb ep assed o n
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ke ly accu racy t ha ti tc os ts s eve ral
'
Fun tron ics'a rticle ,' Bulb a nd F use because s ome s upp lie rs a ren '
ta s hund red p ounds ( atl eas t).
Teste r
',h es eems t oe n
joy u s
ing wella ble t okeep u p.B ea ssu red Hence a llthef eatures a nd art
icles
Speaking as an
t
h
is b ad t e
rm ino logy . Ab u
lb t ester t
hough t hats uch p rob lems o
nt he s ubjec twi
lls t
il
lb eofn o
A mateur ...
would s ure
ly b eu se fula t ag arden gene ra te t he conce rn t ha tt hey r
ealh elp tot he home s peake r
DearE d
itor
, d
esigne r/builder
.B utd on't
c
en tre... And a no the rt h
ing ,H ow dese rve .F ullc o
lou rc ata logue?
Iwonderh ow many H i-Fio r
iented d
espa i r
! Why t ryt ore-
inven tthe
c
ome w hen y ou p ub lish ad esign Don'tf r
igh ten u sl i
ke t ha t
. We ll
,
r
eaders have found the fo
l
low ing wheel? S omebody 's d one itbefore
f
or ak i
t( i
nt h
is c ase L ow C ost we're u sing TWO d i
ffe ren ti nks
p
roblem? B ui
lding preamps , a
nd p roduced w o rk
ing d esigns.
S
igna l Gene rato r( Decembe r now,a nd t here a re b igp lans a foo t
amps,tuners and casse t
te d ecks 1991) ),y ou c anno ts eem t ob uy it See Map l
in's own H i-Fis peake r
f
orc hanges i nf u
tu re c ata logue
i
snor ea
lp roblem and i n my f
rom t he s hop ( i
nt h
is c ase , k
i
ts (leaflet XT62S )
,a nd a lso the
p
roduc t
ion ,s oi twillp robab ly have
e
xpe r
ience ther esu
lts can b e t
hump ing g ood b ook 'Designing ,
Newcas t
le, Me tro C en tre)f or t
oc ome e ven tua l
ly.
measured asw e
llasl i
stened t o
. Bu
ilding a nd T est
ing Y our Own
There i
sof
ten lit
le t
oc hoose
b
etween d esigns,e.g. Map l
in ki
t ****************** Speake
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F
eb
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y1992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 1
5
 C
14 4 4 44
04
Fea
ture
at
ion * CompactD esign
*Low CurrentConsump t
ion * CCD
T
echno
logy * Sensit
ive toV
isible
L
igh
ta nd 9
40nm Inf
ra-red

Applications
emote Monitor
ing
*Video D
oorphones * Video Dig
itis
ing

Aclose
-up o
fth
eCCD
Monochrome C
ame
ra.

R
eligw a b
y Gav
in Cheese man

l
en s in
to a n electric cha rge u sing t he
S
pec
ifica
tions photoelectric principle. The c harge f or a
Powersupply vo
ltage: +10V t
o+14V who le l
ine (or f r
ame , depend ing o n the

I
nrecenty ears
, CCD (Charge C oupled Powersupply current
: 1
20mA mode l) is t ransferred a t h igh s peed
Device) technology has r evolution
- Composi
te video (
usua l
ly d ur
ing t h e vertical b lank ing
i
sed the design ofthe v
ideo c amera. ou
tpu
t le
ve l
: IVP kt
oPk period)t o astorage u n
it
,a nd i soutputi na
B
e fore the advent o
f CCD s ys
tems , most Ou
tputdr
ive capab i
li
ty: 5
011 s
er ial f
orm s canning h or
izon tally
, li
ne b y
v
ideo c ameras we re b ased a round V
ideo b
andw idth
: 4MHz l
ine, at aspeed c ompa tible with the video
v
acuum t ubes. Modern CCD t echno logy s
ys tem f or wh ich t he u n
it isd es
igned .
o
ffers the advan
tage o fcompacts i
ze , l
ow Using CCD t echnology, t he b lurring
p
owe r c onsumption a nd por
tab i
lity. In i
ng l
i
fe t
han i
t
s t
hermion
ic predecessors
. e
ffec t produced b y mov ing o bjects i s
a
dd it
ion, the CCD i s much more r obus
t CCD sys
tems are b
ased onani mage much r educed b ecause t he c amera
a
nd t ypical
ly has a much longer o perat
- u
ni
t, wh
ich conver
ts li
ght f
ocused by a '
shu t
ter s peed' i s not gove rned b y t he
1
6 F
e
brua
ry1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e
I
JCI4 J 444J JJ4C
14 4
f
rame rate, as isthe case w i
th c onven- w
ith a f i
xed f ocus, w ide a ngle lens. Six c
amera i ss uitable f or d r
iving a mon itor
t
i
ona l systems. Much h igher s hut
ter h
igh-power i n
fra-red em itte r diodes a re d
irec tly w i
thou t a n a dditiona l v ideo
s
peeds c an be imp
lemen ted b ecause the f
i
t
ted t o the c ame ra, f a ci
lita
ting s hort
- buffer, a s l ong a s i t
s i nput i mpedance i s
e
ntire f
rame c an be transferred to the r
ange u se ind imly l i
te nvi ronmen ts. 5
0 o hms o r g reate r. H oweve r
, a n a ddi-
s
torage unit i
n av ery short p er
iod, and T
he c amera r equ ires a 1 2V p owe r t
i
ona l o utpu t b uf
fer w il b e n ecessa ry i f
t
hen t r
ansm it
ted a t a s lower s peed s
upp ly which i sc apab le o f delivering a t t
he c ame ra isr equi red t od rive mo re t han
c
orrespond ing tot
he required f r
ame r a
te l
east 200mA . P ower s upp ly regula t
ion i s one ' term ina ted' mon i
tor . E ither a
o
ft he f
i
na l v
ideo s
ignal
. p
rov ided b y o n-board r egulators. monoch rome o r c olou r mon ito r w i
th a
A
lthough t he c ame ra p rov ides a h igh c
ompos ite v ideo i npu t may b e u sed, b ut
CCD Monoch
rome degree o f powe r supp ly r egulat
ion, i tis a
s t he c amera o u
tpu t i s monoch rome ,
r
ecommended t hat the i npu t isp roperly only a b lack -and -wh ite p icture w il
l b e
Camera decoup led sot ha
t as u
itab ly clean s upply p
roduced o n ac olou r mon itor.
Ag enera
l purpose monoch rome c amera v
oltage t o the u nit is g ua ranteed . T h
is A s tanda rd c ompos i
te v ideo o utpu t
i
ncorpora
ting CCD t echnology i s a
vai
l- r
educes t he p ossibili
ty o f ap oor q uali
ty l
eve l o f a pp rox ima tely I V p eak -to-peak
a
ble f rom Map l
in E lectronics
. T he p
icture d ue to n oise i ntroduced b y the i
s p roduced b y t he c amera . T he c ab le
c
amera , s
ui
table f
or use i
n s ecur
ity and power s upply. between t he c ame ra a nd t he mon itor
o
ther mon i
toring appl
icat
ions , is f
i
tted T
he c
ompos
ite v
ideo o
utpu
tfr
om t
he s
hou ld b e k ep t a s s hor t as p ossible t o
r
educe l o sses, t he reby p rese rving p ic-
t
ure q ua lity. A c ab le r ecommended f or
t
his p urpose i sM in iatu re C oax XR88V . It
i
s p ossib le t o transm it au sab le s igna l
over d istances i n t he o rde r o f t ens o f
me tres i fh igh q uality , low l oss c able i s
u
sed , e.g. L ow C C ab le XR I 9V. S creened
cab le s hou ld a lways b e u sed f o
r t h
is
pu rpose t op reven tu nwan ted r ad iat
ion o f
t
he v ideo s igna l a nd t or educe t he p ick-
up o fu nwan ted e xterna l noise.
B
oth powe r supply inpu
t a nd video
o
utput use the same c onnector; connec-
t
i
on i n
format
ion i sshown i nF
igu re 1.The
most conven
ien t method ofc onnection is
t
o so
lder wires o n
to the back ofthe PCB
f
or the powe r supply a nd v
ideo o utput
.
Care is r
equired t o make s ure tha
t the
pads onthe P CB are no
ts hor
ted together
dur
ing soldering.
The modu le i ssuppl ied p re-al
igned
a
nd s hould r equ ire no a ddit
iona l al
ign-
ment
. T he c ame ra issuitab le f
oru se w i
th
most li
ght
ing a rrangemen ts, u
sua l
ly n or
-
mal room l ight
ing w il
l b e adequa te. O f
c
ourse i fthe l ight level ist oo bright
, the
c
ame ra w i
ll t end t o s a
tura te a nd in any
c
ase, the l en s s hould n ever b e pointed
d
irect
ly t owa rds t he s un o r ir
repa rable
damage tot he u ni
tc ould o therw ise r
esult
.
T
he c amera uses af ixed w ide-angle
l
ens which is mounted o vert he CCD c h
ip
F
igu
re 1
.Layou
toft
hec
amera s
how
ing w
iring i
n
forma
tion
. o
n t he P CB; th
is l ens i s preset at the
f
actory a nd i s n ot i n
tended t o b e
i
n
terchangeab le
. I t is n o
t a dvisable t o
r
e move t he len
s a s the p erformance o f
t
he came ra wi
llb ei mpaired i fthe s
urface
o
ft he CCD c hip is marked i na ny way o r
c
on taminated with dust. The fie
ld ofv iew
u
sing t h
is lens i s theoretical
ly o ver 5 0
degrees, b ut i n p ract
ice i t may b e
s
omewha t le
ss than t h
is.
P
rov ision i s made f or the PCB t ob e
b
roken i nto t wo s eparate p ar
ts i f re
-
qu
ired , allow ing t he modu le tob e fo
lded
a
nd h oused i n an u nobtrusive c ompac t
e
nc losu re. C a re s hould b e taken , when
s
epa rating t he i ndividual p arts of t he
PCB, t hat t he w iring b etween e ach
s
ection i sn ot d amaged a s this ise asi
ly
b
roken ; v ery l i
ttle f orce s hould b e
r
equ ired t o s epa rate t he P CB. A s
s
uppl ied , there a re t wo pieces o fe xcess
PCB, wh ich mus t b e removed b efore the
main s ect
ion so fthe P CB can b efolded.I t
i
s r ecommended t hat the PCB s ections
a
re s epa rated b y c areful
ly c utt
ing t he
F
igu
re 2
.Fo
lding t
heP
CB. i
n
ter -connec ting s tr
ips, u sing a p air o f
M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 1
7
J44 4 4 J J 4C
) JC
)Cd
)
v
ideo i n
tercoms whe re o nly a l imi
ted
f
ield of view i sr equ ired. O f course, itis
possible t o moun t a dditional i n
fra-red
emitters in p osit
ions r emo te from t he
modu le to i ncrea se t he r ange. A l ens
c
ou ld beu sed t of ocus the e nergy from a
b
unch o fi nfra-red em itter diodes t olight
a s peci
fic a rea whe re t he c amera i s
po
in t
ing, effective ly creating a n in
fra-red
'
spotligh
t'
. I nf
ra -red em it
ters wh ich r adi-
a
te a t ap eak w aveleng th o f 940nm a re
s
uitable for th
is p urpose .

O
ther App
lica
tions
I
n a
ddi
tion t
o t
he s
ecu
rity a
ppl
ica
tions
prev
ious ly men t
ioned , t
here a re ah ost of
o
ther a pplicat
ions f or the c ame ra, many
o
f wh ich l ie outside t he s cope o f th
is
a
rtic
le.U ser s may like toe xpe r
imen tw i
th
u
se o f t
he c ame ra i n conjunc t
ion w ith a
v
ideo d ig i
tiser
, wh ich w i
ll a l
low t he
p
icture t o be sto red i n digi
ta l fo
rm ( i
n
c
ompu ter memory o r o n d isc) a nd
d
isplayed o n ac ompu ter mon i
tor. T he
c
amera c ould a lso b e used t o mon itor
T
he CCD Monoch
rome C
amera
,ass
upp
lied
.
r
emo tely c ontroled e qu
ipmen t wh ich
may be o perat
ing i ni naccess ible places.
s
idecu t
ters
. Iti si mportant to make sure T
he s i
x i n
fra-red em it
ter d iodes
t
hat the ma in PCBs a re n o
t d amaged wh
ich f o
rm p art of the camera modu le Ava
ilab
ili
ty
dur
ing t h
is o perat
ion. I tisn o
t essent
ial r
adia
te e nough in
fra-red energy to a
llow T
he CCD monoch rome c amera isavai
l-
t
hat the PCB i s separa ted in
to s ec
tions t
he camera tobeu sed atvery shor
tr ange a
ble f
rom Map l
in E
lec t
ron
ics t
hrough our
a
nd many u sers may w ish to use the i
n poorly li
tareas
. At yp
ical applica
tion c
hain o
fregionals
t ores
, o
rb y ma
ilorder,
c
ame ra as supp l
ied. Figure 2s hows how f
or t
his camera ( making use of i
t
s infra- o
rder as Z A35Q (CCD V ideo C amera)
t
o fo
ld the PCB . r
ed s ens
itiv
ity
) i s in doorphones a nd P
rice £ .95 [
l29 ]

IDoyou have d
i
fficulty i
ngett
ing hold o
f
y
our copy o
f '
Elect
ron ics - T
he Mapl
in
Magaz
ine'?

ID
oes y
our Newsagen
talways se
ll o
ut
b
efo
re you c
an g
etyour c
opy?

0A
re you f
ed upw i
th brav
ing the o
nslaught
o
fw
c
ind
ease
f
, r
ain a
less q
avour
ite e
nd k
ues
lec
tt
tron
eep f
ofi
i
tfana
nd ac
t
ics i
opy c
ics magaz
ine?
fy
nyour
our F
ROM 1
/
4 P
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ID
j
o y
us
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tgo
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oy
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our f
ide
amily a
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nd f
eg
r
iends
, "
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'm
T
O AF
ULL PAGE
.
wh
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0D
oes y
h
our d
anded?
og h
ide when y
ou r
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turn emp
ty
ADVERTISE I
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hen w
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sue o
oupon (
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be
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low
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ron
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and i
ttoy
ewsagen
he M
our N
ap
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tt
in M
or
eserve o
agaz
ewsagen
ta
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nd y
ou
r
E
LECTRON ICS
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eed n
evermiss a
nissue o
l'E
lec
tron
ics-The M
apl
in Magaz
ine'
.
MAGAZ INE
.
D
earN
ewsag
ent
P
l
o
ease r
f'E
lect
ese
ron
rve d
e
l
ics -T
ive
r(
he M
d
ap
l
ele
te a
in M
sapp
agaz
l
icab
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o
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rm
)e
e
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sue
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ame
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ddress Ex
t.209
S
i
gna
ture
E
lect
ronics -T
he Map
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ine
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lished month
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nd i
s
d
i
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ributed t
h
rough y
ourwholesa
lerby
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is
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ibu
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t
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enwe
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lephone
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.

1
8
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
.
1
SEQUENT
IAL
A
D
pp
es
l
ign a
icat
nd
ion o
f a
lway
m
d
i
p
1
v

0(
(
f
o
m
rd
inu
u
s a'
any o
ide b
owe r
se
i
te
cca

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fu
g
i
lf
ta
sa
p
s

lc
owe
ion
y an
xamp
o
rd
l
ock
nd m
ro
sw
umbe
lesi

s
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inu
ft

te
n
c
wo'
.B
hen w
rtha
ew
ti
lude d
enary a
oc
st
r
i
thme
onve
oh ou
u

sn

r
r
tt

o
i
v
ou
ts
i
t
ts
s)
s
here a
ld l
u
ion r
ic
e
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k
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a
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et

io
nd 6
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so
0
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f
l
ip-
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L
OGIC
c
ountera f
teral
,c an on
ly p erfo rm a
d
iv
ide-by -two operat
ion,i tw ould seem
i
mpo s
sible toproduce ac oun terw ith a
n
on-bina ry modulo. We k now t ha
ti ti
s
n'
t
t
r
ue,o fcou r
se,sot h
eq uestion i s,'whatis
t
hes e
cret'?
C
on s
idert h
et wo sequence sb e
low:
D
ecade C
oun
ter Modu
lo -1
6Coun
ter
000 0
000

P
ART b
yGraham D
ixey
0
001 0
001
0
010 0
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0
011 0
011
TWO C
.Eng
.
,M.
I.E
.E. 0
100
0
101
0
100
0
101
0
110 0
110
0
111 0
111
1
000 1
000

T
h
ed i
st
inc t
ion b etween a synch ronou s o
fp u
lse satt hec l
ock i nputo f af l
i
p-f
lop w il
l 1
001 1
001
c
ounte rs( t
he s ubjecto ft h
isa r
ticle) c
au se t h
atf l
ip-
flop t oto ggle b ack and 0
000 —RESET 1
010
a
nd s ynch ronou sc oun te rsw a sm ade f
orth p erpetually.H oweve r
,t h
es quare S
equence r
e
peat
s 1
011
i
nthel a
sti s ue,i nthef i
r
stp arto ft hiss er
ie s
. wave sp roduced a tt he Qo utputo fsuch a 100
H
oweve r,i twilld on oh arm t os t
ate a gain f
l
ip-flop w i
llb ea th a
lft hef requency o f 101
w
ha ti smean tb ya na s ynch ronou sc ounte r t
ho se att h
ec lock i n
put.I nthisw ay the 110
b
efore con side r
ing h ow t od esign o ne. t
ogg le m ode J Kf l
ip-f
lop a ctsa sa 111
0
000 —RESET
T
he as ynch ronou sc oun teri salso d
iv
ide -by-two c i
rcuit
.
S
equence r
e
peat
s
k
nown a s a' r
i pple t h
rough 'c oun te r
,o r S
om uch fort her evis
ion .T he above
s
imply a' r
ipp le'c ounte r.I tissoc a
lled t
heor yl e
ad stot hes implestt ype of T
he sequence o nt hel ef
ti sthato fa
b
ecau se,w hen i tisclocked ,t hose f li
p-flop s a
synch ronou sc oun ter,t hep ure binar y d
ecade c oun ter( modu lo-10 ),t heo the rfo
r
t
hata rer equi red t oc hange s tate d os oo ne t
ype ,t hestage s
,s tart
ing f r
om t h
el e
ft( t
he apure binar ym odulo -16 c oun ter. Wha tis
a
f
t era nothe r,t hee fec ta ppa ren tly l
eas tsigni
fican tbit
)s ucce ss
ive ly div
iding b y t
hed iference b etween t het wo
'
r
ippl
ing t hrough 't hes ucce ssive s tage so f t
wo .I nt h
ef i
ve s t
age c ounte ro fF i
gure 1 , s
equence s ?P e
rhap sthats e ems at r
iv
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t
hec ounte r
.I tiseviden tf rom t h
i st hate ach a
nd t a
king thec l
ock p u
lse i nputa sthe q
uest
ion b u
ti ti
salso av ery r e
levan to ne.
s
t
age ( excep tt hef i
rstw h
ich i sd i
rec t
ly r
efe rence,s tage Ed i
vide sb y2 ,stage D B
ecau se thea nswe ri s
,' t
hey a rei dentical
c
l
ocked f r
om t hes our ce o fp ulses)i s d
ivide sb y4 ,stage Cd iv
ide sb y8,s t
age B u
pt ot h
es t
ate 1001,w hen t hed ecade
c
l
ocked f r
om t heo utpu to ft hep reviou s d
ivide sb y1 6a nd stage Ad ividesb y3 2. c
ounte rthen resetsw h
i
le t heb inar y
s
t
age .I tis
,t here fore,d ependen tu pon t he I
nt h
eg ene ralc ase o f ac ountero ft h
i
s c
ounte rc ont
inue su pt o1 11 b efo re
l
a
tterf ori t
si npu ta nd w il
lw a
itf o
rt he t
ype ,t heo veral
ld i
vis
ion r at
io i salway s2 "
, r
e
setting',a nd th
iss t
atemen tg ivest h
e
a
pp rop r
iate c hange a ti t
sc l
ock t erm ina l
. whe re "i sthen umbe ro fs t
age s.The f i
gure e
s
sen tia
lc l
ue ast oh ow ad ecade c oun ter
F
ort hem aste r-s
lave t ype o ff li
p -
flop o
b tained i nthi
sw ay i sknown a sthe c
an b ed er
ived f r
om t hem odu lo -16
c
ommon ly e mp loyed ,t hec hange r equired '
modu lo'o fthec oun ter
.I nthec ase oft he c
ounte r
.T he obviou sw ay i st
o' f
orce't he
a
t ac l
ock t e
rm ina li san ega t
ive g oing o ne; c
oun tero fFigure 1 ,them odu lo is32
. b
inary coun tert oreseto nt hec oun t
t
hati satran s
ition o ft hec lock l evelf r
om Wha tevert hef r
equency o ft hepulsesi nput f
o
llow ing th est
ate 1 001 i n
stead o fg oing
l
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ic 0 . t
ot hef i
r
sts t
age,t heo u
tpu tf requency f r
om o
na su sual.Itwi
ll
,t herefo re,h ave t ob e
When J Kf l
ip
- f
lop sa reu sed,i tisusual t
hef i
nals t
age w il
lb ee qualt o
: made tos k
ip thes t
ate s1 010 — 1111
t
ow ire th
em i nt h
e' t
ogg le m ode '( both J fo = inpu tclock f r
equency ± c ounter i
n
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s
ta si ft
hese s i
xs ta
te sd idn'te x
ist
.
a
nd Ki n
pu tsw ired t ol ogic 1 )s ot hatt h
e modulo How c an wem ake t hec oun terr e
set
f
l
ip-f
lop c hange ss tate w heneve rc locked T
hisi mmed iately h i
ghligh ts ali
mitat
ion w
hen w ew antitto?I fwec an find aw ay of
i
nt h
em anne rd escribed . Ac on stan ts t
ream o
ft h
isp art
icula rc i
rcui
t.T he d iv
is
ion r at
io is f
orc
ing ar e
seta ta ny p o
inti nthes equence

C
oun
ter o
utpu
t
L
SB MSB

I
L
C
lock i
nput
— K — (7
) K (
.
3— — K (
7
1—
+5V0 CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR C
LEAR

1
k
R
ese
t
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o

N
.B. A
l
l J a
nd K i
nputs a
re c
onnected t
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.
O
V

F
igure 1
.A5
-stage
, modu
lo-32
,asynchronous c
oun
ter
.
F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 1
9
 A
%

o
p

AA S
tands Tal
l
No
. th
is isn o
t t he caption compe t
it
ion
y
et
. b u
t what stands s even feet h igh. i
s
y
el
low a nd sl
im '
? T he cor
rect answe r i
s
t
he n ew A utomob ile A ssocia t
ions
r
oadside te
lephones T he AA , w ho a re
i
ns
tal
ling s ome 1 000 o f t he n ew
p
hones o ver t he n ext f i
ve y ears,
b
el
ieves that the d es
ign w i
ll re
flec t the h
ard o
fhear
ing. The handse t isl
oca
ted
i
mage o f t
he mode rn AA (?). b
ehind ap
rotec
tive door
, located t
os u
it
I
n d es
igning t he s ys
tem . t he AA p
eople o
f al h e
ights ( i
ncluding pre-
Mapl
in Help f
or Ro mania o
pted for afamil
ia r handset. ins
tead o f s
umab
ly E
T s
hou
ld h
e w
ish t
o p
hone
a hands-f
ree u nit
. t o give s tranded h
ome
'(
.
S
taff a t b oth the Map l
in H ead O ffice o
ver moun tainous te
rrain
, t
hey d
r
ivers a g reater f eel
ing o f c ertainty Back a
t base. t
he AA cont
rol
-room
a
nd t he Dis tr
ibut
ion Cen tre a t Womb - r
eached B
rasov a
t 1.
30pm. a
nd t o a ss
ist d eaf d r
ivers t o u se o
perator wi
ll be able t
o see, on a
wel
l h ave b een i
nvolved infund -
rais ing Cond it
ions i nt he orphanage w ere as M
inicom S . t
he c omms s ystem f or the s
creen, t
he exac
t l
ocat
ion o
fthe ca
lle
r
a
nd c o
llecting med ical a nd o ther bad, i f n ot w orse, t han t hey h ad
s
upp l
ies wh ich are urgen t
ly n eeded i n ant
icipa ted . T he s mel
l w as a trocious .
Roman ia. Along with sponso rship f r
om 38 c h
ild ren s leep ing a nd l i
ving i no ne Al ways Look on t
he And Yet M ore Gloo m
o
ther s ou rces, e nough money w as r
oom w he re t he t oi
let a nd w ash ing
r
a
ised t o e nab
le a p a
rty o f t hree. f
acil
ities w e re a rchac . T he re w as n o Br
ight S
ide o
fLife ... and Despondency
Sand ra S k
ipwor th ( a Map l
in b uye r
). s
ign o f a ny b aths o r showe rs, a nd h o
t The f act t hat w e are n ea r
ing t he e nd I
n add
ition
, af urther es
tima ted 2.200
Pam F oreman a nd h er s
iste
r t o spend wate r isr ega rded a s al uxury o
f t he r ecess ion r ema ins a d eba tab le j
obs w
i
ll gofol
lowing the lo
ss ofthe four
aw eek h e
lp ing in the orphanage f o
r The y oungs te rs w ent w ild w hen t he po
in t
: d espite t h
is. there i ss ome g ood t
e
levis
ion c ompan ies w h
ich l os
t their
c
hi
ld ren w ith s pecial n eeds i n Brasov '
Eng lish l adies ' a rr
ived a nd a l d e
- news f orthose i nthe N orth — con tinued r
i
ght to broadcast a s ar esul
t o f the
A
l
l p repa rat
ions c omp le ted. passpo rts. manded i nstan t a ttention. T hey l us
t f
oreign i n
ves tmen t
. On N ovembe r I
ndependen t Te
levision C omm ission's
i
nsurance , visas a nd many i n
jections wan ted t o b e p i
cked u p a nd c udd led — 28th
, Q ueen E l
izabe th I o fficially c
ont
rove
rsia
l, fr
anchise a
uction fi
asco.
l
a
te r
. t he Map lin v an was l o
aded w i
th s
omeone t og ive them ab i
to fl ove. T he opened F ujitsu 's Eu ropean manu fac - T
he fou
r w ho wi
ll b e replaced b y
t
welve b ig boxes o fa id, a nd headed f or next f ew d ays w ere s pen t d raw ing. t
uring c entre i n C oun ty D urham , c re- n
ew con
tractors i
n January 1 993 are
Heathrow i nthe e arly h ours ofS unday c
utting o ut
, p laying w ith b a
lloons a nd a
t
ing a round 1 .200 j obs. T he Japanese TV
-am
, T SW
. T
VS a
nd t
he l
a
rges
t.
2
0th O ctobe r 199 1 bubbles . s i nging e ndless s ongs a nd of c
ompany , w h
ich emp loys 1 45 .000 T
hames.
M
iracu lously, t hey we re a b
le t o c
ou rse mo re c udd les. people w or
ldw ide . a lso h as a d esign The way inw hich t
he li
cences we re
p
ersuade T arom A ir
lines t o a ccep t The w eek w ent b y a
l t oo q u
ick ly a nd c
en tre i n Manches te r. A cco rding t o awarded has been the s
ubject of much
2
96kg o fa id on their fl
igh t t
o R oman ia. i
t w as h ea rt-break ing t o l eave t he c
ha i
rman S i
r R on D ea r
ing: T
he c
r
it
icism. 40 bidders c
ompe ted af
ter 16
A
t B ucha rest airpo rt there w ere t h
ree c
hildren a s t hey w aved a nd s hou ted c
om ing o f F u
jitsu t o C oun ty D urham f
r
anchises a nd w e
re required to bid
t
axis t o c ol
lect n i ne p assenge rs, a l f
rom t he l ocked w indows — i tw as a was d escribed b y the F inanc ial T imes b
l
ind a ga
ins t each other
, t ha
t is, by
w
ith as ui
tcase a nd h and l uggage , plus p
i
tiful s igh t
. a
s o ne o f t he e conom ic c oups o f t he h
aving no i dea h ow much t he other
t
he t welve b oxes o f ai d —n o c hance , There i s al ot mo re to b e d one , b ut i
t d
ecade . .i tw as a ch ieved b ecause b
idders w ere b idd
ing, for n o other
t
hey t hough t —b u
t s omehow i tal w ent a
l t akes t ime a nd money . C ond it
ions t
he N orth ope rates a s at eam , in aw ay r
eason i ts eems e xcep t to g ene rate
i
n
! c
an o nly i mp rove . Av ery b ig thank y ou n
o o the r region d oes -. e
xtra revenue f o
r the t r
easury.
A
f
te r af r
ightening t hree h our d r
ive t
o al w ho h elped u s to h e
lp t hem . Ineach T V region t he f
ranchise was
t
o b e awa rded t o the highest b idde r
,
...Unless you L
ive i
n p
rovided, t hat is
, that the c omm ission
was s a
tisf
ied t hat t he p rogrammes
Reverse Charges t
he South would match u ptot hei
rr equired qua l
ity
An ew f i
rm o ffe r
ing d i scoun ts o f up t o does g ene rate t hem al o
to fe x
tra t ra
ffic Y
et mo re depressing fi
gures rein
force l
evel
, and t hat t
he c ompany wou ld b e
7
5% o n i n
te rna t
iona l c a
lls i s d enting r
evenues . T he US f i
rms a re w ary o f t
he o p
inion of many p eop
le t ha
t the a
ble to ma in ta
in i t
s p roposed s e rvice
t
he c osy wo rld o f t he ma jor telephone j
eopa rdising t heir r e
la t
ionsh ip w ith t he South o f t
he c oun t
ry seems t o be f
o
r t he du
ra t
ion o f the li
cence p eriod .
c
a rr
iers. I n
te rnationa l D iscoun t T e
le - PTTs , w ho c an g a
in t hem t ens o f s
uffer
ing u nder t he recession t o a T
he grea
test s
hock h
orro
r was Car
l-
c
ommun ica t
ions a lows s ubsc r
ibe rs m
illions o f d ol
la rs w ith o ne s troke , g
reater d eg
ree t han the n or
tì
. Y e
t t
on TV
's defea
t o
f Thames Te
lev
ision.
o
u ts
ide t he US t o r eve rse t he c harges s
ays ' Commun ica t
ions N ews '
. S ome more jobs went f
rom GEC -Ma rconi, a
s whose p
rogrammes inc
lude M inder
i
no rde r tot ake a dvan tage o ft he l owe r c
a rr
iers a re u sing s poil
ing t actics , b ut aresult o f internal r e-organ isa t
ion , the a
nd The B
i
ll
. Car
lton
's £
43 m
il
lion bi
d
i
n
te rna t
iona l c ha rges f rom t he US . w
ith n o l egislat
ion i n p lace t o p reven t r
ecess ion, a nd t he s low ly dw indling u
nde
rcut T
hames .£
54 m
i
llion. T
hames
Using a t o
ll f ree n umbe r. calle rs d ial u
se rs f r
om t aking a dvan tage o f t he m
il
itary ma rket I n a ddit
ion t o 8 00 o
f cou
rse h av
ing n o i dea what
I
DT a nd h ang -up . W i
th in s econds . I DT s
e rvice, the c a
rrie rs may h ave t or esor t r
edundanc ies a nnounced b y F errant
i Car
lton b id in the fi
rst place. Richa rd
c
all back w ith a n o pen l i
ne alow ing t he t
o mak ing a l e
ga l c hallenge . I n w hich De
fence S ystems . 1 30 j obs w ere l os
t B
ranson 's CPV -TV w as even cheape r
c
aller to r i
ng a ny i n
te rna t
iona l n umbe r, c
ase , i tw ould b e a r eal D av id a nd a
t Ma rcon i C ommun ica tion S ystems i n a
t£ 45 mill
ion. b ut wasn't good enough
paying t he s tanda rd US c arr
ie r rates . Goliath s tory. Chelms fo rd. E ssex . T hat o nce-B rit
ish t
o p ass t he c omm iss
ion 's q uality
S
ince t he c al
l e ffec tively o r
ig ina tes The D avid i n t he pro ject i sH owa rd b
as t
ion o f c onsume r e lectron ics, t
h
resho ld.
f
rom N ew Y ork, i ts ide -steps a ny p rice J
onas , Pres iden t o f IDT, w ho s ays t hat Fe
rguson . i sc losing i t
s l as
t r ema ining The u pshot wil
l b e tha
t t he t
reasury
o
r r egula tory l egisla tion i n the u se rs' h
is s mall e n
trep reneu rial s tar
t-up f i
rm UK manu fac tur
ing s ite i n Gospor t
. w
i
ll gain a n ex
tra £ 40 mil
lion ay ear a s
own c oun try. has, with o ne s troke , i n
troduced i nter- Hampsh ire, w i
th t he l oss o f a round aresult of the a uct
ion , while w e
, t he
But t he c a
rrie rs a re n ot h appy , nat
iona l r a
te d e -
regu la t
ion a nd p r
ice 7
50 j obs. H oweve r, t he F erguson p
unters, w i
ll suffer w i
th t he lowe r
ing
s
ee ing a p o
ten tial d en t t o their p rofit c
ompe t
i t
ion w orldw ide . I
t l i
t eral
ly f
ac
il
ity i n M idd lesex . r espons ib le f o
r q
uali
ty o f the p rogrammes a s t he
f
rom w hat i s ah ighly l ucrat
ive i n
te r- means . a $ 50 b il
lion a y ear s aving , R&D a nd s ales s ervicing , will r emain. h
i
ther
to e s
tabl
ished stat
ions w ind
nat
iona l t e
lephone ma rke t
. E ven t he c
laims H owa rd J ones . I ft he s cheme F
rench -based T homson C onsume r d
own thei
r operat
ions
. Ghast
ly Amer
i-
US i n
te rnationa l c arr
ie rs a re n ot k een r
eally d oes t ake-o ff
. H owa rd s hou ld b e E
lectron ics. b ough t F erguson f rom c
an sty
le junk T V t
h
rea
tens a bleak
on t he i nnova tive s ervice , e ven i fi t ab
le t o claim s ome o f those b i
l
lions . T
ho rn -EM I i n 1987 . f
u
ture
.

2 M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
 L
S
B
•
Counter o
utput

MSB

I
L -
J A

T
N
C
lock i
nput
K r)— 11
!

[
+5V0 CLEAR C
LEAR C
LEAR C
LEAR
— 0- - — 0- - — 0- - — 0- -

J
R
eset
r ol—o • •
N
.B. A
l
l a
nd K i
nputs a
re c
onnected t
o l
ogic 1
.
O
V

A O,

F
i
gure 2
.A modu
lo-16 c
oun
ter '
gated
'toa
cta
s a'
modu
lo-10
'(de
cade
)coun
ter
.

t
h
atw eli
ke
,then wesh
al
lh ave aun
ive
rsa
l p
ull-up r e
sis
to r)
.F o rt h
isr e ason a l i
mpo ss
ib le top r edictt her e
la tive s peed so f
m
ethod f
ormaking ac
ountertoany f
l
ip- f
lop sa r ec onnec ted o nto t her e
setl i
ne
. thef li
p-flop s. We a ren ot,o fc ou rse,g o
ing
r
equ
ired b
ase
. T
hisa ppea rst ob e av ery e asy w ay o f toa bandon t hew hole s cheme . Wha tw e
mak ing ap ure b ina ry c oun teri n
to a mustn ow d oi ss eek away a round t he
U
sing the C
lear d
ecade c oun ter.I t
'
st o
og ood t ob etrue i n speed p r oblem . We n eed t oh old t her eset
F
aci
lity f
act!T he re i snoi mmed ia tely o bv iou s li
n el ow,n otm e rely u n
tilt he NAND g a
te
r
e ason w hy t hec ircuits houldn 'tw ork
.I n outpu tc hange s( s
ince t ha ti st her ooto fo ur
T
he J Kf l
ip-f
lop h as ap inm arked C LR,
f
acth ow w e
lli td oe sw orki ssomewha t prob lem )b utl ong e nough t oe nsu re t h
a t
st
and ing f or' c
lea r
'.T hisi san ega t
ive a cting
u
np redictab le —t hat
' st het rouble r ea
lly. both f l
ip-flop sh ave a mp le t ime t or e
se t
.
i
npu tw hich ,w hen t aken l ow ,w i
llc l
ea rt he
T
he r eason f ort h
i sc an b ee xplained a s O nly t hen can w ea low t her esetl i
net o
f
lip-flop b yf orcing t he Qo utpu tt ol ogic 0 .
f
o
llow s. re
tu rn h igh.
T
hi sa c
tion c an b ec ar r
ied o uta ta nytime
S
uppo se t hatt hec oun terr eache st he F
i
gu re 3s how s am od ifica t
ion t hat
and i stotally i ndependen to ft hep resence
l
a
s ts ta
te i nt her equired s equence ,n ame ly c
an b em ade t oc oun terc i
r cuitso ft h
ist ype
o
f ac l
ock p ulse .I falo ft hef l
ip- f
lop sh ave
1
00 1. We k now t h
a tt hen ex tc l
ock p u
l se t
oo ve rcome t h
iss peed p rob lem . Ad e
lay
t
h e
i rC LR p i
n st aken t o ac ommon l i
ne,t hen
w
i
llc ause i ttog oi n
to t hes tate 1 010 w hich, l
atch i sn ow w ired b etween t heo utpu to f
weh ave c rea ted a' r
ese tl i
ne'
.T hisi sq uite
b
yv ir
tue o ft he NAND g ate,s h
ou ld c au se t
he NAND g ate a nd th er e
se tl i
ne.T his
of
t en d one a s af ac
ility t of l
ush o utt he
a
ni mmed iate r eset. When t h
isc l
ock p ulse l
a
t ch h ast wo i nputs,m ar ked S and R .The S
c
oun te rw hen r equired a nyway .I nth
i s
i
sa pplied,f li
p -
flop s Ca nd Ab o
th p re
sen t i
npu ti sdr
iven f rom t heo utpu to ft he
c
a se,i tcan b eu sed t or esett hec oun te ra t
l
ogic l stot he NAND g ate,w h
ich t h
en NAND g ate
,w hile t he Ri n
pu ti sconnec ted
t
her equi red p ointi nt hes equence ,
p
lace s al ogic 0o nt her esetl i
ne
.A sa t
ot h
ec lock lin
ev i
aa ni nver te r.T he o utpu t
p
rov ided t hatw ec an f ind aw ay o fm aking
r
esult,f l
ip
-flop s Ca nd As t
ar tt or eset
. o
ft h
el a
t ch dr
ive st hec oun te rr ese tl i
ne.
t
hec oun te rk nowwhen t hatp ointh asb een
A
ssume t ha
te i
the rf l
ip -
flop ,s a yf l
ip-f
lop C , T
he l a
tch w orksa sf o
llow s.
r
e ached a nd t oa ctu pon i t
.
(
ana rbi
trar yc ho ice )i srathe rf aste rthan Onr eceipto ft hec lock p ulse
L
ook a tt hes equence sa bove a gain .
f
l
ip-flop Aa nd r esetsf i
rst
.I t
sQ o utpu tg oes f
o
llow ing t h
es tate 1 00 1,t hec oun te rg oe s
T
he s tate f ol
low ing t hef i
nals t
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to t hes t
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ism ean st hatth e d
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ese tt h ec oun te rw es hallh ave a ch ieved
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nce t
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ish appen s
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l
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l
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e
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l
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l
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•••
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f
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g
ate'.T he r e
su lto ft h
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utputs of
i
sshown i nF igu re 2 . f
l
ip—flops Is
C and A
T
he NAND g ate i sconnec ted s ot hat
i
t
si npu tsa red r
iven f rom t he Qo u
tpu tso f I L
atch
f
l
i
p -f
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net oa lf l
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r
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ly n ece ssa ry t oa pp ly t her esett oa l
s
t
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nce Da nd Ba re
a
l
ready r eseta tt h
isp oin ti nt hes equence . T
o r
e
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ne
H
oweve r,i tisquite u sua lt os upply ar e
se t
l
i
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ea r
ing t hec oun te ri n
itially ( hence F
igure 3
. Mod
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i
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s
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roblems.

2
0 M
apl
in M
agaz
ine F
ebruary 1
992
 Counter o
utput

L
SB MSB

• •

A -D, i
s

I L
atch

C
lock i
nput
— K 5— Q K Q 5
+5V o CLEAR C
LEAR CLEAR CLEAR
- - CT-- — 0- - — 0- - — 0- -

1
k
R
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1—o
N
.B. A
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F
i
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ified d
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or ad
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ter
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o
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iginals t
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Asynchronous f
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it
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c
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Counter o
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L
SB MSB

I
L
C
lock i
nput
5 5 5 5
+5V o CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR C
LEAR5 C
LEAR
— 0--
1
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.B. A
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O
V

F
igure 5
. A5
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, modu
lo-32
,asynchronous d
own c
oun
ter
.
F
ebrua
ry 1
992 M
apl
in M
agaz
ine 2
1
 C
ounter o
utput
L
SB MSB

I
L I L
atch

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C
lock i
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C
LEAR C
LEAR C
LEAR

N
.B. A
l
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ogic 1
.

F
i
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.The c
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esign f
ort
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lo-5 d
own c
oun
ter
.

and 1 01.T he se a ret hef i

rs
tt h
ree s t
ateso f T
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476 o r7 478 c hips.Int h
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t
hem odu lo -8 c oun ter.T hu s
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l
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flop st odrive th
er esetli
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ich mus
t I
Cs
,t he4 027BE i sas u
itable device.O ne
t
hat,w he rea si nt h
ec a se o ft heu pc oun ter o
nly bec onnected tot ho
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t c
ould,a l
ternatively,u set h
e7 4HC76 s o
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equire reset
ting.T hese areident
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ied fr
om g
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t
hes equence ,i nt hec ase o ft h
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her equ
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urrentb utalso t h
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r
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0
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C
ounter f
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ly
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ock frequency i sli
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d
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nce t h
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rede term ined s t
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ince t h
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T
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ne. F
i
gure 7
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xtra l
og
ic r
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ired t
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rm ar
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.
2
2
M
apl
in M
agaz
ine F
ebruary 1
992
 14 V
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GND 7 c
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ing
i
ndividua lf li
p-f
lop a nd g ate p ackage s.
7
400
Howeve r, ag rea tv ariety o fc oun te r se xi
st
7
410
i
nt hef orm o fm o re c omp lex MS Ic hip s
.T he
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CLASS
IFIED
IO US :
abel s
. QS° e x
tract, sor
t. prin
t. Simu ltaneou s
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ogg ing and p acket o peration. Alan G 3P MR .
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Cs, e
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SU. f
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IGHTINGALE 'V 21/23 modem w i
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he l
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heet and remote c ontrol
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g
ive af a
ir share oft he limi
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F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 2
3
 fyou p ick u p ac opy o f t he 1 992
- Map l
in C a
talogue , y ou w ill n o
tice
s
evera l changes f rom t he p rev ious o ne.
F
irstly, the c over h as c hanged ; s econd ly,
we h ave c hanged o ver f rom r ed t o blue
i
nk ( thanks t o o ur readers f or t ha t o ne!)
but
, mo re i mpor tantly, many h und reds o f
n
ew i t
ems h ave b een a dded . A s ignifi-
c
an t p ropor tion o f these n ew p roduc ts
a
re a f amily o f superb k its p roduced b y
t
he B elgian c ompany , V eleman E lec tron -
i
cs N .V. In fact, there i sa n entire s ection
o
f t he C a
ta logue d evoted t o t he r ange
a
vailab le.
Ve
lleman E lec tron ics N .V . was
f
ounded i n 1972 a nd , w ithin a 2 0
-year
p
eriod , h as g rown t o b ecome o ne o ft he
l
arges t manu fac turers a nd d istribu tors o f
a
ctive, p assive a nd e lec tro-mechan ica l
c
omponen ts i n B elgium . L oca ted i n
Gavere , t he c ompany emp loys 1 04
p
eop le o n i ts 3 ,200m 2 s i
te a nd h as a
t
urnover o f 1 5.5 m il ion U S d ol
lars . I t
c
onsis ts o f th ree i n
ter re lated d iv isions :
V
eleman E ngineer ing ; V eleman Sw itch ;
a
nd V eleman C omponen ts .

Ve
lle man
Engineer
ing
This a rm o ft he o rgan isa tion was f ounded T
he Veleman Engineering c
omputer
-based '
Sprayma
tic S
'crop
-spray
ing c
ontro
ller
,
i
n 1 974 , a nd i si nvo lved i n t he d eve lop - d
esigned f
oruse w
ith t
ractor
s.N ote t
heu
se o
f'C
licktouch'sw
itch
ing -idea
lforu
se inadverse
men t a nd manu fac tu re o fa gricu l
tura la nd o
utdoorenvironmenta
lc ondi
tions
.
i
ndu strial c on tro l s ys tems . F rom i t
s
earl
ies t d ays , i th as b een i nvolved w ith
microprocessors ( and a s s uch , was
p
robab ly o ne o f t he f i
rst E uropean
o
rgan isations t o r ecogn ise t he p oten tial
o
fs uch t echno logy )
. O ver t he y ea rs,i th as
a
cqu i red a l arge amoun t o f e xper ience
wi
th p rocess managemen t systems , P LCs
(
prog rammab le l ogic c ontrolers ), t rans -
duce rs a nd s im ila r types o fe quipmen t. I t
a
im s t o o ffer c omp le te ' custom -made '
s
olutions f o
r p rocess c ontrol p rob lems ,
which c an r ange c ons iderab ly i n c om -
p
lex i
ty . C lien ts h ave i ncluded A tlas
Copco , a Swed ish a ir c ompressor manu -
f
acture r
; Mercedes -Benz , who r equ ired a
purpose -des igned b oard mon itoring s ys -
t
em ( known a s UN IMOG ); a nd Da ik in, a
J
apanese a i
r-cond ition ing manu fac turer .
Veleman E ng ineer ing a re i nvo lved i n
many o ther f ields. T hese i nclude p a
in t-
s
p raying s ystems ( the c ompany c urren tly
s
uppl ies a l a
rge n umber o f E uropean
t
racto r manu fac turers ),t extile p lan t mon i-
t
oring e quipmen t
, n autica l me teoro log ica l V
eleman e ngineers
equipmen t
, l aundry mach inery c ontro l- o
pera t
ing thelatest CAD
l
ers, a nd a h ost o f a gricu ltura l p rojec ts (
Compu ter
-Aided D es
ign )
(
i
nc lud ing we igh ing , c rop -spray ing , l i
ve - e
quipmen t
.T hi
si sused to
s
tock f eed ing a nd i ncuba t
ion e quipmen t ). c
reate P CB a
rtwo rk
,c ircui
t
d
iagrams a nd othertechnical
d
raw ings.
Ve
llernar
t Sw
it e
r
The p rimary p roduc t o f this med ium -
s
ized d iv
ision o f V eleman i s as uperb
t
actile k eyboa rd, k nown a s 'C
licktouch '
.
P
aten ted wor ldw ide , t h
is membrane
p
ress -bu t
ton ,d eveloped ' i
n-house', offers
a
n e rgonom ic 'snap ' ac
tion , h
igh reliab i
l-
i
t
y, e asy insta
llation, c ustomer -speci f
ied Av iew ofp artoft he large
a
rtwo rk a nd l ow c ost
. B ecause t he s
torage f a
c i
lity u
tilised b y
c
on tac ts a re s ealed away f rom t he V
eleman C omponen ts
.
'
outside wor ld
', t he sw itch i s moistu re- C
ompu ters are exten sively
employed t ok eep track of
p
roo f -j u
st the s ort of thing for outside
s
t
ock l evels -v ery u sefu
l
u
se, a nd inp art
icu lart he sortofi ndustrial c
ons idering the 13
,000
c
on trol e quipmen t manu factured b y i t
s d
i
f ferentt ypes ofc omponen t
s
i
ster c ompany ! B arco, a manu factu rer s
t
ocked !
2
4
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
 o
f b roadca s
t-standa rd v ideo mon i
tors
(
found i n mos t TV s t
ud ios i nE u
rope )
, use
Clicic
touch ' c ontrols int hei rn ew range of
i
n
te ll
igen t c olou r d isp lays . O ne o f the
Velleman k i
ts, a d igitally-controlled
p
reamp lifier, offer s a n o ptional remo te
c
on trol u nit f ea
tu ring a ' Cl
icktouch'
keypad . D emand f or t his p roduct w as
s
o g reat t hat the c ompany h ad to move
i
n
to a n ew , p urpose -des igned b ui
lding.
Velleman S w
itch a lso manu factures fron
t-
panel la yers ( incorpo rating ' Cl
icktouch'
c
on trols i frequ ired )
, a nd s pecial
ises in
t
he d esign a nd manu factu re o f products
t
o s u
it c ustome rs' s pec if
ica t
ions a nd
r
equ iremen ts.

Ve
lle ma
i.
Co mponents
The Velle man Profess
iona l And n ow t o t he s ide o f t he c ompany
Modu lar Mix ing Pane
l, ideal for wh ich p ossib ly i n
te res ts u s t he mos t
! T his
smallrecord ing s
tudios, theatres d
iv ision emp loys o nly 3 4 p eop le , y e
t i t
s
and co m munity r
adio sta
tions, to t
urnove r i s i n e xcess o f 8m illion U S
na me afew. dolla rs a y ea r
. T his c ompany d eals w ith
13
,000 d ifferen t p roduc t l i
nes, f r om 3 4
d
ifferen t b rands ( inc lud ing V elleman
S w
itch !). A s i t
s n ame s ugges ts, i t is
The superb K4000 h igh- i
n volved i n t he t rade d istribu tion o f
power stereo v a
lve
componen ts. We ll-known i nt he B ene lux
amplifier
. This kit o
ffers
coun tr ies, V elleman C omponen ts s upp ly
superb value for money -
s
choo ls, c olleges , i ndus t ry , a nd o ve r 5 00
s
ee n ext month's
'
Electronics'for ful
ld etai
ls.
European h obby ist s hops ( sim i
la r t o t he
Map l
in s tores o ve r h ere ). S ome o f t he
1
3,000 d ifferen t c omponen ts men tioned
a
re u sed w ithin t he c ompany - f or
packag ing i nto t he f amous K ITS ( Yes , t he
s
ame o nes t hat Map lin s ells!)
. V elleman
The K2612 In
telligent
Motherboard c an be ma rke t ar ange o f 1 31 d ifferen t k i
ts , o f
u
sed with any co mputer wh ich Map lin s tock 12 . A ll k its a re
f
i
tted w
ith an RS232 i
nterface. s
upp lied w ith t op q ua lity c omponen ts,
g
la ss -fib re P CBs , a nd c omp rehens ive
One ofthe ex
tensive l
aboratory a
reas f
ound with
in the
s
t ep-by -s tep c ons truc tion g u
ides . T he re
Ve
lle man organisat
ion
. Featured be
low is aV
elle man
a
re k its i nt he V elleman r ange t o s ui
t a l
l
Co mponents serv
ice f
aci
lity.
i
nte res ts a nd l evels o f p roficiency . I n
Europe , V eleman k its a re u sed b y
colleges t od emons trate t heo retica l( 'how
i
t wo rks ') a nd p rac tica l ( con struc tion /
s
older ing ) p rinc ip les o f e lec tron ics , t hus
p
rov ing t hei r e duca tiona l v alue . K i
ts
a
va ilab le f rom Map lin i n c
lude p owe r
amp lifie r c i
rcu its ( inc lud ing o ne o f t he
best v alue -fo r-money v alve p owe r a mps
on t he ma rke t -t he s upe rb -sound ing
K4000 , t o b e f eatu red i n n ext mon th's
'
E
lec tron ics'); an ove l d ig itally-con t rolled
p
reamp l
ifie r
, a udio e qua lise rs a nd s pec -
t
rum a na lyser s, as uperb modu la r m ixing
desk , a n e lec tron ic i gnition s ys tem ,
c
ompu te r( inc lud ing I BM P C) pro jec ts, a n
i
nnova tive v ehicle ' pa rk ing r ada r
', d rill
s
peed c on trole rs, a0t o3 0V 1 0A ( yes , 1 0
amps ! ) l abo ratory P SU , t ime rs, a larm
s
y stem s a nd many o the r s
.
Every V e
lleman k it r eflec ts t he
c
ompany 's 2 0-yea r e xpe rience i n e lec -
t
ron ics , a nd b ecau se t he c ompany i s
f
a
i rly s mall, i tisr espon sive t oc hanges -
particu la rly a dvances i n t echno logy ( as
well a s ar e
tu rn t oe stab lished t herm ion ic
v
alves !). T h
is i ss hown i nt he i nnova tive
n
atu re o f t he k i
ts p resen tly a va i
lab le -
1
1. M
. Mr

a
nd n o d oub t, t hose o f t he f utu re. I n t he
mean time , o ft hose c ur ren tly l i
sted i nt he
Map lin C atalogue , w e c an s afely s ay t hat
t
he re a re V el
leman k its a vailab le t o
i
n
te res t e ach o fu s!
•
By Mar tin P ipe .
F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 2
5
 T
rack 0 s
top
P
ower s
c
upp
onnect
ly
ions - 1r

MICRO
- •• ••

C
OMPUTER
D
.C. d
rive motor

T
ESTING
&FAULT L
h
oad b
ead a
utton/
sse mbly
R
ead/wr

a
h
ite
ead
sse mb
ly

I L
oad b
utton

b
yAlan P
ickard p
I
ndex h ole
hotodetector
a
sse mb
ly
Hub
c
la mping
H
ead e ngage wheel
a
sse mb
ly

P
CB

D
oor f l
ap/head
engage l
ever

F
igure l
a. 51
4 1
/ n
.di
scd
r
ive me
chan
ism —t
op v
iew
.
Par
tThree—
F
loppy and Hard P
ower supply D
.C. motor
C
onnector
D
isc D
rives c
onnect
ions s
pind
le

1
111
111
11

I
nP art 2o f th
e s er
ies w e lo oked a t
m
icrocompu ter i n
put a nd o utput
d
evices ingeneral, and s peci
fica l
ly at
k
eyboa rd and video m onito r o pe rat
ion.
I
nput a nd ou
tput p or
ts ofp rog rammab le
p
eriphe ral in
terface c h
ips w ere a lso D
.C. motor
dr
ive belt
c
ove red. Inth
is ar
t
icle w e look att he two S
tepper motor
t
ypeso fdi
sc dr
ive normally used i nm icro-
c
ompu te rsfo
rd ata sto
rage.T hese a r
et he
f
l
oppy d i
scdr
ive,a nd to ale
ss( bu
ts t
eadily
i
n
c reasing) ex
tent
, t h
e hard d i
s c drive.

F
loppy D
isc D
rives
T
he p hy s
ica l layou t o f a 51/4in
.d isc dr
ive S
tepper motor
mechan ism i sshown i nFigures l aa nd l b
, p
os it
ion
w
hile a31/ 2i
n
.d i
sc a nd d r
ive a res hown i n a
djust ment Write protect
s
lots .
1 — s
witch c ontact
F
i
gu re 2 . A f loppy d i
sc c on s
ists o f a
a
sse mbly
c
i
rcular p iece o f m ylar p l
a s
tic
, w hich i s
o
nly a f ew t housand ths ofa n i n
ch t h
ick.
T
h
i s isc oated w ith m agnetic o xide a nd
e
nca sed i n al ow -fric
tion p l
a s
tic e nvelope
a
ss hown i nF i
gu re 3 .
When t h e d isc i si n
serted i n
to t he
d
r
ive u n
it, t wo f l
ange s c lamp t h
e d isc
t
h
rough i t
sl a
rge c entral ho
le a nd s pin the
d
i
sc w ithin i t
se nve lope a t ac on s
tan t 300 D
oor f l
ap/head
r
pm. T he r ead /w rite h ead a ccesse s the engage l
ever
d
i
s c th
rough t he h ead s l
ot o pening o fi ts
e
nvelope . U n
l
ike t hato f ah ard d i
sc d r
ive, F
i
gure l
b. 51/
s
in.d
i
scd
r
ive mechan
ism — b
ottom v
iew
.
2
6 M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
ebrua
ry 1
992
F
i
gure 2
.3 1
2 i
/ n
.di
sc a
nd d
r
ive u
nit
.

t
he r ead /w r
ite h ead o f t he f loppy d i
sc r
equired b y t he d i
sc h ead w hen i ti s r
equi
red t rack. O n m o
st mi
c rocompu ters
,
d
r
ive i s p e rmanen t
ly ' c
rashed ' ( i
.
e. i n moving f r
om t rack t o t rack. O the r t
he DOS m inimises head t r
ave l s o tha
t
c
on tact w ith t he d i
sc) w heneve r r ead o r mechanism s use aw heel w ith as piral t
here isno r equi
remen t tor e
tu rn t otr
ack
w
rite o pe ration s t ake p lace. I nt heo ry t hi
s t
r
ack o r asp
iral cam t oc onvertt he ro
tar y z
ero each t ime thatthe di
sc i sa cces
sed.
l
ead s t o i ncrea sed d i
sc a nd h ead w ea r
, movemen t in
to l i
n
ea r act
ion . A typical d i
sc d r
ive c ould b e de-
b
ut i sn ece ssa ry d ue t ot he r e
la tive ly s l
ow T
o f
ind a p ar
ticular track t he motor s
i
gned f or3 5 o r4 0-
track ope ra t
ion, w
ith
s
peed o ff l
oppy d isc s y
stem s
. I np ractice, m
ay b efir
sts t
epped t ot r
ack zero,w hich is e
ach track d iv
ided i n
to 512-by te sec
tors
wea r i sn ot ap rob lem b y v i
rtue o f t h
e n
ea r the o u
te r e dge o f t he d i
sc
. O n (
r
efer to F i
gu re 4)
. These a re k nown as
g
ene rally h i
gh s t
anda rd s o fd isc s urface s r
eceipt of t h
e a ppropriate n umbe r o f '
s
oft
' s ectors a nd a re estab l
i shed b y
a
nd h ead s
.F l
oppy d isc drive sc an o pe rate p
u
l ses ( equal t o t h
e r equired t r
ack '
f
orma t
t
ing ' the dis
c us
ing an a pp ropr
iate
e
f
fec tive ly f or y ea rs w ithou t a ny m ain- n
umbe r)
,t heh ead i smoved i nward,t ot h
e p
rogram . The t o
tal st
orage c apac ity o
fa
t
enance — a nd o ften m uch a bu se!
T
he w rite p rotect n ot ch i n t he
e
nve lope c an b e u sed t o p rotec t s t
ored
d
ata f r
om b eing o verw ritten . T h
is i s
n
o rma lly a ch ieved w i
th a p ho tode tec tor
which w ill i den t
if y t he p r esence o f t he
n
ot ch
,a nd d i
sab le t hew rite c i
r cui tsi fithas
b
een c ove red o ver. A n a l
te rna t
ive
mechan ism m ake s u se o f am ic ro sw itch.
T
he i ndex h ole o f the d isc i ndica te s t he
s
t
ar t o f t he r eco rded t rack s, a nothe r
p
ho tode tec to r c ircuit s e nses w hen t he
i
ndex h ole h a s p a ssed t he d etec to r.
Af l
oppy d isc d r
ive u ni
t c on ta in s t wo
moto rs
: t he r otation o f t he d isc i s
maintained a t ac onstant 3 00 r pm b y a
p
recision s ervo -con t
rolled m oto r w h
ile a
s
t
eppe rm oto rp rovide sa ccu ra te p osi
tion -
i
ng oft he r e ad /w r
ite h ead o ve r as pe ci
fic
t
r
ack . As t
eppe rm oto ri sas pec ia l t ype o f
motorw hich,w hen p ulsed,w i
llr otate b ya
f
i
xed i ncremen t
, s uch a s 5d eg ree s. A
s
t
eady s er
ie s o ft h ese p u
lse sw il
l t he refo re
r
e
su lti nr otary m ot
ion a t ac on stan ts peed .
T
he s teppe rm otorc an b e p ulsed t om ove
i
n af orwa rd o r r eve r
se d i
rec tion , a nd i s
u
sed i nc onjunc tion w ith a f l
ex ib le m etal
b
and w hich c onver tst he r o
tationa l m ove -
ment o ft he m oto r i n
to t he l i
nea r m otion F
i
gure 3
.5 1/
4i
n.d
i
sc i
npro
tec
tive e
nve
lope
.
F
e
bru
ary1
9
92 M
ap
l
in M
aga
zin
e 2
7
 Wr
ite
F
loppy p
rotect
L
abe
l d
isc n
otch
s
i
ngle-s
ided 4 0-t rack d isc d r
ive i sthe re- 3
in. F
orma
t
f
o
re 4 0( t
racks) x1 0( secto rs) x5 12 ( b y
te s T
he l e
ss popular 3 m, f o
rmat, which is
p
er s ecto r)= 2 04800 b y
te s, w hich i s s
im
ila r in physical a ppearance t o th
e
e
qual t o 2 00K b ytes. A s q ui
te a l arge 31/2i
n. t
ype
, retains ful
l so
ftware format
-
n
umbe r o f b yte s a re u s ed f or ident
ifica - t
i
ng c ompatib
il
ityw ith the 51/
4i
n.f
ormat. I
t
t
i
on, s ynch roni sa t
ion a nd b ufe r
ing b e- s a
i lso h ardwa re c ompatib
le w i
th t h
e
t
ween s ecto r
s,t he a c
tua l s t
o rage c apac ity s
t
anda rd 34-way d i
sc bus (i
.
e. u
s
ing t h
e
f
or d ata w ould b e n ea re r 1 80K. A s
ame 3 4-way P CB e dge connec
tor)
, and
d
ouble- s
ided d isc d r
ive h as t wo h ead h
as t he same r ota
tional speed and T P
I
a
ssemblie s e nab ling b oth s i
des o f a f
i
gure.
s
u
itable d isc ( coa ted o n b oth s i
de s w ith
magnetic m a
te ria l) t o b e w r
it
ten t o o r
T
he F
loppy D
isc
r
ead from , a nd t hus h ast wice t h
e s t
orage D
rive C
ontro
ller
c
apacity o f as ingle -side d rive , i.
e
. 3 60K . Af l
oppy d isc d r
ive c ontrol
ler ( FDC) isa
O
ne o ft he m ostc ommon v ar
ie t
ie s of c
omp lex V LSI d evice w hich c onta
ins t h
e
d
i
s c dr
ive e ncoun tered w i
th m icrocom - c
i
rcuit
ry r e quired f o
r t he s t
orage a nd
Head S
lid
ing
p
uter s y
stem s u s es 51/ 4i
n. dis c
s. B etween r
e
trieval ofd a
ta i nth
e sectors and t r
acks
,
a
ccess s
hutter
1
00K ( f
r
om r e
la t
ive ly e arly s i
ngle -s
ided w
indow w
hich w e
re o r
iginally writ
ten t ot he di
sc
d
r
ive su sed w ith m achine ss uch a st h
e BC d
ur
ing t he f o
rma t
ting proce ss
. Figure 6 is
M
icro) a nd 1 .2M ( f
rom d ouble -s
ided F
igure 5
. 31/
2in
.floppy d
isc i
n r
igid ablock diag ram s howing h ow t he FDC is
h
igh-den s
it y d r
ive s o f
ten f i
ted t oI BM A Ts c
asset
te hous
ing
. i
n
terfaced t o a m icroproce s
so r
. S ome
a
nd t h
eir c lone s) c an n orma lly be s t
o red e
xamp les o f F DC s i
gnal a re
: l oad head,
o
n such d iscs. I na ddition , 31/ 2in
.a nd 3 in
. d
i
rection, seek s t
ep , i
ndex ( a
ct
ive l ow)
, tr
k
f
l
oppies a lso e xis t
, a l
though t he la
tter h as F
loppy D
isk F
orma
ts 0( a
ct
ive l ow )
, s e
lect 0,s elect 1.' Se
lect
'
n
otb ecome p opu la ro r' st
anda rd
'. Inb oth T
he f
o
l
lowing i
ss
ome gene
ral i
n
forma
tion r
e
fe r
s t oside 0 o r 1o ft he di
s c dr
ive or
c
ases, the a c
t ual m agne tic d i
s c mate r
ial i s o
n t
he m
ore w
idely k
nown d
isc f
o
rmats
: d
i
sc s u
rface. The se examp le s a
r ef r
om t h
e
t
he same a s t hat u sed i nt he 51 /i
2 n
. (a nd 8
27 1 F DC u sed i nsome v er
sion s oft h
e
51/
4in
. F
orma
t BC M icro; T r00, dirc and s t
ep a re th
ree
T
h
is f orma t c an b e o pera ted i ns i
ngle- e
xamp les o fs ignals from t he 17 70 F DC
d
en s
it y m ode ( wi
th f r
equency m odu
la tion u
sed int he E i
nstein compu ter.
- F M
) o r d ouble -den s
ity m ode ( using
modif
ied f requency m odulation - M FM )
. Opera t
ion ofa
D
ata t ransfer f o
r t hese t wo m odes a re 51/
4in
. Disc D
rive
1
25Kb it/sec a nd 2 50Kb it/sec r e
spec -
t
i
vely. T rack-
to -t
rack s t
epp ing t ime i s Mechan ism
q
uo ted a t a round 2 0mS w hi
le t h
e T
he f ol
low ing d esc r
ip tion o f t he m ain
a
ve rage a ccess t i
me i snorma lly around f
eatu reso f adisc drive m ake sr e
ference t o
2
80mS . B oth 4 0-a nd 8 0-
track 51/ 4in
.d i
sc F
igu res 1a a nd 1b . I ti su sefu
l, i fn o
t
d
r
ive s a r e a vai
lab le, a nd s ome a re e
ssen t
ial, t o b e a ble t o r ecogn ise a nd
a
vailab le w hich p rovide 4 0/80 t r
ack u
nde rs
tand h ow t h ese f eature s o pe rate
o
pe ration. A 51/ 4i
n. di
sc h as 48 o r 9 6 wh
ile i nvest
iga t
ing a f ault c ondition.
t
r
ack sp eri n
ch ( t
p
i d epend ing o nwhe ther P
ho to s 1a a nd 1b s how t he t op a nd
i
tfeature s 40- o r£)0-t
rack o perat
ion. I BM b
ottom v iew s o ft he d rive i tse
lf
.
P
C f l
oppy d i
sc f orma ts p rov
ide 3 60K F
i
gu re 1a s h ow s t he l o
ca t
ion o ft he
(
doub le-den sity) and 1 .2M ( h
igh-density)
. DC m oto r w hich r otate s t he d i
sc, v i
a a
d
r
ive b e
lt a nd t he h ub c l
amp ing w hee l
.
31/
2in
. F
orma
t T
he d oor f lap o r h ead e ngage l ever
3
'/2in
. d r
ives u s
ing d ouble-density (MFM ) c
au ses t he t wo f l
ange s o f t h
e w hee l to
o
pe rat
ion c an a ch
ieve s t
orage c apacit
ies g
r
ip t h
e h ub o ft hed i
sc, a nd a l
so t he' l
oad
F
igure 4
.Tracks and s
ectors
. o
fu pt o4 00K p ers i
de. Thu s
, the double- b
utton ' t o e ngage o n to o ne o f t he
d
en si
ty 31 /i
2 n
.d r
ive u sed w i
th the IBM P C s
urface so ft hed isc. Ap iece o ff e
lt
-like s of
t
t
he n ow f ar le
ss c ommon 8 i
n.
) d i
sc s
, t he w
i
ll g ive a f orma tted c apacity of 7 20K, mate r
ial i sm ounted o n t he l o
ad b u t
ton
ma
in d iference b e
ing t ha
t ar obu stp lastic wh
ile a h igh d ensi
ty d r
ive w il
l p rovide w
hich h old s t h
e d isc s urface a gain s
t t he
c
ar
t r
idge i sused t op r otect t he m agne tic 1
.44M . D e
sp i
te t h
ef ac
tt hatt h
e m agne t
ic h
ead ( f
rom t heo thers ide). Inp r
incip le
,t h
is
s
ur
face s, in
stead o ft he vulne rab le p lastic s
urface a rea i so n
ly h al
f t ha
t of a 51/ 4i
n
. i
ss im
ila r inc oncep tt ot he o pe rat
ion o fa
e
nvelope w h
ich c ha rac terises t he 5 ';4in. d
i
sc, t he st
orage c apacit
ies o fthet wo are p
ressu re p ad i n ac as sette t ape r eco rde r
.
a
nd 8 i
n. t ypes
. T he se p last
ic c ar
t r
idge s v
er y sim
ilar
. S t
epp ing t i
me s are quoted as P
l
ea se n ote t hat su ch a n a rrangemen t is
f
ea
tu re r ead /wri
te a cce ss h ead p rotec - 6ms a nd 3 ms f or 4 0- a nd 8 0-track o
nly u sed i n as i
ng le -sided d r
ive; i n a
t
i
on, a nd a b etter w r
ite-p rotec t s ystem . r
espec t
ively
, t hese b e
ing m uch fa
stert han d
oub le- s
ided d r
ive t he l oad b utton i s
W
ith r e
ference t oF i
gu re 5 ,i tcan b e seen t
he
i r 51/ 4i
n
.c oun terparts
. r
eplaced b y ano the r r ead /w r
ite h ead f o
r
t
ha
t a n automa t
ic s hut
te r o n the c artr
idge
p
rotectst he acces sw indow .T he 3 i
n.d r
ive
i
su s
ed i nt he Am s
trad P CW m achine , a s
w
el
l a s t he T atung E i
nstein m entioned D
ata b
us
e
l
sewhe re i nth
is series. The 3 '
,
/zin.f o
rma t
i
svery p opula r and o fe r
s s im
ila r s t
orage
c
apac i
ties t o the 51z a
in. t ype ( i
.e
. 7 20K MPU F
DC
34-way )
a
nd 1 .
44M )
. T he r eason t ha
t t he 3 i/2in.
d
isc bus
d
i
sc h as n ot c omp letely r eplaced t he
51/4i
n
. t y
pe i sp robab ly b ecau se m any I
nterface
A
ddress b
us
b
us
ine ss a nd p r
iva te u sers h ave b u
ilt u p l
ogic
l
a
rge c ol
lec t
ion so f 51/i
4 n
.d i
scsw h
ich t h ey
a
re l o
ath t o discard o r r ep
lace . F or t h
is
r
eason, m any P C u se
rs f i
nd i te xtreme ly
u
seful toh ave b oth t y
pe s o fd r
ive f i
ted t o
p
rovide f l
exibil
ity
. F
igure 6
.Microprocessor c
ontro
l o
ffloppy d
isc v
ia FDC
.

2
8 M
ag
l
in M
aga
zin
e F
eb
ruar
y1992
 _EL- 1

Ad
jus
tmen
ts
A f loppy d i
sc d r
ive i s a s urpris
ing ly
r
e
liab le m echan ism c omb ining c omp lex
e
lectron ic a nd m echan ical s ystem s. The se
d
r
ive s
, i nm y e xpe r
ience , r equire l i
t
le o r
n
o m aintenance /repa ir
. I t i s w orth,
h
oweve r
, k now ing s ome thing a bout t h
eir
d
etailed o pe rat
ion e ven i f o nly t o
e
l
im ina te t he d r
ive f rom a s y
stem f aul
t.
Many c ompan ie s are h appy t o prov ide
s
ervicing a i
d si nthef orm o fc l
ean ing d i
scs.
P
lea se n ote t ha
t d oub le- s
ided c lean ing
d
i
sc s s hou ld n ot be u sed i ns i
ngle-sided
d
r
ive s
, o the rwise t h
ere w i
ll b e ap ossibility
o
f d i
slodg ing t h
e p ressure p ad f r
om t he
l
oad b ut
ton . A l
though c onven ient o n
ly
when ad isc d r
ive h as b een d i
sman t
led , a
c
otton b ud a nd s u
itable c l
ean ing f l
u
id ( e
.g.
i
s
op ropy l a lcohol) c an b e u sed t o c lean
t
her ead /w r
ite h ead s
.G ene rally speak ing ,
h
ead c lean ing i s n o
t r equired a nd
P
hotola
.Top v
iew o
f 51
4 i
/ n
.di
sc d
r
ive (
a
sper F
i
gure l
a)
. i
n
spec t
ion o fh ead sw il
l u sua l
ly s how t hem
t
o b e c l
ean . A d
ju s
tmen ts t o m echan ica l
i
t
em s a re r are, u n
le ss ad r
ive h as b een
t
hes econd s i
de o fth ed i
sc . Inth
isc ase,t he a
ccura te l ocation o f d i
sc t r
ack s
. A djust
- d
ropped o r j a
rred. I ti su nu sual f or a
d
i
sc s urface i s' sandw iched ' between t he ment
s c an b e m ade t ot he p osi
tioning o f s
t
eppe r m otor t o drif
t o ut o f a l
ignmen t
t
wo h ead s, each o fw hich k eep st he othe r t
hes t
eppe rm oto r
,a nd a ren orma lly d one d
ue t ot h
e n ormal m echan ical v ib
ra t
ion s
i
nclose p hysicalc ontac tw ith them agne tic u
s
ing t h
ea pprop r
iate s pecial
istt este quip- c
au sed b yf requen to pe ration o fthed r
ive .
s
ur
face . Taking F igu
re l a a st h
e t op v i
ew , ment t o b e d etai
led i nt he n ext s e
ction. A d e
tailed d es
cript
ion o f a djustmen ts,
i
fad i
sc i si n
serted i n
to t h
e d r
ive s ot hati t
s T
he D C d r
ive m otor s p
ind le c an b e s een
, h
oweve r
, i sg iven l a
ter
.
l
abe
lled s i
de i sv i
s
ible, t hen t h
e s i
de b eing a
long w ith t h
e b el
tw hich t r
an sferse ne rgy
a
ccessed w il
l b e t he u nderside. T h
is
f
o
llow s s i
nce t he r ead /w r
ite h ead i s
t
o al
a
ssemb
a
rge p
ly. T h
i
ul
ley u
s p u
l
nde
ley i
r t
sc l
h
ea
e h
r
ub c
ly v i
sib
lamp
le i n
T
he Floppy D
isc
p
osi
tioned b e
low t he l o
ad b utton. T he t
he d i
ag ram . T he w ri
te -protec t s w
itch '
Exerciser
'
i
ndex h ole s enso r consists o f at r
ansm itter c
ontac ts a re s hown o n t he r i
ght o f t h
e T
he fl
oppy d isc exe r
ciser i sa specialised
(
L
ED )
, a nd p ho tode te cto r ( p
ho tod iode ) d
iagram . T he se a re n orma lly o pen, a nd (
but not par
ticularly expen sive) piece o f
a
ssemb ly, w ho se t r
an sm it a nd r eceive r
emain o pen w hen ad i
sc i sin
se r
ted u n
le s
s t
e
st equipmen t w hich i sused i ncon junc-
p
ath i suninterrup ted o n
ly w hen t he index aw r
ite p rotect t ab ha s b een f i
xed t ot h
e t
i
on w ith a d ua l
-trace o s c
il
loscope . I t
s
h
ole p asses t h
rough i t
.T he t r
ack 0 s t
op i s d
i
s c envelope . T his closest h
e s witch v i
a a p
urpose istoa low ad i
s cd r
ive too perate
s
hown a tthe r earo ft hel oad button /head p
lunge ra nd a s ar esultt he w r
ite c i
rcuit in manual
ly ( i
.
e
. i n
dependen t
ly o fthe m icro-
a
ssemb ly a nd c an b e a dju s
ted b y m ean s t
he drive i sdisabled. c
ompu ter
's o pe rat
ing s y
stem ) a nd c an
o
f as crew c oncea led u nde rt he P CB. T he A
ll oft hese f eature s are b est unde r
- t
here
fo re be seen a se fec
tively replac ing
P
CB i t
sel
f i ss hown o n t he r i
ght o f t he s
t
ood b y i n
spec t
ion o ft he d r
ive m echan - t
he FDC, w h
ich i sunde rsoftwa re c ontrol
.
d
iagram a nd i nc
lude s t he disc b us e dge i
sm
, p refe rably r emoved f rom t h e micro-
c
onnec to ra nd p owe rs u pply connec t
ion s. c
ompu tera nd /o ri t
so uterc asing.S ome o f
Fi
gu re 1b s h ows c lea r
ly t he s t
eppe r t
he fe a
tu res d escribed c an o nly b e s een
m
otor, w h
ich d r
ive s t h
e h ead a s
semb ly b
y p eer
ing i n
side a nd u nde rnea th t h
e
(
v
ia as p
iral c am ) a nd e nables f ast a nd P
CB, h ead a s
semb ly
, e t
c
.

Floppy D
isc
7 34—way \
d
isc d
rive
d
isc bus /
e
xerc iser c
ircuitry

F
igure 7
.Fl
oppy d
i
sc e
xer
ciser
.

Connected tot h
ed i
sc dr
ive asshown
i
nFi
gure 7,t h
e floppy di
sc exerc
iser i
sa
c
ompact c a
lculator-s
ized u ni
t w i
th a
r
i
bbon cab
le f o
r d r
ive connect
ion and a
n
umber o f s w
itches w hich s e
lec
t the
f
o
l
lowing funct
ion s
:
(
i
)Dr
ive motor o
perat
ion
(
i
)S i
ngle s
tepp
ing ofh ead
(
i
i
) St
epping Di
rec
tion C hange
(
i
v
) Se
lect
ion ofDi
sc Side (0o r 1
)
(
v
) Si
ngle/Doub
le Sided Ope ra
tion
A
n LED p r
ovide
s a n i n
dicat
ion o f t
he
i
n
dex pu
lse
.
T
he fl
oppy d
isc exe
rciserisbest u
sed
i
n c
on
junct
ion with a special a
lignment
P
hoto l
b
.Bo
ttom v
iew o
f 51
4 i
/ n
.di
sc d
r
ive (
a
sper F
i
gurelb
). d
i
sc
. T
hi
s di
sc iss
p ec
ial i
nt he s
en
se tha
t it
F
ebruar
y 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine
2
9
 I1 d X

s
tacked w ith s pace rs b etween t hem.
2
00ps Norma lly,b oth s i
de so fe ach d i
sc a r eu sed
-
±5
0ps a
nd i ndividua l r ead /w ri
te h ead sa ref i
ted
f
or e ach s ide a va i
lab le. T he d i
sc s t hem -
1
.1

s
e
lve s a re m ade f rom a n a lum inium a loy
c
oa ted w ith t he r equired m agne t
ic m ate-
r
i
al. E ach r i
gid d i
s ci sthere fo re m uch m ore
d
imen siona lly s table w hen c ompa red w i
th
t
hose u sed w ith f loppy d r
ive s, a nd a s a
F
i
gure 8
.Index
-to
-burs
ttim
ing
r
esult c an h ave m o re t r
ack s ( o
f g rea ter
w
aveform.
c
apac ity) p er i nch t han a f l
oppy d i
sc
c
ontain s b oth a nalogue a nd d ig
ital infor- s
urface /su rface s
.T he h igh s p eed o f ah ard
mat
ion . T rack 0c ontain s d ata, w h
ile T rack d
i
sc s ystem n ot o nly m ake s i tp ossible
1c onta ins a' b
u rst s i
gna l
' w h
ich o ccu rs t
or ead a nd w r
ite d ata f aste r
, b ut i ta l
so
2
00,uS a fte rt hei n
dex h ole ( see Fi
gu re 8 )
. c
rea tes at h
in c ushion o fa ir w h
ich f l
oa t
s
F
igure 10
. R
epresentat
ion o
ftrack 15
T
h
is b urst c an b e o bse rved o n a n t
he r ead /w r
ite h ead 2 m icron s o r s o o f
a
nd track 1
7si
gna lpat
terns o
nt he
o
sci
l
lo s cope v i
at hea pp rop ria te te
stp o
int, s
urface o
fthe d
isc
. t
he d isc s ur
face . T o p r even t d us
t a nd
a
nd at o
le rance o f i 50 1jS i sconside red s
moke p ar t
icle s ( w h
ich a r e u sually l a
rge r
t
ob ea ccep table. S teppe rm oto rp os
ition - ma
in d iference s b e tween t het wo t ype s i
s i
nd iame te rt han t h
e h ead /dis c g ap) f rom
i
n
g c an b e c hecked b y s e
tt
ing t he t
he v ast
ly i ncrea sed s torage c apac i
ty o n '
c
ra shing ' t he h ead , t he d i
sc a s
semb ly i s
e
xercise r t o s e
lec t t rack 1 6
. A nalogue t
he h ard d i
sk ( t
ypica l
ly 2 0M o r highe r
) e
nclo sed i n as ealed d ust-free c ase. P ho to
s
i
gna l
s p re sen t on t r
acks 1 5 a nd 1 7 ( i
.
e. a
nd t he f act t hat t he d i
sc i s n o
t 3s how s ah ard d i
sc d rive w ith i tsd us
t
o
n e i
the r s i
de o ft r
ack 1 6) a re shown i n i
n
ter changeab le. T he s t
o rage c apacit y of c
ove r r emoved ( T
his s hou ld N EVER b e
F
i
gu re 9a s' wave fo rm s
', a nd f orc l
arity in a 2 0M h ard d i
sc d r
ive i s r oughly d
one u nde r n orma l c ircum stance s a s t h
e
F
i
gu re 1 0 a sp a
tte rn s on t he d i
sc s u
rface . e
quiva lentt ot he i n
fo rma t
ion c on tained i n r
i
s k o f c on tam ina tion a nd i nevitab le
I
fthe h ead i sc en tra
lly p o s
itioned o ve r 5
7 b ook s
, e ach c ontaining 2 50 p acked f
a
ilu re i sh i
gh !). T he t wo d oub le -sided
t
r
ack 1 6, t he w ave fo rm d i
sp layed o n t he p
age s (i
.e
. at otal o fa round 1 4000 b ook p
latte rsa nd t heh ead a ssemb ly a rec learly
o
sc
il
lo scope s hould r esemb le t he s o- p
age s). A lthough t he d isc i so f as i
ze v
i
sible i nt h
is p hotog raph .
c
a
lled ' eye' p at
tern , s hown i nFigure 1 . c
ompa rab le t ot hose u sed i nf l
oppy d i
sc T
echn ica l d eta i
ls o f h ard d isc d r
ive
F
or accep tab le o pe ration, t he a mpl
itude s
y
stem s the i nfo rma t
ion d ensity i sgrea t
ly o
pe ra t
ion a re b eyond t he s cope o f t h
is
o
f t h
e s ma ller l obe m ust b e a t l east i
n
crea sed ,w ith f i
gu reso fb e
tween 1 5000 a
r
ticle, b ut o ne i mpor tan t c onside ration
2
00mV ,w hi
le t hed iference i na mpli
tude s a
nd 5 0000 b i
ts p e
r l i
nea r i n
ch b eing f
o
r t echn ician s a nd u se rs a l
i ke c once rns
b
e
tween t he t wo l obes m ust b e less than c
ommon ly q uo ted . R otationa l s p eeds t
he t r
an spor ta tion o f h ard d isc d r
ive s o r
5
mV. I ft h
is i sn o
t t he c ase, t hen t he (
t
ypically 3 000 r pm ± 1% ) a nd d ata m
icrocompu te rsc on taining t hem . B ecau se
s
t
eppe rm oto rm ay r equire r e-po s
it
ion ing . t
r
an sfer r a
te s ( typica l
ly 6 25Kb it/sec) a re t
he h ead so f ah ard d r
ive a r er equ ired n o
t
m
uch h ighe rt han t h o
se q uoted f orf l
oppy t
o t ouch t he s urface , i ti se s
sen t
ia l t o
d
i
sc s ystem s
, w hile p osi
tion ing t i
mes a re e
nsu re t ha tt hey a re' par ked 'b efo re b eing
T
rack n
orma lly b etween 2 5 a nd 5 0mS . T he p
hy s
ica lly l i
f
t ed, c a rr
ied o rw heeled f rom
1
5 h
ard d isc, or' p
la tte r
', it
self i sh oused i na o
ne p o s
i t
ion t o a no the r
. T he h ead
f
ac
tor y-sea led a irt
igh t con taine r w h
ich i s a
ssemb ly d oe s n ot a ctua l
ly c onta in a
T
rack i
n
acce ss
ible t o t h
e u s
e r o r t echnician. mechan ism f or l ocking o r p arking i tse
lf
,
1
7 F
i
gu re 1 2 a nd P ho to 2s h ow t h
e l ayou tof b
utp osit
ion st heh ead so na n u nu sed t rack
at yp
ica l d r
ive . T he e xamp le s hown i s s
o t hat a ny d amage t o t he d i
sk s urface
O
ne ro
tat
ion o
r di
sc i
n
tere s
ting i n t h at i ti s a ' hard-ca rd'
, o
ccu rs o n ap art o ft he d isk n ot u sed f o
r
=
200ms (3
00R
.P.M
) d
es
igned t op lug d irect
ly i n
to t he e xpan - d
ata s torage . T h
i s d oe s n o
t o ccu r a uto-
s
i
on s lot ofa n I BM P C
. mat
ica lly o n p owe r-of ( th
is f eatu re i s
F
i
gure 9
.R e
lat
ionship b
etween t
r
ack T
he r i
gid d isc o f ah ard d rive ( ass een u
nnece s sar y a s m ost h ard d r
ive s t end t o
1
5and t
rack 1
7signalpat
terns
. i
nF i
gu re 1 2
) i so ne o fs eve ral w hich a re b
e o pe ra ted i no ne p l
ace o nly). I nstead ,

S
uch a n a d
ju stmen ti sve ryc rudely carr
ied
o
ut
, n ot u n
like t h
e t r
ia
l-and -e r
ro r method
u
sed t o a l
ign a c ar d i
st
ribu to r sys
tem ,
w
he re t he m otor f i
x
ing s crews a re
l
oosened , t he m otorm oved at i
nya moun t L
obe a mpl
itude
a
nd t he screw s r e-
tightened . T he efecto f must exceed
t
he a djustmen t o n t he p erfo rmance i s 2
00mV a f
ter
n
oted a nd t h
e p rocess i st hen r epea ted a
djus
tmen t
u
nt
il the o ptimum p os
ition i sfound. I nthe
c
ase o f t he d isc d r
ive s uch a djus
tmen ts
would b e m ade w ith r e
fe rence t o the
p
attern d i
sp layed o n t he o scil
lo scope.
T
r
ack z e
ro s t
op a djustmen t, ifnece s
-
F
i
gure 1
.Ca
t's e
yes h
ead a
l
ignmen
t wave
form
.
s
ary, isa chieved t h
rough t he p os
it
ion ing
o
f t he m i crosw itch a nd i nvolves t h
e
l
oosening a nd r e
t
igh ten ing o fo ne ort wo
s
c
rew s
. As im
ila r m ethod i su sed to r e
-
p
osit
ion t h
e i n
dex h ole s enso r
. H oweve r
,
t
hese t wo a d
ju stmen ts a r e v ery r a
rely
r
equired. O ther m ore c onven t
iona l prob-
l
em s i n
c
lude e l
ectron ic c omponen t o r
motorf a
ilu re, d r
ive b elt r eplacemen t a nd
g
ene ra
l m echan ical p rob lem s.

Hard D
isc D
rives
Aha
rd di
sc d
r
ive o
pera
tesus
ing t
hesame
p
r
inc
iple
s as it
sfl
oppy c
ounte
rpar
t
. The P
hoto 2
.100M '
Hardcard
'fo
ruse w
ith t
he I
BM P
C (
a
sper F
i
gure 1
2
).
3
0 M
ap
l
in M
aga
zin
e F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
 R
ead/wr
a
ite h
ssembly
ead H
ard disc d
mechan
rive
is m
D
isc c
ontro
P
CB
ller
r
i
R
ibbon c
able

i
x

D
isc s
urface

M
ulti-way
D
IN connectors

1
11111 1
11111 1
11

E
dge connectors

F
i
gure 1
2
.Hard d
i
sc d
r
ive i
nthe f
orm o
f a'
Hardcard
'(1
00M c
apac
ity
).

t
he p ar
king f u
nct
ion i s in
voked b y a
s
oftwa re u t
il
ity c ommand ( e
.g . u nder T
he Nex
tStage
MS-DOS )
. I ft h
is i s not done b efore H
aving c overed them a
in hardwa re areas
p
owe r
ing d own ( e
.g. in th
e c ase o f a o
f t he m icrocompu ter
, i nc
luding I /O
p
owe r cut or r emova l of powe r to t h
e d
evices and c i
rcu
it
s, itwould be u s
eful t
o
machine)t hen them ach
ine m u
stb et u
rned l
ook atthety pesoft e
stequipmen tu sed i
n
b
ack o n a nd r e-boo ted a s s oon a s m
icrocompu te r fa
ult
-f
inding a nd t e
st
ing.
p
ossible, a nd t h
e d i
sk p ark
ing u t
i
l
ity I
nP ar
t 4w e wil
l lo
ok atthe osci
lloscope,
o
pe rated b efore f i
nal
ly p ower
ing d own l
og
ic p robe a nd l o
gic p u
lser. Mo re
t
he m achine a ga
in a nd m oving i t
. In s
pecial
ised t es
t equipmen t such a s the
p
ractice, ah ard d i
sc m echanism w ould f
l
oppy d i
s c exerc
iser
, log
ic analy ser and
p
robab ly s u
rvive b e
ing s l
id a cross a s
i
gna l analyser wil
l a l
so b e exam ined,
P
hoto 3
.H ard d
isc d
rive s
how ing b
ench o r table, but n ot be
ing b umped e
special
ly w here re
levant tot he content
p
lat
ters a
nd head assembly. d
own o rp ushed a long o n atr
olley. o
fP art
s 1t o3 .

i
V
IAPL
IN'S TOP
TWENTY K
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rt o
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1
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2
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.2
5 M
a
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8IX
A
48C
1 I
fyou a
r
ea nel
ect
ronic
senthu
sia
stand l
o
oking f
o
rani
n
tere
sting
2
. 2 1 0 V
e
hic
leIn
t
rude
rA l
a
rm L
P
6
5 V £
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.9
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a
gaz
ine 4
61X
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c
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A
pply in w
ri
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nc
los
ing CV to
: David Sno
ad, P
.O. Box 3
,
O
v
er1 5
0oth
erk i
t
sa l
s
oa v
ai
lab
le
.A lki
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ssup
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ay
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sex. O
rfo
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forma
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ng 07
02 54
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fyou a
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ese
eking a
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ter
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a
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rin aH
igh T
ech e
nv
ironmen
t
w
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atitc
ompr
ise
sb e
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ingth
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pr
opr
ia
tepr
oje
ctbo
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azi
neor t
h
en c
on
tac
t u
s
c
a
t
alo
guem e
nt
ioned i
nth
eli
s
tab
ove
.
NO W
!
F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
api
in M
aga
zine 3
1
 1
04115
±
110
1 I MA M
A
t
i
o
ast
, t

'
Data Fi
les'a re i
ntended a s
'
bu
ilding blocks'f orc ons
tructors
t
oe xperimen tw i
th a nd t
he
c
omponen ts supplied provide
agood start
ing p o
intf or
f
ur
ther d evelopmen t
.

- A ir 1
LJ /
F
IL M -
* ±15V operational a mplif
ier po wer supply with l o w
co mponent co unt Ther mal shutdo wn
* Short c
ircuit protection ± 100 mA outp ut current
Can be used as a high voltage single output regulator

The R C4195 i s adua l

-po lari
ty T
ok eep t
he device with
in i
ts
'
t
rack ing'r egulatord esigned maximum p ower d iss
ipat
ion
t
op rovide b a
lanced p ositive f
igure of600m W,t he maximum
a
nd n
v
ol
ega
tages
t
ive 1
.T h
5V o
is dev
utpu
ice i
t
s +Co mp E i
npu
Th
tv
is i
o
l
sd
tage s
emons
hou
tra
ld b
ted b
e 1
yt
8V
.
he
d
es igned f orl o
ca l' on
-ca rd' f
olow ing equa
tion:
r
egu lat
ion,e l
imina ting
+
1 5
V P
owe
rd i
ssipa
tion p
er r
a
il =
d
istribution prob lems GND
7
0
0R OUT (
V1—V0).I
L,where
:
a
ssoc iated w i
th s i
ng le-point
r
egu
c
lat
ion
omponen
. On
ts a
ly t
re r
wo e
equ i
xterna
red f o
l
r —Co mp E 1
4
k3
E
B
aI V
,
=I
npu
, =Ou
tv
tpu
o
l
tv
tage
ol
tage
o
pe ration (two 1 0
/F o utpu t I
L =L
oad c
urrent
d
ecoup ling capac itors). 1
5
k
+
1 5
V Th
is fi
gure i
s mul
tipl
ied b y2
OUT (
asthere are t
wo ra
ils
)t ogive
Device t
he to
talICp owerd i
ssipat
ion.
Descrip
tion S
ubsti
tuting i
nthe cor
rect
f
igu
res gives
:
T
he I
Ccan s
upply c
urren
ts of
u
pto100mA pe
rsupply ra
il
. F
igu
re 1
.Func
tiona
lbl
ock d
iagram
. (
18 —1
5
) x0
.
1) x 2= 0
.
6W
3
2 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
 G
round
(
2)

C
o mp-
0
(
3)

-15V
0 Output

0
15 (5 )

F
igure Z
. I
C c
ircu
it d
iagra m
.

+
18V t
o +30V -
4
15V a
t 1
00 mA
o +Vs +Vo

4
195

o -
18V t
o -30V -
15V a
t 1
00 mA
Vs CND -Vo
,10
.i
-

4 )F

F
igure 4
.4195 s
etu
pinb
alanced o
utpu
tcon
figura
tion
.

F
igure 3
.4195 I
Cpin
-ou
t.

Af unc t
iona lb lock d iag ram
i
sg iven i nF igu re 1 .Figu re 2
r
evea ls th ei nte rna lc ircu it
d
iag ram , wh i
le F igu re 3s hows
t
he I Cp in-ou t.T ab les 1a nd 2
g
ive t he el ectrica la nd t herma l
c
ha rac teristics r espec tive ly,
whilstT able 3g ives t he
F
igu
re 5
.Pos
itive s
ing
le s
upp
ly (
+15V < V
,<+
50V
).
abso lute max imum r atings .
Graphs 1t o 6s how t ypica l
performance c ha racter istics o
f
t
he d evice .F igu re 4s hows a
t
ypica la ppl ica tion o ft he
r
egu lato r
, wh ile F igu re 5
s
hows t he r egu la to r
c
on f
igu red t og ive as ing le
h
igh v oltage o utpu t.F igu re 6
s
hows h ow t ou se e xterna l
pass t rans isto rs a nd c ur rent
l
imi t
ing c i rcuitry t oi nc rease
outpu tc u
r ren td elive ry . To
balance t he o utpu tv oltages a
poten tiome ter i sf i
t
ted ,w ith it
s
r
es istive e lemen tc onnec ted
a
c ross t heo utpu ts upp ly r a
ils
and i t
sw ipe rc onnec ted t othe
'
b a
lance 'i nput,a ss hown i n
F
igu re 7 . F
igu
re 6
.4195 s
etu
pfor h
igh
-cu
rren
tou
tpu
t.

F
e
brua
ry1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 3
 %
4," %
,
'
A V %
,
t‘
"" Ay

4
C
P. A P
)
/ i .4;9 4%
' '
° 4%) 4C
' "
P •
, 0 "N
4 ) 4
4% 4
? 4
4 1
) 1 :
4? ''
A
f:c
s4 4 4)
"
N 4
,

(
IL = ±l
i
t
iA;V
, =±
20V
; CL = 1
0µF
; TA = 0
°C t
o+70
°C)
.

P
arame
ter Cond
itions
T
vp
. Max
.
L
ine r
egulat
ion: V
, = ±1
8V t
o± 30V 2mV 2
0mV
Load r
egula
tion
: I
L= lmA t
o100mA 5mV 3
0mV
Outpu
tv o
ltage dr
if
twi
th t
empera
ture
: 0
.005%/
°C 0
-
015%/°C
Supply c
ur rent
: V
, =±
30V
;IL =OmA ±1.5mA ±4.
0mA
Supply v
oltage: 1
8V 3
0V
Outputvoltage: T
,=+
25°C 1
4
.5V 1
5
.0V 1
5
.5V
Outputvoltage tracking
: ±50mV ±300mV
R
ipple re
jec t
ion: f= 1
20Hz
;T,= +25°C 7
5dB
I
nput-Outpu tv o
ltage di
fferen
tia
l: IL=50mA 3
V
S
hortcircuitc urrent
: T;= +25
°C 20mA
Outputvoltage n o
ise: T1= +25
°C; f= 1
00Hz t
o 1
0kHz 6
0µV RMS
I
nte r
na
lt herma ls hu
tdown :
1
75°C
NOTE 1.The s
peci
fica
tions g
iven a
bove a
pply f
o
rthe g
iven j
unc
tion t
empe
ratu
re,s
i
nce
pu
lse t
es
tc ond
it
ions a
re used
.

T
able 1
.Elec
trica
lcharac
ter
ist
ics
.

Maximum junction temperature

: S
upply vol
tage ( ±Vi
)t oground : ±30V
1
25°C
Maximum p ower dissipat
ion (TA <50 °
C)
: L
oad current: 1
00mA
4
68m W
Thermalresis
tance O JA
: Opera
ting junct
ion t
empera tu
re range
: 0
°C to+125
°C
1
60°C
/W
F
o rTA >50
°C ,d era
te at
: S
torage t
empera ture r
ange : -65°C t
o+150
°C
6
-
25m W p
er °
C
L
ead soldering tempera
tu re (10sec
.)
: +300°C

T
able 2
.Therma
lcharac
ter
ist
ics
.
T
able 3
.Abso
lute max
imum r
a
tings
.

O
utpu
t L
oad R
egu
lat
ion R
egu
lator D
ropou
t V
ol
tage
0 M
axi mu m C
urren
t C
apab
il
ity
I I I I 2
00
0 -AV° =20 mV T
A(4195)
:0 T -
4
.
0 1
60
0

2 3
.0 -Pos
itive r
egu
lator 1
20
4 N*6 ,
. /.
"
i • T
A.+25
'C
6 a 1- 2
.0
4
195
: O
'C t
o +
125
' 8
0
a I
A=+25 t .
1
0 § ;
3 1
.0 N
ega
tive r
egu
lator
Vs=±
18V 4
0
1
II
()
A
m

1
2
t
n

O
'C t
o
e

+
125
'C
dr
u
c

Tj =TA
a

.
4195
:
o
l
l
a
t
)

o
y

T
l
o
v
t
u
pa
i
v
e
d
e
g
a
tm
(
n
o
i
t

7 o
t

1
4
u
O

0
0 2
0 4
0 6
0 8
0 1
00 0 2
0 4
0 6
0 8
0 1
00 0 40 80 1
2 1
6
L
oad c
urrent (mA) L
oad c
urren
t (mA) 20 60 1
0 1
4

I
nput/Ou
tput v
oltage d
ifferen
tia
l (
V)

G
raph 1
.Ou
tpu
tlo
ad r
egu
lat
ion
. G
raph 2
.Regu
latord
ropou
tvo
ltage
.
G
raph 3
. Max
imum c
urren
tcapab
ili
ty.

S
tandby C
urren
t D
rain P
ower D
iss
ipa
tion
2
.5 2
.5
R
ipp
le R
e
jec
tion
1
000

1
0
2
.0 T
A 4
195)
:0 T 2
.0 8
00 2
0
I
L .0 mA

2
5'0 a
. 3
0
1.
5 1
.5 6
00 .
2 Negat
ive R
egu
lator
1
2 a
o
5
0
1
.0 1
.0 P
osit
ive R
egu
lator
4
00
6
0

a
. 7
0
0
.5 0
.5
)
A
m
(

2
00 a
t

a 8
0
u
c
y
b
d
n
a
t
Sn
e
r

a 1
2 9
0
0 0
0 -
100
1
6 1
8 2
0 2
2 2
4 2
6 2
8 3
0 3
2 -75 -
25 +
25 +75 +
125 a
.
1
00 1
k 1
0k 1
00k 1
M
I
nput v
oltage (
V) -
50 0 +
50 +100
Amb
i•n
t t
e mpera
ture (C) F
requency (
Hz)

G
raph 4
.St
andby c
urren
tdra
in. G
raph 5
.Power d
i
ssipa
tion
. G
raph 6
.Ripp
le r
e
jec
tion
.

3
4
M
apl
in M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry1
992
 A
C
0 B
P
R3
0

C3
4 +
v
+
15 V
A
C C3
1 +Comp +
15 V 0 L
D1
0

O
V
T G
ND AL — N/C
B
—
15 V
Comp —
15 V 0
Vs
C3
2 I
=
1 C3
3 C3
6 C3
5
F
igu
r
a
ils
.
re 7
.Ba
lanc
ing t
heo
u
tpu
t T O
V

K
it Ava
ilab
le F
igu
re 8
.Ci
rcu
itd
iag
ram
.
Ac omp lete ki
to fp arts
(
i
nc lud ing ah igh q uali
ty
f
i
b reg lass PCB w ith a
c
omponen tlegend t oaid
c
omponen tp osit
ion ing)i s
a
va i
lab le,a l
low ing ab as
ic
1
5V p ower s upp ly tob e
c
on struc ted using t he R C4195
I
C. Toa id heatd issipa tion
,i ti
s
r
ecommended t hatt he
r
egu lator d evice i ss o
ldered
d
irec t
ly t othe PCB ,s ot ha
tt he
c
oppe rt r
ack w il
la cta sa
h
ea tsink. T he circu i
td iagram
f
ort he k i
ti sgiven i nF igure 8,
a
nd t he PCB l egend i sshown
i
nF igu re 9.
T
he a
ssemb
led ±
15V r
egu
lato
rPCB
.

RC4195 ±
15V REGULATOR
PARTS L
IST
. C
1
. 34 —F- 7
.- R3
0
R
ESISTOR
:0.
6W 1% Me
talF
i
lm
C3
6 R
30 1
k8 (
M1K8
)
+
15V
N
V" CAPAC ITORS
I
C4 -
15v C31
,32 PC E
lect 1
0001
.
4F 3
5V 2 (
FF18U
)
4 5 OV C33
,34
,35,36 Po
lyes
ter 100nF 4 (
BX76H
)

S
EM ICONDUCTORS
I
C4 4
195 1 (XXO2C
)
B
R 1 WO1 1 (
QL38R
)
LD1 L
ED Red 1 (WL27E
)

M
ISCELLANEOUS
P
in s2141 1Pk
t (
FL21X
)
PCB 1 (
XX04E
)
I
nstruct
ion Lea
fle
t 1 (
XT33L
)
Constructo
rs'Guide 1 (
XH79L
)

The Maplin 'Get

-You - Wo rking' service isn ot avai
lable
f
or this p
ro ject
.
T
he a bove items a re ava i
lab le as ak it
, wh ich o ffers
asaving o ver buying t he p arts s
epara tely.
Order A s LP88V ( 4195 Da ta File) Price £ 4
.95.
P
lease N o
te: where ' p
ackage ' q uanti
ties are stated inthe
Par
ts L
ist (e
.g. packet, st
rip, reel, e
tc.) t
he e xact quanti
ty
r
equi
red t ob u
ild the project w i
ll be supplied i nthe ki
t.

F
igu
re 9
.PCB l
egend a
nd t
r
ack
.
F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 3
5
 •

• • • • • • •
•

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 6 6 6 ••
P
ART S
IX • • • •

.
.•
• • • ,
••

T
heIn
du
cto
r-
6 6

R
e
s
ist
or-C
apa
ci
tor
S
er
iesCi
r
cui
t
b
y P
hi
lip L
awton

US
I N G A C O MPUTE R
I
n
troduc
tion T
he p rog ram ' I
C'
, w hich r uns o n a p
redic
tions, and considert
he a
ccuracy o
f
Carry
ing o n from t he R esistor
-Inducto r
- PC a nd p er
fo rms i mpedance a nd com - t
he theory
. T hen repeat t
he above fo
r
Capac i
to r ci
rcuit predict
ions o f Part 5, p
lex n umbe r c a
lcu lat
ions , provides t abu- t
he c apaci
to r potent
ial at a
ppropr
iate
t
h
is p ar
t c ontains s ome v ery important l
ated i n
pu ts, c alculations a nd r esul
ts, f
requencies.
f
acts a bout t he r esponses o f t he p
lus t he three c lassic g raphs : sinusoidal Amend t he s hor t prog ram, s o that it
I
nduc tor -Res is tor
-Capac itor s eries wave forms o f a l t he s i
gna ls; B ode w
il
l plot the B ode d iag rams . Lis
tings 1
c
i
rcu i
t, to as inusoidally v a
rying vol
tage . d
iag rams o ft he frequency r esponse : and and 12 s how the p rog ram , w h
ich u ses a
I
ta ctually fo
llows o n from P art 2( the harmon ic s umma tion o f 0 t o 1 6 har- FOR..
.STEP .
..NEXT l oop a nd the s tate-
Capacito r
-Res istor ser
ies c i
rcuit
). Again, monics . Itcan b e u sed t o mode l p ass
ive ment ' W =1 0 1 Pi no rde rt oincremen t
'
Things t o do
' a re sugges ted. c
i
rcu its and e valua te transferf unctions at t
he fr
equency a cco rding t o al ogarithm ic
a
ny f r
equency . T h
is p rogram , w rit
ten b y l
aw. Itcalculates t he i mpedance , c urrent
S
ynops
is Barry B arke r a nd P h
il
ip L aw ton, i s a
nd c apacitorp oten t
ia l inb oth magn itude
T
he re are two importan
t facts
. Firs
tly, at a
va i
lab le f o
r u se . ( Te
lephone 0 533 a
nd p hase .
o
ne p art
icular f r
equency, t he c ircui
t 4
13889 ( Mondays 2 -3pm o r 7 -8pm ) for The f ormula f or t he t o
tal reactance
c
urrent i s in p hase with t he s upply f
ur
the r de
tails.) (
X) assoc iates a n ega t
ive s i
gn w ith t he
v
ol
tage. S econdly, at a s l
ight
ly l ower c
apacitive reactance . T h
is i sdone s ot hat
f
r
equency , t he max imum c apac i
tor
T
hings t
o D
o t
he p redicted r esults a g
ree w ith t he
p
otent
ial may b e greaterthan the supply Const
ruct t he c i
rcu
it a nd measu re the measu remen ts i n magn itude a nd p hase .
v
o
ltage. v
ol
tage d rop a c
ross t he res
istor f
or an Note that the capac itive r eactance i t
self
L
ist
ing 1 ( G W-BAS IC ) a nd L is
ting i
nput of 1.
sin.(1000.t)V. Use a n osc
i
llo- i
sn o
t n egative.
12 (BBC BAS IC) d etail the s ho rt c om - s
cope t o est
ima te the p hase, and then A
t one frequency t he induct
ive
puter p rog ram u sed t o c a
lcu late t he c
a
lculate the c ur
rent and the impedance. r
eac
tance and t
he capaci
tive r
eactance
impedance , c urrent and c apacito r poten - C
ompa re the measu remen ts with the s
um t o z
ero, and thus the pred
icted
t
ia
l o f t he I nductor-Res istor-Capac itor
ser
ies c i
rcui t (t
he L RC c i
rcuit)
. H oweve r
,
t
hese p rog rams c an b e adap ted f o
ro the r S
ERIES C IRCUIT L -R-C
machines . F
REQUENCY A ND I MPEDANCE
T
he i mpedance , c a
lcula ted o ve rf our r
/s d
Bs d
egs
decades o ff r
equency , iss hown i nF igure
10.00 100.04 -
84.24
19
. T he c apac itor p o
ten tial
, a ssocia ted
w
ith resistances o f 101000 a nd 8 00 . i s 31.62 9
0.41 -
72.28
s
hown i nF igures 2 0 and 2 1 respec t
ive ly. 1
00.00 8
3.01 -
44.43
F
igure 2 2 s hows t he i nput t o a 3
16.23 8
0.42 -
15.74
c
ompu te r p rogram c al
led ' I
C' (not s hown 1000.00 8
0.09 0
.00
here
), r equ ired f or t he c a
lcula tion o f
3162.28 8
0.42 15.74
i
mpedance , c u r
ren t and c apac itor p oten -
t
i
al. The r esults a re p lot
ted a s aB ode 1
0000.00 8
3.01 44.43
d
iagram i n F igure 2 3, t he magn itude 3
1622.78 9
0.41 72.28
t
erms f o
r w h
ich c an b e f ound i n t he 100000.00 100.04 84.24
Appendix . ( Refe r to Part 2f or d etai
ls o n
Bode diag rams ). F
i
gure 1
9
. C
alcu
lated i
mpedance
. R 1
0100
!)(
80 0
9dB
).
3
6
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
9
92
 5 REM LRC P C version
1
0 SCREEN 2 : C LS
2
0 PRINT " S ERIES CIRCUIT L -R-C"
3
0 PRINT " F REQUENCY A ND I MPEDANCE"
4
0 PRINT " r
/s d
Bs degs"
5
0 L=1 : R=10100 : C =.000001 : E =1
6
0 F
OR P =1 T O 5 STEP . 5 : W =10"P
7
0 X=W*L-1/(W*C) : REM - OPERATOR
8
0 ZMAG=SQR(R"2+X"2) :R EM M AGNITUDE
90 ZPHA=ATN(X/R)*57.3 : REM P HASE
1
00 I MAG=E/ZMAG : IPHA=0-ZPHA
1
10 V MAG=IMAG*1/(W*C) : VPHA=IPHA-90
1
20 P RINT U SING "########.##";W,20*LOG(ZMAG)/2.3026,ZPHA
130 NEXT P
140 REM N
ote - +20dBs p er d ecade o r O. C
orrection 3
dBs.
1
50 R EM wn=1000 R
=2000 z
eta=1
160 REM V>1 when R<1414 z
eta<0.707
1
70 R EM P
SET(LOG(W)/2.3,20*LOG(Z)/2.3) I V
180 REM L
-R a nd C-R c ircuits R=1000

L
i
sting 1
.The p
red
ict
ion p
rog
ram i
nPC GW—BAS
IC.

5 REM L
RC B BC Acorn v ersion
1
0 MODE 4
2
0 PRINT " S ERIES CIRCUIT L -R-C"
3
0 PRINT " F REQUENCY A ND I MPEDANCE"
4
0 PRINT " r
/s d
Bs d
egs"
5
0 L=1 : R =10100 : C =1E-6 : E =1 : @ 7=&2020A
6
0 F
OR P=1 TO 5 S TEP . 5 : W =10"P
7
0 X
=W*L-1/(W*C) : R
EM - OPERATOR
8
0 ZMAG=SQR(R"2+X^2) : R
EM M AGNITUDE
9
0 ZPHA=ATN(X/R)*57.3 : R EM P HASE
1
00 I MAG=E/ZMAG : I
PHA=0-ZPHA
10 V
1 MAG=IMAG*1/(W*C) : V
PHA=IPHA-90
20 P
1 RINT W ,20*LOG(ZMAG),ZPHA
1
30 N
EXT P
140 REM N
ote - +20dBs p er d ecade o r 0
1
50 R EM w
n=1000 R
=2000 z
eta=1
60 R
1 EM V
>1 w hen R<1414 z
eta<0.707
1
70 R EM PLOT69,LOG(W),20*LOG(Z) I V
180 REM L-R a nd C-R c ircuits R=1000

L
i
sting 1
2
.The p
red
ict
ion p
rog
ram i
nAco
rn B
BC B
ASIC
.

i
mpedance i s resis
tive o nly. T h
is f re
- When t he c i
rcuit r es
is tance i sh igh q
uenc ies a sw e
lla st he term 1/ (w . C .R
),
q
uency , w he re w L
. = 1 /( wC), i sc a
lled [
deduced u sing t he d amp ing f actor Z= b
ut t he i nd
ividua l e f
fec ts o verlap ( see
t
he resonan t fr
equency . Itise qua l tothe (
R /2 ) .(V ( C L )
)]
, t here a re t wo other Append ix 1)
. F o
r v ery l ow v a
lues o f
n
atural f r
equency w n [= 1 (V ( C .L)) 1
. i
n
teres ting f r
equenc ies. T hese a re t he r
esistance ( R <2 000 (1), the a symp to tes
T
he p rog ram c an b e a
l
tered t o mode l t
he b
reak -up f r
equenc ies o f 1 E2 a nd 1 E4 meet a t t
he n atural f requency , a nd t he
L
-R ort he C -R c i
rcui
t (use R = 1 000 (1 to r
ad s a ssoc iated w i
th R = 1 0100f 1. At c
orrec tions are o b
tained f r
om n ormalised
y
ield wb =1 000 r ac
t
/s). t
hese f r
equenc ies t he a symp to tes ( r
e- c
urves .
F
igure 1 9 shows t he r esults o f t
he membe r t hem f r
om P art 2 ?) mee t, the Figure 2 0 s hows t he p redicted
i
mpedance c a
lculated o ver f our f re
- magnitude c orrection i s 3 dB, a nd t he c
apac ito r po
ten tial o ve r fou r f r
equency
q
uency d ecades . A s the f r
equency i s a
ssoc iated p hase s hif
t is4 5°
. T he s lopes d
ecades , w hen t he r esis tance i s
c
hanged f rom 1 E1 t o 1 E5 r ads , the o
f the a symp totes a re - + 20dB d ecade 1
0 100 11. At low frequenc ies , the c apaci-
i
mpedance c hanges ; f rom c apacit
ive, a
nd O dadecade . A p hase s h
i f
t o f 90' t
orv oltage ise qua l t
ot he inputv ol
tage . It
t
hrough r es
istive, t o i nduc t
ive . One o
ccu rs o ve r two d ecades a t each b reak i
s a ttenua ted a t h ighe r f requenc ies,
i
mportan t r esulto ccurs whi
le t he circui
t is f
requency . T here i s a lso a c onstant i
n
it
ia l
ly a t 20dB ,clecade , a nd f i
nal
ly a t
r
esis
tive ( 10100 1/ a t 1 E3 r ad s); the p
hase s hi
ft o f9 0
'. w hich c an b e d educed 4
0dB .decade . T he b reak -down f requen -
c
i
rcuit c urrent i sinp hase with t he supply f
rom t he term 1 /( w .C .R )
, a s w el
l as a c
ies a re 1E2 a nd 1 E4 r adis. T he c i
rcuit i
s
v
oltage. T he r esonan t f
requency i s1 E3 s
lope o f- 20dB d ecade ( s ee A ppend ix 1)
. o
ve rdamped ; t he d amp ing f actor
, Z , is
r
adis ( 159Hz ), a nd itc an b e p redicted A
t l owe r v a
lues o f r esistance g
rea ter t han u n
ity V > 1 ; f or R =
mathema tically b y wn = 1/(V ( C .L))
. 2
000 1/), the re are s t
il
l t wo b reak -up f re
- 1
0 100 (1, =5 .05).
F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 3
7
.. • • •

S
ERIES C IRCUIT L -R-C S
ERIES CIRCUIT L-R-C
• •

F
REQUENCY C APACITOR V OLTS F
REQUENCY CAPACITOR VOLTS
r
/s dBs degs r
/s d
Bs degs
10.00 -
0.04 -5.76 1
0.00 0
.00 -0.45
31.62 -
0.41 -
17.72 3
1.62 0
.01 -1.44
1
00.00 -
3.01 -
45.57 100.00 0
.06 -
4.61
3
16.23 -10.42 -
74.26 316.23 0
.58 -15.69
1000.00 -20.09 -
90.00 1
000.00 1
.94 -90.00
3162.28 -30.42 -105.74 3
162.28 -
19.42 -
164.31
1
0000.00 -43.01 -134.43 10000.00 -
39.94 -
175.39
3
1622.78 -60.41 -162.28 31622.78 -
59.99 -
178.56
100000.00 -80.04 -174.24 1
00000.00 -
80.00 -
179.55

F
igu
re 2
0
.Ca
lcu
lated p
oten
tia
l, R-1
0100
i/(
7 =5
05)
. F
igu
re 2
1
.Ca
lcu
lated p
oten
tia
l. R =8
001
2(7 = 0
.
4).

An i n
teres t
ing r esult a r
ises w here i
sg rea ter t han t he s upp ly v oltage. T he amaximum o f1 -36V. Asthe res
istance i
s
t
he r esistance i s2 000Q ; the t wo b reak- a
ttenua tion , a t f requenc ies g rea ter t han r
educed, the impedance i sreduced, and
down f r
equenc ies a re e qual t o t he t
he n atu ral f requency , i s 4 0dB :decade t
he current is i
ncreased. The c apaci
tor
natura l frequency o f 1 000 r ad/r
. T he t wo (
low p ass : t wo c omp lex p o
les, o r p
otent
ial i s also i ncreased, a nd i t
s
correc tions o f 3 dB a re s ummed , a s are '
peaks '). max
imum o ccurs atfr
equencies closerto
t
he t wo p hase s hi
fts o f -45 °. The c ircui
t I
n F igu re 2 2
, t he i nput t o t he t
he na
tu ra
l fr
equency .
i
sc ri
tica l
ly d amped ( 7
. = 1 )
. p
rogram ' IC' i st o u nde rtake t he c a
lcu la-
Anothe r i n
teres ting r esistance v alue t
i
ons f or t he f requency r esponse ( Bode )
i
s 1 414 12
. A t t he n atura l frequency . the d
iag ram . A t t he n atu ral f requency o f S
u mma
ry
magn i
tude i s -3dB . wh ilst the p hase i s 1000 r ad s ( 159 -155Hz ), t he i mpedance Two i mpo rtan t f acts h ave b een i n
tro-
-90. T he circuit isu nde rdamped <1 ; i
s am in imum o f 8 00Q , t he c urrent i sa duced . F i
rs t
ly, t he c u rrent in a n L -R-C
f
or R = 1 414 12, Z = 0 .707 )
. T he maximum o f 1 .25mA , a nd t he c apac ito r ser
ies c ircu i
t c an b e i n phase w ith t he
f
requency r esponse c orresponds t o the po
ten tial i s1 . 25V . T he f requency c an b e s
upp ly v oltage ( known a s 'r
esonance ' )
.
Butte rwo rth f i
l
ter ( low -pass ; t wo -pole; a
l
te red, a nd a l t he r ecalcu la t
ions d i s
- Second ly, t he c apac itor p o
ten t
ial c an b e
max imum f l
at)
. Two a symp totes ( OdBi p
layed . T he i npu t i sv ery e asy t o amend . g
rea ter t han t he s upp ly v o
ltage i ft he
d
ecade a nd -40dB d ecade ) mee t att he The p rog ram c an a lso b e u sed t o r
esistance i sl ow ( a c ondit
ion k nown a s
n
atu ral f r
equency . T he c or
rec t
ion, w hich e
valua te t he a pp rop r
ia te t rans fer f unc- '
unde rdamped '. w here Z < 0 -707 f o
r
d
epends o n the v alue o f 7., iso btained t
i
ons a s we l
l, f or h armon ic s ynthes is - s
inuso idal v oltages )
.
f
rom n orma l
ised c urves . b
ut t hat i sa no the r t opic! The c i
rcu it isi nr esonance w hen ( 01
_
When t he r esistance i s less t han F
igure 2 3 s hows t he r esults pl o
tted = 1 ( 0C. T h
is i s e qual t o t
he n atural
1
4 14 f2, t he c apac i
to r v o
ltage i sg rea ter a
s aB ode d iag ram u sing t he p rogram I C
. f
requency , c o
n ( = 1 V ( C .L )). It may
t
han t he inputv ol
tage o ver a sma ll range A
t t he n atu ral f requency o f 1 000 r ad s have t wo b reak f requenc ies, d epend ing
o
f frequenc ies . (
159- 155Hz ), t he i mpedance h as a o
n the v a
lue o fr esistance , and h ence t he
F
igure 21 s hows t he p redic
ted m
inimum a nd t he c urren t h as a max - damp ing f acto r
. 7( = ( R 2 ) . ( C L )
;
c
apaci
tor potent
ial over four fr
equency i
mum , w h
ils t a t n ea rby f requenc ies t he Z 1
)
. I talso h as a t erm ( 0 .C .R .
d
ecades. The resis
tance i s 8
0012 (7
. = c
apac ito r p oten tia l i s g rea te r t han t he The t edious a nd r epet
it
ive c a
lcu -
0
-4)
. Note t
hat a
tf r
equencies near tothe s
upp ly v o
ltage . A t af r
equency o f 8 23 l
a
tions w ere u nde rtaken b y two d i
fferen t
n
atura
l fr
equency, the c
apacito
r potent
ial r
ad s( 131Hz )
, t he c apac ito rp otential h as t
ypes o fc ompu te r prog ram . ei
the r af ew

I
MPEDANCE & COMPLEX NUMBER CALCULATIONS.

Frequency = 1
.59155E+02 H
z
W = 2
*3.142*F = 1
.00000E+03 r
ad/s
PT=1/F = 6
.283/W = 6
.28318E-03 s

I
NPUTS R
ESULTS

VARIABLE R
ESISTANCE REACTANCE I
MPEDANCE PHASE
MNEMONIC
VALUE (S ) A
*SIN (
W*T)+B*COS (
W*T) = M
*SIN( W*T+P )
EQUATION
VAR M VALUE (S ) EQUATION F = 1
.59155E+02 H
z W = 1
.00000E+03 r
/s

E
l P 1
.0000E+00, 0
.0000E+00 1
.00E+00 +J 0
.00E+00 1
.00E+00 +
p 0
.0 El
R
3 R 8
.0000E+02 8
.00E+02 +
J 0
.00E+00 8
.00E+02 +P 0
.0 R
3
Z
4 L 0
.0000E+00, 1
.0000E+00 0
.00E+00 +
J 1
.00E+03 1
.00E+03 +
p 9
0.0 Z
4
Z
2 = R
3 + Z
4 8
.00E+02 +
J 1
.00E+03 .28E+03 +
1 p 5
1.2 Z
2
Z
O C 0
.0000E+00, 1
.0000E-06 0
.00E+00 -
J 1
.00E+03 1
.00E+03 -P 9
0.0 Z
O
Z
l = Z
2 + Z
O 8
.00E+02 +
J 7
.32E-04 8
.00E+02 +P 0
.0 Z
l
I
i = E
l / Z
l 1
.25E-03 -
J 1
.14E-09 1
.25E-03 -P 0
.0 I
l
VO = Z
O * I
l -
1.14E-06 -
J 1
.25E+00 1
.25E+00 -P 9
0.0 VO

F
i
gure 2
. I
npu
ttot
he '
I
C' p
rog
ram
, p
roduc
ing t
he r
e
sul
ts f
o
rre
sonance
.
3
8
M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry1
992
.
•
••
+
214 • • •

L
i
?
••

-
2R1

n
a41
IT
O
.D

-
RP

n
t_
r
nd

+
45

inn
:
r *
=
.
•
r
A 5 '
2 5 2
U
r
JE
i
r A 5
u
,
4 , J
.r13
1

O
u
tpu
t U
a
Piab
iP U
R r
reqUi
el
lu4 n
cr ,
:
z
n
3 I
.E
li
.
:T.LT UL R:2
21
T
ic
il
=d7t 1:20F+AR -r o
a.7
N
e
w F
r
equ
ent-
A (
H
z) 0
u
irin
r v
nrinmic 1
. - '
,
A
LPE C
O e
l (
Esc)

F
igu
re 2
3
.Bode d
i
agram p
roduced b
ythe '
I
C'p
rog
ram
. R =8
000
, =O
A.C
apac
ito
rpo
ten
tia
lisa
ttop a
nd c
i
rcu
itc
urren
tatb
ot
tom
.

l
i
nes of c
ode (L
ist
ings 1 or 1 2
), or t
he p
hase = - (
a
rctan [
(
0yr1)
/1]
) c
omplex, a nd n ormal
ised c urves a re
p
rogram 'I
C'
. Both are v
ery usefu
l. The -(a
rctan [
(
0)T2)
/1]
) +
1.57 u
sed t
os ketch the s
hape ofthe r
esponse
L
-R-C ci
rcui
t and it
s assoc
iated theory a
bout t
he n atu
ral fr
equency. Ap rogram
T
he c
apac
ito
r p
oten
tia
l i
s
:
a
re of g
reat i
n
terest
, and a
re wo r
thy of f
o
re va
luating the r
oots o
fthe q
uad ra
tic i
s
f
ur
ther s
tudy
. 1 v
ery u
seful.
V
(1 2+(
6
)
11 )
2)V
(1 2+(
6
)
.
1.2
) 2) (
L
.Css) +(C.Rs
) + 1=
Append
ix 1 (
LJR
).(C
.R)ss) + (C
.R)
.$) +1
p
hase = - (
a
rctan [
(
wT1
)/1
])
T
he f ormulae re
la t
ing t o t he I nducto
r-
-(a
rctan [
(
wT2
)/1
]) T
his i
sapp
rox
ima
tely e
qua
l t
o
:
Res
istor-Capac
ito r ser
ies c i
rcu i
t c an be
r
ear
ranged t oyield te
rms , w h
ich c an be (
[
(LJR
)s] +1
)
.(
[(C
.R)
.s] + 1
)
,
u
sed top l
otors ketch the B ode d iagram. where Ti a
nd 7
2 are de
rived from
i
f(L
iR) +(
C
.R) =(
C
.R)
T
o a chieve this r e-arrangemen t, the t
he r
ea
l roo
ts o
fthe q
uadra
tic equa
tion.
a
lgebra h as to u se o perator ' j' (
use (
l
arge R
?),
R+j uL + (
c 1 /j
wC))o r o perator ' s
' (
use o
therwise the r oo
ts oft he q uad rat
ic a re
(
L
.Css) +( C.Rs
) + 1= 0 (
s=j
(
.0)
.
R+s L +( 1 /s
C))t olabelt he reactances. r
equ
ired .
A
lso T = C
.R
T
he i
mpedance i
s
: T
i a nd 7 2 can o nly b e r egarded
a
s t ime c onstants w hen t hey a re i n
N
otes t
he d enom inator o f a n a ppropria te
R
.1/
(1 + (WT1 )2 )
. V (1 + (
l0T 2) 2 )
1 I( T
i) a nd 1 / ( 12) are t he b reak e
xpression.
2 2

C
OT f
requenc ies, a nd are numerical
ly e qualto Bode diagrams a re very u sefult ools,
t
he roots oft he quadratic e
qua t
ion. T hey d
ue t o the s t
raight li
nes ( asymp totes ),
p
hase = (
a
rctan [
(
0)T
1) /
11)
+(arc
tan (wT2)/
1]) -
1-57 a
re cal
led z eros (nume rator
, break-up )or a
nd t he fac
t that 'l
ogs o f multipl
ica t
ions
p
oles ( denom inator, b
reak-down )
. b
ecome a ddit
ions'. The ser
ies c oncludes
T
he c
urren
t i
s
: C
ons ide rt he roo
ts of1ss + 2 zs + 1, w
ith P ar
t 7 i n the n ext i ssue, w hich
where zh as t he va
lues 1 ,2,3 ,4,5 .T he e
xam ines r ect
if
ier circui
ts, a nd p lo
tting
WT
s
ymbo l zr epresen ts the damp ing factor
, t
he magn itude o f r
ipple on r ecti
fied DC
R
.V(1 2+(
wT1) 2)
.V(
1 2+(
0
.
yr2
) 2) Z
. When Z i sless than 1,t he roots are s
uppl
ies , amongs t other th
ings .

Mapl
in's regional stores and n ews- f
ur
the r
. T he March is
sue gi
ves fu
ll E
LECTRON
ICS I
NAV
IAT
ION
a
gents c
ountryw ide
, and o fcourse by c
onstruct
ion d
eta
ils f
o
rthetr
ansmit
ter.
T
he second p art in th
is fascina
ting
s
ubscr
iption (see p
age 1 3 f
or de
tail
s).
s
e
rie
s tackles the subjec
t o f ai
rcraf
t
To whet your appeti
te , he
re's ju
st a
T
HE V
IDEO B
OX c
ommun ication
. T his a r
ticle a l
so
t
as
ter ofsome o fth
eg ood ieson off
er:
d
i
scusses h ow y ou c an mon i
tor
A
t l as
t, o ne for t he home v ideo
a
i
rband transmiss
ions.
e
nthusiast
! B y popular demand, w e
V
ELLEMAN S
TEREO V
ALVE s
how y ou h ow t o b u
ild a highly
P
OWER AMPLIF
IER v
ersat
ile video fa
der a nd s
igna
l pro- P
EEP A
LARM
Afu
ll r
eview o n th
is superb p
iece of c
ess
ing u nit th
at offers tr
emendous A h
andy a nd c ompac t al
arm w ith a
H
i-F
l equipmen t. How d id i
tsound v
alue fo
r money. p
enetrat
ing siren, w hich ist r
iggered
w
hen matched w i
th suitable s
peakers b
y c hanges i n li
ght l eve
l. E asy to
a
nd front-end? T here i s a
lso a n c
ons
truc t
, t h
e re are n ume rous uses
B
T MUSEUM f
orthis low
-cos t d
evice.
i
n
formal circu
it descr
iption, a
nd t i
ps
o
n h
ow tom ake the most ofi
tiny our Al ook behind the scenes ofthe fr
ee-
l
i
s
tening environmen t
. t
o
-en ter BT Museum , lo
cated in the P
lus
, o f c our
se, there
's a
l t he
I
n n ext mon th's s uper issue o f h
ea r
t o f L ondon. A v ouche r is u
sua
l f eatures f o
r you to en
joy!
'
E
lectronic
s —t h
e Map lin Magazine', i
ncluded w h
ich enti
tles you to afree '
ELECTRON ICS — THE MAPL IN
t
here are some rea
lly grea
t p ro
jects I
NFRA
-RED V
IDEO L
INK b
ook let w hen you m ake your vis
it. MAGAZ INE ', BR ITAIN'S BEST
a
nd fea
tures f
or you t
og et y
our tee
th F
or t
hose of Y
ou w ho need a t
o
tal
ly There's al
so the c
hance t o win an al SE L LI N G ELEC TR O NI CS
i
n
to! T he March is
sue iso n s
ale 7th l
e
gal w
irele
ss tran
sm iss
ion m ed
ium e
xp enses paid t
r
ip t o BT's G oonhi
lly MAGAZ INE .
F
ebruary 1 992, a vailable f ro m w
ith a b
andwid
th of 4MHz , l
ook n o S
atelli
te Earth S
tation inC ornwall
.

F
ebruary 1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 3
9
I
mplemen
tat
ion i
nthe UK
by Pe
ter Ra msda
le F
IEE

p
e
r
s
ona
lcommun
ica
tions n
e
two
rks s
i
ng le d e
fin
ition i snotp oss
ible, bu
tt he S
i
nce then
,a lmo ste v
eryp art
icipanti nt
he
h
ave b
een wi
dely t
i
pped ast
hefu
ture a
tribu tess ough tbym os
tp eople can b e mobile c
ommun ications a r
ena hast ri
ed toli
nk
c
our
se ofte
lecomm s
. Pe
terRamsda
le, e
ncompa ssedb y acommon v is
ion. t
he
irs erv
ice tot hep er
sonalc oncept.A shas
T
echn
ica
l Di
recto
ro fUni
tel
,d e
scr
ibe
sh ow the I
nJ anuary 1 9
89,t h
eU K Departmen to f b
een p o
inted out,w hatw aso nce known as
f
i
r
stnetworkswi
llbei mp
lemented i
nth
eU K, T
rade a nd I n
dus tr
yp ubl
ished ac onsul tat
ive '
mobile commun ic at
ions 'hasb ecome ' pe
rsona
l
d
ocumen tentit
led ' P
hone so nt heM o ve'
,w h
ich c
ommun ica
tions'. An umbero fm ob
ile
I
ntroduc
tion embod ied av i
s
ion o f anew k i
nd oftelephone t
e
lecomms s erv
ice sm ay bed escr
ibe dast h
e
W
hati spe
rsonalc ommun ications? I sita s
ervice a va
i
lab le th
rough t heu seo f as i
ngle p
recu r
sorsr a
thert han theproviderso f
f
i
xed ne
two rkor acel
lula
rr ad
io n etwor k
, p
ersona lh andse tc onne c
ted to an e
two rkb y p
ersonalc ommun ica t
ions,r a
nging f r
om simp
le
a
ni n
te
ll
igentn e
two rk
,o rsome c omb ination of r
adio.T his w ould of
fer at wo
-way,f u
l
ly m obi
le p
aging and ear
ly c ordlesst e
lephony t o
c
ord
lesst e
lephonesa nd p
aging? W e
ll, itcou
ld s
ervice c ompe t
ing b oth wi
th exis
ting c el
lular a
nalogue cel
lulara nd t hef i
r
std i
gita
lp ubl
ic
b
ea ny ornone ofthe
se.R a
thert han d ef
ining a
nd p ublic switched f i
xedn e
two rks ervice s
. c
ordlesss e
rv
ice, k nown a st e
lepoint
ate
chnology,personalcommun ica t
ions i sbes
t I
nD ecembe r1 989
, li
cence sf o
rp er
sona l (
seeA ppendices).T h
is lis
twil
ls oon b e
d
escr
ibed byt h
ef ea
turestha
ti ndividualu sers c
ommun icat
ions n etwo rks( PCNs)w e re l
e
ng thened byt hea rriva
l,t h
isy e
ar,o f ad
ig
ita
l
w
ould expectfr
om t h
eir'i
dea
l't e
lecomms a
wa rded t ot h
ree conso rt
ia:U n
itel
, M ercu ry c
e
llulars e
rv
ice u sing t h
eG roupe S pecia
le
s
e
rvice
. Because ofthi
si n
div
idualn ature a a
nd M i c
rotel
. Mobile(GSM )s tanda rd.
4
0 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry1
9
92
 COST EFFECTIVE
I
NTERCONNECT MACROCELL

mm WAVE
S
ECONDARY NODE

TO 15 —
mm WAVE S
ITE
i
n
to d a
ily li
f
e.T he c ustome rw i
llu sea n
i
n
expens ive, l i
ghtwe igh th andse t
.T he d ig
i tal
n
etwo rkw i
lle nsu re af u
lly m obi
le s e
rvice
o
fe r
ing g ood q uali
ty .C ustome rsw i
ll bea b
le t o
c
a
ll,a nd tor eceive c a
lls,f r
om a nywhe re i nt he
w
o r
ld,a nd ser v
ice p ackage sw i
l
lb ea v a
ilab le
p
ro v
iding f ea
tu r est os u
itt hen eeds ofs pe cific
u
serg roup s
.T he se featu resw i
llg i
ve c ustome rs
f
u
llc ontrolo vert h
eirc a
lls:f o
re xamp le,
a
low ing c al
ls t ob ed ive rted to avoice-ma i
l
s
ervice a nd taken a t am orec onvenientt ime .
Al
though t hes er
vice d esc r
ibed a bove
a
nswe rst oth ed emands o fthem arket,
e
xtens ive m arketr esea rch hass hown t hatt he
I
n
t
erc
onn
ect
ionb
e
twe
enc
e
l
lsi
t
esu
s
ing m
i
l
lim
etr
e-w
arel
i
n
ks. PCN c oncepti sn o
tr eceived a se n
thus iastica l
ly
a
ss ome m igh ti mag ine .C e
l
lula rserv
ice sm ight
T
he b asic d if
fe rence b etween t h ese t
hey will nots ufe rthec apac
ity r e
str
ic t
ions of b
es a
id t oh ave b lazed t h eP CN tra
il
, b utt h ey
s
e
r v
icesa nd t heP CNs d ue t oc ome i n
to e
x
isting c e
llulars e
rvice s
,t het hreeU K h
ave n otl e
f
t ag ood i mpre s
sion i nthep ub l
ic
o
perat
ion i nm id -19 92 ist h
atP CNs w i
llh ave o
perato r sh ave b een aloca ted at o
ta
lo f i
m agina t
ion. P oorq uality, hi
gh c os
ta nd s o c
ial
b
een de s
igned a nd i mplemen ted w ith t he 1
50MHz o fs pectrum ,w h
ich i st helargest s
t
igma ( t
he 'yuppie i mage '
)g ive PCN at ough
s
pecif
ic inten t
ion o fm ak
ing t hef u
ll p ersonal- c
omme rciala loca t
ion o fs pectrum e v
erm ade a
ctt of o
l
low.A tt h
es ame t ime,a na pprec iation
c
ommun ica t
ions v i
s
ion ar e
al
ity.T he P CN i s (
excep tf orT V)
.T h
i sa low sP CN t obr
ing the o
ft heb enef
itso fc ons tan tcontacti st emp ered
t
hef i
r
sts ystem a temp t
ing t ob r
ing b oth f i
xed b
ene f
itso fm obi
le d ig
italt e
lephony t othem a s
s b
y ad e s
iret or es
t r
ic ta cce ssw hen r e
qu ire d.
a
nd m obi
le a pplica t
ions t o
gethe r
; ap ersona l marketf o
rt hef i
rstt i
me. T
he n etwo r
km ustt a
ke a lthese fac
to rsi n
to
s
erv
ice f r
om o ne h andse t
,n o
t as epa rate Thes ea dvan tage sa ren o
tt her e
sultofa ny a
ccoun tt op rov
ide as e
r v
icet h
ate nsure s
mobi
le and f i
xed p hone . e
x
t raord ina ry techno logicald iscov e
r y
.T hey a
cce s s
ibil
ity
,m obil
ity a nd c ontrol
.
Init
ss ubm is s
ion t ot h
eD TId ur
ing t he s
t
em m ore f r
om t het r
end t owa rds li
bera
lisa
tion
l
i
cence-app lica t
ion p roce ss
,t heU ni
te] a
nd i ncrea sed c ompe ti
tion t ha
th as
c
onso r
tium e xp re ssed t h
en ot
ion t hatP CNs c
harac te r
ised U Kg overnmen tt e
lecomms S
tandards
w
ould p rovide ' P
hone sf orp eop le n otp lace s
'
. p
ol
icy o vert hep ast1 0y ears
.T he P CN isth
e P
CN i sbe
ing develope dinthec ontextof
T
his ism or et han j u
st au sefuls l
ogan ; i tisthe l
a
testi nas er
ie so fi n
it
iat
ive sd e s
igned t ofo
ster i
n
terna
tional in
i
tia
tivesi nm ob
ile t
elecomms .
k
eystone o f aP CN p hi
lo sophy ,t otreatp eople i
mpro ved s erv
ice sf ort hec us
tome r
. T
he Dig
ita
l E u
ropean C o
rdlessTe
lephone
a
si nd
ividua ls a nd a li
gn t e
lecomms t os uit B
efo re l o
oking a tthet e
chn icalc hal
lenge, (
DECT)s tandard seeks toharmonise c o
rdless
s
pecif
ic l i
f
e sty
le s. P rovid
ing g reaterc hoice f o
r i
tisi mpo rtantt or e
turn t othec us
tome r t
e
lephone standards acrossE u
rope,w herea
s
t
hec us
tome rw aso ne oft hed r
iving f orce s p
erspec tive t os eeh ow t h
ev i
sion w i
llt r
ans
late G
SM p rov
ide sfor adig
italcel
lula
rs y
stem with
b
ehind t h
ec r
eation o fthel i
cence s
. P CNs w i
ll
f
u
lfi
lt h
is b r
ie fn otj us
tb yp rov
id ing am ore
s
ophist
ica ted t elephone s e
rvice f ort hep erson
o
nt hem ov e, butb yt a
i
loring s ervice p ackage s
t
om ee
tt h ed emand so f awide v a
riety o fu sers
,
r
anging f r
om t heb usine sse xecu tive,t he
d
octoro rt heb uilde rt ot het eenage r,t h
e
work
ing p a
ren to rt h
eh ou sebound s enio r
c
i
tizen.T hisi st her e
al impl
ica tion o ft he
p
ersona lc ommun ications v i
sion .

The Ne
t work
T
oc arryt heP CN s ervice into e ve ryday
u
sew i
lln eed an etwo rki nf
ra s
truc tu re a nd
m
anagemen ts ystem c apab le ofp rovid ing a
h
i
gh d egreeo ffl
exibi
lity a nd func tiona l
ity.
T
he P CN o pe ra
to rsa rei n
ve s
ting m il
lions o f
p
ounds i nt hec reat
ion o fc ountryw ide ,
s
t
ate -of-
the -a rtdigita
lt e
lephone n e
two rks.
T
he se wil
l u sea d vanced n etwo rk m ethod st o
o
fer ar ange o ff ea
ture st hatwil
l b en ew t o
mostt e
lephone u sersa nd w i
ll in
troduce
a
utoma t
ion i nm anagemen t,m a
in tenance a nd
r
econ f
igu rat
ion .
T
he P CNs w il
l indeed b eb a sed o nt he
c
e
llula rc oncep t, b utt here aret wo c lea ra reas
i
nw h
ich t hey w i
lld iferf r
om e xisting c e
llular
s
ystems . First,t hen etwo rk sw i
ll b ee stab l
ished
f
r
om t heo ut sett op rovide p ersona l
c
ommun ications f o
rt hem a ssm arke t
, i .
e
.t h
ey
a
red es
igned t os uppo rtl ow-powe rp o rtable
h
andse t
s, u n
like t hea nalogue c ellula rs ystems,
w
hich w ere o r
iginally d esigned f o
rh igh -
p
owe red c arphone s.S econd ly,t oe nsu re that P
r
opag
at
iont
e
s
tsi
n
sty
p
ica
llo
ca
tio
n(p
hoto c
o
urt
esyo
fHMV
).
F
e
brua
ry1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e
 i
nt heR Fa rea st hatt hes t
anda rd n eeded
a
dap t
ing , p r
ima r
ily a s ad i
rectc onsequence o f
o
pe ra
ting i nt he1 800MHz r eg
ion a nd a c
ro ssa
much w iderf requency b and ( 1
50MHz ,
c
ompa red w ith 5 0MHz ).
O per a
ting a tt w
ice t heG SM f r
equency ,
h
ast wo i mpo rtan tc onsequence s. Fi
rst,
p
ropaga t
ion l osse si n
crea se by 6-8 dB, w hich
w
hen c omb ined w i
th t he r equ
ir emen tt o
suppo rto n
ly h and -po rtable sl e
ad st os mal
le r
ce
lls i
ze s
.T h
is i scons isten tw i
th s uppo r
ting
am assm a
rke t
.
Second ly, D opp lers pread i sdoub led, a nd
un
le sst aken i n
to a ccoun tt h
isw ould c ause
d
iff
icultie sw hen t e
rm ina ls w e
re u sed i n
h
ighspeed e nvi ronmen ts,e .g intercity tra
ins.
At
y
p
ica
l l
i
g
htw
eigh
t,l
o
w-co
sth
a
nds
et
.
Unitel isc arrying o uta n extens ive
p
r ogramme o fp ropaga tion a nd i n
te r
ference
mea suremen t si n
clud ing b o
th o utdoo ra nd
i
ndoo rt es
ts. M easu remen tsa reb e
ing m ade i n
aw ide v ar
iety o fl o
ca t
ions . I nfact
, r ad
io
c
o verage i sbeing i nvestigated a nywhe r ea
s
ub scr
ibe rm ay r egula r
ly f r
equen t.
T
he D TI i salow ing t heU K P CN o perato r
s
t
os hare i n
f
ras truc ture t oe ncou rage e a r
ly
n
ationalc o
ver age o fb oth u rban a nd r ura
l
a
reas, a nd t or educe t hei mpacto fc e
lls i
te
d
eploymen to nt h ee nvironmen t. S ome
c
hange st otheG SM s tanda rd ar en ece ssary t o
e
xploitt h
is oppo rtuni ty
.

Techno
logy
I
nd evelop ing t her adio s pec ifica tions ,t he
l
ogicala pproach t op repa r
ing p r opo sals fort he
D OS 1 800 s tanda rd w a st od ecide o n h and
portable p owe rc l
ass, e s
tab l
ish b ase s ta
tion
p
owe rc lass, a nd d eterm ine R Fp erfo rmance
p
arame ter s
, p art
icula r
ly i n
t ermodu lation ,
s
pu rious e mis s
ions a nd b lock ing s pec if
ica tions.
Various s cenario sw ere d eve loped
r
ega rding t h ep hys
ica l s epa ra t
ion o fm obi
le s
a
nd b ase s tations .T he se a rem o re r i
gorous
t
han G SM a sr egardsd is
tance b etween m obile
D
i
fer
ents
t
y
lesa
tha
nds
etw
i
l
lbea
v
ai
lab
le t
osu
i
tth
eus
ersi
m
age a
n
dpr
ac
tic
alr
e
qu
irem
ent
s. a
nd b ase s tation ,w hich i st hek eyi sue i n
many c ase sb ecause o ft hen atu re o fP CN u s e
.
pan-Eu ropean r o
am ing c apab il
ity. F urther i n
to T
his isconsisten
tw ith t
heconc
lusions re
ached I
nt hisw ay t hem ostc r
i
tica lc ase sw ere
t
h ef uture,t he resea rch i nadvanced b
yt he E
u ropean T elecomm sStandards i
dentif
ied , a nd b y ap r
oces so fi teration i tw as
c
ommun ica t
ions f orE urope ( RACE ) p ro
jec t I
n
sti
tute ( ETSI) S
trategic R
ev
iew c ommit
tee on pos sib
le t oa rr
ive a tp arame ter st hatm etb oth
p
r opo se s m erg ing t hree t ypes o fs ys
tem : m
obile systems, w hich r
ecommended t othe s
e rvice a nd i mplemen tation r equi remen ts.
au n
i ver sal m ob i
le t e
l ecomms s e
rvice ( UMTS ) E
TSI Techn ical A
s sembly i
nM arch 19
90 th
at One o ft hem os
tc rucia la spec tsw ast h e
w
ith c ordless a nd c el
lu lara tr
ibu tes, t
h
eG SM 9 0 0MHz s ystem b
ef u
rtherdeve
loped d
e te rmina t
ion o fhandse tp owe r. T wo p owe r
ah i
gh -b i
t -
rate b roadband s ystem p robab ly f
o
ru sea t1 800MHz . c
la sse sw ere c ho sen: 1 Wa nd 2 50mW m aximum
o
pe rating a tm il
lime tre -wave f r
equenc ie sa nd Th
is choice
,togetherwith t
he pan
- powe r
, w h
ich c an bes t
epped d own a s
c
apab le o fs uppo rting am ob
ile o fice, a nd a E
uropean aspectofthestandard
,w i
l
l m ake ope rat
ing c ond itions a low .
PSTN , t hea t r
ibu te so fw hich c an b ee nhanced t
h
ings ea
sierf o
roperato
rs, manufac
turersand Oppo r
tun it
ie sh ave b een f o und f orr elaxing
b
yt he p ortable s egmen ts. u
se
rsal
ike
. S
ome c
hange
stoth
est
andard h
ad t
hes t
anda rd f o
r D OS 1 8 00,w hich s hould ,
W
ith P CN s chedu led f orl aunch i n1 9
92, t
obe m
ade f
o
rPCN, h
oweve
r
, a
situ
ses i
nt ime
, r educe t h
ec omp lex ity a nd c o s
t
c
hoice s h ave b een m ade b ased o na n c
onsiderab
ly hi
gherfr
equencies (
be
tween 1
7
10 c
ompa red w ith G SM u n
i ts. I ng ene r al t he
a
sse ssmen to fe volving t echnology a nd an a
nd,
1880MHz ) and t
oaccommoda te t
h
e r
e
laxa t
ions a rise f r
om t hel o werp owe rc l
a sses,
awar ene s so fc omme rcial r e
al
ities.T he m a
in s
pec
ific re
qui
rementsofpersona
l a
nd m any o ft h
ep arame te r st hath ave n ot
i
sue sc once rn s t
anda rds , netwo rk d esign a nd c
ommun ications.W ork ist
aking place to c
hanged s hou ld a l
so b ee asie rt oa chie ve.
i
mplemen tation , and t e
rm inal d evelopmen t
. e
stabl
ish t h
iss t
anda rd,w h
ich i sknown as F
u rthermo re, s ince t hep r oposed R F
I
nv i
ew o ft hel aunch d ate f o
rc omme rcial d
igi
talc e
llulars ys
tem ( DOS 1 800). p
arame ter sa reo p
timised f orh and -po rtab le s
s
ervice , t h
e D T
I r u
led t ha
tt het echnica l Forthef ir
stp hase, ra
t
if
ied b y ETSI in f
r
om t heo utse t
, t h
isw i
llg ive b ette r
s
pecifica tion f orP CN n etwo rks m us t b eb ased J
anua ry 1991 itwasd ec
ided t om inimise a
ny p
erfo rmance t han G SM i nt he p er sona l
o
n aE uropean s tanda rd, t h
ep re
fe r
red c
hanges t ot heG SM s t
anda rd. Netwo r
k c
ommun ica tions e nvironmen t
.
c
and ida te sb eing G SM o rD ECT . H oweve r
, a
rchi
tecture a nd funct
ions, roaming, handover
, S
ome p eop le s uspe ctt ha
tP CN w il
ls uf
fe r
afu
ll D ECT s tanda rd w as n o
ta va
ilable a tt he s
ecuri
ty f e
atures (inc
luding t h
eu seo f f
r
om al ack o fa pprop r
ia te c heap , l ow-powe red
t
ime, a nd t het h
ree s ucces sfula pplican ts al s
ubscriberi dent
ity m odules
) a nd speech h
and set sa ts ystem s tart-up . H owe ve r
,t he
i
n
dica ted G SM a st he m osta pprop riate b asis
. t
r
anscod ing w i
l
l bes imi
la rtoG SM. Itisma
inly p
rog res sm ade i nthes t
anda rds d ev e
lopmen t
4
2
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92
 Opera to rs h asn ow c ome i n
to b eing , and h a s
o
pened ad i
alogue w ith t heG SM /MoU t o
a
cce ssc erta
in i n
forma t
ion n eeded t o
c
omp lemen tt hes tanda rd,a nd t oe xplo re a nd
i
dentify a reaso fc ommon i n
tere stw he re j o
int
a
ct
ivitie sc an b ep ursued .T he a ssoc iation w il
l
a
l
so p ro v
ide af ocus f oro t
he rE uropean P CN
o
pera to rsa nd a dm in istra t
ions t oj o
in a st he
ir
p
lans b ecome c lear.
ETS I h asa greed ac ommon e volu t
ion o f
t
he D OS 1 800a nd G SM s t
anda rds f orp hase 2.
GSM h a sd e
te rm ined p ropo sals f ort hep hase 2
w
o rk p rog r amme a nd a ssigned p r
ioritie s
.
T
he m ain r equiremen tsf orp ha se 2a re:
*D e velopmen to ft heh alf
-rate s peech c oding
s
pec if
ica t
ion , includ ing c hanne lc oding a nd
a
ssoc ia ted s i
gnalling .
*S tudy o fd ual n umbe r
ing .
*R educed S IM s i
ze:' m
ini-SIM '.
*I n
fr as tructu re s haring .
*O pe ration o fm ob ile s i nmic roce lls, i nc
luding
c
e
lls e
lec t
ion a nd r e-selection , c hanne l
a
loca t
ion a nd h ando ve r
.S o
lu tions w il
l
d
epend o nt h
e r adio c e
lls t
ruc tu r et ob e
a
dop ted .
*F lexib le i n
troduc tion o fn ew s ervice s.
D
oc
toro
nca
l
l
.PCN t
e
chno
log
ywi
l
lof
ert
a
i
lor
ed s
e
rv
ice p
a
ckage
sfo
rus
ers
. *I nco rpo rat
ion o fi sue ss p ecific t of requency ,
s
uch a se xtension o ft he9 0 0MHz b and ,a nd
a
nd d efinition o fR F p a rame te rsh a sg i
ven d
i
fferen t
iating P CN f rom t h
ee x
isting U K i
nco rpo r a
tion o fr evised d e
lay p rofile sa t
manu fac tu re rsa mple g uide lines t os tart c
e
llula rs ystems.T he P CN o peratorsw i
ll be 1
.
8GH z
.
d
e s
ign ing t he
irt e
rm ina le qu ipmen t
,a nd i fP CN a
lowed ,f r
om l aunch ,t ouse m i
ll
ime ter-wa ve *O pt
im isa t
ion o fp ha se 1G SM s t
anda rd i n
c
an r each t he m ass c onsume rm a
rke tt h e l
i
nks t oi n
terconnec tt hebase t r
ansceive r t
he l i
g hto fo perationa le xpe rience .
manu fac tu re rsw i
ll b ene fi
tf rom t hee conom ies s
ystems o fm acro a nd micrece l
ls t otheb ase
- A
l p ha se 2w ork i ss chedu led f orc omp let
ion
o
fs ca
le . s
t
ation c on tro
l
le r
. b
y D ecembe r19 91.
AP CN c omp r
ises ag r
id o fm ac roce lls T
his will a
low af a
stera nd m ore cost-
p
ro v
id ing c ont
iguous o ve r
lay c ove rage a cros s e
fec t
ive s ystem r o
l
lou t
.T he 3 8GH zb and w as Rea
lisat
ion
t
hec oun t ry.T hese c ells w il
lv a
ry i ns i
ze s
pecif
ied f o
rt hese l i
nks
, and t he 5GHz b and W
ith system s ta
rt-up p l
anned f o
r1 9
92,
a
cco rd ing t othee xpec ted t raff
ic d ens ity
,f r
om w
i
ll also b ea va
ilable f o
rs hort-hop l i
nks, P
CN o perator sar ekeeping to ad emanding
l
e
s st han 1 km r ad
ius i nc i
ty c entres u pt o8 km f
o
ri n
terconne ct
ing p icocel
ls a nd a vo
iding i
mplemen tat
ion s chedule, developing sys
tems
i
nr ural a rea s. Am icroce ll u nde rlay w i
ll b eu s ed o
bstruc t
ions i nl o
nge rh ops. b
ased on e me rg
ing t e
chno logy and efect
ive
t
om ain tain s e
rvice q uality a nd p rovide T
he o utcome o ft h
et e
lecomms D uopo ly n
e
two rkd e
sign . PCN w i
l
lt u
rn thev i
s
ion of
c
apac ity a tt r
aff
ic p eaks i nar eass uch a s R
eview c ou ld si
gn i
fican t
ly increase thes cope '
p
hone sf orp eople, no
tp laces'
,w ith it
spromise
s
t
ations , s hopp ing c en tre sa nd s po rts stadia . f
o
rP CN i n
terconnec tion o p
tions.T hese wi
ll o
fm orec hoice a nd bet
ters erv
ice, in
to a
T
oe nhance n etwo rk c ove rage a nd q uality o f p
rovide f u
rthero ppo r
tunit
ie st or educe p
ract
ical rea
lity dur
ing t h
e1 9
90 s
.
s
ervice , v ery s mallc ells , k nown a sp i
coce lls, i
n
frastructu re costs
.
w
i
ll a lso b ed eployed , f o
re xamp le, t oc ove ra Append
ices
s
i
ng le h ouseho ld. E longa te d o r' r
i
bbon 'c e
lls Agree ments T
h
is ar
t
icle was r
eproduced b ykind
w
i
ll b eu sed t op rovide a dditiona lc ove rage AM emo randum o fU nde rstanding ( MoU) p
e
rmiss
ion ofUni
teland I E
ER ev
iew
, CI E
E
a
long m oto rway sa nd o therm ajo rr o
utes. c
oncluded b yt heG SM o p e
ratorsa nd R
ev
iew Feb
ruary 19
91. I
EE R ev
iew and Uni
tel
Ove rlay /unde rlay m e
thods a r
es t
il
l i nt heir a
dmin istrations h asp roved i t
selftob e av e
ry m
ay b
ec on
tacted a
tt h
ea ddressesgiven be
low:
i
n
f ancy .T hey a temp tt ob r
ing t oge the rt he e
fective f orum f orc o-ordinating c ommon
a
tribu te so fc el
lula rr adio,w ith i t
sr egula rf i
xed i
n
teres ts ( e
.g.t hed es
ign o fstandard s ystem I
EE Review
,
r
e
-use o ff r
equenc ies a cros s ag rid o fc e
lls a nd i
n
terfaces t oa low m ult
i-vendo rsou rcing, and M
ichael Fa
r raday H
ouse
,
s
ma ll i s
ola ted c el
ls, w ith d ynam ically a loca ted aun
ited a pp roach t oin
t e
llectual pr operty S
ixH i
l
ls W ay,
c
hanne ls,s uch ast hose u sed b yt e
lepo in t r
i
ghts),a sw ell asa lowing d iscussions a nd S
tevenage,
b
ase s. T he se v ery s ma llc el
ls p rovide v e
ry h igh a
greemen to nt hec omme r c
ial and o perationa
l H
ertfo
rdshir e
, SG1 2
AY
.
c
apac ity , m easu red i ne r
langs ( s
ee A ppend ices ) a
spects a nd p r
io r
it
ie sr e
lating t oestablishing
p
ers qua re k i
lome te r
, b yv i
rtue o ft heirs mal
l t
heG SM s ys
tem . U
nitel In
format
ion C
entre
,
c
ove rage a reas. By m a tch ing t hea v ai
lable O
n 2 3 rd A ugus t1 990
,t het h
ree U K P CN E
l
stree T ower
,
c
apac ity t op ersona l u sage p a t
te rns, t he o
perato rss i
gned ac o-ope rat
ion a greemen tat E
l
stree W ay
,
a
vailab le r adio s pectrum i se ficien t
ly r e
-used . t
he D TI
.T his i sse
en a st hef i
rststage o fa B
orehamwood ,
A
l c us tome rsw i
ll b ef u
lly m obile,a nd a b
le t
wo-stage a pproach d es
igned t olead t oa H
ertfordshi
re, WD6 1
DT
.
t
om o ve b e
tween c e
lls o fa lt y
pes .T he s
imi
la rM oU f orD OS 1800 o perators.
'
h
ando ve r
' p r
ocedu re i sn oto nly e ssen t
ia lf o
r S
ignato ries a r
ec omm it
ted t oi n
troduce P CN T
e
lepo in
t—s ee'E
lec
tron
ic s
' February t
o
t
he p rovision o f af u
lly m obile s erv
ice b uti s s
erv
ices i nt heU K, based o nt h
e D OS 1 800 Ma
rch 1989 isue 3 0— The Cordles
s Phone
a
l
so i mpo rtan tf o
rq uali ty. H andove rr e
duce s s
t
anda rd f rom 1 9
92,a nd i nothe rcoun triesa t B
ox Arr
ive s
.
t
he p os sibility ofd ropped c a
lls e ven w hi
le s
ome l a
t e
rd a
te, and t oag ree ont he E
r
lang — a n e
r
lang i
sdef
ined a sone li
n
e
s
t
ationa ry, p ar
t
icu larly a tt hee dge o fc el
ls. c
omme rcial a nd o perat
iona l pr
inciple st o b
usy fo
ro ne h our
.Simi
lar
ly
,t wo li
nesb usy f
o
r
Iti sw orth n ot
ing a no the ri mpo rtan t s
uppo rtr oam ing f rom 1 9
93 . h
a
lfa n houre ach, o
rten l
i
nesb usy fo
rs i
x
s
t
imu lus a nnounced b yt he U K D TI f o
r The A ssoc iat
ion o fE uropean P CN m
inutese ach.
F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 4
3
 l
og ically t ot he s t a
tes r epresen ted b yt he
map s qua res ?T he a nswer i st ou se t he
actuala lgebra ic t erms t hate ach o ft he
squa res r epresen ts. F ore xamp le, f ora
t
hree -va riab le map w i
th v a r
iab les A ,B
and C ,t he f i
r stl ine o ft he truth t able t e
lls
u
st hata llt hree v ar
iab les h ave t he v alue
l
og ic 0.T ha ti sA BC = 00 . T he n ex t
comb ina tion i sA BC = 0 01;t he n ex ti s
ABC = 0 10 ,a nd s oo n. There fore, w e
could u se as ystem i n which t hese 3 -bit
numbe rs we re t he a ctua l map r eferences .
Asw ek now , amap r e
fe rence h as t wo
parts:t he X ( ho r
izon tal)c o-o rd ina te a nd
t
he Y ( ver tica l)c o-ord ina te. T hus ,p arto f
t
he n umber wou ld h ave t ob et he ' X
-par t'
,
while the o the rp art wou ld b ecome t he
Ỳ
-par t'
. L e
tu ss ee h ow t h
is wou ld wo rk
o
utf ort he s imp les tt ype o f map , wh ich
h
as t wo v ariab les o nly. T h
is map i ss hown
inF igu re 1 .
B
ecause t he re i sa ne ven n umbe ro f
variab les ,t he map i ss qua re. I thas j ust
fou rs qua res, o ne f o
re ach o ft he
comb ina tions p oss ible. T he v a r
iab les a re
P
art 2b
y G
raham D
ixey C
.Eng
., M
.I.E
.E. called A a nd B ,a nd t he v a
lues o fAf o rm
t
he X c o-ord ina tes , wh ile t he v a
lues o fB
f
o rm t he Y c o-o rd ina tes. E ach s qua re i s
T
he Karnaugh Map i
den t
ified b yt he c o
-o rdina tes i ne xac tly
T he t ruth t able,d i scussed i nP art One , t
he s ame w ay a sf org eog raph ical maps ,
showed t he s ta
te o ft he o utpu t fore ach A A
t
he A c o-o rdina te b eing g iven f i
rst.T hu s,
poss ib le i npu tc omb ina tion.E ach l i
ne o f i
nt h
is e xamp le,t he s qua res a re ' mapped '
t
he t ruth tab le c or responded t oo ne of a
sf olows :t op l ef
t =0 0;t op r ight =1 0;
t
hese p oss ib i
lit
ies .T here fore,t os how t he bottom l eft =0 1 a nd b ottom r ight =1 .
comp le te p ictu re, t here h ad tob ea s I
ti sn o
ta lways c onven ien tt ou se
many l i
nes p resen ta st here we re t
hese n umber st oi den t
ify t he s qua res.
poss ib le c omb ina tions o fi nputs. We a lso A
fte ra l
l
, i nthe a lgeb raic e xpress ion t ha
t
s
aw h ow i twas p ossib le t op roduce t he we w ish t oe nd u pw ith, allt erm sw il
l
cor respond ing a lgebra ic e xpress ion bed escr ibed a lphabe t
ica lly b y
f
rom t he truth t able b ye xtracting o n
ly F
igure 2
. An a
l
terna
tive me
thod o
fprov
iding c
omb ina tion so ft heirv ariab le n ames ;A ,
t
hose t erms f or wh ich t he o u
tpu t was t
he map r
eferences
. B
,C ,e tc
.T he re fo re, we n eed t ob ea ble
l
og ic 1 .I twas t hen n ecessa ry t oc arry o u
t
am in im isa t
ion p rocedu re t oreduce t his
a
lgeb ra ic e xpress ion t o as imp ler f orm.
The K arnaugh map i sa na l
terna tive
me thod o fd isplay ing t he i n
forma tion
c
on ta ined i nthe t ruth t able,b u
tw ith the
added a dvan tage o fp erm i
tting t he
minim isation t ob ec arried o u
to nt he map
i
t
se lf. O nce t he b as ic ideas h ave b een
g
ra sped , t h
is w illb e found t ob e amuch
e
as ie r( and l ess e rror -prone )p rocedu re
t
han u sing a lgebra ic s imp lif
ica tion, wh ich
o
f
ten r el
ies u pon i ntuitive me thods o f
f
i
nd ing t he r ight a pproach o r, atthe v ery
l
eas t
, i dentify ing wh ich t erms c omb ine
f
ors imp lif
ica t
ion .

A
0 1

F
igure 1
.T he s
implesttype of Karnaugh
map
, f
or two var
iables on
ly.

I
fthe K arnaugh map i stor epresen t
e
very c ondition ors t
ate found inthe t r
uth
t
able
,t hen i tmusth ave away o fstoring
e
ach oft hese s t
ates
. Inthe truth t
ab le they
a
re stored i nl i
nes;i nthe Karnaugh map
t
hey are s tored ins quares,e ach with it
s
own 'map r e
ference ' -hence t he reason
f
orc a
lling i ta' map'
.B ut how c an we F
igure 3
. Karnaugh maps f
or t
hree a
nd f
our v
ariab
les
. B
oth t
ypes o
fco
-ord
ina
te s
yste m
a
ssign map r e
ferences t hatrelate (
see t
ext
) a
re i
lus
tra
ted
.
4
4
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92
 s
quares oft he map h ave b een fil
led in
w
ith 'ones
'
.T he values ofallother s quares
a
re zero,b u
ti ti
susualj u
stt ol eave them
b
lank.F ourl ines ofthe t
ruth table al
so
c
ontain 'o
nes'. We s hould notb es urprised
t
odiscove rt hatthey correspond t othe
s
ame t ermsi nb oth cases -letu sc heck
t
h
is.T he terms are a sfolows :

ABC = 0
00 (
i
.e
.A.B
.- )
ABC = 0
10 (
i
.e
.
ABC = 0
11 (
i
.e
.A.B
.C)
F
igu
re 4
.A t
r
uth t
ab
le f
o
rth
ree v
ariab
les
,and i
t
scor
respond
ing K
arnaugh map
.
A
BC = 11 (
i
.e
.A.B
.C)
t
olook ate ach square a nd ident
ify i
tin c
oun terpar ts,r ather t han v
ice -ve rsa.F or
B
oth t
he numeric a
nd alphabe
tic
o
ne o ftwo possible ways -e ither bythe e
xamp le, when l ook ing att he t op-left
c
o-o
rdinates are g
iven
. Whicheveris
n
umer icalreference d escribed a bove,or square,o ne sees t hat A = 0[ noting t hat
u
sed
,i ts
hould b equi
te c
learthatthe f
our
bythe cor
respond ing algebra ic t
erm. t
h
is g ives u sn ot-A ( A)]a nd tha t B= 0
t
ermsofthe tr
uth t
able c
orrespond t
othe
There i
sn o
thing n ew tol earn inth
is,as [
no t
ing t ha tt h
isg ives u sn ot-B ( B)].
s
ame fou
rt e
rms o nthe map.
t
he folowing shows : Comb ining t hese t wo snippe ts o f
i
nforma tion i nt he r ighto rde rt els u sthat 2
.From a
nalgebra
ic s
tate men
t
T
he t
erm 0
0can b
ewr
it
ten a
sA.B
.
t
he term f ort h
is s qua re isA .B.
I
tisp oss
ib le t
ha
t,i n
stead o
fhaving a
T
he t
erm 0
1can b
ewr
it
ten a
sA.B
. Karnaugh maps may b ed rawn f or
t
r
uth table as astar
ting p
oin
t, we h
ave
T
he t
erm 1
0can b
ewr
it
ten a
sA.B
. t
wo ,t hree o rf ou rv ariables.F ort hree -
a
na lgeb raic s
ta
temen t.The p
revious
T
he t
erm 1 c
an b
ewr
it
ten a
sA.B
. a
nd f ou r-variab le maps ( such a st hose
e
xamp le would b edescr
ibed bythe
s
hown i nF igu re 3 )
,i tisusualt op lotA
s
ta
temen t:
Fort his reason t here i sa na l
terna t
ive a
nd Bh orizon tally,a nd C a nd D v ertical
ly.
f
orm o f map , wh ich s ome p eop le pre fer
. I
ti simpor tantt on ote h ow t he map F= A
.B.0 + A
.B.0 + A
.B.0 + A
.B.0
I
th as t he a dvan tage o fd escr ibing t he r
eferences f ort he s quares a re a rranged ;
squa res i na na lphabe tic manner ,rather i
ti snota rbitrary .T he rule ist hat, T
hese f ourt erms h ave t obe
t
han an umer ic one.I tisp robab ly a between a ny t wo a d
jacen ts qua res ,o n
ly t
ransferred o nto t he map .I fwe use
matter o f wha ty ou were t augh to riginally one v ariab le c hanges i nv alue.T hu s, a
lphabe tic co-o rd inates then these t
erms
a
st o wh ich me thod y ou p re fer u s
ing .T he a
cross f our s qua res ,t he sequence o f a
re the co-ord ina tes f o
rt he squares
.
map o fF igu re 1i sredrawn i nt he c
o -ordina tes is:0 ,01 , 1a nd 1 0a nd NOT Howeve r,i fwe a re using n umeric
a
l
terna tive f ashion inF igu re 2 .T hus
,t o 0
0,01 , 1 0a nd 1 .T he s afe way i sto c
o-ord inates o no ur map we mus t
i
den tify a ny s qua re i
tiso n
ly n ecessa ry t
o memor ise t h
is s equence a nd k eep t oit
. t
ranspose t he a bove , men tally o
r
r
ead o fft he algebra ic references .T he o
therw ise,i n
to t his form.
t
op l ef
ts quare n ow b ecomes A .B instead Mapping aB
oolean Remember ing t hat av ar
iab le t
hathasa
n
ega t
ion b aro ve ri ti
sr ep resented bya
o
f0 0.F rank ly, itisino ne's i nteres ttob e Func
tion '
0
'( o
r a' 1
'i fitd oes n ot)
,t he express
ion
a
b le tol ook a t amap a nd s ee i tinterms
1
.From at
ruth t
able n
ow l ooks like t his
:
o
fe ither me thod o fd escrip tion.I tis
p
robab ly e asier tod raw t he map w ith F
igure 4shows ath
ree-var
iable t
ru
th F= 0
00 + 0
10 + 0
11 + 11
n
umer ica lr eferences a nd men ta lly t
able
,a nd ac
orresponding th
ree
-va r
iab
le
t
rans late t he terms i n
to t heir algebra ic map.Itwi
llben o
ticed t
hatfouro
ft he I
tis mostunl
ikely t ha
t we should
a
ctua
lly wri
te down t he expression i
nth
is
f
orm.Itisgiven toilustrate t
he poin
t
b
eing made .Inp rac
tice i ti
s much more
l
i
kely t
hat we should enter t
he terms,one
a
t at
ime,o nto t
he map .

1 1 1 1 F
orm
ing C
ells
This isa ne ssen tials tep i nthe p rocess o f
u
sing t he map t om inim ise af unc tion.A
1 1 1 1 '
cel'i sn othing mo re t han ag roup o f
ad
jacen t' ones'i nt he form o f as qua re o r
r
ec tang le i n wh ich t here c ould b et wo,
f
ou r
,e ighto rs ixteen ' ones'
.T he
r
ec tang les may b eh orizonta lo rv er
tica l
,
but NEVER d iagona l -a nd o nly t he
g
roups s tated a re p erm itted.F igu re 5
s
hows s ome c ommon c e
lls
, wh ich s hou ld
bef airly o bvious .T he o nly cel o ft h
is
t
ype n ots hown i so ne wh ich c on tain s
1
6'
. ones',o ccupy ing the who le o fa
-
1 1 1 1 f
ou r-var iab le map .I tcan b es aid n ow t hat
when A LL s qua res o f ANY map a re
c
omp lete ly fi
l
led w ith 'ones',t hen F = 1 .
1 1 1
-1 You c an'tg eta ny simp lert han t hat!
The re are o ther c els t hatc an b e
1 1 f
ormed ( folow ing t he s ame r ules f or
s
hape a nd s i
ze )
,o r
ig ina t
ing f rom a
pecu l
ia rity oft he K arnaugh map .T he
1 1 c
oncep ta r
ising f rom t his p eculia r
ity c an
bes tated a sf olows :

"
Forthe pu
rposes o
fforming c
el
ls,the
o
pposite e
dges o
fthe map may be
c
onsidered t
obea d
jacent
."

Th
is obv
ious
ly won
'tbere
levantto
F
igure 5
.
S
.Some c
ommon c
el g
roup
ings
. t
wo-var
iable maps (
t
hey a
re a
djacen
t
F
e
brua
ry1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 4
5
 Us
ing t
he C
ells t
o
Minim
ise aFunct
ion
0
0 0
1 1
1 1
0
The nextstep iscrucialasitinvo
lves
l
earning the bas
ic idea behind t
he
1 1
min
im isat
ion technique.H owever,o nce
t
he i
dea isg rasped,i t
suse becomes
1 :
1 s
econd n ature qu
ite quickly
.T ostar
tw i
th
, we s
ha l
lu se avery simple example,
i
nvolv ing at wo-va r
iable map o nly
.T hisis
shown i nF igu re 9a nd itcan bes een that
,
o
ft he fours qua res,o n
ly two have b een
Co—inc
ident map e dges T
he u
sua
l c
onvent
ion f
i
lled i n
,n ame ly the lower two
.T hese
(Map 'wraps a
round' t o f
or a c
ell o
f t
his t
ype f
orm as ing le cel oft wo,the two s quares
f
or m a c e
ll o
f four 'ones')
r
epresen ting t he terms AB = 01( i
.e.A .B)
a
nd A B =1( i
.e.A .B).Ifwe we re u s
ing
a
lgebra ic me thods t om in
imise this
F
igure 6
. The '
wrap
-around
'ef
fec
toft
he t
hree
-var
iab
le map
.
f
unction, we s hould w ri
te: F= A.B + A .B
anyway );n or w il i tb er elevan tt ot he top a
nd t hen l ook f o
r ac ommon f actori nt he
and b ottom e dges o ft h ree -var iab le t
wo te rms.I tis
,o fc ourse,B. We s hould
maps , fort he s ame r eason .I td oes , t
hen f ac
tor ise the e xpress
ion tog ive:
however ,a pp ly t ot he l ef
ta nd r igh te dges F= B
(A + A
)
o
ft he t hree -var iab le map ,a nd t oa l
le dges
o
ff ou r-va riab le maps .T his c oncep t, S
ince t he va
lue ofA +Ai s1 ,th
is
when a pp lied t othe t h
ree -var iab le map , expression r educes to F= B .T h
is show s
i
sp articu la rly e asy t oa pprec ia te ,a sc an t
hatthe v ariable A isredundan t.N ow we
bes een f rom F igu re 6 .A llo ne h as t od ois a
re g o
ing t oa chieve the s
ame r esultw i
th
imag ine t hatt he map i s' wrapped t
he Karnaugh map ,using the fo
llowing
a
round '
,l ike t he labe lo n ac an o fb aked method :
beans , s ot hatt he e nds a re t oge ther .T he We e xam ine t
he c el t
hat we have
two ' pairs o fo nes'a re c lear ly a djacen t penci
lled i n
,a nd look atthe co-ordinates
and c omb ine t ofo rm as ing le s quare o
ft he 'o
nes'w ithin t
hatc el. We n o
tice
g
roup o ff ou ro nes. Ap rob lem a rises t
hat
,a sf ara sv ar
iable A isc once r
ned,
when we t ryt ov i
sua lise ap hys ica l bo
th p ossible values ofAa ppea rwithin
T
he f
our '
ones
' s
hown t
he cel (i
.e. A = 0a nd A = 1 ,
a
nalogue o ft he four -var iab le map ,
f
or m a '
cel
l o
f f
our
'! c
orrespond ing to Aa nd A respec t
ively).
becau se we a re f aced h ere w ith t he
s
i
tua tion o f amap t hatn oto nly w raps F
igure 7
. An e
xamp
le o
fthe '
dua
l wrap
-
a
round f rom l ef
tt or i ght
,b uta l
so f rom t op a
round
'ef
fec
tont
he f
our
-var
iab
le map
.
t
ob ottom a tt he same t ime !T h
is s orto f
c
oncep ti sb esta ccep ted w ithou tt he hor
izonta
lc els o
ftwo (
t
hree perl
ine)
,
bene fito f amen tali mage . An e xamp le t
o FOUR vert
icalcels o
ftwo; TWO square
i
lust rate t his ' dualw rap -a round 'e ffec t cels o
ffoura nd TWO r
ectangu
larc e
lls o
f
a
ppea rs i nF igure 7 . f
our.
Based o nt his c oncep t
,t he map o f Th
is makes ag rand t o
talo f
F
igu re 7c an b eu nders tood b y FOURTEEN c els al
toge ther, hence 1 4
a
pp rec iating t hatt he top -lefts quare i s t
erms i nthe fi
nale xpress ion.Itish ardly
a
djacen tt ot he top -righ ts qua re,a nd also l
ikely t
hato ne wou ld make s uch a n
t
othe b o
ttom -lefts qua re.S im ila rly,t he ex
treme e rror,b u
ti tisp ossible tom iss T
his t
er m (
A.B
)
t
op-righ ts qua re isa d
jacen tt ot he t op -
left get
ting the minimals olution ifth
is rule is c
onta
ins A (
A = 0
)
s
qua re, a nd a lso tot he b ottom -r igh t f
orgotten.
T
his t
er m (
A.B)
s
qua re. T hus ,a l
lf our s quares c on taining To s
ta
te the ru
le a nother way :" Try t
o
c
onta
ins A (
A = 1 )
o
nes a re a d
jacen t
,a nd f orm as qua re cel f
orm a sfew c els asp ossible wh i
le trying
o
ff ou ro nes . t
oi nc
lude a l
l' o
nes'w ithin ac el
l".T his
won'talways b ep ossible;s ome ' ones' ence A a
H nd A d
isappear
The Go
lden Ru
le o
f s
imp ly won'tfitin
to any c el,a nd wil
l l
eav
ing o
nly B (
F = A.1
3 + A.B)

Mapping h
ave t ob elef
ta su nsimp lif
ied terms.

T
his c
an b
est
ated a
sfo
llows
: F
igu
re 9
. Min
imis
ing at
wo-var
iab
le map
.
"
Always f
orm t
he sma
lles
tn umber o
fthe Th
is grouping of e
ight
However ,f orv ar
iab le B,t here iso n
ly o ne
l
arges
tsi
ze c
els poss
ible
." '
ones
' should for m a s
ingle
v
alue ( name ly B = 1 )
.B ecause b o
th
c
ell b
ut c
ould f
or m n
o
There i s avery g ood r eason f or v
alues o fAe x
istw ithin the c ell
, we
l
ess t
han f
our
teen c
ells
!
doing this.E very c el t ha ti sformed o n d
isca rd this variable c omp le
te ly
. We a re
t
he map r epresen ts at e
rm i nt he fi
nal, t
hen l e
fts imp ly with B = 1 ;i
no the r wo rds
s
imp li
fied ,e xpress ion .S ince i tisthe aim 00 0
1 1
1 1
0 j
ustB .T he resu l
ti sj us
tt he same a sf ort he
CD
o
ft h
ise xe rcise t hatt he f inale xpress ion 1
a
lgeb raic s imp l
if
ica tion c arr
ied o ut
s
hou ld b ea ss imp le a sp ossib le,the 00 [ii :1 : ;1 : H u p
rev iously.
f
ewe rt he n umber o ft erms ( and h ence Tou nders tand why t he r esulti sthe
c
els )t he b etter.I na dd ition ,t he larger a '
,
-
--A-- s
ame ,t hink c arefully a boutt he t wo
c
el i s
,t he s imp ler t he t e rm t hati t 0
1 :1 : :1 : : :1 : method s
.W ith the algeb raic me thod , we
r
ep resen ts.A l
lo ft h
is h as t ob et aken o n l
ooked f o
r ac ommon f ac
to r( B) which
t
rusta tthe momen t
, b utw illb eq uite gave ust he b racke tted term ( A +A ),the
c
lea r al i
t
tle l a
ter. On t he b asis thatt he 1
1
l
a
tte rb eing d iscarded b ecause i t
sv a
lue
s
i
lliesti deas s t
ick i nt he memory b est
, we wasu n
ity.T h
is lef
tu sw i
th B .W ith t he
s
ha l
ln ow t ake ap articu la rly si
lly mapp ing me thod, we f o
rmed ac el wh ich
1
0
e
xamp le t oi lustra te t his p oint.T his is i
ncluded t he terms A , Aa nd B. We
s
hown i nF igure 8 . d
isca rded t he terms A a nd A,l eaving
The s imp lestc el f orma t
ion i sj u
st o
ur selves w ith B.S ame e nd result!
o
ne r ectangu larc el o fe igh t
.H owever ,it F
igure 8
. An e
xtre me e
xamp
le o
fform
ing The s ame me thod i su sed wha teve r
i
sp ossible t of orm n ol ess than S IX t
oo many c
ells
! t
he size oft he cell
,t he c ompl ication t ha
t
4
6
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
 \A
B
0
0 0
1 1 1
0 \AB
C
D 00 0
1 11 1
0
0 :
.
1 i1i 1 1:
,-
,-- 0
0 1 1

1 1— n ,
0
1 1 1j
i
,
1 1
A
.B -
,
1
F = C + A.
B

(
Al
terna
tive 1
0
t
e
rm
F
igu
re 1
0
.Min
imis
ing at
h
ree
-var
iab
le map
.
A.
C
.D A
.B.0
a
rises b
eing t
ha
tv ery l
a
rge c els
e
l
im ina
te more t
han one var
iable
.T he
F= B
.
0 + A.
G
.
() + A
.B.0
f
olowing st
atements a
re always tr
ue,
i
r
respective o
fthe s
ize o
fthe map:
(
a
) Ac el o
ftwo e
l
imina
tes j
u
sto
ne
v
ariable
.
F
igu
re 1
.Min
imis
ing af
our
-var
iab
le map
,wi
th a
l
te r
na
tive c
e
lls
.
(
b) Ac el o
ffourel
im inates t
wo
v
ariables
;o n atwo-variab
le map
,the I
tmay n ow h ave b een a pp rec iated L
ook ing a tthe map ,j u
stb efore
f
unction s
impl
if
ies to' I
. t
hatt he u se o ft he K arnaugh map f o
r e
xam ining t he c e
lls ind etail
,l etu s
(
c
) Ac el o
feightel
im ina
tes t
h
ree minim ising o rs imp li
fy ing a na lgeb raic cons
ide r whati ttel
ls usi nt he l i
ghto f
v
ariables
;o n at
hree-var
iab
le map
, e
xpress ion i sn othing mo re t han a n what we a l
ready k now .T here a re three
t
he func
tion s
impli
fies t
o' applica t
ion o ft he axiom t ha
t X +X = 1 , c
els,h ence t hree terms i nt he final
where X i sa ny variab le y ou like :A ,B ,C , e
xpress ion.T he c el offou rw ille l
im inate
(
d
) Ac el o
fsix
teen el
im inates f
our
e
tc.T his i sclea r when i tisre membe red t
wo v a
riab les ( l
eaving t wo )
, wh ile each o f
v
ariables
;o n afou
r-variable map,t
he
t
hatt he t erm ( ort erms )tob ee lim ina ted t
he two-var iable c els willo nly e l
im inate
f
unction s
impl
ifies t
o' 1
.
i
sa lways t hat wh ich e x
ists w i
th in ac elli n one var
iab le,l eaving three i ne ach term.
Letu sn ow t ake amore c ompl ica ted both its' 0a nd '1'forms ,a sw ith t he S
tart
ing w i
th the c e
llo ff ou r
,t he
e
xamp le .InF igure 1 0, athree -var iab le a
lgebra ic me thod . v
ariables t ob ee l
im inated u sing o urrules
map h as five squa res f iled i n,t og ive a One f inale xamp le toc onc lude t he a
re A a nd D,s ince these a re the o nes f o
r
c
ello ff oura nd ac el o ft wo.T aking t he matter.F igure 1 s hows af ou r -va riab le which b oth values (0a nd 1 )
,e xist
. Wha ti s
f
orme rf i
rs
t, we n ote t ha tbo th oft he map i n wh ich t here a re t hree c ells;o ne l
eftisthe t wo-variab le term B .C .F orthe
v
ariab les A a nd Be x
isti nb oth v alues cel
lo ff oura nd t wo c el
ls o ft wo .H oweve r
, hor
izonta lc e
llo ft wo,o nly Bw illb e
w
ithin t he cel.I no ther words ,w ithin t his i
ta l
so i lustra tes wha ti sq ui
te ac ommon e
liminated ,l eaving t he t
e rm A .C .D.F or
c
el we h ave A = 0 ;A = 1 ;B = 0a nd s
i
tua tion .T he s qua re o ccup ied b yt he t
he verticalc ello ftwo ,o n
ly D i s
B= 1 .T hus,b o
th o ft hese v a riables a re t
erm 0 011 c an link with e i
ther t he s qua re el
iminated ,l eaving t he t
e rm A .B.C.T he
d
isca rded w ithin t his c el.T h
is l eaves immed ia tely toi t
sr i
gh t( as we h ave f
inalexp ression i s
,t herefo re:
o
nly C = 0 (C);i no ther wo rds ,t his c el a
ctua lly d one h ere )
,o ri tc ould l ink
F= B
.0 + A
.C.D + A
.B.C
.
s
imp l
ifies t ojustC .I nt he c ase o ft he c e
ll i
nstead w i
th t he o ne i mmed iate ly a bove
o
ft wo,v ar
iable C i sp resen ti nb oth i t
s (
as ma rked o nt he diag ram w ith c oa rse Ifthe above th
ree e xamp les have
'
d
ivisions 'a nd s oi sd isca rded ,leav ing u s dashed l i
nes )
.I td oesn 't ma t
ter wh ich c el been folowed ,there s hould b en o
w
ith A B =0 1 i.
e.A .B.T he simp l
ified we c hoose t oform ;t he resu ltw illb ea s d
iff
icul
ty i nhandling a ny others,since
f
unction i sthe OR o ft he terms l ef
to ver s
imp le e i
the r way,a lthough t he re w ill
,o f t
here isjustthe one rule toa pply al
lt he
i
.
e. F= C + A .B.T his r esul
ti se asily course ,b e ad ifference i nt he f inal t
ime,o nce the cels have b een ident i
fied.
c
hecked ,b yw rit
ing o u
tt he f ulla lgebra ic a
lgebra ic e xpress ion.T his d oesn 't ma tter The fi
rstt wo a
rticles o nB oolean
e
xp ress ion (wh ich i sF= A .B .0 + A .B .0 e
ither b uti td oes s how t ha tt here i sn
't a
lgebra h ave la
id the founda t
ions ,u pon
+A .B.0 + A .B .0 + A .B .C)a nd f a c
to rising a
lways au nique r esult.H ad we which it
sp ract
icala pp l
ica t
ion si nlogic
i
tinthe u sual way .I fd one c or rectly ,t he minim ised b yf actorising we s hou ld h ave c
ircui
td es
ign w i
llrest.T h
is wil
lb et he
r
esults hou ld bet he s ame . Why n ott ryi t encoun tered t he s ame s i
tua tion ,n ame ly s
ubjecto fthe next,a nd final
,a r
ticle
.
a
nd s ee? two alterna tive f a
cto risat
ions .

C O M P E T
I T
I O N W I N N EF
lS
B
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T
heq
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tion
sand c
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s: P
ro
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:E lect
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jects
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IDIP r
ojects
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tru
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eT Vpro
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l
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:a nd How T
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ow l
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p
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tdi
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ars
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c
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ths)
.

3
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4
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ow o
l
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st
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s: t
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t1 9
92:
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ton-on
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,T o
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,
t
o
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nb e
stsel
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ook
sc u
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toc
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ampshi
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F
e
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992 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 4
7
 PR O G R A M M A BLE

L
1
7/ 1/
4
7 /
M
ODULE Rev
ie wed by
Tony Br
icknell

o mmuni me w
1 m
m mem mo m
wo muu m
i n -
b
nu ma m in
ior 3
mo m m ummor (
o
E
ss moss mor .
s
m
mo mmum mo
r .
z
1
0
1 =1111
11
1111 M1
1
111
11
1/ Cb
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III M
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M I III
IIII
I
II
INE W
IMII
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III
II
IIE W '
t
9
m
i
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111 ro
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T
he R M9010 isare
ady-bui
lt
s
i
ng
le-bo a
rd fu
ly pr
ogrammab le
t
i
mer
/clock module
,s u
pplied
w
i
th ac ompr
ehen s
ivei n
s
truc
tion FEATU RES
l
e
af
le
t
.
/
12i
n
ch 4
-
dig
itL
ED d
i
splay
F
igure 1s how st hec i
rcuitd iagram o f
t
h e modu le. A l
lc onnec t
ion st ot he modu le 2p
rog
rammab
le '
o
n't
i
mes APPL
ICAT
I ONS
a
r ep r esento n as ingle 9-way c onnec tor
,
CON1 . T he wi r
ing d iagram o ft he RM9010
i
ss hown i nFigu re 2 .F ourn on -
la tching * 2p
rog
rammab
le '
o
f
f't
i
mes S
ecur
ity l
i
ght
ing
push- to-make s witche sa rer equired t o
c
on tro lt het imer( SW I-S W4 ),a nd a re
c
ont
rol
c
onnec ted to CON1 -1 to CON1 -4,w ith a t
-Manualo n
/of
fo ver
ride
c
ommon c onnec t
ion o n CON1 -5. A n
and ti
merenable/d
isab
le R
ecording r
adio
open -co l
le c
to rs w
itched o utputi savai
lable
o
n CON1 -7 e nabling t he modu le t ob e func
tion t
r
ansmissions at
u
sed w ith av ariety o fd iferente quipmen t.
Note t h a
tt h
isc an o nly s w
itch amax imum
p
rese
tt imes
o
f5 0V /100mA . T of a
ci
li
tate t hes witching i
tSi
ngle +5V 11
00mA s
upp
ly
o
fh ighe rc ur
ren ts,t h eo utputm ay b eu sed
r
e
quired I
mmers
ion h
eate
r
t
os w
i tch as epa r a
te,o f
f-boa rd r e
lay. When
sw
itch ing DC r e
sist
ive o ri nductive l oads c
ont
rol
u
pt oI 6A, iti srecommended t hatt he *C
lock i
n
putf
o
rma
ins
'
R emo te P owe r Sw itch' k i
ti sused
(
LPO7H )
. f
r
equency C
entra
lhea
ting
F
ors w
itching 2 40V AC m ain s
,i tis c
ont
rol
r
ecommended t h
att h
e ' MainsO p
to -
Swi
t ch' k i
t( LP55K )i sused. T hise mploys 5
0V/
100mA O pen
-co
llec
tor
azero -cros s
ing f i
r
ed t r
iac tov ir
tually s
wi
tched o
utput
e
l
im ina te a ls witching n o
ise t h
atw ould
o
therw ise occu r. N ote thatT R1 s hould not
b
ei n
se rted,a nd i n
stead aw ire l i
nk should
b
ep laced b etween i t
sc ol
le c
to ra nd e m
it
ter
p
ad so nt heP CB,a ss hown i nFigu re 2.
4
8 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92
 D
IG (
0-3)
+
1 C
1
C2

7/2
5
v 7
10uF
47nF D
IG3 D
IG2 D
IG1 D
IGO

04 03 02 01
BC BC557b BC557b BC557b
GND

z z 3 3 3 3
D
IG3 D
IG2 D
IG1 D
IGO S
O 7 I
- SO 7 A CA SO 7 r SO 7 A CA
/S1 6 /31 6 /S1 6 /S1 6
/S2 4 reel /S2 4 '— I /
s2 4 1, /
s2 4
R
11 R
19
k /S3 2 . /S3 2 /33 2 /S3 2
1
k /S4 1 /54 1 1S4 1 G m /
. /S4 1
/55 9 (55 9 /55 9 /55 9

0 R
12
1
k
R
10
1
k
/S6 1
0 G DP
DY4 5
0 G D
/S6 1 P
DY3 5
/Ss 1
0 G DP
DY2 5
/s6 1 0 G DP
DY1 5
T
IL701 T
IL701 T
IL701 T
IL701

U2 S
5 S6 S
7 S3 S2 S4 S
i SO
C Y v
cc
n O
1
5
O R
4
1
8OR R
3 R
2
1
4 C Y
1 1
80R
" U 1
80R U 18OR
C Y

O
y
1
3

O O
2 R8
1
2 C Y R
1 R
5 R6
3 1
0k U 1
8OR 18OR U 1
80R U 18OR
1
1 c
Y4
1
0c Y 6
5 G
1
9C
Y
6 G2A
-
c Y7 G2B
U
1
74HC1 38
GND 1
8
RA2 RA1
2 1
7
VCC VCC RA3 RAO
3 1
6
0 0 R
TCC OSC1
4x 4 1
5
/MCLR OSC2
5 1
4
1
N41 48 Z S D4 z
s D2
R
14 n
GND VCC
6 1
3
CON1 PRO R
B7

z
s
10k U 7 1
2
Z S D
1 R
B1 R
B6
1
R
1 3
n R
B2 R
B5
1
1
1
0
2 1
0k U R
B3 R
B4
3 P
IC1 6C54 C3
22 0
'
4

5 R
15 05
1
0k 9C547b GND
6
D5 R
16
1
N41 48 10k
8
06 R
17
9 BC547b 1
0k
GND
H
eader

VCC GND

F
igure 1
.Circu
it d
iagra m
.

P
owe
rSupp
ly
T
he RM9010 r equ ire s asi
ng le s
upp ly
v
ol
tage o f+ 5V ,a nd w ild r aw ana bsolu te
maximum o f1 00mA . Thisi sappl
ied t o
CON1 -9 ( +5V )a nd CON1 -8 (OV )
,a nd a
5
0H zt imeba se a pp l
ied t o CON1 -6. Fi gu re
3show s as ui
tab le p owers upply w h
ich
e
nable st he modu le t obeu sed with 2 40V
5
0H z ma ins.T h
i sc i
r cui
tc an b eb ui
lto n
s
t
r
ipboa rd : as ugge sted layou tisshown i n
F
igure 4 .A lterna t
ive ly,u s
ing t hec i
rcui
t
s
hown i nF igure 5 ,t he modu le can o pe rate
f
r
om aDC v oltage o fbetween 7a nd 1 5V .
I
nt h
isc ircuit,t he5 0H zt imeba se is
g
ene rated b yI C1,w ith theb enef
itt ha
tt he
modu le c an rema in o perative during a •

mainsf a
i
lu re. As ugge sted s t
ripboard
l
ayou tf ort h
isc i
r cuiti sshown i nFigure 6 .
Photo s 1a nd 2s how t h etwo p owe r
•

s
upp ly c i
rcuits,e ach a s
semb led onp i
ece s
o
fs t
ripboa rd. P
hoto 1
.Sugge
sted 2
40V p
owe
rsupp
ly
.

F
e
bru
ary1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e 4
9
 L
P07 (
Power sw
itch k
i
t)
+
12V
RM9010

—I1
-1 II I
—I
—
I
-1
. —
I. —I
. I
-1
.

0 0 L.
o
r

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
L
P55 (
Mains o
pto sw
itch k
i
t)
SE W 1•
1
111
11
11
11
1
0 0

P
5 0 -
__ J Open c
ollec
tor sw
itched
o
utput (max 50V/100 mA)
P4 0 +5V
P
ower s upply/
OV timebase
P
3 0 +9V g
eneration
50Hz
(
see f
igs 3 & S
)
P
2 0 t
imebase

P
1 0

F
i
t wire li
nk
f
O
/
n
O
r
e

b
etween collec
tor
m
i
T
,
t
e
s
e
R

& emi
tter of T R1

F
igu
re 2
.Wi
ring d
iag
ram
.

O
pera
ting I
n
struc
tion
s
P3 T
o Con 1
. Oni n
tialp owe r
-up. a linternalr eg
isters
p
in 6 a
res e
tt oz e
ro and t h
em odule isi nS et
'
mode.
T
he f l
ash
ing w ord ' hour n ow i nv
ites
P4 T
o Con1 t
heu s
e rt osetthec l
ock t ot h
ec o
rrectt ime
,
p
in 9 u
s
ing t he HOUR a nd M IN b utton s
. Ifan
i
n
co r
rec tvalue isen
t ered,p r
essing the
RESET b utton re
turn st h
ed i
splay ed time
2
50 mA t
o0.00.
T
rans. O nce thecorrectt ime h a
sb een
P
5 T
o Con1 e
nter
ed ,p ress
ing theS ET b ut
ton s everal
p
in 8 t
i
me sa low sthe ON1 ,O FF 1, ON2 a nd
BR1 W005 OL375 OFF2 t i
mest obed isplayed .T hes ec an be
RG1 uA78M05UC QL28F e
d
ited i nthes ame w ay ast hec lock time
,
C
l PC Elec
t. 1000uF 16V FF177 b
yu s
ing t he HOUR ,M IN a nd R ESET
C2 M
inidisc 0
.1uF 16V YR755 s
w
itche s
.
T
i 250 mA 6V Tr YN 140 A
fterd isp
laying t h
eO FF2 time,t he
modu
le r evert
st ono rmalc lo
ck m ode,
F
igu
re 3
.240V 5
0Hz p
ower s
upp
ly.
i
n
dicated b ythem iddle d ec
ima lp o
int

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R
G1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 00 O 0
P
26 = 0 O 0 o O 0 oo o•0000 ooo•o o o•( D
)•o•
O 0 0 O 0 000000000 0 00000 0 0000
o
.0 0 •00 )•••0 0•0 0•0 000 0
o jP
4
0
1
,
1 0 0 0 0 0C2 0 1P5 0•0 0 0000.00 00 00 00 0•0
P
1 = o 0 0 0 4 0 0 C 10 0 O 0 o 0 D
P3 •000 0 00000000 o•o ooo•
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 o O 0 000 0 00000000000 0 000 0
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0000 0 000000 00 00 00 0 00
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 o O 0 00000000 0 000 0 00000 0 0

•S
older 0 T
rack c
ut

F
igu
re 4
.Sugges
ted 2
40V s
t
ripboa
rd l
ayou
t.

5
0 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
 P
1 RG1 P
4
f
l
ash
ing
. Int
heclock mode
,thef
unct
ions
0
7-15V
u
478M05UC
T
o Conl o
fthe HOUR. M
IN and RESET s
w
itche
s
p
in 9 c
hange t
oth
oseshown b e
low
:

P
3 HOUR —M anual
ly t
urn theo utputo n
.
0 M
IN —Manual
ly t
urn theo u
tpu to f
.
T
o C onl
RESET —Cont
rolswhethe rtheo utputis
p
in 6
s
wit
ched according tot h
e
+ C
l
1
000uF
I
C1 R
I -
L
.3.2768MHz p
rogrammed v alueso rn ot
,b y
1. 1
6V M70681 1
0M I X
T1 t
u
rning thetimerf u
nction on
a
nd of. When t h
et imeris
C
3 VC1 d
i
sabled, t
hem iddle decimal
4
7pF 6
5pF lo p
ointiscont
inuou s
ly l i
t
.
P
2 P
5
0 0 The st
atu
so ft heo u
tpu tisalways
O
V T
o C on1 s
hown b yther i
ght
-hand d ecimalp oint—
p
in 8 when il
uminated, theo u
tpu tison.
R
1 1
0M M
in R
es M
1OM
Tore-
sett heclock, o
rt he
C1 PC E lec
t. 1000uF 16V FF177
C2 M
in idlsc 0
.1uF 16V YR75S p
rogrammed ON a nd OFF times
,i tis
C3 Cera mic 47 WX52G n
ecessary t
oe n
tert hes e
t mode b y
VC1 T
ri m mer 65pF WL72P p
ress
ing th
eS ET button
. Successive
XTI Crystal 50Hz x 2
.16 FY867 d
epress
ionso ft h
eS ET but
ton wil
ln ow
RG1 u478M05UC QL28F t
ake t
he module through C LOCK , ON1,
I
CI M70681 UL83E OFF1, 0N2 and OFF2 d i
splay/
set mode s
.

F
igu
re 5
. 7t
o 1
5V DC p
owe
rsupp
ly.
A
ppl
ica
tions
T
hiscompac tc l
ock /t
ime r module
,w ith it
s
t
wo 24-houro n/of s wi
tch times
, i
si d
ealf o
r
c
ontro
l
ling imme rsion heatersand e l
ectr
ic
b
l
ankets,a nd fo
rt urning li
gh
ting o
na nd of
w
hen o nh o
liday ( t
og i
ve theimpression
t
hatth
eh ouse isoccupied,etc)
.
I
ns hops,the modu le could b
eu sed to
s
wit
ch window d isplay li
gh
ting atpeak
t
imesand,i nindustria
lp rocesscontrol
a
ppl
icat
ion s
,v a
lve sa nd heat
ing el
emen ts
c
ould bes w
itched a tfi
xed ti
me in
tervals
.

A
vai
lab
il
ity
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I
n
tel
'sn ew 4
86 a
nd 3
86 micro
-
p
rocesso
rsare s
e
ttotake t
he
P
Ci n
to anew d
imen
sion.

A
l
arge n umbe ro fm ic rocompu te r
u
se rsa re n ow d iscove r
ing t he
need f orh ighe rp ower s y
stem s
,
r
equ ired f ort he i ncre asing ly d emand ing
a
pplica tion so ft oday —a nd t omo r
row .
S
uch u sers, who r ep re sen tt he f a
st
c
hang ing m id -range d e sktop c ompu te r
marke t
,d on otn ece s sarily think o f
t
hem selve sa s' powe rfulc ompu ter'u se rs
.
I
nf a
c t
, mo sto ft hea pplica t
ion sc ommon ly
u
sed b yt hisg roup c an b es een i n most
ofice s.D e spite t he s eem ing ly h umb le,
everyday r ole st hatt heir c ompu ter sfi
ll,
m any o fthe se p eop le w il
lb ea wa re that
t
he ire xist
ing d esk top c ompu teri ssimp ly
notp owe rfule nough .I t
'st he u sua ls t
ory.
A
ss oon a sy ou g etu sed t o
,a nd c ome t o
r
ely o n
,t he c apab i
litie so fy our wo rd
p
roce sso r
,d ataba se o rs pread shee to r
whateve r,y ou t hen w anti tto wo rk fas
te r
.
Before e xp lo ring f ur
the rt h eq uestion.
why t he ma in stream u se rm igh tn ow n eed
mo re p owe r
,l e
tu sf irstc onside rt he
t
echno logy t h atc ou ld s a
tisfyt he n eed.
I
ne ssence ,i twills oon b ep rovidedb
t
h el a
te st4 86 m icrop roce sso r
-ba sed
s
ystem st hatw il
lm atch t hen ece ssaryp r
ice
v
sp erfo rmance r atio,m aking p owe rful
p
rog ram sa vailab le t o ab roade rg roup o f
u
se rst han w asp rev iou s
ly t he c ase.T he
managemen t
,f l
oat
ing p oints torage bufe r R
ISC ( Reduced I n struc t
ion S e
tC ompu ting )
c
ompany b eh ind t he4 86 ( and i t
sb rothe r,
a
nd c ache memory .T he 486 c onta
insa l design t echn ique sh ave b een u sed t o
t
he 3 86)i sI nte l
.
t
he featu reso ft he 386,b utw ith reduce i n
struc tion c ycle time s
,w hile a' bu
s
e
nhancemen t
st oi ncrease p erformance . burst'f ea
ture e nab lesf a
stc ache fi
lls( i
.e.
,
MEET THE FA M
ILY T
he i ns
truc tion s eti n
clude st he comp lete one i ns
truc tion c an c opy a na rea of
The 386 S Xm ic rop roce s so ri sa3 2-bi
tC PU 3
86 m ic rop roce ssori ns
t ruct
ion s e
t,a long memor yi nto ac a che ,s ot hata lt here i son
w
ith a1 6-bite xte rna ld ata b usa nd a2 4-bit w
ith e x
ten sion sf o
rs erving n ew t
h eb u sa ta ny momen ti sdata fort he
i
nterna la ddre ssb us.T he S Xb ring st he a
pp l
ication s
.T he on-chip memory duration o ft hef i
ll
,w ith n of urthert ime
h
igh p e rformance s oftwa re o ft h
e4 86 managemen tu nit( MMU )i sfu
lly wasting,i nte rspe r sed i nst
ruc tion s
).T aken
a
rchitec ture t om id -range s ystem s
.I t c
ompa tible w ith the 386 m icropro cesso r
's a
ltoge the r
,t hese f eatu resl ead to as peed
c
omb ine st he p er fo rmance b ene f
itso f MMU .T he 4 86 also containst he 387's g
rea ter than t wice t hato f a3 86
32-bitp rog ramm ing a r
ch itecture w ith t he mathsc o-proce ssor o nt he same c h
ip d ie
. microp roce sso r.
costs aving sa ssoc ia ted w i
th 1 6
-bit Akey p oin th ere isthata ls oftware written I
na dd it
ion t h ere i saM emo ry
hardwa re s ystem s. f
ort he3 86,387 m athsc o-proce ssora nd Managemen tU nit( MMU )c omp rising a
The S Xi s1 00% o b
jec tc ode, p
reviou s membe rso fthe 8 6
/87 s
egmen tat
ion u nita nd ap aging u nit
.
compa tible w i
th t h e3 86 DX ,2 86 a nd 8 086 a
rchitectura lf amily willr un o nthe 486 S
egmen tation a low sm anagemen to ft he
mic rop roce sso rs
.S ystem s manu facture rs w
ithou ta ny mod ificat
ion s. l
o g
icala dd re s
ss pace ,a low ing b o
th d ata
a
re t hen a ble t op rov ide 3 86 DX b ased a
nd c ode t ob ee asily r e
loca ted,-and
s
ys tem so ptim ised f orp erformance ,a nd
CAC HES
,SEG MENTS AND p
rov iding t he ef i c
ien ts haring o fgloba l
386 S Xb ased s ystem so ptim ised f orl ow
r
esource s
.T he p aging mechan ism
cost,a nd b o
th s ha ring t he s ame o pe rating M ODES operate s' benea th 's egmen ta t
ion ,a nd i s
s
ystem sa nd a ppl ica tion s oftwa re.S y
stem s Many enhancemen t
sh ave b een a dded to t
ranspa ren tt ot hef o
rme rp roce ss.P aging
b
a sed o nt he 3 86 S XC PU c an acce sst he t
he4 86 microp roce ssort oi n
c rea
se i
so ptiona la nd c an b ed isabled b ysystem
l
arge s
te xisting m ic rocompu ters oftwa re p
erformance .B u
ilt-
in 'cache memory ' s
oftwa re.E ach p articu lars egmen tc an b e
b
a se,i nclud ing t h ee xpand ing 3 2
-b it a
low sf r
equen tly used d ata and code t
ob e d
ivided i nto o ne o r mo re further4 K-by te
s
oftwa re b ase.H oweve r
,o nly I n
tel's3 86 s
tored on-chip,r educing t hen umbe rof s
egmen t s
.M eanwh ile,t oi mplemen ta
DX a rchitec ture c an r un UN IX,O S/2 and a
ccessesr equired tot hee x
terna lbuses
. v
i
rtua l memory s ystem ,t he4 86
MS-DOS o pe rat
ing s ystem s
. T
he principle isratherl ike us
ing o n-ch
ip m
ic roproce sso ra l
so s uppor tsf u
llr estar t
T
he 4 86 m ic rop ro ce sso rh as af u
ll r
egis
ters,b utd eveloped t oproduce w hat c
apab ili
ty f ora l p age a nd segmen tf a u
lt s
.
3
2-b ita rchitec ture w ith o n-ch ip memor y i
sine fec
tl ocalR AM space ( s
ee b e
low )
. The memory o ft he 486 i sorgan ised
5
2
M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry1
9
92
i
n
to o ne o r mo re v ariab le l eng th s egmen ts
,
e
ach o f wh ich c an h eu pt o 4G igaby te s(!)
i
ns i
ze. As egmen tc an h ave a t
tribu tes
a
ssociated w ith i tw hich i nclude i t
s
l
ocat
ion ,s ize,t ype ( s
tack ,c ode o rd ata),
a
nd p rotec tion c ha rac te ristic s
.E ach t ask on
a486 s ys
tem c an h ave am aximum o f
1
6,381s egmen ts,e ach o f wh ich c an b eu p
t
o 4G igaby tes.T his means t hate ach t a
sk
h
as amaXitT II
IITI o f6 4T eraby te s( 64 t r
ill
ion
b
ytes)o fv irtua l memor y!
The s egmen tation u n
itp rov ide sf our
l
evelso fp rotec tion f ori solating a nd
p
rotec ting b oth a pp lica tion sa nd t h e
o
pe rating s ys
tem f rom e ach o the r.T his
h
ardwa re e nfo rced p ro tec tion h ast h e
v
aluab le s pin-of o fe nab l
ing s ystems t ob e
d
e s
igned w ith ah igh d eg ree o fi nteg rity.
The re a re t wo mode so fo pe ration f or
t
he 486 u nit —R ea lA dd re ss Mode ( Rea l
Mode ),a nd P ro tec ted V i r
tua lA dd re ss
Mode ( Protec ted Mode ).
InR eal Mode ,t he 4 86 m icrop roce ssor
operate sa s av ery f as
t8 086.P r
ima r
ily,R eal
Mode i sn eeded i no rde rt os etu pt he
p
roce s so rf orP ro tec ted Mode o pera tion,
which p rov ide sa cce s st ot he c omp lex
memory m anagemen tp aging a nd p rivilege
c
apab ilit
ie so ft he p roce s so r
.
With in P ro tec ted Mode ,s oftwa re c an
swi
tch b etween t ask sd e s
igna ted a sV irtual
8
086 Mode t y pe s
,e ach o fw hich b ehave s
w
ith 8 086 s eman t ic sa low ing 8 086 T
he Compaq D
eskp
ro 4
86
/25 d
e
liv
ers 1
5mil
lion i
ns
truc
tionsperse
cond a
nd uptothr
eetim
est
h
e
a
pp l
ica tion p rog ram st ob eu sed ,o ra n p
er
formanceof25MHz 3
86b
ased s
ys
tems
,b r
inging w
orksta
tion p
owertoth
ed e
sktop P
C
ent
ire o pera t
ing s ystem s of
twa re . e
nv
ironment
.

NU MBER CRUNCH
ING c
omp lex i
tie s( f
rom t he c ompu ter'
sp o
in t p
ublish ing ( DTP ),f o
re xamp le,p rovides
o
fv iew )c an m ake i tlesse asy tou se! c
omp lete b ook -
leng th p recision c ontrol
I
nteld esigned t heo n-ch ip f l
oating p o
in t
As
ide f rom t hese d eve lopmen ts
,t he o
vert ypog raphy a nd g raph ics,w ith 'l
ive
u
nitt oo pe rate i np arallelw ith t he
a
pplica tion st hem se lvesa re d emand ing l
i
nks't oa l inpu tfil
es.D ocumen tI mage
a
r
i thme tic a nd l o g
ic u nitt op rovide
more p erformance f rom p roce ssor s
. P
roce s s
ing ( DIP )a pplication sa re
a
r
i thme tic inst ruc t
ion sf or av ariety o f
S
pread shee t sn ow o fer mu lti-page p
roduc ing c ompound d ocumen tso n
n
ume ric data t y pes.T he floating p ointu n
it
c
on solida tion, mo re cells, mo re advanced d
emand f rom l arge databa se s
,i ndeed D IP
e
xecu te sm any b uilt-in,t r
an scenden tal
c
alculation sa nd mo re c omp lex c hartsa nd i
sse
tt ob e ab oom m a rketf ort he '90s
.
f
unc t
ion s( fo re xamp le t a
ngen t
,s ine ,
g
raph ic s
.D ataba se p rog ram sa low more Mult
imed ia a pplica t
ion sa re
c
o s
ine a nd l og f unc tions ),a nd c on fo rm s
i
ntui
tive q ue r
ie s
,p rofessiona lreport s
, i
n
teg ra ting graph ics,a udio a nd v ideo,al
f
u
lly t ot he A NS I/IEEE s tanda rd 7 54-1985
f
orm d esign a nd h igh l eve
lp rog ramm ing . c
ontro lled b yc ompu te ra nd used
f
orf loating p oin ta r
ithme t
ic.
Word p roce ss
ing p ackage sa re supplied i
n
terac t
ively.T hen the re isthat mo s
tr ecent
The o n-ch ip c ache i s8 K-byte si ns ize
,
w
ith s pecia lf ont
sa nd g raph ics.A nd then a
nd d emand ing a ppl
ica tion,' V
i rtual
a
nd i n clude ss pec ia lf eatu res wh ich e nsure
o
fc ou rse s ome a pplication sb undle the R
eal
i ty'.
f
l
ex ibility w ith e xte rnal memor ys y s
tem
whole l ott ogethe r,a nd a dd e xtras
. Wi
th a lt hese app licat
ion s,a st hey
d
e sign.I ndividua lp age sc an b ed esigna ted
Then t here area pplication s which w i
ll ma
tu re a nd b ecome mo re int he
a
s' c
acheab le'o r' n on-cache ab le'b y
work t he p rocesso rh arde rs t
ill
.D e
sk t op ma
in st ream o ft hings,t he c ompu terst hey
s
oftwa re orh ardwa re.I na ddition,t he
c
ache c an b ee nab led a nd d isabled b y
s
oftwa re orh ardwa re.
G
iven t he u nd ispu ted l evelo f
e
xce llence a nd p owe rt ha
tb o
th t he 4 86 2
7
a
nd 3 86 p osse s s
,o ne m igh ts ensib ly ask
why t he m a
in s
t ream u sern eed ss uch a
migh ty l i
ne-up .T he a nswe rsa re n ot 2
0
n
ece ssa r
ily d ifi cultt of i
nd,i ndeed ,t hey
32 Bit 16
.5
may b ep aten tly o bvious .
Dhrystone
V
I.
1 M
IPS
THE QUEST FOR S
PEED 1
1,4

One re ason m ay bei lustrated byt he 8

.5
b
ehav iour o fcompu terse quipped w ith a
Graphica lU serI n
terface ( GU I
).M any
u
se r
sd iscovered that, when t hey swi
tched
t
oW indow s3.0
, DESQv iew , XW indow so r
1
s
ome o therp opu lar GUI,t heir machine
25MHz 33MHz 20MHz 25MHz 3
3k4Hz
f
e
l t'mo re cumbe rsome 'a nd/o rslowe r
. 386DX 386DX 486SX 486DX 4
86DX
S
uch i mpression sare exace rbated byt he
u
se ofp en and voice inpu t —wh i
le these F
igure1.Performan cecompar i
son o
ft h
em ember
so fIn
tel
's386
/486 f
ami
ly,of
fer
ing 3
2-bit
'
f
riend ly'i n
terfacesm ake c ompu te
r seasier p
erformances panning t
her angeofbus
inesscomput
ing re
qui
rem en
ts.Us
ing th
eD hry
s tone
t
ou se,t hey doa dd p rocessing overhead , b
enchma rk
,t hef ami
ly de
liv
ersu pto27m i
ll
ion i
n
struc
tionsperse
cond
.( Th
e5 0MHz 486 was
a
nd i tm ay bea rgued t h
ats uch n
oty e
ta va
ilabl
ef orthi
sc ompa r
ison
.)
F
e
brua
ry 1
9
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ap
lin M
aga
zine 5
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rice/perfor mance — s
pec i
nteger
3
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2
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2
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2
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esi p
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ollars/Spec 1
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1
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i
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F
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-bi
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ines
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ce.

r
un o nw illh ave tob eu pt ot hej ob. Wh ich 2and 3)i sc ompe ti
tive with s pecia
lised s
od o
ing c reates an ew s ystem c a
tego ry —
m eanst hep roce sso rsw i
llh ave t ob e R
ISC p roce ssors
,y eto fersa na rch
itecture t
he4 86 S Xm ic rop rocesso rb ased
powe r
fu l
. 1
00 pe rc entb inaryc ompa tible w i
th the c
ompu ter
.T he b lock schema tic o fFigure 4
S
cien t
ific and C ompu te rA ided D esign 3
86 m icrop roce s
so rfam i
ly. s
how sw hati sc ontained i n a4 86.
(
CAD )a pplicat
ion sa rem an ipu lating e ver I
n much t hesame w ay a st he3 86 SX I
tisas ys
tem t h
atd e
l iversh i
gher
mo re c omp lex i mage si nt rue 3 D
,c o
lou r C
PU i ntroduced mo re user st ot he3 86 p
e r
fo rmance t han a3 86 DX b a sed sy
stem
a
nd a n
ima t
ion ,a nd u s
ing b u i
lt-in, f
amily
,t h
e4 86 SXm icrop ro ces soro pens r
unn ing a t3 3MHz w ith added c ache,a nd a
t
i
ntell
igen ta lgori
thm st oa pply d esign r u
le s t
hed oo rt o4 86 compu ting p erformance . acompe tit
ive p rice.I ndeed , a3 86 DX
a
nd a na lysis —alo fw hich d emand s mo re T
he 4 86 S XC PU issupp l
ied w ith t
hes ame m
ic rop roce sso rw ould have t or un at
c
ompu te rp owe r
.F urthe r,s creen g raphic s o
ne cl ock peri ns
truction i n
tege rcore as s
peed su pt o4 5MHz t oa pp roxima te t h
is
i
sn ol onge r afie
ld e xclu sive ly h and led b y t
he4 86 DX m icroproce ssor,c omp lete with p
erfo rmance w i th 32-bits of
tw a re
.
a
ne l
ite g roup o fs pecialists.G raph ic sar e o
n-chip c ache, memo rym anagemen tunit Depend ing o nc onf
igu ra
tion a nd the
i
nteg ralt o mo stp rog ram t ype st he
se d ays a
nd 32-b i
tb u rstbus.T he dif erence a
pplic at
ion s oftw are used ,t h
e se sys
tem s
a
nd u pd at
ing g raph icsf i
lest ake s al otof b
etween t het wo isthatthe4 86 S XC PU c
an e xecu te prog ram su pt o4 0p erc ent
c
ompu te rp owe rt o o
. c
l
ock r ate is2 0MHz a nd them ath f
a
ster.
A
side f rom t h
i s
,t h ec ompu te r c
o
-p roce ssori sop
tiona l
,e nab ling lower Accord ing t oI n
tel
,t h ep erf o
rmance i s
p
rog r am st hem selve sa reb igge rw ith mo re m
icrop roce sso rand totals y
stem c ost
.B y a
chieved b yu sing 4 86 techno logy w i
th
f
eature s( which m eans mo re l ine so f t
h
ism ean s,4 86 te
chno log yb ecome s o
n-ch ip ca che,i mproved m emo r
y
c
ode ),a nd mo re i nput/ou tpu t( which a
ccessible tot hem ainstream u ser,a nd i
n managemen ta nd o pt
im ised d esign
mean s mo re th
ing st ok eep t r
ack o f)
.
Upg rade so fe x
isting p rog ram sc an
n
o rma lly use mo re pro cessing s peed . P
erfor mance—transact
ion t
hroughput
T
oa lt heforego ing c an b ea dded 1
00 95
multi
-ta sking,n etwo rking a nd d ata
c
ommun ication s
.P lus mo re i nteg ration,
b
igge rf i
les
,h ighe rr eso lution a nd mo re 80
c
omp lex o utpu tr equi remen t s
.T he
c
ompu te rw illh ave t oh and le a lt h
isa ta
s
peed f a
stert h
an h itherto e xpe rienced — 6
0
f
a
ste rb ootu p,s creen u pd at
ing a nd 5
0

p
rog ram e xecu t
ion .T og ot h
i s
,t he
40
e
qu ipmen tn eeds ap owe rfulp ro cessor— 3
4
s
ome th ing l i
ke I n
tel's3 3MHz 8 0486 ,
D
igitalE quipmen t's2 5MHz R 3000 ,I BM's
2
0
2
5MH z2 564 o rS UN 's4 0MHz C Y7C600 .

0
PO WER TO THE P
EOPLE SUN AT&T SUN AT&T
When Intelintroduced th e486 DX S
PARCserver S
tarSer
ver E S
PARCserver S
torServer E
m
icropro cesso r
,i tde
livered twice the 390 490 2 CPUs
p
erformance o ft he386 DX a tthes ame (
projected)
c
lock r
ate (33MHz ) —s ee Fi
gure 1 .There CPUs : CY7C601 486 CY7C601 2 x 4
86
wasenough c ompu t
ing p owerf or 25MHz 3
3MHz 33MHz 3
3MHz
h
igh-end d e
sktop m achine s
,a nd enough
t
hroughpu tf o
rs erversand m ainframe
F
i
gur
e3 .T
ran
sac
tion p
ro
ces
sing p
e
rfo
rmance
.Thisse
tofsp
ec
if
ica
tionss
i
mul
ate as
i
mpl
eus
er
c
ompu te r
s.T he 486 DX family (see F
igures w
i
thdrawa
lordepo
sitt
oa nac
coun
tin ar
e
ta
ilbank
ing e
nv
ironment
.
5
4 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
 '

32 b
it data b
us

32 b
it data b
us

L
inear address b
us
B
us i
nterface

Barre
l S
eg mentat
ion Cache un
it Address
un
it P
aging d
rivers
s
hifter
u
nit
R
egis
ter Descr
iptor
r
egisters 8K b
yte
f
i
le T
rans
lat
ion c
ache
L
imit + l
ook a
side
ALU
a
ttr
ibute P
LA buffer

D
isp
lace ment bus Bus contro
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icro r
equest
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nstruct
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ref e
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equencer

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yte

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loat
ing Contro
l and c
ode queue
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nstruct
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int p
rotect
ion
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ecode
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it t
est u
nit 2
x1 6 b
yte

Cache c
ontro
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F
P Decoded Code
Contro
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r
egister i
nstruct
ion s
trea m
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f
i
le path

F
i
gur
e4 .T
he486m
icrop
roce
ssor p
ip
elined 3
2-b
itar
chite
cture
. Onemil
lion t
r
ansi
stor
sin
teg
ratec
a
chememory
,f l
oat
ing p
o
inthardwar
eand
m
emory m
anag
ementononechip
,w hil
er e
tain
ing
,bina
ry compa
tib
il
ity wi
th p
rev
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softh
e86a
rch
itec
turalfam
ily
.

t
echno logy t oe xecu te f requen t A
rchitectu re)o r MCA (Micro C hannel u
sersa re st
il
lc ons ide r
ing wha tt heir n ext
i
nstruc tion si n as ing le c ycle.T he 4 86 S X A
rchitecture )3 2
-bitbus compu ting. machine s hould b e
.W ith t hea dvento fthe
c
an a dd re ssu pt o 4G igaby te so fp hy sical I
ndeed ,t he company o fersi n
teg rated ch
ip 3
86 a nd n ow t he4 86 ,d own -sizing to
memor ya nd 6 4T eraby te so fv irtua l s
et
sf o
rb oth ofthese popularb u s mul
ti-u se rP Csa nd P Cn etwo rksh as
memory .T he u n
i tf urthe rs uppor t s a
rchitecture s.The fami
ly ofp roduc ts b
ecome ar ea
li ssue i nth eI BM m id -
range
Window s3 86 e nhanced mode ,t he reby ofered isi ntended tosat
isfy ar ange of r
eplacemen tm arke t
.D own -sizing can a l
so
ofe r
ing a cce s st ot he p roce sso r's v irtual markets ecto rsfrom 'no
tebook 'o r b
ea ch ieved w ith s uch p erformance a nd
memory c apab i
litie s,a sw ella se nab ling '
pa
lm top 'c ompu terstoe nterprise-wide c
ostb enef itsthatm id-range u sersn ot
mu lt
i-tasking o fn on -W indow s s
ys
tem s;f rom entryleveltoh igh-end w
ishing t ore-deve lop a pplica t
ion ss ee
a
pp lication s
. d
esktop sa nd se
rvers.Figure 5s ervest o P
C-ba sed s olut
ions a s an a
tu ral
Adding t hem ath c o-proce s so ri s i
lustrate h ow thef am
ily mightc a
terf o
rt he r
eplacemen t
.
r
e commended f o rt ho se a pplica tion sw ith v
ariousb usinessc omputing m arkets ec
tors. D own -s
izing f r
om am id-range t oP C
mathema tica lo pera tion si nvolv ing v ery i
sap rac ticalreality and o ne t ha
tc an b e
l
arge n umbe r s
,f loating p oin tn umbe rs, DO WN
-SIZ
ING a
chieved w ithou ta ny prog ram o r
c
omp lex c alcu lation sa nd g raph ic s
. T
he increa s
ing industryt rend towa rds a
pplica tion sre-deve lopmen t —a l the
Examp le si nclude s p read shee ts,b usine ss '
down -s
izing'i sse
tt
ing t he IBM m id-range h
ardwa re and softwa re techno logy n eeded
g
raph icsa nd C AD wo rk . Mo s
tu se rsa nd marketalight,and creat
ing am arke t t
om ake d own-sizing p ossib le isal
ready
compu te rm anu fac ture rst oday p ref er o
ppo rtunity worth ane s
tima ted £100 a
vai
lab le .D own -sizing c an a l
so b e
m aking t h em ath c o-p roce s so ro ptiona l
.B y m
illion int he UK
,a nd £13 b i
ll
ion a cross a
chieved a t amin ima lc osta sw e
lla s
doing t his,t heu se rc an e i
the rp urcha se the E
urope ,a susersl o
ok f o
ra l
ternat
ive st othe ofer
ing c on s
ide rab le perfo rmance
p
roce sso rw ith t he s y stem ,o ra dd i tl a
te ras A
S/400 m inicompu tert or eplace their b
enef its.
f
inanc ialr esource sa l
low a nd a pp lica tions a
geing System /36 minicompu ters
. Acco rding t o arecen ts urvey o ft he
d
i ctate.O fc our se t he s pin-of fi sal owe r Today u pto65p erc ento fSys
tem /36 Cont
inued o
n p
age 5
9.
entryc ost wh ich c an b ea dvan tageou st oal.
Adding t he4 87 S Xm ath c o-p ro ce s
so r
i
n crea sest he s peed o fm a
th s
-in ten sive
Server/Mu
lti—user 486 — 50
s
of twa re a pp lica t
ion sb ya s much a sf ive 1
2,000+
t
ime so ve rt he 4 86 S XC PU a lone .B y
i
nteg rating t he f loating p o
in tu n ita nd C PU H
igh e
nd d
esktop 486 — 50
f
unc tion so n-ch ip,t he 4 87 S Xu nitd e
live rs 8
,000-1 2
,000

upt o7 0p erc en t mo re p erfo rmance t han a

386 DX 3 3C PU w ith a dded 3 87 DX 3 3m a
th Perfor mance mid —range 486 — 25/33
5
,000-8
,000
co-p roce sso rb a sed s ystem .N ow ,t he re is Cost 386 — 4
0
ani ndu s
try t rend f or OEM st oa dd ' z
e ro
Vo
lu me mid —range 486SX
insertion f orce s ocke ts f or' pe rfo rmance ' 3
,000-5
,000
386DX
upg rade s.S uch a na pp roach e nab le s
deale rs alesa nd u se ri nstallation a t al ow E
ntry l
eve
l 386SX
incremen talc ost,a nd a lso p rovide ss ystem <3
,000
386SL
m anu factu re r sa nd u se rsw ith e asie ra cce ss
t
of u
tu re u pg rade o ption s
.
T
he a pp roach b yI ntelw ith i t
s4 86
t
e chno log yp rov ide s al ow-co ste ntry t ot he F
i
gure5.Theb
us
ines
scompu
ting m
arketcompr
ise
ssev
erals
e
cto
rschara
cte
ris
ed byt
h
epr
iceand
wo rld o fE ISA ( Ex tended I ndu s
try S tanda rd p
er
forman
ceofd
if
fer
entc
omputersy
stems
.T h
isshow
st h
era
ngeofcomputerus
agei
n19
91.

F
e
bru
ary1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 5
 Howeve r, ab ar-code printed ona s
plash -p roof memb rane k eypad . E ntr
ies
b
yDav
id H
olroyd p
into fbeero ra cross as teak di nnerw ou
ld c
an b ea ss imp le a sp ress ing t he ' S
teak '
berather mo re comp licated —a nd pad
,f ore xamp le,a nd c an b e mod i
fied b y
c
ertainly no
ta st asty!T h
is isw hy arange p
ress ing o the rp re-de f
ined k eys w hich
hevery p leasu rable a c
ts of o
fn ew electronic a nd compu te r p
rovide o t here ssen tiali n
fo rma t
ion e .g
.
I b uying (?) ar ound o fd r
inks org o
ing e
quipmen ti n
tended s pecif
ically fo
rt he t
he mode o fc ook ing ( rare , w e
l
l-done , etc.)
o
utford inne ra re b e
ing s ubjected to ba
ra nd restau ranti ndustr
ies h as been a
nd a ny othe rs pec ial r equiremen ts. This
a
ne lectron
ic r evolu tion.T he existence o f i
n
troduced . A ma jorc ompetitori nth
is s
implified mu lt
iple e ntry s ystem i sk nown
E
lectronic Poin to fS a
le orE POS r
ecen t marketi sC heckou tC ompu ters, b
yC heckou ta s' l
i
nked menu 's e
lec t
ion .
e
quipmen tins upe rma rkets,a nd shops who have kindly supp l
ied u swith details o
f The 4 0 x8d ot ma tr
ix a lphanume r
ic
g
ene ral
ly (i
nclud ing t he ever-expand ing t
hei
rp roduc ts. d
isplay c an a lso b el inked t oa na dditional
c
hain of Maplin s tores ),isn ow v ery c
ustome rr emo te d isplay . AU n
ipos 2 54
w
idesp read.T he re a re now v ery few c ans t
ermina li sintended t ob eu sed a st he
o
fb eans orb ags o fs crews w h
ich a re not AB
yte t
oEa
t t
ermina li ne ach s e rving a rea,o rs tation
s
ubjected tot he d readed B ar
-Code T
hei rstory st
arts overf i
ve years ago w
ith
in ar estau ran t,a lthough i tcan
s
canne ra tthe P oin to fS a
le t i
lo r when B e
rn iInns,t hen independen tly r
ecogn ise u pt o2 56 o ft he d i
fferen t
c
heck -out
. As imple s w
ipe o fthe scanne r owned,c omm issioned ar ange o fE POS i
n
fra-red s ecu r
ity k ey c od ings a ssigned t o
wand overt he b ar-code n oto n
ly e nsu res h
ardwa re a nd sof
twa re fortheir e
ach w ai
te r.
t
hatthec or
rec tp rice o fani t
em i scha rged r
estauran ts.These l arge te
rmina ls were •Af
tert a
king t he o rde rf r
om t he
t
othec ustome r
's b i
l
l,b uta lso upda tes s
imilartot he Unipos 2 54,ilust
rated inthe c
ustome r,t he w a
ite r' l
ogs o nto't he
s
tock leve
lr eco rds ,p rovides r e-ordering p
ic
tu re above. s
ystem t hereby i den t
ifying h imsel f
.T he
i
n
forma tion a nd gi ves s ta
tist
icald a
ta o n U
nipos 2 54 terminals can caterfor wa
ite rthen u ses h ist erm ina lt os end t he
s
a
les ,custome rp urchas ing h abits and (
no pun intended !
)u pto2 54 di
fferent o
rdera t arate o f9 600 b aud v i
aa n
c
ompany t urnove r. i
t
ems ,e ach with thei
ro wn but
ton o nthe a
synch ronous c ommun ica t
ion c hanne lt o
5
6 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
 P
hoto l
b
.. ..a
nd t
he c
hefr
ece
iving i
tt
he
o
the
rend.

P
hoto l
a
. Aw
ait
ress s
end
ing a
norde
rtot
he k
i
tchen u
s
ing t
he U
nipos s
ystem. .. P
hoto 2
.Pr
int
ing t
he b
i
l
l.

b
oth t he ki
tchen ( toi n
form t he che fs o n i
nstruct
ion c yc
le t ime;a n IBM 3 780 b
et aken a nd t ransm itted d irec t
ly t ot he
d
ish p repa ra t
ion )a nd the office c ompu te
r P
rotoco lc onve rte
r; 1 28Kb to 4Mb o f c
ompu te rs ys tems a nd k i
tchen p rinterv i a
(
which k eeps t r
ack off ood s tock l evels, RAM ;a nd amass s t o
rage med ium i nthe a
ni n
fra- red s enso r. Itprovides f ast
e
tc.). P hoto l as hows awa itress e ntering f
orm of ah ard disc with capac ity inthe o
rde ring a nd d irectc ommun ica tion w ith
a
no rde r
,w h
ile inP hoto lbamembe ro f o
rde rof2 0t o1 20Mb ,a nd as tanda rd o
the rs taffa sw el
la st he compu te r. Pho to
k
i
tchen s ta ff receives t he i n
fo rma tion b y SCS Idisc in
te r
face .T here shou ld also be 4s hows s uch as ystem i nu se .T his
means o f ap r
inte r
. Afte rthe f ood h as b
etween 2a nd 8 0a synch ronous h
and -he ld O rde rT ake ru ses as upe r
tw ist
b
een p repa red,t he waite r
/wa i
tress w i
llb e c
ommun icat
ion c hanne ls,e ach with a 4
0 x 8L Cd isp lay fi
tted w ith as witchab le
paged w ith t he in
forma t
ion t hatt he orde r d
ata transferr ate ofb etween 7 5a nd b
ack -
ligh t. I thas 4 5p re-de fined k eys a nd,
i
sc omp le te a nd ready t ob es erved t ot he 1
9200 b aud,t hese e nsu r
ing s uppo rtf o
r l
i
ke t he 2 54 t erm inald esc r
ibed e ar
lier
,
c
us tome r
.A ny terminalc an p roduce t he t
he terminals u sed.T he centralo f
fice- t
ransm its a t9 600 b aud t ot he h os t. I
twill
b
i
ll;P hoto 2s hows b i
llp roduc t
ion a ta b
ased c ompu ters ystem u n
its hown i n s
to re upt o4 99 o pen t ab
le o rde rs f r
om 9 6
r
emo te si
te .B i
lla nd orde rprinte rs are Photo 3i sbased a round aD ata G ene ral d
ife ren ts erve rs.T hese a re a l i dentif
ied
u
sua lly 4 0-column t ypes w ith eithe r1 0or Nova 1 6
-bitc ompu te r,a nd isf i
t
ted with b
yc oded p lastic keys ,a sf ea tured o nt he
15l i
nes p e rs econd ( I
.p.s.)f eed a nd 3 o
ptionalX 25 and Viewda ta interfaces . Unipos 2 54.b utt os ave s pace s ome k eys
I
.
p.s.p r
ints peeds .T hese a re e ssen tially have s eve ralf unc t
ions . I t
s1 kg w e
igh ta nd
c
us tom isab le receiptp r
in ters w hich 366 x 1 80 x 10mm s ize make i th
ighly
p
roduce s tanda rd size t ear
-o fft i
cke ts. T
ake
-away T
erm
ina
l portable ,a l
though as imi
la rs ystem i nu se
Back-of ice a nd manage r
ials uppor t A
sc an bes een,the Restaurant ont he C on t
inen tuti
lises e ven sma ller
t
ort hese s ystems w il
lv ary with t he size of a
rrangemen ts a
re fl
exib
le and w e
ll
- Psion O rgan ise r
-sized u nits.D ata
netwo rk. C heckou tr ecommend ac entral d
esigned.W ith t
he addi
tion oft
he t
ransm iss ion f r
om p ortable t erm ina ls is
compu ters ystem f eaturing:a h
and -he
ld REPOS ( Remo te En
try Po
int r
ece ived b yr emo te I .R.s enso rs w h
ich a re
m
ic rop rocesso rwith 1 6-bita rchitec ture o
fS a
le)O rderT aker
,f l
exib
il
ity i
s l
oca ted a round t he b u
ilding . I ti
so f
ten t h
is
and a1 50 t o6 00 nanosecond CPU i
ncreased fur
therst
il
l.H ere,orders may '
poin t
ing o f at ermina lt ot he s ky'w h
ich

F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 5
7
 pr
a
nd i t
ssenso rs)c an beu sed inthe answe r
:" seven teen p ounds eighty",
f
amil
ia rrestauran t
, hote
la nd b anqueting which seems a boutrights ow ep ay up
.
s
ett
ings . Possibly more innovative would We are u n
likely tohave e i
therreceipts o
r
b
et he use ofs uch order
ing systems i n aprice li
s
t,a nd sot he running t
otalofthe
b
ars and p ubs. H ow many times h ave we o
rde rh as been h e
ld only intha
tt a
lented
a
l marve l
led a tthe mentala r
ithme t
ic b
rain.N o
ta ny mo re!
s
ki
lls (as wel
la st he o
thera t
tr
ibu tes)of Us
ing t e
rm inals such asU nipos 128
o
urf avouri
te b ars e
rver.T en di
fferent o
rU n
ipad 7 8,a l t
he bene f
its o
fE POS in
d
r
inks ,n ume rous crisps and peanu ts o
the rsett
ings c an bei n
troduced i n
to tha
t
(
and o ne f
orh erself
)a nd back c omes an swi
ftesta nd b us
iesto fp l
aces —t he ba
r.

P
hoto 3
. Of
ice C
ompu
terU
nit
.

a
ler
ts the d
ine
rt ot
he o
pera
tion o
fthe
r
emo te s
ystem.
O
rde re ntry f ora lt ermina ls i s made
s
imp le with the s ystem r equir
ing t ab le a nd
waiterd etai
ls b e fo re c ommenc ing . S et
a
nd ' l
inked ' menus a re offered ,t he
s
ys tem e nsur ing t hata ss oon a st he
s
ta r
ters h ave b een e nte red o rde red ,a
main c ourse w il
lb ep romp ted f or. I fthe
s
elec t
ion i slimited o rs peciali
ty -based
(
e
.g . inthe c ases o fp izza p ar
lou rs a nd
b
u rgerb a
rs)t hen t he s ystem c an b e
d
es igned t oo ffero pt
ions a round t he
s
pec if
ic themes .
Mos toft he c onven ience a ngles
s
eem t oh ave b een c ove red a nd t he
b
us iness a dvan tages o ft i
ghte rs t ock
c
on trol
,f astero rde r-tak ing a nd l ess
o
ppor tunity f o
r' shrinkage '(i.
e.w as tage
a
nd t heft
)a re h igh ly e viden ti na ni n dustry
p
lagued b ys uch p rob lems . In many ways
i
tseems o dd t hati ttook s olong t o
p
roduce as ystem f ors uch a na rea .B uti t
e
xists n ow,a nd i nt he wo rds ofo ne u ser:
"
i
tr eal
ly d oes o ffe rt he means t od eve lop
asuccess fula nd p rofitab le
e
stab l
ishmen t".

P
ropp
ing u
pthe B
ar
I
tiseasy t
osee h
ow s
uch c
l
ever
t
echnology (
i
.e
.the h
and
-held t
e
rmina
l P
hoto 4
. AR
EPOS t
e
rmina
linu
se.

The b asics a re the s ame ;t he keys

r
ep resen ts pecif
ic p r
iced i t
ems ( such a sa
'
d ash'o fl ime or a' s
ly'o fv odka ). Pr
in ters
f
orr ece ipts a nd a ud
itp urposes c an b e
i
nstalled ,a l
though t he u suals tock c on tro
l
and a uditt r
ails exist
. U nipad 7 8,s hown i n
Pho to 5,t r
ansm its via amu l
tip
lexe r
(
installed i fseve ralb art ermina ls are
u
sed )t othe ma in h ostc ompu te ra nd a cts
a
sa ne x
tra t ermina l
,e nabling b ars tafft o
t
ake o rde rs withou th aving t or ush toa nd
f
rom t he til
.A ccess t ot he ti
lc an b e
c
on trolled t h
rough p lastic keys o ri dentity
c
odes . Elec t
ron ic s ystems i nt he b ar
s
eem t op rovide many a dvan tages . I t
s
hou ld e nab le ou rdrinks t ob e mo re
q
uick ly served ,t he manage rw il
lk now
h
ow many s taffh en eeds ,a nd o rde r
ing '
p
ape r work w il
lb e much s imp l
ified.S uch
s
ys tems w i
lla lso give u ss ome thing r ea
lly
n
ew— ar ece iptf oro urd r
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P
hoto 5
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ipos 7
8'S
elec
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ad'
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5
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aga
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e
brua
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Afi
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Uni
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6
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lr eco rd ald ispensing i n
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f
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mete rs. Itwi
llr ecord each occas ion thata
b
o t
tle isr emoved o rthe barrelc hanged ,
t
hus e nab l
ing ad irec
tc ompa r
ison o fs a
les
a
nd a c
tua l amoun ts d
ispensed t otake
p
lace . Inothe r wo rds
, ifin
co r
rect
measu res h ave b een served then t he
manage rw il
l b ei n
formed a st ow hen t hat
o
ccu rred. Mo re i mpor
tantly,s uch a
s
ystem w il
ld e
te rb arstaf
ff r
om t heft
.

Wax
ing P
hilosoph
ica
l
T
he B ara nd t he R estauran tare c ongen ial
p
laces ofc ompan ionsh ip a nd
e
ntertainmen t.T rue,t hey n eed g ood
s
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tings a nd custome r
c
are. N ow,w ith t he la
testo fe lectronic
a
dvances ,t he manage rw i
llb ea b
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s
pend mo re ti me creating t hat amb ience
s
of a
rm iss ing i n many o ft oday's wa te r
ing
h
oles. Such ac ase wou ld p rovide ar eal
e
xamp le o felec tronics i mp roving o ur
e
nvironmen ta nd b enefit
ing t he really
i
mportan ta spec ts ofo ure veryday l i
ves!
C
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t
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il
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T
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I
BM m id -
range m arket
,o verthree q uarters
o
fu sersa l
ready h ave PCsatached t otheir
s
ys
tem ,a nd n early at h
ird ofsi
te sare
p
lanning t oinsta
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two rk int he next
y
ear. In aser
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c
ompa re the mul t
i-u serperformance o f
t
he Compaq S ystemP ro PC,using
C
alifornia Sof
twa re's '
Baby softwa re,with
t
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S
ystemP ro o u
tpe rformed t he AS/400 byu p
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CPU BENC H MARKS

The S ystem sP e rformance E valuation
Co-ope rative ( SPEC )isan on -profit making
o
rgan isation f ormed t od evelop as tanda rd
s
uite o fb enchma rk prog ram st h
at
efective ly mea su re the p erformance o f
c
ompu ting s ystem si na c
tua la pplication
e
nv ironmen ts.T he performance o fa
s
ystem u nde rt esti s mea sured b y
c
ompa ring t he e xecu t
ion t ime of
i
ndiv idua lp rog ram st ot hato f aD igi
tal
Equipmen tV AX 1 /780 s ystem . AS PEC
r
atio i sthe r a
tio o fthe elap sed time o na
s
pec ific platform f or as pecific benchma rk
.
When t estsw ere c onduc ted u s
ing a4 86
microproce sso rb ased system —t he A LR
P
owe rCache 3 3/4e —t he r esults were
e
ithe rb et
te rt han o rc ompa rable tot hose
f
rom h ighly p riced t echn ica l work s
tation s
.
A
lso , when c on side ring t he rat
io o fprice vs
performance ,t he A LR P owerCache 3 3/4e
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UN '
sm idrange3 -D g
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th s
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lid 3
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F
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brua
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992 M
apl
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 ma
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m
illion a mp s
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e o perator
m
i stype s '100mA '! N eve r
the less, the pro-
g
ram t o be d escribed d oes d̀ o a l t he
work', a nd f lags u p s ome e r
ro rs o r

L
i
nea
rD C
p
rob lem s (oft h ose w h
ich i tc an de
tec t) by
o
n-sc reen m essag es
. Y ou c an't m ak e the
M̀A' e rror
, b ecause y ou h ave t o e nter
e
very thing i np lain volts and a mps
. T here
i
s aw ay t o a ccept i nputs w hich i n
clude
metric mu ltiplie r abbreviation s and p rint
o
utpu tsw i
th t hem a sw ell, w hich Ih ave in
a
n i mp edan ce c a
lculat
ing p rogram t hat
may b e p ublished o ne d ay, b ut itw ou ld
mak e th e presen t prog ram t oo long i fit
w
e re included .

. S
tar
T
ting
he d
-Up
esign c a
l culation s p
r esen ted i nP art
s

P
owe
rSupp
l
ies
1and 2r ef
e rt ot h ec i
r cui
tc ond i t
ion sw hen
t
hes t
e ady -stateh asb een r each ed ,w hich is
norm ally l ess t han 1 0 c ycles o ft he m ains
s
upp ly f requen cy a f
te rs witch -on ,a nd this
,
f
or th e 5 0Hz m ains, i s0.2s. A s f a
r a st h
e
u
s e
ro ft h ee qu ipmen t i scon ce rned , t h
isi s
u
sually q u
ite a dequa te, b u
t i n t e
rm s o f
P
art Three — e
lectron ics,2 00m si sa long ,l o ng t ime,a nd

CO MP UTER -AI DE D DESI G N a

l s
upp
or
ha
tso
se
'
ft
. I
h
ing
np ar
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t
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ent
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-
an
b
y y.m. Woodgate B
.Sc
.(Eng
.), C
.Eng
.,M
.I .
E.E.
, c
ause f uses t ob low . We s aw a n e xtreme
c
ase i n P art 2w ith t h
e s er
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-cap a c
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M
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C
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irect-on -line c ircuit,w h
ere w ec ould g eta
s
urgeo f1 80A u nlessw epr even ted i t
.L e
ss
e
xtreme s urge c urren ts o ccur i n
P
rologue f
o
llow ing r e
sul ts. E a ch h alf-seconda ry
t
ransf orme r -fed c i
r cuits, b ut t hey o ften
Thisi sPa r
t 3o f as
eries,a nd you w i
lln eed p
rodu ced 8 V r ms, a nd a d iode -pump
d
oub ler a cro ss o ne h alf
-se conda ry p ro- g
reatly i nfluen ce t h
e n ece ssa ry c urrent
t
he o ther p ar
ts tog et the b es
t f rom t h
is r
at
ing a nd ' p
r e-ar c
ing t ime c ha racteristic
'
o
ne , so
, i fyou have nota lready g ot them, d
uced 2 0V DC o n lo
ad . T he l oad r e
sistor
w
a s 47011 fora l t he t
ests, sot hat thel oad o
f t he f use s i n t he t ransf orm er p rima ry
b
eg , b o
rrow o r order t he p revious t wo a
nd/o r s econda ry c i
rcuits. T hes e s urges
i
s
sue s of t he magazine I M MED IATELY ! c
urren t w as h igher f o
r h i ghe r o utpu t
v
oltages. Ad iode -pump d oub le ra crosst he o
ccur b ecau se a t s witch-on t he r eservoir
We aret a
lk ing aboutc i
rcui tsforo btaining c
apaci tor i sn ot c harg ed, a nd b ehav es a sa
DC s uppliesf r
om t hem ain s
,u sing various whole seconda ry w inding p roduced 4 0V
DC, w hi
le t he ' o
ne-and -a -ha lf-er' p ro- v
ery l ow r e
si s
tan cel o
ad o nt he DC o utput.
r
ectif
ier c i
rcuits w
ith r e
servo ir capac
ito r
s. The i mp edan ce l o oking i nto t he t r
ans-
Mo s
tly w e are ta
lking a bou t low-voltage d
uced 3 0V, a nd w ould t hu s b e am ore
e
l
egan t and e ff
icien t way ofo btaining 3 0V f
orme r p rima ry i st hen d ue t o l e
akag e
s
upp l
ie s
, a nd c i
rcuits including a m ains i
nduc tance , w hich s hould b e n eg l
igible,
t
ransforme r
. I n Part
s 1a nd 2 , we h ave t
han gene rating 4 0V and t hen w ast
ing 1 0V
(
and, with t he4 701 1load, 8 50m W a sh eat: a
nd ar e
sistan ce R e
:
l
ooked a t mo s
t of t h
e c ommon t ypes of
c
i
r cuit, a nd h ow t o d esign t hem w ith t
h
is v alue c ould b e severa l w atts i ft he
Re = R1 + I
ts/
n2,
i
nsight. I n thi
s part, w e h ave o ne m ore c
urrentw erel a
rg er)i n adropp ing r es
istor.
c
i
r cuit to l ook at
, a nd t h
en w e have a P
rovided i ti so fa dequa te c u rren t rat
ing ,
w
here R1 i
sthe r
es
istance oft
he p
rimary
c
ompu ter-aided des
ign p rog ram. t
hes ame c ent re
- tapp ed s e
condar yw inding
c
an al
so b eu s ed w ith thec i
r cu itso fF igu re w
inding
, nisthe t
urns ra
tio
, e
qua
l tothe
r
a
tio of primary v ol
tag e t
o n o
-load
Hangover 2
ao rF igure4 a( Part 1)
,o rF igu r e5 b( Part
s
e
condary v
ol
tage, a
nd:
2
)
,t oprovide o ne, two o reven mo re,o ther
Having f in
ish ed Pa r
t 2 , Ire
alised that a
t
DC supplie s
.
t
he e nd o fP art 1,t ha
t Ih ad p romised a R s = R2 + k
Ra +R
.,
'
voltage o ne-and -a
-half-er
' circuit
, s o we
h
ad b ette
rc leart hatu pn ow. Thisi sone o
f C
ompu
ter
-Aided D
esign where R2 i st
her e
sistanceo fthes econda ry
t
het r
icks thate nable var
iousd iffe
rent DC C
ompu te r
-aided d esign ( CAD ) p rog ram s w
ind ing, k Rd isthe eff
ective resistance of
v
oltage s upplies tob e o b
tained f r
om o ne c
ove r av ery wide f i
eld ,r anging f rom t hose kdiode s inseri
es (n o
rma lly 2f or the ful
l-
t
r
an sfo rmer, w ithou t w as
ting p owe r in s
o d iff
i cult to u s e t hat t h
ey h ave b een w
av eb ridge and 1fora lt heo therc ircui
ts)
'
d
ropp ing resistors
'. l
abelled ' c
ompu t er
-h inde red d esign', t o a
nd Re i s the r e
sistance ( ESR ) o f the
o
the r
s w hich d o a l the d iff
icult w ork f o
r r
e
se rvoir capaci
tor.
t
he de s
ign er tos uch a n exten t that an on- The w o
rst c ase o f s urg e c urrent
t
echnica l c ompu te r o perator o nly h as t o o
ccu rs when t h
e m ains s w
i t
ch i sc l
osed at
e
nter s om e e lemen tary d ata a nd t hen t
he p eak oft he m a
in s voltage w avef o
rm ,
f
o
llow s imp le on-scr een i nst
ruction s. Pro- s
o
, f or 240V m ains, we g e
t ap eak instan-
g
ram s t hat are di ff
icult t ou se ar e simp ly t
aneou s surge cur
ren t Ips:

b
ad p rog rams, a nd s hould b e c arefully
d
i
stingu i shed from t hos e w h
ich w ork w el
l I
s =2
p 40 V2
/12
,
b
ut r equi re the us er toh av e con side rable
u
nde rstand ing o f t he d es
ign p ro cedu res Unt
ilt her es
ervo ircapa c
itori sasfully
F
igu
re9.Vol
tag
e'o
ne-and-a-ha
lf-
er' ,d
e
riv
ed
a
nd t he s ub
je ct i n g ene ra
l. P rog ram s c
ha rged asi ti seve r go
ing t ob e, i.
e. the
f
r
om th
edi
odepump v
oltage
-double
r. which d o a l t h e w ork a re s ome time s c
i
r cuit h a
s e ntered t h
e ' s
teady s ta
te',
c
r
iticised f or d̀
e-sk i
lling'd e s
ign,a nd t here p
rog ress
ively s maller surge c ur
rents f l
ow
The c
ir
cuit i
sshown i nFigu
re 9,a nd i
s some s ubstan ce i n t his, for ab l
ind d
uring e a
ch s uccessive half
-cycle ofsupp ly
i
sba
sical
ly adiode
-pump d oub
ler(see Pa
rt r
e
lian ce o n the c ompu ter c an r esult i n v
oltage. N orma l
ly, these don oth ave tob e
2
)
,b utt h
er e
servo
irc apac
itorand theload s
e
riou s e rrors (usually b y people, n ot the t
aken i n
to a c
coun t, b ut we shal
l s e
e later
r
e
sis
tor are re
turned to the c
entre
-tap of c
ompu te r) n o
t b eing d etected . F or h
ow t h
is could b e done. B ut how c an w e
t
hetr
an s
formers e
cond a
ry wind
ing,i n
stead e
xamp le , a p rog ram m igh t f a
i thfully f
i
nd o u
t w hat i shappen ing i nt h
e c i
rcuit
o
ftothee nd
. Ap rac
ticalexample g
ave the d
esign ap ow ers upp ly t ogive 100MA ( 100 wh
il e t
his charging p rocess isgoing o n
?
6
0 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
bru
ary 1
9
92
S
tep
-by
-St
ep
10 REM : 1 9. 2MRECO7
I
ti sp ossib le t o c a
lcu la te i n s ome d eta i
l 20 REM : PROGRAM " RECTIFIER" by J.M . Woodgate August 1 991 Version 8 .1
w hat h appen s i n t he s t
art -up p ha se b y 30 REM : based on an original by J . English 1 985
'
a nalogue ' m athema tica lm ethod s( i
. e. f ind 40 ONERROR GOTO 2 770
50 DIM res(15,5) : DIM lookup(16, 1)
f
unc tion s t ha t r ep re sen t t he s tates o f t he 60 PROCalphatable
c
ircu it t hrough t ime,a nd m an ipu late t he se 70 PROCintro
80 REPEAT
t
o f ind d esired r esu lts ), b ut o f
ten i ti sn't
90 PROCmenu
v
e ry e asy . T he re i sa no the r w ay, w hich 100 UNTIL done
m ay b e c al
led t he ' s
tep -by -step ' a pp roach , 110 CLS : END
120 :
a
lthough i th as o the r f a ncy n ame s ( such a s 130 DEF PROCcalc
'
finite e l
emen t a naly si s
' )
. We b eg in b y 140 IF TY=0 TY=TX
150 K=1000000/(CA.72.HZ)
l
o oking a tw ha t h appen s i na n i nitial v e ry
160 IF TY=1 VF=2.VD : RF=2"RD : ELSE VF=VD : RF=RD
s
ho rt t ime i nte rva l, i mmed iate ly a f
te r 170 PRINT " START-UP PHASE"
switch -on . I ft his i n
te rva l i ss ho rt e nough , 180 INPUT "Number o f half-cycles to analyse ( RETURN f or 15, max. 51) "stp
190 IF stp=0 s tp=15
c
ompa red w ith o ne c ycle o f m ain s 200 IF stp MOD 2 = 0 stp=stp+1
f
requency , w e c an m ake s ome a pp rox i- 2
10 I F stp > 51 stp-51
m ation s w hich g reatly s imp lify t he c alcu - 2
20 PRINT " Half"; TAB(6); "0/P"; TAB(13); "0/P"; TAB(20); "TfrSec";
TAB(27); " TfrSec"; TAB(34); "TfrPr"
l
ation sw ithou ts ign ifican tl osso fa c cu racy . 230 PRINT " cyc. "; TA8(6); "Vmax"; TAB(13); "Vmin"; TAB(20); " Irms";
We t hen u se t he r esu lts o f t h ese c alcu - TAB(27); " Ipk"; TAB(33); " IrmsmA"
240 VW=0 : VU=0 : OVL=0 : count-0
l
ation s t o f ind o ut w ha t h appen s i n t he
250 FOR 3=1 TO stp
nex t v ery s ho rt i nte rva l , and s oo n. T o d o 260 VM=0 : VN=3.VS : I P=0 : VP-0 : VQ=2*VS : WD=0
t
hi s, h oweve r, w en eed ad eep u nde rstand - 2
70 I F J MOD 2 =1 OR TY MOD2=1 MS=0
280 FOR 1 =0 TO 3 5
i
n go fw ha ta ctua lly h appen si nt h ec ircu it, 290 IF J MOD 2 =0 AND TY MOD2=0 VI=0 : VJ=1. 414.VS.SIN(. 0873.I+. 0436)
w hich w e c an o f
ten g ain f r
om t he ELSE VI=1. 414"VS*SIN(. 0873*I+ . 0436) : V3=0
3
00 I F 3(3 I D=IL.VW/VS ELSE I D-IL
c
omp l ica ted ' analogue ' a naly sis u nde r
3
10 I C=( VI-VW-VF) /( RS+RF)
c
e rtain s pe cial c ond ition s. F or e xamp le, 3
20 I F IC<0 I C=0
we m igh t b e a b
le t o a naly se t he c i
r cu it 3
30 MS=MS+IC"2
340 VW=VW+(IC-ID) *K
behav iou r w ith a s qua re-wave i npu t, a nd 3
50 WD=WD+/C*( VD+RD.IC)
t
h en u se t hat i nsigh t t od o as t
ep -by -s tep 360 IF TY=4 PROCdouble
3
70 VO=VW+VU
analy sis f or ad isto rted s ine -wave i npu t,
380 IF VO<VN VN=VO
w hich w e c ou ldn 't e asily ( if a t a l) s olve 3
90 I F VO>VM VM=VO
d
i rec tly . I fw e d on 't u nde rs tand h ow t h
e 4
00 I F IC>IP I P=FNround(IC,2)
4
20 NEXT I
c
ircu it b ehave s, w e a r e u n like ly t o k now
4
30 I F TY>1 AND 3 >1 RM=SQR( MS/72) ELSE R 1
'I=SQR( MS/36)
w hat t oc alcu la te a te ach s tep . 4
35 I I=10"3*FNround( RM.VS/VH, 3)
Of c our se , t his a pp roach r equ i re s 4
40 R1 =FNround( RM,2)
4
50 WD= WD/72 : WD=FNround(1000.WD,2)
s
eve ra l c alcu la tion s t o b e d one f or e ve ry 4
60 I F 3=1 I S=RM : IQ=IS.VS/VE : I C)=1000.FNround(IQ,3)
small s tep , w hich m ean s h und red so re ven 4
70 I F 3<5 OR J MOD 4 = 3 PROCstep
4
80 NEXT J
t
hou sand s o fc alcu lation s b efo re w e o bta in
4
90 PROChold
t
he f ina l r esul ts. I n t he p ast, a stronom ica l 5
00 VL=( VM+VN ) /2 : VL=FNround( VL,2)
a
nd m athema t
ica l t able s, w hich r equ ired 5
10 VR=( VM-VN ) /2 : VR=FNround( VR,2)
5
20 IF TY MOD 2 =1 r ratio =RS*IL/VL ELSE rratio =RS*IL/(2.VL)
t
he u se o fm ethod s sim ila r t oo ur s̀ tep -by -
5
25 PROCalpha
s
tep ' a naly si s, w ere c omp iled b y l arge 5
30 IF IA=0 IA=RM
g
roup s o fm athema tic ian s ( often s tuden t s) 5
40 IF VA-0 VA=VS-( RM"RS)
5
50 IF PR=0 PR=FNround(( VS-VA) *100/VS,2)
s
i
tting a td e sk s, b usi
ly c runch ing n umbe rs 5
60 VA=FNround( VA,2)"
f
or w eek s o n e nd . B elieve i to r n ot, t h ese 5
70 prp=FNround(100*VV/VL,2)
p
eop le w ere c alled ' compu te r s'. 5
80 IF TY=2 CI=0. 031*VR/K ELSE I F TY=4 CI=0. 031.VC/K ELSE I
F TY MOD2=1
CI=0. 062"VR/K
L uck ily, w ed on' t n eed t od ot his ;o ur 590 CI=1000*FNround(CI,3)
c
ompu te rs a re p a r
ticu la rly g ood a td oing 600 DCR=100"(SQR(2) *VS-VL UVL : DCR=FNround( DCR, 1)
610 PROCgrab : resflag=TRUE : PROCoutprint : ENDPROC
h
undred s o r t hou sand s o f s im ila r c alcu -
620 :
l
a
tion s,a nd d ot hem much f aste ra nd mo re 630 DEF PROCinprint
a
ccu ra tely t han p eop le d o. S o s tep -by -s tep 640 PRINT " INPUTS"
650 PRINT "Title of this run " ; U S
method s, w hich w ere o ften i mp rac ticab le 660 PRINT "Rectifier c ircuit type " ; TYS
b
efo re c ompu te rs b ecame a va ilab le , a re 670 PRINT " Primary voltage "; VH ; " V"
n
ow much i nf a vour . P e rhap s t his f ash ion , 680 PRINT "Actual mains voltage/Nominal mains voltage " ; FS
690 PRINT "Mains supply f requency " ; HZ; Hz"
l
i
ke m any o the rs, i st end ing t og o t oo f ar. 700 PRINT " Reservoir capacitor value " ; CA; " uF"
Remembe r t hat y ou n eed t o h ave a b asic 710 PRINT " Diode forward voltage " ; VD; " V"
720 PRINT "Effective d iode resistance " ; RD; " ohm"
u
nde rstand ing o f h ow a c ircu i t w o rk s 730 PRINT " DC load current "; I L; " A"
b
ef ore y ou c an w rite a s tep -by -step 740 IF wflag PROCwinprint
p
rog ram . T he re i s at rend n ow t ou se t he 750 IF rflag PROCrinprint
760 IF NOT wflag : I F NOT rflag s flag=TRUE
p
rin ted r esu lts o f s tep -by - step p rog ram s 770 ENDPROC
AS A S UBST ITUTE f o
r u nde r s
tand ing 780 :
790 DEF PROCoutprint
h
ow t he c i
r cu it b ehave s i n g iven c ond i- 800 PRINT "OUTPUTS"
t
i
on s. T hi s i s av ery d ange rou s t r
end , f or 810 PRINT "Actual mains voltage "; FS.VH; " V
"
who w ill w rite t h e p rog ram s w hen e ve ry - 8
20 PRINT "DC output voltage "; VL; " V"
830 PRINT "P-P ripple volts "; VV
; " V "
o
ne h as f orgo tten h ow t he c ircu its w o rk? 8
40 PR/NT "P-P ripple "; prp; " S"
I
n t h e p rog ram t o b e d esc ribed , t he 850 PRINT "DC output voltage regulation, no load - f ull load "
; DCR ; %
"
h
a rd b it w a s d one b y Mr . J .E ng lish , a nd 860 PRINT "Secondary source resistance " ; RS; " ohm"
870 PRINT "Full-load rms secondary current " ; RM; " A"
p
ub l
i shed i n ' Electron ic P roduc t D e sign ' 880 IF RM>IA PRINT "RMS SECONDARY CURRENT EXCEEDS RATED VALUE"
i
n 1 9 85 . T his i st he p a rt w hich c a
lcu la te s 890 PRINT "Conduction angle " ; alpha; " deg"
900 PRINT "Conduction t ime ratio "; tratio
a
l t h e v alue s o f ' inte rmed ia te v ariab le s' 910 PRINT "1/2-cycle secy . surge current "; IS; " A"
which h ave t o b e p as sed o n t o t he n ex t 920 PRINT "1/2-cycle pri. surge current " ; IQ; " mA"
s
tep , a nd , w hile t hei ndiv idua lc a
lcu la tion s 930 PRINT "Repetitive peak diode current " ; IF; " A"
940 PRINT "Res' voir cap
. rms ripple current "; FNround(CI, 2); " mA"
a
re r athe r e asy , t he r ea son s f or t hem , a nd 950 PRINT "Diode power d issipation "; WD; " mW"
t
he p hy sica l s ign ificance o f t he v a riou s 960 IF nopflag PROChold
970 ENDPROC
i
nte rmed ia te v ariab le s, a re t o o c omp lex t o 980 :
g
o i nto h ere. T he v ariab le n ame s u sed i n 990 DEF PROCmenu
t
hep rog ram a ren o
tn ece ssarily t hes ame a s 1000 done-F A
LSE : CLS

t
he s ymbo ls u sed i n t h e e qua tion s i n t he
r
es t o f t he s eries. I n 1 985 , c ompu te r L
i
sting 1
.
F
e
brua
ry1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 6
1
 memo ry capacity w as much l
e
ss than iti
s
L
i
sting Ic
ont
inued
.
n
ow , so t
he original prog
ram h
ad o n
ly 122
1
010 PRINT "Select choice by pressing the key indicated "
l
i
ne s
, a nd y ou r e
ally had t
o be a b
le to
1
020 PRINT "R - Calculate results" '
r
e ad' the BAS IC p rogram t
o understand
1
030 PRINT "Q - Quit program" whatw asb e
ing p r
in ted ou
tordi
splayed on
1
040 IF resflag nopflag=FALSE : PRINT "P - Print results -
1
050 A =GET AND &DF : IF A=82 CLS : nopflag=TRUE : PROCindata : ENDPROC
t
he screen.

T
he P
rog
ram
1
060 IF A=81 done=TRUE : ENDPROC
1
070 IF resflag : IF A=80 PROCprintres nopflag=TRUE : ENDPROC
1
080 PROCmenu : ENDPROC
This g reatly e xtended a nd mod if
ied
1
090 :
1
100 DEF PROCgrab p
rog ram h a s 2 79 l ines, a nd i sw ritten i n
1
110 TX=TY : VX=VA : I X=/A : PX=PR : HX=HZ : CX=CA : FX=FS : VY=VD : BBC BAS IC . B ecau se i tuse s n o graph ics,
RY=RD : IY=/L : Vw=VH
1120 VZ=VS : RW=R1 : RV=RP
a
ssemb le r o r t he s pecial B BC BAS IC
1
130 ENDPROC opera t ing s yste m c al
ls ( *FX a nd
1
140 :
OSXXXX ), i t s hou ld b e f air
ly e asy t o
1
150 DEF PROCstep
1
160 VL=( VM+VN
) /2 t
ran slate i nto o the rd i a
lec t
so f BAS IC . T he
1
170 IF J=stp-4 OVL=VL main s pecia l f eature o f B BC BAS IC
1
180 VM=FNround( VM,2)
r
elevan t t ot hi
s p rog ram i st hat itd oes n ot
1
190 VN=FNround( VN,2)
1
200 VR=VM-VN : REM R IPPLE VOLTS P- P u
se L̀PR INT ' t o send c ha racters t o t he
1
210 VC=VP-VQ : REM DOUBLER CAP R IPPLE P-P p
rin ter. I nstead , i tt urn s the p rinter d ata-
1
220 /F TY=4 vV=VC ELSE VV=VR
1
230 VV=FNround( VV,2) c
hanne l o n b y m ean s o f 'PR INT CHR$2 '
1
240 PRINT " "; STRS(J); TAB(6); VM ; TAB(13); VN; TAB(20); RN ; TAB(27); a
nd o ffb y m ean s o f' PR INT CHR$3 ' (for
IP; TAB(34); I I
e
xamp le, s ee l ine 2 320 ). A lso, t he c ode
1
250 res(count,0) =J : res(count, 1) =VM : res(count, 2) =VN : res(count, 3) =RM
: res(count, 4) =IP : res(count,5) =II V̀D1 :2 ' m ean s ' PR INT CHR$2 ', with t he
1
260 IF J=stp AND OVL<0. 95.VL DV =FNround(100.( VL-OVI) /VL,2) : PRINT a
dvan tage t hat A SC II c ode s c an b e strung
"Steady state not reached. DC output voltage increased by " ; DV;
t
oge the r w i th c omma s
, a f
te r ' V DU ' w i
th -
-% over l ast 2 cycles. I
ncrease number of half-cycles to analyse."
: shortflag=TRUE o
u t t h
e n eed t o repea t i t
. Y ou c an s ee this
1
270 count = count+1 i
n l i
ne 1 960. T o e nsure t hat A SC II c ode s
1
280 ENDPROC
1
290 : a
re p assed t o t he p rinte r
, w ithou t b eing
1300 DEF PROCdouble t
rapped b y t heo pe rating s ystem , ac ode ' 1
'
1
310 I G=( VJ - VU - VF
) /( RS+RF)
1
320 I F IG<0 I 0=0
mu s
t p recede a l A SC II c ode s i n VDU
1
330 MS=MS+IG"2 s
tatemen t s
, e xcep t '2'a nd ' 3
', intended f or
1
340 VU=VU+(IG-ID) .K t
he p r
in ter a lone. F or e xamp le VDU27
1
350 I F vU>VP VP=VU
1
360 I F VU<VQ VQ=VU would p roduce t he same e ffect a sp ressing
1
370 ENDPROC '
ESCAPE ', b ut VD T:1 ,27 p a sses the c ode
1
380 :
2
7 t o t he p rinter. T he p rin te r code s a re
1
390 DEF PROChold
1400 PRINT "Press any key to continue" : I
FGET ENDPROC b
ased o n t he E pson FX80 s et, and mo st
1
410 : '
Ep son -compa tible' p rinte rs w i
ll u nde r-
1
420 DEF PROCwdg
s
t
and t hem w ith n o t r
oub le.
1
430 INPUT "No - load secondary volts at nominal primary voltage"; VS
1
440 INPUT "
for b
Secondary w
iphase) "; R I
inding resistance (average of two half-windings
How i
tWork
s
1
450 wflag=TRUE : r flag=FALSE
The p rog ram i s' high ly s tructured ', w hich
1460 INPUT "Primary w inding resistance"; RP
1
470 IF VS=0 VS=VZ mean s t hat mo s
t o pe ration s w hich b elong
1
480 IF R1=0 R1=RW t
og ethe r a r
e l ogica lly g rouped i nto f unc-
1
490 IFRP=0 RP=RV
t
ion s a nd p rocedure s. I t is a l
so ' menu -
1
500 RS=R1+RP*( VS/VH
) "2 : RS=FNround(RS,2)
1
510 IF sflag : PROCwinprint : s flag=FALSE d
riven ', w hich m ean s t hat t he m ain
1
520 PROCcheck : IF FNn( GS) CLS : PROCwdg : ENDPROC p
rog ram i sr educed t ol i
ne s 8 0 to 10 o nly!
1
530 PROCcalc : ENDPROC
1
540 : L
ine 4 0 isf or e rro r- trapp ing w hich s hou ld
1
550 DEF PROCreg c
atch a ny ' run -time ' e rro rs a nd n ot l eave
1560 INPUT "Nominal f ull load secondary volts"; VA
t
he c o mpu te r i na n o dd c ondition ( such a s
1
570 INPUT - Nominal full load secondary current"; I A
1
580 wflag=FALSE : r flag=TRUE w
ith ac orrup ted s t ack o r RA M )
. L ine s 50
1
590 IF VA=0 VA=VX t
o7 0d os ome s etting u p,a nd d eal w ith t he
1
600 IF IA=0 I A=IX
1
610 INPUT "Nominal % regulation ( no-load to f ull - load
) "; PR
i
nitial i nstruc tion s f or u sing t h e p rog ram ,
1
620 IF PR=0 PR=PX which c an a lso b e p rin ted o ut. T his te xt is
1
630 VS=FS.VA/(1-PR/100) : VS=FNround( VS,2) n
o t' forma tted ', s oy ou may g et splitw ords
1
640 RS=VA.PR/((100-PR ) ,IA
) : RS=FNround( RS, 3)
1
650 R1=FNround( RS/2,2) : RP=FNround(RS/2.( VH/VS) "2,2) a
tt he e nd s ofl ine s, b ut i tiss t
ill r eadab le.
1
660 IF sflag : PROCrinprint : s flag=FALSE Only 2 5 line so fi nstruc tion sa reg iven , b ut
1
670 PROCcheck : I F FNn(GS) CLS : PROCreg : ENDPROC
1
680 PROCcalc : ENDPROC
y
ou c ould a dd s ome mo re b y c all
ing
1
690 : PROCho ld ( line 1 390 ) a fter l i
ne 1 830 a nd
1
700 DEF PROCintro t
hen a dding s ome mo re l i
ne s o f t e x
t.
1
710 TX=0 : VX=0 : IX=0 : PX=0 : HX=0 : CX=0 : FX=0 : VY=0 : RY=0 :
IY=0 : VW=0 : VZ=0 : RW=0 : RV=0
PROCa lpha tab le,c al
led i nl i
ne 6 0, f i
l
l st he
1
720 wflag=FALSE : rflag=FALSE : sflag=FALSE : nopflag=TRUE : a
rray ' l
ookup ' w i th v a
lue s o f a ( a
lpha ),
shortflag=FALSE
t
he c onduc t
ion a ng le, a nd t he c orre spond -
1
730 done = FALSE : pflag=FALSE : resflag=FALSE : CLS : PRINT
"Program ' Rectifier' by J
.M. Woodgate July 1 991 - i
ng v alue s o f R ,p Ri (see P ar
t 1 ), c al
led
1
740 PRINT "Do you want to read t he instructions )Y/N) " : GS = GETS '
r
r atio ' int he p rog ram . T his e nab les u s to
: /F FNy( GS) PROCinstrs : ENDPROC ELSE ENDPROC
1
750 :
f
ind a f rom R ,ipR i,e ven t hough w e c an't
1
760 DEF PROCinstrs s
olve t he e qua tion t hat w ay r ound . I n
1
770 /F NOT pflag CLS
PROCa lpha , t he a r ray i ss canned u nt
i l an
1
780 PRINT "Program 'Rectifier' by J.M . Woodgate July 1991"
1
790 PRINT "This program deals with half - wave, b
iphase (full - wave ), e
ntry g reate r t h an ' r
ratio ' i s found , a nd
full-wave bridge and symmetrical voltage-doubler rectifiers, t
hen a c lose a pp rox ima tion t o ai sf ound
with mains transformer and reservoir capacitor. "
1
800 PRINT "It calculates the d. c. output voltage and peak - to - peak
b
y ' l
i nea r inte rpo la tion ' ( l
ine 2 550 ).
ripple voltage at a specified load current,"; The f i
rst t ime w e s ee t he m enu , w e
1
810 PRINT - the r.m. s. secondary winding current, the half-cycle surge
c
an e i
the r ' quit' o r ' calculate r esult s
'.
current, the r.m. s. ripple current";
1
820 PRINT " through t he reservoir capacitor and the diode repetitive A
s sum ing w e a r
e n o t q uitte rs, w e a re then
peak current and power d issipation" a
sked f or i nfo rma tion ( inpu t d ata ) a bou t
1
830 PRINT "Follow the on-screen instructions. After t he first run, you
t
hec ircu ita nd t hen a bou t the t ran sforme r.
can run again with mostly the s ame values by pressing 'RETURN' when
asked fOr input. You can enter any new values f rom the keyboard. " A
llowance i s m ade f or c a
lcu lating w hat
1
840 IF pflag : pflag= FALSE : ENDPROC h
appen s w ith i nc rea sed o r reduced m a
in s
1
850 PRINT "Do you want a print-out o f the instructions? "; : GS=GETS :
PRINTGS : IF FNy(GS) pflag=TRUE : PROCprinter : PROCinstrs :
s
upp ly v oltage s
. I fw e h ave a t ran sforme r
PROCpreset : CLS o
n the b
ench
, we c
an measure i
t
s w
inding
r
e
sis
tances and no-
load o utpu
t vol
tage
6
2 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
 L
i
sting Ic
on
tinu
ed. (
remembe r
ing a lso t o m ea sure t he i npu t
v
oltage , s ince i t m ay n ot b e p recisely
1
860 ENDPROC
1
870 :
2
40V ), buti fw ea rel ook ing a t acatalogue ,
1
880 DEF FNy( AS) = INSTR("Yy", AS) wea re much mo re likely t ob et o
ld t hef u
ll-
1
890 :
l
oad o utpu t v oltage a nd t he p ercen tage
1
900 DEF FNn( AS) =(FNy( AS) =0)
1
910 : r
egu lation. T he p rog ram a low s u s t o
1
920 DEF FNround( X, Y
) c
hoo se w hich s o r
t o f d ata t o e nter. I fw e
1
930 IF X<0. 1 =
INT(10"( Y+1) .X+0. 5) /10"( Y+1) ELSE =
INT(10 -Y
.X+0. 5) /10"Y
h
ave t oc hoo se t he 'percen tage r egu lation '
1
940 :
1
950 DEF PROCprinter r
ou te, the p rogram h as t oa ssume h ow t he
1
960 VDU2, 1,27, 1,64, 1,27,1,78, 1, 12, 1,27, 1, 33, 1, 8,1,27, 1, 108,1,7 c
oppe r l osses ( w
ind ing r e
sistance x
1
970 ENDPROC
1
980 :
c
ur ren t
-squa red) a re d i v
ided b etween t he
1
990 DEF PROCpreset p
rima ry and s e
conda ry w ind ing s, and t e
l
l s
2
000 VDU1, 12,1,27, 1, 64, 3 : ENDPROC
u
s t h
at i t assume s a n e qua l d ivision ,
2
010 :
2
020 DEF PROCindata b
ecau se, b arring c erta in s econd -o rde r
2
030 VA=0 : I A=0 : PR=0 e
ffec ts
, t his g ives t he mo st e fficien t
2
040 INPUT "Enter the title of this run "US
2
050 INPUT "Enter the rectifier circuit type number, Bridge = 1
,
t
ran sforme rd esign . Ify ou k now t h a
te qua l
Half-wave = 2
, B iphase (full-wave) = 3, Doubler = 4 "TY d
ivision i s n ot t rue f or y our p articula r
2
060 IF TY=1 TYS="Bridge" ELSE I F TY=2 TYS="Half-wave" ELSE IF TY=3 t
ran sforme r, e .g. y ou a re u sing o ne
TYS="Bi-phase ( full-wave) " ELSE TYS="Doubler"
2
070 PRINT "Rectifier c ircuit type : " ; TYS s
econda ry w inding o fo ne oft het ype sw ith
2
080 INPUT "Nominal pri mary voltage " ; VH : IF VH=0 VH=VW t
wo i dentical s econda rie s, o r o ne o f t he
2
090 INPUT "Actual mains voltage/Nominal mains voltage ( Std. values 0
.9
multi-tapped t ype s, t hen t he b e s
t t hing i s
and 1. 06) "; FS : IF F5=0 FS=FX
2
100 INPUT "Mains supply f requency, Hz " ; HZ t
o c alculate t he p r
ima ry r esistance f r
om
2
110 INPUT "Reservoir capacitor value uF " ; CA t
he r egulation , a s i nd icated i n P a r
t 1 ,
2
120 INPUT "Diode forward voltage ( Std. value 0.5 V) "; VD
2
130 INPUT " Effective diode resistance ( Std. value 1/(2 x If at Vf = 1 V
)
a
ssum ing t hat t he prima ry i ntroduce s h alf
-
; RD t
he l o
sses, a nd t hen c alcu late t he s econd -
2
140 INPUT "DC load current, A (not mA!) "; IL a
ry r esis
tance s b y a ssum ing t h a
t t hey
2
150 IFCA=0 CA=CX
2
160 IF HZ=0 HZ=HX d
ivide t h
e r emain ing h alf o f the l osses i n
2
170 IF VD=0 VD=VY p
ropo rt
ion t o t h
ei r VA r a
ting s ( s
ee
2
180 IF RD=0 RD=RY
2
190 IF IL=0 IL=/Y
Append ix). Y ou c an t hen u se t he ' wind ing
2
200 PROCinprint r
esistance s' a pproach .
2
210 PROCcheck : IF FNn(GS) CLS : PROCindata : ENDPROC
2
220
2
230
PRINT "TRANSFORMER DATA"
PRINT "Press 'W' for design from Winding resistances, or
Number
-Crunch
ing
'R' for design based on percentage regulation" T he p rog ram t hen s tarts th e s̀tep -by -step '
2
240 A=GET AND &DF p
roce ss, u sing P ROCca lc a nd i t
s t wo
2
250 IF A=87 PROCwdg : ENDPROC
2
260 IF A=82 PROCreg : ENDPROC s
ate ll
ites, P ROCdoub le a nd P ROC step .
2
270 PRINT "' W' or '
R' only, please" : GOTO 2
230 : ENDPROC T his is Mr . E ngli sh's c ode , mo re o rl e
s s as
2
280
2
290 DEF PROCprintres
t
h eo rigina l, e xcep t t hat af ew mo re t h
ing s
2
300 PROCprinter a
r e c alcu lated a nd t he c ompu ter i s
2
310 PRINT "RECTIFIER by J
.M . Woodgate August 1991 from an original d
is suaded f rom p rinting e ve ryth ing o u t to
by J. English"
2
320 PRINTCHRS3
n
ine p l
ace s o f d ec ima ls b y P ROC round ,
2
330 INPUTLINE"Type in a comment line to be printed 'CS i
ns tead o fb y p iecemea l c ode. T h
i s a low s
2
340 PRINT CHRS2 : PRINT "Comment : -; CS
r
esu lts t o b e p rin ted w ith a pp rop ria te
2
350 PROCinprint
2
360 IF NOT nopflag PRINT "START-UP PHASE" numbe rs o f d ecima l s: t wo p lace s s eem s
2
370 PRINT "Half"; TAB(6); "0/P"; TAB(13); "0/P"; TAB(20); "TfrSec"; s
en sible f or t h e o utpu t v oltage , f or
TAB(27); "TfrSec"; TAB(34); "TfrPr"
e
xamp le , b ut n ot f or t he c onduc tion a ngle
2
380 PRINT "cyc. "; TAB(6); "Vmax"; TAB(13); "Vmin"; TAB(20); " Irms";
= 3(27); "Ipk"; TAB(33); " IrmsmA" o
r t he p ercen tage r i
pp le.
2
390 FOR J=0 TO count-1 You a re a sked t oc hoo se t he n umbe r
2
400 PRINT " "; STRS(res( J,0));
2
410 FOR I=1 TO 5 : Z=6+7.(I-1) : PRINTTAB(Z); res(J,I); : NEXT I o
f h a
lf-cyc le s o ve r w hich t oc arry o ut t he
2
420 PRINT : NEXT J : PRINT s
tep -by -step p roce ss. T here i s am aximum
2
430 IF shortflag PRINT " Steady s tate not reached . DC output voltage
s
et a t5 1 s oa st ok eep t he a rray ' r
es' ( l
ine
increased by " ; DV ; "% over l ast 2 cycles. I ncrease number o f
half-cycles to analyse. " 5
0) , w hich s tore s r esu l
t s for p rin t
ing , t oa
2
440 PROCoutprint r
ea sonab le s i
ze. Y ou h ave t oc hoo se a no dd
2450 PROCpreset : ENDPROC
2
460 : n
umbe r
, o the rw i se t h e prog ram g ive s si
lly
2
470 DEF PROCalphatable a
n swe r sf orh alf -wave a nd d oub le rc ircu i
t s,
2
480 FOR I = 0 TO 1 6 : alpha=10.(I+1)
b
u t h aving s aid t hat, i fy ou d o c hoo se a n
2
490 lookup(I,O) =alpha
2
500 lookup(I,1) =( TAN( RAD(alpha/2)) -RAD( alpha/2)) /PI e
ven n umbe r
, t h e p rog ram a u toma tically
2
510 NEXT : ENDPROC a
dds a n e xtra o ne . T he o rigina l p rog ram
2
520 :
2
530 DEF PROCalpha
u
sed af i
xed n umbe ro fh alf-cyc le s
, 1 5, b ut
2
540 I=0 : REPEAT : I =I+1 : UNTIL rratio<lookup(I,1) s
ince 1 985 t he a vailab ility o f v ery l arge
2
550 alpha=lookup(I - 1,0) +10*( rratio-100ku9(I-1, 1)) /(lookup(I, 1) -
c
apac itance r ese rvo ir c apac ito rsh asg reatly
lookup(I-1, 1))
2560 tratio=alpha/360 : tratio=FNround(tratio,2) i
mp roved , a nd , p a rticula rly w ith v a
lue s
2570 alpha=FNround(alpha,0) a
bove 1 0mF ( 10.000µF ), 1 5 h alf-cyc le s
2580 ENDPROC
2590
may n ot b e l ong e nough f or t he c apac ito r
2600 DEF PROCcheck t
o
.c harge f u
lly,i .e. t hes t
eady - state h asn ot
2610 PRINT "Are a ll data items correct ( Y/N) ?" : OS-GETS : ENDPROC b
een r eached . T he refo re, t h e p rog ram
2620
2630 c
heck s h ow much t h e DC o utpu t v o
ltage
2640 DEF PROCwinprint c
hange so vert h el a
stf our h alf-cyc le si nt he
2650 PRINT " Secondary source volts ( emf) "; VS; " V "
s
t
ep s equence , a nd i fthisi s mo re t h an 50/ s
,
2660 PRINT " Secondary winding resistance " ; R1; " ohm"
2670 PRINT " Primary winding resistance " ; RP; " ohm" y
ou h ave c ho sen t oo f ew h alf-cyc le s, a nd
2680 IF rflag PRINT "Assuming equal primary and secondary copper losses" t
he p rog ram a utoma tically p rin ts aw arn -
2690 ENDPROC
2700
i
ng i nt h
e r e
su lts.
2710 DEF PROCrinprint The s tep-by s tep p roce s si nvolve s 5 40
2720 PRINT " Full-load secondary voltage " ; VA ; " V"
s
e
t s o fc alcu lation s i f1 5 s tep s a re c hosen ,
2730 PRINT "Full-load secondary current " ; IA ; " A"
2740 PRINT " Sec. wdg. voltage regulation no load-full load " ; PR; " a
l
though o n
ly 3 6 r esu l
ts a re d isplayed o n
2750 ENDPROC s
creen o r p rin ted . O n aB BC m ic ro , t h
i s
2760
2770 ONERROROFF : PRINTCHRS3 : REPORT : PRINT " at l
p
roce ss t a kes a bou t 3 0s, w hich i s av alid
ine "
; ERL
2780 PRINT "Try again ( Y/N) 7" : OS-GETS r
eason n ot t of ix t he n umbe r o fs tep s ata
2790 IF FNy( GS) RUN ELSE CLS
l
a
rge r v alue . E ven s o, i ti se normou sly
2800 END
C
ont
inued o
npag
e68
.
F
e
brua
ry1
9
92 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 6
3
W
h
i
le t he US a nd t he A ll
ies o
f t he U n
ited S tates, F rance , E gyp t d
ish . Typica l subsc ribers i
nclude
may h ave won t he s ix- a
nd v ery probab ly, the USSR . L ondon hotels , broadcas ters, b usinesses a nd
week ' Battle o f t he Gu lf' c
ab le c ompan ies a nd d ish i nstal
lers gove rn men ts. W ith i nte rna tiona l news
e
arlier t his y ear, t he u n- r
epor ted b eing i nunda ted w ith o rders bureaux l oca ted a round t he wo rld a nd
d
ispu ted w inne r of the TV n ews ' war' f
or the r eception o f CNN s ervices . In a n ews s taff o f o ver 1 600 , CNN
was C ab le N ews N etwork ( CNN ) t
he UK , ITV was t he f i
rst n etwork t o p
rov ides c urren t i nte rna tiona l n ews
I
nterna tiona l —t he a l
l-news n etwork . r
elay l i
ve CNN b roadcas ts fol
lowed i n a
nd i n
for ma t
ion ; f as t, l i
ve a ccess t o
CNN won s uch a n a ccolade b y due c ourse b y t
he B BC. CNN was a lso b
reak ing n ews s tories ; c on tinuous ly
p
rov iding l ive, wa l
l-to-wa ll c overage t
he f i
rst netwo rk t o repor t t
he m issi
le upda ted n ews r epor ts; ac onven ien t
o
f t he ' Mo ther o f all Wars '. Wh ile t he a
ttack o n Is
rael, a nd a lso the f irs
t t o 2
4 -hour v iew ing f or ma t a nd e ssen tial
BBC s trugg led t o g et t heir K ate Ad ie e
n ter l i
berated K u wait
. T hanks t o its business f inanc ial n ews a nd f eatures .
onto t he f ron t li
ne, CNN were a lready c
overage o f the Gu lf war , the CNN CNN c ur ren t
ly r eaches more t han
t
he re. S im ilarly, wh ile e stablished network h as b een f i
rm ly p lan ted o n 5
5 m ill
ion h ouseho lds i n the US , with
B
ritish b roadcas ters s uch a s B BC a nd t
he wor ld med ia map . d
is t
ribu t
ion b y sate l
lite t o t he F ar E as t
,
I
TV o bed ien tly f o
llowed t he r ules s et Aus tralasia a nd S ou th Ame r
ica . R e-
by t he A llied H igh C o m mand , CNN
2
4-Hour G
loba
lTVN
ews c
eivab le i n mo re t han 1 20 c oun tries
j
ust g ot o n w i
th r epor ting t he war wo r
ld -w ide, CNN i s n ow v iewed i n
f
rom b ehind t he e nemy l i
nes i n at op CNN I nterna t
iona l ist
he wor ld's fi
rst s
o me 7 m il
lion h o mes i n Europe . T he
r
oom o f aB aghdad h otel. 2
4-hour t e
lev is
ion n ews s tat
ion . T he news n e
two rk was s et u p b y T ed
F
or many v iewers t he ' war' was s
ignal ist rans mit
ted via sa
te l
lite f
rom Turne r
, o ften d esc ribed a s a f l
am -
won h ands -down b y CNN , w ith t he t
heir A t
lan ta h eadquar
te rs i n t he boyan t b uccaneer , o ver e leven y ears
batt
le b e
tween t he n ews a genc ies a nd United States a nd can be a ccessed i n a
go . S evera l times mar r
ied , T urne r i s
TV s tations b e
ing a n o-go c ontes t
. t
he UK e ithe r t
hrough a cable n etwo rk now ' socialising ' w i th a ctress a nd
Avid v iewers i ncluded t he P res idents operator o r b y means o f as ate
llite k
eep -f
it p ersona l
ity J ane F onda .
6
4 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
 N
oCNN —N
oCommen
t
O
r, asT he F inanc ial Ti mes p uts it
: 'For
n
ews j unk ies a nd p olicy make rs, a n
a
l
terna t
ive f ix has b eco me a vailable in
t
he f or m of C able N ews N e
twork . All
o
f wh ich p ossibly e xpla ins why i t
s
mos t c e
lebra ted a ddicts, o n t op o f
news a nd f inanc ial d ealing r oo ms
a
round t he wor ld, n u mbe r Presiden ts
Bush, C astro a nd Gorbachev . O ther
CNN v iewe rs i nclude M rs T hatche r
,
who h as a pparen t
ly o verco me h er
i
n
i t
ial s usp icion t hat c able t e
levision
only s ho wed pornography ; a
nd
Yasse r Arafa t, whose P ales t
ine L iber-
a
tion O rgan isa tion has i ts own
s
atell
i te dish '
.

G
ett
ing t
he P
i
cture
Befo re t he o utbreak o f war , CNN
s
igna ls we re r outed f ro m B aghdad i n
I
raq t o Am man i n J ordan v ia t he
A
rabsa t s ate ll
i te. T he s igna ls were u p
-
l
i
nked f r om J ordan a nd s en t, via a' Ku '
b
and t r ansponde r o n b oard t he I n
te l-
s
atV F-2 s ate ll
i te, t o N ew J ersey . F ro m
h
e re, i t was s ent v ia t he Ame rican
A
bove
: O
ff
-sc
reen p
hoto o
f al
i
ve C
NN r
epor
t g
i
ven a
tan e
ar
ly s
t
age o
fth
e G
ulf W
ar. Galaxy d o mes tic s a
te l
lite t o t he CNN
L
ef
t: T
he m
ain C
NN n
ews
room i
nAt
lan
ta G
eorg
ia, U
SA. s
tud io c o mp lex i n Atlan ta. T he n ews
r
epor ts we re d ist r
ibu ted , a s p art o f
C
NN M
iles
tones nu merous i
which r
n
ange f
terna
r
om C
t
iona l b
BC i
roadcas
n Canada a
ters
nd
, CNN 's p rogra m m ing , i n E urope v ia
t
he S ta ts ionar 1 2 Gor izon t ( 'C' b and )
CNN first a
rrived on air back i n June TV A sah i i nJapan , to the T en N e
twork and I n
te lsa t V 1-F4 ( 'Ku ' b and ) s atel-
1
980. L ess t han one y ear l a
ter, the i
n A us tralia. l
i
tes . T he l atte r a l
lo wed c ab le T V
ne
two rk was s howing li
ve coverage o f D
uring t he G ulf war , CNN r egu - c
o mpan ies , h ote ls a nd s atellite T V e n-
t
he fi
rst space s hut
te l aunch, a nd i
n l
arly a chieved r at
ings measured i n t
hus ias ts t o r eceive CNN p rogra m mes
1
985 the release of t
he TWA h ostages mil
lions wor ld -wide . S o u b
iqu itous w
i th r e
la tive ly sma ll d ish a ntennae .
i
n Be
iru t
. In between, t
he n e
twork h ad was t he c hanne l i n the c orr
idors o f Just i n c ase y ou a re wonde r
ing ,
'
gone g lobal' and b y 1 985
, r eached power t hat US o ficials r eplaced t he t
he t otal t ime o f trans m iss ion t ook n o
s
o me 5 0 mil
lion US h ouseho lds . well-known p hrase ' no co m men t
' with l
onge r t han a s econd . H oweve r
, i n
I
na dd i
tion to CNN 's 24-hour n ews '
Ik now n o more t han Ih ave s een o n o
rde r t o s tay o n t he a ir l ive, a f
te r
operat
ion , the network n ow h as more CNN '. P ress c o m men t, mean wh ile, hos ti
lities h ad b roken o ut, CNN made
t
han 2 25 local TV aff
iliates int he US . I
t was l avish : 'CNN — T he W inne r of the use o f a s pec ial f our -w ire o pen
i
s also a . subscriber t o Wor ld -W ide Gulf War , b eat the B BC a nd I TN i n t
elephone l i
nked t o am ic rowave d ish
T
elevision N ews a nd a p articipan t i
n s
tate -of-the -art techno logy ', ' The N et- on t he r oo f o f ah otel. T his was r ou ted
t
he E urovision, I n
terv is
ion a nd A sian work o f o ur Ti me' a nd ' Any th
ing s aid '
l
i ne -o f-sigh t
' t o ad ish i n Am man a nd
B
roadcas t
ing Union n
ews pools
, on CNN i si nf
luenc ing wo r
ld l eade rs, sen t f rom t here t o the A tlan ta s tud io
which c over E urope , Nor th Amer ica, because George B ush a nd S adda m co mp lex i n a manne r s im ilar t o t hat
t
he M idd le/Far E ast a nd t he E astern Husse in a re b oth i n t he a udience o f a
lready d esc ribed . O ther k ey M idd le
European c oun t
ries . CNN ma intains t
his i n
terna tiona l n e
twork ' b e
ing t ypi- Eas te rn a reas , l inked b y s a
te llite t o
news-exchange agreemen ts w
ith c
al q uo tes . Atlan ta i ncluded K u wai t C ity , I s
rae l
,
D hahran a nd R iyadh .
Close r t o h o me , S KY's 2 4-hour
news c hanne l m igh t h ave b een t he
f
irst o n t he a irw ith t he n ews i nt he UK ,
bu t b ecause t he c o mpany was s har ing
s
a tellite c apac ity w ith f our B ritish
netwo rks , i tc ould n ot c o mpe te w i th
t
he r ap id ly o rgan ised , f ul
l -
ti me t rans -
ponde r l e ase b ooked b y CNN .
But i t i s n o t a l
l h ard -l
ine n ews .
CNN a lso t rans m its r egu lar b us iness
and s por ts r epor ts a nd f or t hose who
wan t t o r e
lax a f
ter a h eavy d ay
keep ing i n t ouch w ith wor ld -w ide
news e ven ts , r egu lar S howb iz c over -
age . B ut y ou w ill h ave t o s tay u p t o
10.30p m o r 4 am t o c atch t hese
broadcas t s chedu les. Y ou c ou ld t ime -
shift s uch p rogra m mes w ith y our
v
ideo r ecorder , a nd who k nows , b y
t
he t ime y ou s i
t d own t o wa tch y our
reco rd ing , t he t erres trial n etworks
migh t h ave c augh t o n t o t he ma jo r
news e ven ts o ft he d ay —t hose a lready
cove red b y CNN !
F
or more i n
fo r ma tion , t e
l : CNN
B
r
ian N
elson a
nd M
olly M
cCoy p
resen
ting t
he n
ews
,asi
thappens
, i
nCNN
's A
t
lan
ta s
tud
io. London 0 71 -637-6735 .

F
e
brua
ry 1
992 M
ap
lin M
aga
zine 6
5
 Ca
n/Rec
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eCNN a
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p
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ide n
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orma
nd 2 , I
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erres
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tr ial s
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ly w
tions
ith
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i
ns talla tion w ill n orma l
ly b e f ar b etter
t
han t hose n orma lly f ound a t h o me .
As a r esu lt, g hos t
ing a nd g rainy M
ap s
how
ing g
loba
l c
ove
rage o
fCNN
.
p
ic tures a re e l
im ina ted a t as troke !
Cab le T V s erv ices a re r un b y c om - z
on t o h orizon. A s ar esult, al s atel
lites s
atelli
te, t his s ignal i s broadcas t u s
ing
pan ies s uch a s R ed iffus ion a nd Wes t- w
ith s trong e nough t r
ans m issions w il
l t
he P AL c o
lour e ncod ing s yste m i .
e
.
mins te r C able ( who r epor t t ha t s ub - b
e r eceived . T his o pens u p a n e xcit
ing t
hat u sed t hroughou t t he UK . I n
s
c r
ip tions t o CNN h ave r isen b y a bout n
ew wor ld o f te
lev is
ion a nd r adio , with a
dd it
ion t o t he CNN T V p rogra m mes ,
at hird s ince t he Gu lf War ). n
ews -
feeds f rom l i
ve e ven ts, f i
lms , a
n a dditiona l s ub -car r
ie r a cco m mo -
A no ther o pt
ion i st o p ick u p CNN docu men taries, mus ic a nd g ene ral e n
- d
ates a n a dd i
tiona l s ound s ervice,
from t he S ovie t S ta tsionar 1 2 s ate llite , t
ertain men t c hanne ls a l b e
ing a vai
l- k
nown a s CNN R ad io. O ther E nglish
o ne o f t he Gor izon t s er ies , l oca ted a t a
ble . At l east halfo ft hese a re broadcas t p
rogra m mes t ransm itted b y this s atel
-
1° W . Unfor tuna te ly , t he CNN p rog- w
ith s ound -t
racks i n l anguages o ther l
i
te i nc
lude T he D iscovery C hanne l
r
a m me i s t ransm it ted f ro m a l ow ' t
han E nglish . S uch l anguages i nclude (men t
ioned e ar
lie r
), a nd a c hanne l
frequency ' C' b and t ransponde r ( t
rans - F
rench , S panish, G erman a nd D utch . A p
rov iding p rogra m m ing s peci
fically f o
r
ponde r 6 , o pera ting a t 3 825MHz ). T his mul t
i-sa telli
te r eceiving s yste m c ould c
hildren .
signa l i s s pread o ut o ve r av ery w ide t
he refore p rove a r eal b oon t o t he A
lthough CNN h as n o p l
ans a t
area , a nd al arge d ish o f 3t o 4me tres i n l
anguage s tuden t. p
resen t t o b roadcas t t o E urope v ia the
d
ia me te r ( as we ll a s a' C' b and L NB ) i s T
he CNN t rans mission o rigina t
ing As
t ra sa tel
lite c luste r
, t he re i s ap oss i
-
requ ired t o s a t
isfac to rily p ick u p t hese f
rom I n
te lsa t V1-F4 i s broadcas t o n a b
i
lity o f r eceiv ing CNN w ith y our
weak ( 29dB W d own l
ink p ower ) t rans - f
requency o f 1 .155GHz , a nd i sv ert
i- e
xisting S ky s atel
lite T V s yste m. T h
is
miss ions . U nless y ou a re a d ie -hard c
ally p olarised . L ike t he ' C' b and may b e achieved b y r epos itioning y our
s
a te l
lite T V e nthus ias t who a lready t
r
ansm iss ion f rom t he a bove Go r
izon t d
ish f rom A stra ( 19
.2 " E as t) to Intelsat
possesses t he r equ ired e qu ipmen t, t his
i
s av ery e xpens ive way o fs ett
ing a bou t
j
oin ing t he me rry b and o f CNN -
wa tche rs. S uch a l a
rge d ish wou ld n o t
b
lend t oo we l
l i nto a n orma l d omes tic
env iron men t, a nd p lann ing p erm iss ion
wou ld b e r equ ired f or i t
.
The mos t p rac t
ica l me thod o f
r
e ce iving t he CNN b roadcas t i sf rom t he
I
nte lsa t V 1-F4 s a telli te, l oca ted a t a n
o
rb i tal p osition o f 2 75 W . T his ' Ku '
band s igna l i s s trong e nough t o b e
p
i cked u p u sing a b ack -yard d i sh o f
a
round 1 .2m d ia me ter o r l ess, d epend -
i
ng o n t he n oise f igure o f t he L NB . I n
t
hese d ays o f L NBs u sing l ow -no ise
HE MT ( high e lec tron -mob ility t rans is -
t
or) t echno logy , a9 0cm d ish c an b e
s
atis fac to ri
ly u sed ( although a s l
igh t
ly
l
arge r d ish may b e r equ ired f or u se i n
mo re n orthe r
ly a reas )
. T his s i
ze o f d ish
h
as t he a dvan tage o f n ot r equ iring
p
lann ing p erm ission . I fy ou a re l ucky
e
nough t o h ave a s ys tem w ith a
mo to rised d ish , t hen o the r s atellites
w
i th ' Ku ' b and t ransponders ( such a s
Astra 1 A 1 B wh ich b roadcas t t he u bi-
q
u itous S ky p rogra m mes ) c an b e
p
icked u p when t he d i sh i s t racked P
eter A
rnet
t r epor
ting l
i
ve f
r
om B aghdad dur
ing t
he G
ulf War
. T
he d
i
sh a
er
ial
, o
f t
he
a
long t he g eos tationary a rc f rom h ori- m
icrowave li
nk used t
osend o
ut h
i
s repor
ts, c
an b
e s
een c
lea
rly
.
6
M
ap
lin M
aga
zine F
e
brua
ry1
992
(
27.5° Wes t)
, e nsur ing f i
rst that n othing e
xist
ing p osi
tions of t
he el
evat
ion a nd p
lease n ote t ha t t he ' skew ' a ngle o ft he
w
ill block t he d ishes ' new v iew o f t he a
z
imu th bol
ts o n t
he meta
lwork w ith a v
er t
ica lly p o
la rised CNN s i
gna l may
s
ky. Ify ou are i na ny d oubt a bou t y our marker p
en , so t
hat y
ou can r
es
to re the d
ife r s l
igh tly f rom t hat o f t he A stra
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bil
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stalle r
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ish to i
ts orig
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it
ion ifrequired. t
ransponde r u sed t o set t he s ystem u p
who may we l
l r e commend a n ew d ish, Anothe r o pt
ion i nvolves b uying a o
rigina lly.
p
articularly i fy our p resen t d ish i s a s
econd d ish , p ossibly s econd -hand . I
f y our s ystem i ncorpo ra tes a
small (45 or 6 0cm ) t ype. U s
ing a 6 0cm T
he n ove l
ty o f S ky T V h as wo rn-of ff or Ma rcon i -type s w
itched -po larisa t
ion L NB
d
ish may b r
ing i n ap icture, b ut isl i
kely s
ome p eop le , who n ow w ish t od ispose (
for e xamp le, Ams trad , F erguson a nd
t
o b e fu
ll of 'spa rklies' a nd o ther n oise. o
ft heir e qu ipmen t —o f
ten a tv ery k een P
ace s ystems ), t h
is i t
em s hou ld b e
Th
is i sb ecause t he a verage 6 0cm d ish p
r
ices . L i
kew ise , d ishes a re n orma lly t
urned s l
igh t
ly w ithin i t
s d i sh a rm
s
ystem was d esigned t o p ick u p t he a
vailable f rom s atelli
te T V d ealers , who moun t
ing b racke t f or b est r esul ts.
r
e
la t
ively s
t
rong (
down link powe r c
an s ome ti mes o fe r c ompe t
i t
ive ly- Befo re a ttemp ting t h
is, make a n ote o f
5
3dB W ) s i
gna ls f rom t he A s
tra s atell
ite. p
r
iced u sed e quipmen t ( e
.g. 1 .2m t
he o rigina l p osition o f t he L NB i nc ase
The CNN s igna ls f rom t he I ntelsat d
ishes). H oweve r, p lease n ote t hat y
ou wan tt o r eve rt b ack t oo pt
ima l A stra
s
atell
ite a re v ery weak i n c ompar ison p
lanning p erm iss ion i so ften r equ ired r
ecep tion ! I f y ou r s ystem u ses a
(
down link p owe r 3 3dB W )
, a nd s o t he f
or two d ishes . mechan ica l s ervo -con tro lled ' pola roto r'
FM d etector i nside t he r eceive r u n
it i s A
no the r p oin t to r emembe r i st hat o
r a magne t
ic p olarise r
, f o
llow t he
l
i
kely t o b e wo rk ing v ery c lose t o i t
s s
ome A s
t ra r e ceive rs d o n ot o fer e
qu ipmen t manu factu re rs s et-up i n
-
t
hresho ld l evel. R ain, attenua ting t he c
on t
inuous t un ing a c ross t he s ound s
truc tions f or ' f
ine -tuning ' t he p o
la risa -
weak s igna l sti
ll furthe r, will make t he s
ubca rr
ie r b and ( norma lly 5 .5t o 8MHz )
. t
ion s kew . S ome r eceive rs ( e.g. t he
p
icture e ven wo rse, a nd i t c ould A
s ar e sult,t he CNN a udio t ransm iss ion Sa
lo ra 5 9021IT 1 N okia SAT 1100 ) o fe r
d
isappear a ltogethe r
. E xpe r
imen ting (
on 6.65 MHz ) may s ound d istorted ( the i
n dependen t
ly p rog rammab le s kew f or
w
i th a 6 0cm ( or sma l
le r) d ish i s n
ea rest f i
xed A stra s ound s ubcar r
ie r i s e
ach c hanne l. I n t h
is c ase , CNN c ou ld
t
he refore n ot r e al
ly r ecommended , 6
.5MHz )
. T o t h
is e nd d esigns f or s ound be a ssigned a d edica ted c hanne l n um -
a
lthough a l ower n oise L NB m igh t c
onve rte rs h ave b een p ublished , a nd ber w ith i t
s own s pec ific p ola risa t
ion
imp rove ma t
te rs ( and i mp rove A stra i
ndeed s ome a re c omme rcially a vai
l- s
e t
ting .
r
e ception, p articularly d uring h eavy a
ble f o r u n
i ts s uch a s t he p opu lar T
he p urpose o f t his p art o f t he
r
ain )
. I fy ou h ave a n 8 0cm d ish, y ou Ams t
rad r ange o f r e ceive rs. Mos t a
rt
ic le h as b een t o g ene rate a n i n
te res t
may b e a ble t o o btain a much b etter mode rn r e ceive rs o fe r s ound s ubcar - i
n t he many f ascina t
ing r adio a nd T V
p
ic ture, wh ich w i
ll b e i mp roved w i th r
i
e r t un ing , h oweve r, t o t ake f ul
l c
hanne ls a vailab le t o a n i ndividua l
t
he s ubs t
itu t
ion o f ab etter L NB. D ue t o a
dvan tage o f t he many r adio s ervices e
qu ipped w ith a s atell
ite d ish. T hose
advances i n m icrowave t echno logy , n
ow b e
ing b roadcas ted a l ongs ide T V who wan t to f ind o u
t mo re a re r efer red
LNBs w ith n oise f igures o f 0 .9dB ( ha l
f c
hanne ls ( such a s CNN R adio men - t
o t he s upe rb r ange o f b ooks o n t he
t
ha t of the Marcon i L NB s upplied w ith t
i
oned e a
rlie r, a nd t hose p rol
ife rating s
ub jec t a vailab le f r
om Map lin. A p ar t
i-
popu lar Ams trad s ystems a nd t he l i
ke) o
n t he A s tra s a tell
ites e .g
. I TN N ews c
ula rly s uitable b ook f or t he b eg inne r i s
a
re a vailable f orless than 000 . Ine i
the r a
nd S ky R ad io ). '
An I n
troduc t
ion t o S atellite T elev ision ',
c
ase , i fyou a re mov ing y ou r existing F
inally, f or t hose o f y ou t rying t o wr
i t
ten b y F .A. W ilson . T his i sa va i
lab le
d
ish , please e nsure t hat y ou ma rk t he r
eceive CNN w ith a n A stra-type s ystem , b
y o rde ring WP99H , pr
ice £ 5
.95 .

CACI =
S
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25 mA
t
erms o f mu ltiples o f t h e rated c urr ent,
1
00 mS
M
ini mu m o a
nd t his m akes i t c onven ient t o u se a
va
lues 6
.3A l
ogar
ithm ic s cale, wh ich y ou may r ecog -
56
n
ise ast h
e s ame a st he standa rd 1 /3-
octave
32 mA a
udio frequenc ie s
. The t ime a xis also h as
3
2
o t
ob e logar
ithm ic, b ecau se t he time v aries
1
00 mA
f
rom i nf
inite ( at rated c urrent), w i
th t he
1
8
l
ongestd ef
ined t ime b eing 1h our,d own t o
afew m i
lli
second s
.
1
0 mS

5
.6 U
sing t
heC
urr
ent
-Time
C
urves
3
.2
I
fw e look a tt he st
art-up p ha se r esu lts of
1
.8
t
he e xamp le r un o f t h
e p rog ram ( Figu re
1
2), w e s ee t hat the f i
rst p r
imary c urren t
lmS
s
urge i s403mA . Th iso ccur safte ro ne half-
1 12 15 2 25 32 4 5 63 8 1
0
c
ycle, o r 1 0m s u s
ing 5 0Hz ma in s
. I fy ou
o
bjec t t o t hi s o n t he g round s t h at t he
Mu
ltip
le o
f r
ated c
urrent
c
u r
ren ti sz e ro a tthee nd o ft heh alf-cycle ,
y
ou h ave a p oint, b ut w e a re c once rned
F
igu
re I .P
re
-ar
cing t
ime
/cu
rren
tcur
vesf
o
r Sx2
0mm t
i
me-
lag (
T
)fu
ses
. w
ith h eat
ing e f
fects, a nd, t he ref o re, r ms
c
u r
ren ts, n ot i nstan taneou s o ne s. T he
whe re Ii sthe r ms c urrent a nd R i st h
e s
uch a s t in or l ead, i tw i
ll hea t u p v ery p
rog ram l ine 30 s how s h ow t he v ar
iab le
r
esistance . Ri t
self var
ie swith t hetemp era
- r
apidly, a nd, i fth e c
ur rent iso nly sl
igh tly MS, wh ich i s the m ean - squa re c urren t,
t
ure , wh ich is ad efinite comp lication f o
r l
a
rg er t h an t he rated c urrent, the e l
emen t bui
ld s upp rog ressively. A f
ter 1 0m s, then ,
f
use d esigne r
s, b ut need n ot w orry us t o
o w
ill q uick ly me lt. Although t in a nd l ead t
he r ms cur ren t is4 03mA .
much . Howeve r, t he e l
emen t also l ose
s a
re n o l onger u sed — b ecause t hey a re L
ook ing a tFigu re 1 0, ina n a ttemp t
h
ea t, byc onduc tion t h
rough t hee nd-cap s
, mechan ica lly w eak , tend t o re-cry stall
ise t
o use aq uick -act
ing f use, t he 1 0m s l i
ne
a
nd t hrough a ny 'sand' fi
ll
ing. T h
is fil
ling a
nd f a
il e ven a tt he r
ated c urren t a nd, in c
uts t he MIN I MU M t ime c urve s a t '2
-7
may b e as ubstance w h
ich m e
lts a t a t
hec ase o ft i
n, d isin
teg rate atlow amb ient t
ime s
' ( f
or3 2t o1 00mA f uses)o r' 4t ime s
' .
t
empe rature o f af ew h undred d eg ree
s t
empe ra tu res —s uch f uses a r
e k nown a s 2
.7t ime s 1 00mA i sle
s st han 4 00mA ,s ow e
Ce
l sius, a nd i fso i ta l
so a bsorb s 'l
atent '
quick-ac ting' t ype s
, a nd a re c oded w ith c
an't u se e ven a 1 00mA f use. The n ex t
h
ea t off usion'. t
he l e
tte r 'F' ( from t he G erman ' f
lunk', s
tanda rd c ur rent i s 160mA , a nd f or t h
i s
For t he t ypes o f f use w e a r
e meaning ' quick'). The se f uses a r
e ma inly t
he ' 4 time s
' a ppl
ie s
, g iv ing 1 60 x 4 =
c
on sidering , t he ' r
ated c urrent' i s t h
e f
oru se i nc i
rcu its whe re thec urren t i snot 6
40mA c apac ity at1 0m s. I fw ec hoo se t h
i s
c
u rrent t he f
use w i
ll CARRY i ndefinitely
. s
ubject t o surge s u nde r no rmal w o rking v
alue, a nd l ook a tt he su rges a fte r 2 ,3 ,4
(Note th atfors ome o thert ypeso ff use
,t h
e c
ondition s, a nd o nly increases i fthere i sa e
tc. h a
lf-cy cle s, i.
e. 2 0, 3 0 a nd 4 0m s
, w e
'
rated c urrent' isth e current at wh ich t h
e f
ault
. T he time b etween t hea pplication o f f
ind t hat t hey l ie w ell b elow t he ' m
ini -
f
use will BLO W !) Now ,i ft h
ee lemen ti sin t
he c ur ren t, a nd i tbeing i n
terrup ted b y mum ' c urve a nd w ill t he refore n ot g ive
t
he f o
rm o f athin w i
re o f ame tal having a t
he f use b low ing , isk nown a s t he ' p
re- t
roub le
. Howeve r, w e a lso s ee f r om t h e
h
igh r e
sistiv
ity a nd a l ow m elt
ing p oint
, a
rcing t ime'. p
rog ram r esu lt
s t hat t he s teady -state
F
e
brua
ry1
992 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e 6
9
 f
uses, otherwise f useholde
rs w il
l b e
R
ECTIFIER
b
y J.M. Woodgate A
ugust 1
991 f
rom a
n o
riginal b
y J
. E
nglish
d
estroyed a
nd gl
assp a
rtic
lesm ay b
eb lown
o
uti n
to YOUR e yes
. Inf u
ture, HBC fus
es
C
omment; A t
ypical e
xample
may be r
equir
ed t obe fi
tted inel
ectron
ic
I
NPUTS
e
quipment asw el
l.
T
itle of this run WWW
R
ectifier c
P
rimary v
ircuit t
oltage 2
ype B
40 V
ridge
T
ailp
iece
A
ctual mains voltage/Nominal nine v oltage 0
.9
M
ains supply frequency 50 Hz This comp letes the se
ries on li
near power
R
eservoir c
D
iode f
apacitor v
orward v
alue 2
oltage 0.5 V
200 uF s
upplies, a t l e
ast for the m oment. T he
E
ffective diode resistance 0.35 ohm e
lect
ricity supp ly au
tho r
itiesarebecom ing
D
C load current 0.25 A
c
oncerned a bout the h armonic c urr
ents
S
econdary source volts (emf) 20 V
S
econdary winding resistance 0.5 ohm
d
rawn b yt h
e se ci
rcuit
s,a nd areproposing
P
rimary winding resistance 150 ohm
t
op utl im
itso nt h
em ,T hiscould m ake l
i
fe
S
TART-UP P
HASE VERY d iff
icu lt for p ower
-supply d e-
H
alf 0
/P 0
/P T
frSec T
frSec T
frPr s
igners, and mu ch di
scus s
ion instandards
c
yc. V
max V
ain I
rma I
pk I
rmamA
c
omm it
tees c an bee xpected i
nt hec oming
1
2
1
7.08
2
1.47
1
.3E-2
1
6.65
4
.84
1
.84
7
.69
3
.6
4
03
1
53
y
ear. T he out come m ay b e f
ormed i n
to a
3 2
3.16 2
0.79 1
.08 2
.37 9
0.3 f
o
llow -up t ot his s
er
ies.
4 2
3.96 2
2.43 0
.79 1
.83 6
5.5
7
1
1
2
4.68
2
4.8
2
3.76
2
3.96
0
.55
0
.51
1
.38
1
.31
4
5.8
4
2.8 A
ppend
ix
1
5 2
4.8 2
3.97 0
.51 1
.31 4
2.6
Ca
l cula ting w ind ing r esistance sf rom r egu -
O
UTPUTS
l
a
tion , f or t ransf o rme rs w ith mu ltip le
s
econda ries.
A
ctual mains voltage 216 V
D
C output voltage 24.39 V I
na l t h
i s ana ly sis, t he h yste resi s a nd
P
-P ripple volts 0.83 V
P
-P ripple 3.4 magne tising c urren t l osses d ue t o t he
D
C o
S
utput v
econdary s
oltage r
ource r
egulation. n
esistance 1
o l
.54 o
oad - f
hm
ull l
oad 1
6 %
t
ran sfo rme r c or e a re n eg le cted . T he
F
ull-load rms secondary current 0.51 A r
esulting a pp roxima t e r e
su l ts a r
e u sua lly
C
onduction angle 58 deg
C
onduction time ratio 0.16 n
ot s eriou sly i n e rro r
, b ut f or l arg e
1
/2-cycle s
1
/2-cycle p
ecy. s
ri. s
urge c
urge c
urrent 4
urrent 4
.84 A
03 mA
t
ran sfo rme r s c or rec tion s s hou ld b e
R
epetitive peak diode current 1.31 A a
pp l
ied . T hi sr equ ire st hem asso ft hec o re
R
es'voir cap.rms ripple current 201 mA
D
iode power dissipation 108.28 mW t
o b e k nown o r c alcu lated , a nd t he l oss
cha racte ristic s o f t h e m ate rial mu st b e
E
ND
k
nown . I f t h e l atte r a re n ot k nown , a
r
ough g uide f orm agne tis
ing c ur ren tl o
ssi s
F
igu
re1
2
. Ap
r
int
-ou
toft
h
epr
ogram r
e
sul
tsf
o
r at
y
pica
lexamp
le. 3VA/kg . T he c ur ren t c once rned a dd s
vecto rially ( i.e. a s t he s qua re-roo t o f t he
p
rima ry c urren t i s42.6mA . O ur 1 60mA t
h
is w il
l n ot c ause ab urn-up i n the sum o ft he s qua res) t ot he m a
in p rima ry
f
u se w ould c a rry n early FOUR T IMES e
quipmen t
. T ry
ing F igure 10
,w ef i
nd that curr en t. H y ste resis l o
s s m ay b e t aken a s
t
hi s c u rren t i n definite
ly , a nd S IX t im es aF 1
-25A f u
se i sneeded t ocope with the abou t 1W /kg . T he c or respond ing c u rren t
t
his f or a bou t 1 0 m inu te s i f a f ault s
urgea t10ms,a nd th
i swillaccept2-6A for add s I N-PHASE t o t he m a
in p rima ry
o
ccu rred , s o t he p rima ry f use w ou ld s
ome th
ing b e
tw een a bout 500m s a
nd two curren t.
p
robab ly o n
ly b low i n t im e t op reven t a m
inu te
s. Such aw ide v a
riat
ion isundesir- S
uppo se w e h ave a t ran sfo rme r
burn -up i ft her ew ere af aul
tw hich c au sed a
b
le , a
nd t h
is fau
lt c ur
rent ishigher th
an designed f or am ain s i npu t v oltag e o f Vm ,
mu ch mo ret h an t hi
s c urren t t of l
ow. T his t
hat fo
r the T 630mA f use
, so tha
t i sthe with t wo s econda ry w ind ing s, ' 1
' a nd ' 2',
f
u se i sn ot prov id ing much p ro tec t
ion ! b
etter c
hoice. ra
t ed a tf ull-load v oltag es a nd c u
r ren t s o f
The s i
tua tion i sbette rw i th at ime -lag V1 a nd I I,V2 a nd 1 2 resp ectiv ely. T he
f
us e. L ook ing a tF igur e 1 , w e f ind t ha ta B
reak
ing C
apac
ity percen tag er egu lation i sR,a nd t os imp lif y
4
0mA f use w ou ld a ccep t 4 00mA f o
r a I
n t he C atalogue , ' r
up tu ring c apa city' i s t
h e e xpre ssion s w e i mmed iat ely c onv e rt
min imum o f 1 0m s. T his i s ab i
t t oo c lo se s
tated f ort hev ariou s ty peso ff use. T hisi s t
his t ot h e p er -un it r egulation r= R / 100 .
f
or c om fo r
t: h i gh m ain s v oltag e o r no
t ac ommen t o n t he w eigh t o f t h
e For w ind ing 1 , t he n o-load v oltag e i s
c
omponen t t o
ler ances c ou ld t i
p t he c
ompon ents, b ut t he Ame rican t e
rm f o
r V1( 1+ r )
, s o t he v o
l tage d rop c au sed b y
b
alan ce a nd t he f use w ou ld b low o n '
breaking c apacity'. I fw ec onnec ted o ne o f c
u rren t II i s N1r /2. T he f acto r 2i st he re
switch -on . A lso , Map l
in d on 't l i
s
t a4 0mA t
hese l i
ttle fuses s t
raigh t a c ross t he m ains becau se w e a ssume t ha t t he c opp er l o
sse s
f
us e ( 3 2mA a nd 4 0mA f u
se s a r e e xpen - s
upp ly ( DON 'T DO I T! ), t h
e r ate o fh e a
t a
re d ivided e qu ally b etw een t he p rima ry
s
iv e)
! A 5 0mA t ime-l ag f use ( coded p
rodu ction m igh t b e e nough t or a
is e the w
ind ing , a nd a l t he s econda ry w ind ing s
'
T 50mA '), w ould b e ag ood c ho ice, a nd t
emp erature o f t he w i re t o BO IL ING a
dded t ogethe r. T he r esistance o f t h e
wou ld b l ow w ith in t wo m inu te s,a t mo st,i f p
oint, s o t hat m etal v apou r w ould b e w
ind ing i s t hu s V1r /21 1. S im ilarly, t h e
t
h e p rima ry c u rrent rose t o 1 20mA , l es
s p
rodu ced . T his cou ld c ause a p rolong ed r
esistan ce o ft he o the r seconda ry w ind ing
t
h an t hre e t ime s t he n orma l c urren t. A t a
rc, a nd t he g lass t ube m igh t e xplode . i
s V2r /
2 I 2.
f
ive t ime s t h e n o rmal c urren t, i tw ou ld A
lterna tively, th e glas s m igh t m elt a nd i t We c an a l
so f i
nd t h ep rima ry w ind ing
b
low w ith in l e
s s t h
an a bou t 3 s
. Ac heck t
hen c onduc ts e lectricity, a l
so c au sing a r
esistan ce. T he p rima ry f ul
l -lo ad c ur ren t
w
ith t he l a
te r s urg es s how s t hat n on e o f d
estruc t
iv e a r
c a nd e xplo s
ion . S o w e f ind c
an b e f ound f rom t he ' VA ' r a
ting o ft h e
t
he sew illc au se t h ef u
se a ny t roub le. N ote t
hat thes e fuses a r
e r ated a t3 5A b reaking t
ran sf orme r. L e
t t his b e P , t hen t h e
h
ow l ow t he c urren t rating o ft h
is f use i s
. c
apa ci
ty. U p t o n ow , t hi
s h as b e en p
rima ry c u rr en t I p = P /Vm , a nd t h e
I o ften f i
nd , e ven i n c omme r cially- c
on s
ide red a dequa te f o
r e l
ec tronic e quip - v
olt age d rop a cross t he p r
ima ry r es
i stan ce
manuf ac tured p roduc ts, p rima r y f uses o f ment, atl e
ast u p toa bou t l kW c on sump - i
s Vm r /
2. S o t he p rima ry r e
s istan ce Rp =
mu ch t ooh igh c urrent r a
ting , b ecau se t he t
i
on , b u t i n lighting e qu ipm en t, h igh - Vm2r /200P .
d
esigne r d oes n o
t k now ,.o r d o es n ot c ar e
, p
ow erb ulbso f
ten f a
ilb ya rcing i nterna lly, If t h
e m ean t urn l eng th o f t he
h
ow t of ind t h e p roper v alue . p
rodu cing av ery large c u rren tp ul se w hich s
econda ry w ind ing s i sm , t he ' t
u rns p er
As imilar e xercise s how s t hat at ime - c
an c ertainly e xplode o rd ina ry f uses: I n
o-load v olt'i sta nd t hec urr en td en s
i ty i n
l
ag f use w i
llw ork i nt he s econda ry c i
rcu it s
peak f rom e xp erience ! S oy ou w il f i
nd i n t
he s econda ry w ind ing s i s Ja tf ul
l l oad ,
a
sw el . B y ex tend ing t he c urv e i nF igu re s
uch e quipmen t, f u
se so ft he s ame s i
ze sa s t
hen t h e w ind ing 1c on sists o f V1( 1 +r )
t
1, t he ' minimum , 1 2
5mA t o6 .3A ' c urv e mentioned a bov e, w ith T a nd F t ime t
urn s o fl eng th m a nd t he c ro ss-se ctiona l
mee t
st h e '10m s'l i
ne ata bou t 1 5t ime st he c
hara c
te ri
stics, b u
t h aving c eram ic t ube s a
reao ft he w ire i s II/ J
. I ft h e r esistivity o f
r
a
ted c u rrent, s o aT 320mA f u
se w ou ld i
n
stead o f g l
ass, a nd/o r h aving s and t
hew ire m ate riali sp ,t her e
si stance o ft he
a
cc eptt hes urg e. B utt hisi sl ow ert han t he f
i
l
ling s
. T hese are' h
igh b reak ing c ap aci
ty ' w
ind ing i sp V
i (1 + 01 4 , a nd t hat o f
s
t
e ady r msc u rr ento f0 .51A ,a nd w ew ould (
HBC )o r' h
igh r uptu ring c apa c
ity ' ( I
IRC ) w
ind ing 2i sp V2(1 +r )
t I 2/
J. T he w ind ing
c
hoo se aT 630mA f use
. T his f u
se w ould f
u
se s
, w hich w il s afely b reak c ur ren ts u p a
reasa r e V1( 1 +r )tI I/ J
,a nd V2( 1 +r )tI 2/J,
a
ccep t af ault c urrent o f 1 .32A f or u p t o t
o3 00 t o 1500A , d epend ing o n t h e typ e. which a r e t hu s p ropo rtiona l t o VIII a nd
t
wo m inu tes, a nd w e mu st m ake s u
r e t hat T
he se fu s
e s MUST b e r epla ced b y HBC V2I 2, i
.
e. t ot heV Ar a
t ing so ft hew ind ing s.
7
0 M
ap
li
nMa
gaz
ine F
e
bru
ary1
9
92
L
et
'st
a
lk w
ave
form
s..
.
.AND THE B
EST I
N OSC
ILLOSCOPES
. t
h
e s
t
udy o
f s
hor
t d
ura
tion e
ven
ts p
oss
ible
. T
he
O
ur n
ew r
ange o
fprec
ision l
a
bor
ato
ry o
sc
il
loscope
s s
oph
ist
ica
ted 4
0MHz 7
045 i
n
clude
s a4
0nsd
elay l
i
ne
o
f
fer n
ot o
nly t
h
e b
es
t f
e
atu
res
, b
ut a
l
so p
r
ice
s. F
rom t
o h
e
lp s
how v
e
ry s
hor
t d
ura
tion e
ven
ts i
n t
h
eir
t
h
e s
oph
ist
ica
ted 2
0MHz 7
025 t
oth
e d
elayed s
weep e
nt
ire
ty. Ad
elayed s
weep o
sc
il
loscope o
fadvanced
4
0MHz 7
046
, a
dvanced d
es
ign a
nd h
i
gh q
ual
ity d
es
ign a
nd h
i
gh q
ual
ity i
sfo
und i
nth
e s
hape o
fth
e
c
omb
ine t
o b
r
ing y
ou f
e
atu
res s
uch a
s
; 1
mVid
iv 4
0MHz d
elayed s
weep 7
046
, h
aving a
n i
n
crea
sed
s
ens
itiv
ity
, a
dvanced 6
-
inch C
RT w
i
th p
ercen
tage m
agn
if
ica
tion a
l
ong w
i
th a 4
0MHz b
andw
idth a
nd
m
arke
rs a
nd i
n
terna
l g
r
aticu
le, e
l
im- c
apab
le o
fdi
splay
ing c
omp
lex s
i
gna
ls
i
n
ating p
ara
llax e
r
ror a
nd e
nsu
ring a w
i
th p
rec
ision a
nd a
ccu
racy
.
h
igh
ly a
ccu
rate d
i
splay
. X
-Y mode F
u
ll d
e
tai
ls o
f o
ur o
sc
illo
scope
s
a
l
low
s L
i
ssa
jou
s p
at
tern
s t
o b
e p
ro- a
nd a
l
l o
the
r t
e
st e
quipmen
t c
an b
e
d
uced a
nd p
hase s
h
ift
s mea
sured
. f
o
und i
n t
h
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7
2
M
apl
in M
aga
zine F
eb
rua
ry 1
992
 he Mo the ro fa l Wa rs'o fe ar
ly a
nu rgen ts ales mee ting i nt he US w h
ile t
heirc ounterparts a tt he othe rl o
ca t
ions .
199 1 t ook i t
st o
ll, n otj us to fo i
l- c
onduc t
ing ama jo ru seru pg rade i n I
no therw ords ,videocon ferenc ing i sa
w e
lls, b u
t a lso i n
terna tiona lt ravel. Europe .T he c ompany c an l aunch ama jo r p
r
iva te two-way t e
lev is ion s ervice. Face -
"
The b us iness t raveli ndus try w il
ln eve r p
roduc to rs erv
ice ,l i
nking i t
sh ead o f
f
ice t
o-
face mee tings are t he refore p ossible
bet he s ame" ,s ays M ichae lN augh ton o f w
ith w orld-w ide r egiona lo ff
ices f orthe w
ithou tthe n eed tot rave l,cutting d own o n
i
n
te rna t
iona lc ommun ica t
ions c onsu ltancy p
resen ta t
ion .O ne a l
te rna t
ive t o t
he high costs,i n
conven ience a nd time
Applied N etwo rk R esea rch ( AN R) . t
ravelling ,s ays A nde rsen C onsu lt
ing ,i s which th
is often involves .A cco rding toB T,
"Sudden ly c ompany e xecu tives h ave u
sing t he te
lephone . H oweve r,t he 6
0% o fs enio rexecu tives f r
om sma ll-
to-
d
iscove red t ha tl i
f
ei nt he not-so -fast l
imi
ta t
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lved w ou
ld s oon h ave t he medium s ized c ompan ies s pend a tleast
c
heckou tl ane a tT erm ina lT hree h as l o
st e
xecu t
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ne d ay aweek o uto ft he of
f
ice t ravel
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i
t
se dge "
. B ut wh ile B r
itish A irways may mee t
ings ,e ven i fthe p ar
t
ies a re o n
ly t
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tend ing mee tings ,w ith 4 3%
bef l
ying a round i ne ve r-dec reas ing e
lectron ically presen t,h ave f ew s
pend ing o versixh ou rs aw eek t r
avell
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rcles ( and b lam ing a l a nd s undry f ori t
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ubs titutes . a
lone .A dded t oth
is a re a ccommoda tion
m
is fortunes ),B r
itish T elecom ( o
r BT a sit A
sA nde rsen p oin to u
t, v ideo - a
nd t r
avelc osts,p articu larly airfares.
now l i
kes t ob ec a
lled )h as al arge sm i
le c
on ferenc ing i sn eeded , n otn ecessa rily T
hese amoun ted r ecen t
ly toa ne s
tima ted
o
ni t
sc orpo rate f ace .Y es,t his h igh a nd t
oc utd own o nt rave l
ling ,b utt or educe t he £
13 b i
l
lion ay ea
rf orB r
itish f i
rms.
m
igh ty c ompany h as f ound a na l
te rna t
ive n
umbe ro fc ontac ts requ ired.A sa
t
ob o r
ing b usiness t r
ave l
. Iti sc al
led t
echno logy ,v ideocon ferenc ing i sn ot
t
e
lecon fe renc ing , ac oncep ta so ld as e
xac tly n ew ,h aving b een a vailable i nthe o
rr
in r
em
,71
t
e
lev ision i tself
.C osta lone h as h e
ld b ack US fora lmos tt h
irty y ea rs
. Wha ti sn ew,
The pr
inc iple b ehind v ideocon fe renc ing is
i
t
sg ene ra lu se a s ab us iness e
xplained B ristol-based v ideocon ferenc ing
v
ery simp le i ndeed —i n volving n othing
c
ommun ica t
ion t ool, ma inly b ecause o f s
ystem s upp lierI nterne tT echno logy , is
more than t he s imultaneous t ransm ission
t
he c ons ide rab le e xpense o ft ransm i
tting t
he arriva lo fd ig
italn etwo rks ,a nd
a
nd r ecep t
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lev ision p ic
tu res a nd
afu
ll-bandw id th b roadcas t-qua lity methods w hich r educe t he n umbe rof
s
ound ,b etween t wo o r mo re loca t
ions .A t
t
e
lev ision s igna l. t
e
lephone c ircuits n eeded t os uccess fully
t
he hearto fe very videocon ferenc ing
ANR b el
ieves t hata dvanc ing t
ransm itv ideo .S im i
la rly
,i nte rna t
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s
ystem i sthe videocodec ( orVIDEOCode r
t
echno logy ,i nterna tiona ll i
be ra l
isa t
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tanda rds a re n ow eme rging a nd the
a
nd DECode r).T h
is i sa nalogous t ot he
p
olicies a nd t he g ene ra lh ass le ( nott o c
osts o fb o
th e qu ipmen ta nd t ransm ission
modem i n at r
ad it
iona ld ata commun i-
men t
ion c osts )a ssoc ia ted w ith t ravela re a
re f a
l
ling , wh ich i sg ood n ews f o
rt he
c
ations a pplica t
ion a nd i sb as
ically a
c
omb ining t o make v ideocon fe renc ing a i
ndus try a nd u se rs al
ike .
p
iece ofh ardwa re w hich c onver ts t he
h
ighly v iab le c ompany f ac
ility.T he
a
ud io and v ideo i n
fo rma t
ion i n
to af ormat
t
echno logy m igh th ave b een a round f or
s
uitable fort ransm iss ion o ver ad igi
ta l
s
ome t ime b ut
, a sM ichae lp oin ts out,
t
e
lephony c i
rcu it
.T he v ideocodec
f
acsim ile h ad b een a round f oro vero ne
a
chieves t h
is b y mak ing u se of acompu ter
-
h
und red y ea rs b e
fo re t he use rg otthe
p
roduced a lgo r
ithm ,w hich c omp resses
message —o rr athe rt he i mage .
Avi
deocon fe rence,s ays Jim Barron of t
he bandw idth o fn orma lv i
deo s igna ls and
BTVisual &B roadcastS ervices, isa d
igi
tises t hem ,a long w ith t he re
la ted
mee
ting b e
tween g roups ofp eople in a
udio s i
gna ls.
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llitk• I
s 1
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• s
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ve b yte
levis
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nr ealt erms , this means t ha tt he
V
ideoconferencing i
sthe a
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tofbe
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he part
icipan ts can see
,h ea rand ta
lk t
o f
u
ll-mo t
ion v ideo s igna ls w hich w ould
i
ntwo p
laces atthe s
ame ti
me.The e
ach others imultaneously:t hey can a
lso h
ave n eeded t he equ iva len tofa bou t
managerore ng
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how d ocumen ts
, plans o
rp roducts to 1
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now o nly r equ ire s ome 1 6t e
lephone work w
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ti tdoes n otlook l i
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ll have
l
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terfacing with each otherasw el
l a s i
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heire f
fective
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u
ll-s
ized v i
deocon ferencing rooms . W i
th monopo ly i nt he videocon ferencing
movemen t ( i
. e
. t he c hanges b etween t
he ro
ll
-ou tofi n
ternat
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reat
success ive f rames ) G iven a n a ve rage d
ig
ital ne
two rks, such as ISDN, dial-up f
rom as pec ialistv ideocon ferenc ing
confe rence , t he amoun to f movemen ti s v
ideocon ferencing wi
ll become s
e rv
ice p rovide rw hich i sunde rcutt
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f
air
ly l imited ( unless t he c hie fe xecu t
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ncreasingly avai
lable and wi
ll inturn lead t
he B Tr a
tes b y5 0% f o
rb usiness
happens t ot hump t he t able !), a nd t h
is t
oa pp
lications such asv ideophones . v
ideoca lls t ot he USA a nd E urope.
means t ha te ven f ewe rt e
lephone l i
nes I
n
te rne tT echno logy iso ffer
ing c ustome rs
a
re n eeded t ot r
ansm itt he s igna ls . T he t
he u se o fi t
s Ma r
low s tudio int he
v
ideocodec a lso h and les t he p rocess ing T
hames V al
ley a rea for£ 362 a n hour( to
o
fh igh -reso lu t
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he USA )c ompa red with B T's o wn ra
te o f
compu te rs a nd p resen tation a r
two rk)a nd £
725 . Callc ha rges toE urope f o
rt he
automa tica lly c onver ts b etween 5 25 a nd s
ame s ervice s how as im ilarr educt
ion , at
625-l
ine TV s tanda rds wh ich d ifferf r
om £
206 c ompa red w ith £362 o n B T
. Att he
c
oun t ry t oc oun try -v ery i mpor tan t s
ame t ime , I n
te rnetC ha irman M ichael
whe re i nte rna t
iona lc ommun ica t
ion i s Davis h as c aused t he wo rld
's a i
rl
ines t o
i
nvolved . T hanks t ot he f a s
tp ace o f s
i
tu pa nd n otice, b ycla
im ing thata n
developmen t, t he re h as b een as teady i
ncreased t ake -up o fvideocon ferencing
i
mp rovemen to fi mage q ua lity a tl owe r f
o
llow ing t he tarif reduction w i
lls ee a
t
ransm iss ion s peeds .
Equa lly i mpor tan t, a s I nte rne t
L
ef
t: M
ike McCour
t, i
n
troduc
ing Mo
toro
la's
emphas ises , i st he n etwo rk. Ad ial-up
l
a
testvi
deocodec ch
ipsetwi
th B
T's
netwo rk c ould b ea ccep tab le f ora S
teve M
aine
.
o
ne -to -one mee t
ing . b uti ft he re a re s ix
B
elow:Studen
ts using v
ideoconfe
renc
ing
people a te ach e nd o ft he l i
ne t hen
d
uring a
nIBM in
teract
ive t
ra
ining s
ess
ion
.
p
icture q uality n eeds t ob eb ette ri norde r
t
os e rve t he l arge r TV s creens r equ ired
a
s ar esu lt. T he c urren tB T
v
ideocon fe renc ing s ystem o pe ra tes a t
a
ny d ata r a
te f rom 2Mb s ec,d own t o
64Kb /sec . A tt he t op r ate, B Ts ta te tha t
t
he p ictu re a pp roaches t hato fb roadcas t
q
ua l
ity w h
ile a t6 4Kb s ec i tst
illo f
fe rs
c
lea r pictures w h
ich c an b ev iewed i n
p
r
iva te v ideocon fe renc ing r ooms o ro n
t
he l a
tes td esk top v ideo p hones . T he
c
omb ined f orces o fB Ta nd Mo to rola
h
ave r ecen tly p roduced a ne igh tp iece
c
hip-se tw h
ich w il
l d elive ro ve r6 ,000
M
IPS ( yes , m il
lions o fi nstruc tions p er
s
econd !)
. T he n ew A pp lica tion S pec ific
I
n
teg rated C ircu i
ts ( AS ICS ) w ille nhance
p
re- a nd p ost-v ideo p rocess ing , mo t
ion
e
stima t
ion a nd c ompensa tion , w hile
p
rovid ing f orl owe rc hip a nd b oa rd c oun t
i
nf u
tu re v ideocodec p roduc ts.
I
nf act, B Tb e
lieves t ha ti ti s
wel
l-p laced t oc rack t he wo r
ld ma rke ts.
For as tar t, BT i st aking o nt he US
v
ideocon fe renc ing ma rke ta nd h oping t o
s
eize s ome 3 0% f rom t he e x
is ting
d
uopo ly - CL Ia nd P ictureTe l. One o ft he
k
ey c ompe ti
tive a dvan tages f orB To ve r
i
t
s rivals i st ha ta l B Te qu ipmen ti s
manu fac tured t oi n
te rna tiona l s tanda rds .
Fo
llow ing t he r a
tif
ica tion o ft he H 261
S
tanda rd f ort he manu fac ture o f
v
ideocon fe renc ing e qu ipmen tb yt he
CCITT , B Ti st he f i
rst( and s of aro nly)
v
endo rt oe qu ip i t
sv ideocodecs t ot h
is
s
tanda rd .

Ro
ll o
n
V
ideocon
ferenc
ing
I
nt he nearfutu
re, BT wil
l a nnounce
t
he a va
ilab
il
ity ofthe world's f
i
rstH 261
c
ompa t
ible mult
i-control uni
t, which w
i
ll
a
low u sers tos e
tu pe i
gh tsimultaneous
v
ideocon ferencing sessions . Fu
ture
d
eve lopmen ts fr
om B Tw il
l inc
lude
d
esk top un
its alowing p ersonal and
i
ndividualvideocon fe
renc ing. These wi
ll
7
4 M
ap
lin M
aga
zin
e F
e
brua
ry1
992
 o t
l i
d am
eQ woL .
A 1111
111
ih
I PI
Z?
I VI
-
. A
1 M
NaomiIP.
.
r-I
!
I 1
s
teady fa
l
l inin
ternat
ional b
usiness
t
r
avel. H
is content
ion ist
hatthe costo
fa
v
i
deocallt othe USA can u
nde rcu
ta
b
usiness-class a
irti
ckettoNew Y ork b
y
8
0% , w
ith added sav
ings oftr
avel
ling
t
ime, h
otel b
i
lls a
nd fa
tigue
.

H
ome o
r Away
V
ideocon fe rencing o pera t
ions c an
t
ake p lace e i
the ri n-house o ra t al ocal
c
on ference c entre. T hese c entres
f
eatu re fu
l
ly f i
ted a nd e quipped s tudios
w
ith e nginee rs a nd, i fn ecessa ry
, ski
lled
c
on ference c ontrolle rs a vai
lab le t oh e
lp
manage t he proceed ings . ANR s ays tha
t
mosth eavy u se rs o fv ideocon fe renc ing
f
acil
it
ies w ould t ake t he i n
-house s tudio
a
pp roach . E ssen tials uccess f actors
i
nclude ap leasan te nvironmen t, one
which i scom fo r
tab le a nd relaxing .
L
igh t
ing a nd s ound r eve rberation ma t
ters
d
on eed s pec iala tten tion , a
lthough
I
nterne tclaim t ha tt heirs harp-
image
e
qu ipmen tw orks u nde rn o
rma l r oom
l
i
gh t
ing c ond it
ions .

S
afe a
nd S
ound
S
ecu r
ity,s ays M ichae lB acon o ft he
Hoskyns G roup i s ama jorc once rn f o
r
v
ideocon fe renc ing u se rs,f undamen tally
b
ecause t he e xpens ive n atu re o ft he
c
ommun ica tion means t hati twil
lb eu sed
f
o
rh igh-va lue d i scuss ions —p olicy ,
s
t
rategy ,a nd tac t
ics .A s ar esult,a n
a
dditiona lc onside ra t
ion i st he
t
r
ansm iss ion med ium i t
self. Fib re -op tic
e
nd -to-end i sreasonab ly s ecu re,s a
te ll
ite
i
sab roadcas t med ium ( and i sthus
p
oten tially o pen t oa l
),m ic rowave c an b e
i
n
te rcep ted q ui
te e asily,a nd c oppe r-w ire
i
salso i nsecu re.T he c os to fi nte rcep t
ing
t
he rou t
ing ,a nd t hen i nterp re t
ing t he
s
igna lt oe xtrac tt he v ideocon fe rence ,c an
b
eh igh —b ut may b ec os t-
jus t
ified b yt he
c
onten to ft he c on fe rence .A sM ichae l
Bacon p oints o ut,i fav ideocon fe rence
u
ses p ublic n etwo rks t hen P TTs h ave
a
ccess t ot he s igna l —a nd t he c on ten ti fi
t
h
as n otb een e nc ryp ted.A lthough t here a re
afew manu factu re rs ofu ni
ts s u
itab le f or
e
ncryp tion o fh igh -speed v ideocon fe renc ing
s
igna ls,n one a tp resen th ave t hat
e
ssen t
ia lB Tg reen a pprova ls t
icke r
.
S
imila rly,i ti snotu nknown f or as t udio
t
ob ea cciden tal
ly c onnec ted t ot he
w
rong l oca tion.
B
u tn ota l are c onv inced t ha ta
mul
ti-m i
ll
ion p ound t e
lecon fe renc ing
marke tw i
ll b ec rea ted w ithin t he UK .
A
ftera l, u n
like t he S ta tes , a nywhe re i n
t
he UK c an b e r eached i nu nde ra n h our
b
yp lane , orw i
th in ac oup le o fh ou rs b y
I
nterC ity trains. I ts eems as afe b ett ha t
t
hose mon thly s ales mee tings w i
lls t
il
l
r
otate b e
tween L ondon , Birm ingham a nd
Manches te r
. atl e astu nti
lt he n ex tB rit
ish
Rai
lo rA irD omes tic f are h ike .

A
bove l
e
ft: Ac
urren
th i
gh -perfo
rmance
v
i
deocodec p
rocessor
,t he C3000 f
r
om
P
ic
tureTe
l.
L
ef
t: Av
ideoconfe
rencing s
ystem b
e
ing
u
sed i
n abus
iness e
nvironment
.
F
e
brua
ry 1
9
92 M
apl
in M
aga
zin
e 7
5
 A
l O 0

Y
o
uNeed O 0

O 0
Th
is isthe th
ird in as erie so fe asy-

t
oBu
i
ldYou
rO w
n
t
o-build electronics p rojec tsfor
comple te beginner s
, who r equire a
s
imple a nd fun starter t oe l
ectronic
p
rojec tb u
ilding. T hese p rojectsa re
i
deal for the young p erson a s n o
s
oldering i sneeded .A l
l t he projects
a
re b u
ilto n the s
ame t ype a nd size
o
fp last
ic 'peg -board '.T he only
t
ools needed t ob ui
ld t h
is p ro
jec t
,
and the others int he series, are a
pa
ir ofw ire cuter s/str
ipper s and a
smal
l screwdr iver; a p air ofp l
iers
would also b e u
se ful
.

This M onth's
O 0 Project
As n o specie s o
fp lant have y et
O 0 0
l
e arned t os peak , t
hey c an n ott e
ll
O 0 0 you ifthey a re th
irsty.This h as
r
esulted i n many p ot p
lan t
s
O 0 0 0 becom ing d ead t w
igs b efore t he
ir
t
ime ! You know t hatthey a re
s
ufer ing fr om a l a
ck of wa ter when
t
hey s t
artt og o brown a nd t heir
l
eave s curl
, a t which pointt hey a re

WATER
of
ten b eyond h ope! Th
is wa ter
d
e tector pro ject has been d esigned
mainly tos how i fany wa ter i s
p
re senti nt he soi
l (orn ot
), warn ing
y
ou t oa ctb efore there isa ny ma jor

I
NDICATOR
d
amage t oa ny plants
. As imp le

T
ext by Robert Penfo
ld
I
r M M
INE M MO•T

4
1'

r
s
.

0
0
0

p
robe i spushed i n
to the s
o
il
. Ift
he
s
oi
l ismo is
t, ali
ght emitt
ing d
iode
(
LED f or short
) ind
icator wi
ll l
i
ghtu p
b
r
igh tly. Ifthe s
oi
l isonly s
l
ight
ly
mois
tt he LED wil
l li
ghtu pdimly
.
Wi
th n o, o
rh ardly any, wa
ter inthe
T
he f
i
nished s
oi
l the L ED wil
l notl i
ghtup atal
l
.
Wa
ter I
nd
icator
.
Ho w i
t W orks
P
lease no
te t
hatt
he too
ls a
nd t
he
T
hese days
,t here are e
lec
tronic
b
attery a
re n
otin
cluded i
nthe k
i
t.
s
ensor
sf or j
u
sta bouteveryth
ing
u
nder the s
un
, a nd one ofthe
7
6 M
ap
l
inM
aga
zin
e F
e
b
,ua
ry1
9
92
eas
iestt hings tos ense i swa ter
. Get
ting i
t a
)T he f i
rstc omponen tst ob e
Ac
tua l
ly t h
is isn otq u
ite true.P ure f
it
ted a re R esi s
tor sR 1 a nd R 2.T he se
water d oe sn o
tc onduc te lect
ricity T
ogether are s ma l
ls au sage -
like c omponen ts
v
ery we ll, making i t
sp resence F
irstly, read t hrough t hiss ec t
ion a nd hav ing al e
adou tw ire a te ach e nd,
d
ificultt od etec t
. However ,t he t
hen c aref u
lly f ol
low i t
si nstruc tion s
, and s evera lc o
loured b and sa round
watern orma l
ly f ound i nthe one s tep a t at ime .R efe rt ot he t
he ir b od ie s
. F orR 1 t hese c olour s
e
veryday wor ld i snotc omp letely pho tograph so ft he f i
nished p rojec t are b rown , b lack,y e
llow ,a nd g old.
pu
re,a nd e ven t i
ny amoun tso f i
ft h
is h e
lp s
. The c olour sf or R 2 a re o range ,
i
mpur i
ty a re enough t o make wa ter 1
.C uto u tt he c omponen t whi te, b rown ,a nd g old.T he se first
ab
le top asse lectric
ity.T h
is make si t gu
ide -shee tp rov ided w ith t he k i
t t
hree b and st e
l
lu st he v alue o ft he
v
ery e asy t ode tect.S uch impurities (which i saf ull-size c opy o fF igure r
e s
is tor.R 1 h as av a
lue o f1 00,000
a
re pre sen tint ap wa ter,a nd e ven 2
), a nd g lue i ttot he top o ft he ohm s, wh ich i so f
ten w rit
ten a s 1 00
i
nr a
in wa ter
.T he wa terf ound i ns o
il p
l ast
ic b oard . P ape rg lue o rg um k
i
lohm s,o r 1 001d2 f ors hor t
. R 2,
c
ertainly c ontains enough i mpur it
ies s
hou ld b eo kay . D on ots oak t he howeve r,h a s av a
lue o f3 90 o hm s
t
o make i teasy tod etec t
. paper w ith g lue , af ew s mall' dab s
' (written a s3 90D o r3 90R f or shor t.
)
w
ill d o. T
he f our th b and t el
lsu sh ow n ear t o
2
.Fi
tt he l i
nk-w irest ot he b oard t
he g iven v alue t he r esistori sli
kely
u
sing t he s e
lf-tapp ing s c rew sa nd t
ob e
.T hisf our th b and i sk nown a s
washe rs p rov ided .T he l ink-w ire s t
he ' t
ole rance 'b and . U nl
ike d iode s
a
re made f rom b are w ire . L oop t he o
rt rans istor s
,i td oesn o
t ma tter
w
ire , in ac lockw ise d i
rec t
ion which way r ound r esistor sa re
a
round e ach s crew t o wh ich i tm ust c
onnec ted .
c
onnec t
,t ak
ing t he w ire u nde rt he b
) Nex tf i
tt he L ED , L D1, wh ich i s
wa sher s
. D on otf u
lly tigh ten a a' blob 'o fc lear r ed p last
ic,w ith t wo
s
crew u ntil al t he l eads t hata re wire sc om ing o uto fo ne e nd . Iti s
u
nder i ta re i np lace ,a nd d on ot f
i
tted i nt he p osit
ion s hown o nt he
ove r-t
igh ten t he s c rew s,o therw ise guide -shee t
,a nd mu stb ec onnec ted
t
he p last
ic b oard may b ed amaged . t
he r i
gh t way r ound — o ri tw i
ll n ot
3
.R ecogn ise a nd f i
tt he l
igh tu p. One s ide ofL D1 i sf l
attened
c
omponen ts,i nt h eo rde rg iven (
the l ead o nt h
iss ide o ft he L ED i s
be
low , using t he s ame me thod a s known a st he c athode ( K), wh ile t he
f
ort he li
nk w ire s.C u
tt he l
e ad o nt he o ther, r ounded ,s ide i s
c
omponen ts'w ire ss ot ha tt hey a re cal
led t he a node ( A
)),s ee F igure 3 .
F
igure 1
.The Wa
terI
nd
ica
tor c
i
rcu
it j
ustl ong e nough t ol oop a round t he Make s ure tha tL D1 i sf i
t
ted s ot ha t
d
iagram. s
crew s; otherw ise l ong l e ad sl ef
t t
he ' f
lattened 's i
de l i
ne su pw ith t he
f
l
app ing a round may t ouch e ach d
raw ing o ft he L ED p r
in ted o nt he
F
igure 1s how st he circuit o
the r( t
h
i si sk nown a s a' s
hor t- guide -shee t
.
d
iagram f orthe Wa te rI ndica tor
c
i
rcu it'
) a nd may s top y ou rc i
rcu it c
)T R1 s hou ld b ef i
tted n extt o
p
ro ject
.T he probe sc ons
i sts imply of f
rom wo rking . t
he b oard .T h
i sh a s as ma l
l b lack
t
wo p ieceso fi n
sula ted w ire ( w
ith
t
heir endss t
ripped b are)
, wh ich are
pushed i n
to the soi
l. I nelec tronic
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

t
erm s
,t he 'r
esis
tance 'o f mo ists oi
l, O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

t
ot he fl
ow o fa ne lec tr
ic c urren t
, is O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 O 0
qu
ite low. Howeve r
,u s
ing as mal
l O 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 C o R2 0 0 Dl o O0 O 0
p
robe d oesn otp erm it al arge V
IM MM
I

e
nough c urrentf low t od rive a n A 0 O 0

L
ED . In
stead, as imple t r
ans istor O Probes 0 O 0 O 0

amp l
if
ier m ustb eu sed ,a low ing t he O 0 0 0 0 0
t
i
ny amoun to fe lectricity flow ing O 0 0 0 0 0 0 • E O 0
t
hrough t he so
ilt op roduce al a
rge r
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O o
f
low t h
rough t he LED . O 0 O 0

TR1 i sthe t ransi s

to r amp lifier, O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 3 O0 0 0 O 0 O 0
R1
a
nd L D1 i sthe i n d
ica tor L ED O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O B
lack O 0 O 0
c
onnec ted a tT R1' so utpu t
. R 2 lim
its O 0 0 0 0 0 0 A O 0
t
he supp ly cur ren tt o al evelt hati s O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
afe for T R1 a nd L D1. S ome o ft he L
D1 B1

0.0
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
c
urren tf rom R 2w il
la lso f low i nto O 0

O0
0
t
he probe .T h
i sw il
l p asst h
rough t he O 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 O 0
t
he soi
l ( which s imply a c tsa s
0
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O K O0 O 0 0 0 O 0
a
no the rr es
isto r),a nd t hen b ack

O0
0
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 O0 O 0 0 0 O 0
t
hrough t he othe rp robe ,w here i t

0
c
an b e amp l
ified b yT R1. R 1, O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 O0 O 0 0 0 O 0

0
a
no ther r es
istor ,i sp resen tt o' tap O 0 0 0 0 O 0
of
's ome o fthe c urren tf rom t he
0
O 0 0 0 0 WATER I
NDICATOR O 0
p
robe ,a nd r e
turn i tt
ot he b a t
tery.

0
O 0 0 0 0 PROJECT NO .
3 O 0 O 0
T
hisi sd one t o make t he c i
rcu itl ess

O00000000
s
ensit
ive ,o therw ise L D1 wou ld g low O 0 0 0 0 O 0 0

O00000000
b
r
igh t
ly e ven i ft here wa s al o
to f O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0
r
es
istance ( i
no the r wo rds, h ardly O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 0
a
ny wa ter) pre sen ti nthe s oil. D1 i s
aprotec t
ion d iode ; ify ou s hou ld
a
cciden ta l
ly t r
yt oc onnec tt he
b
attery t he w rong way r ound , D 1
w
il
l block t he f l
ow o fel ectricity.T his
e
nsure st hatn one o ft he
c
omponen tsw il
l b ed amaged . F
i
gure 2
.The l
ayou
toft
he c
omponen
ts.
F
e
brua
ry1
992 M
apl
in M
aga
zine 7
 t
wo press-s
tud cl
ip s on apiece of
p
las
tic and Iwo wires coming from
i
t
,coloured red and b lack
.T he red
a
nd black leads should be
c
onnected a sshown o n t
he layout
L
ED
s
heet
.T he 9 V P
P3 t ype bat
tery
s
hould be connected t othe bat
tery
c
onnector; itw
il
l o n
ly fi
tproperly
o
ne way r ound.
I
T
est
ing and Use
Em
itter (
E) When t he b attery i sconnec ted , the
L
ED s hou ld n otl i
gh t, al
though i tw i
ll
Anode B
ase (
B)
i
fthe b are e nds o ft he t wo p robe s
(
A)
Co
llec
tor (
C) a
re c onnec ted t oge ther. Ifthe u nit
does n o t work i ne ither c ase,
d
isconnec tt he b attery a to nce .T he
most l i
kely c ause o fp roblems i sT R1,
F
igure 4
.Trans
is tor c
i
rcu
its
ymbo
ls LD1, D 1, o rt he b attery b e
ing
a
nd lead i
dent
ificat
ion. connec ted t he w rong way r ound .
F
lat Check t he c onnec tions t ot hese
denotes
componen tsc are fully
. Also make
cathode
s
ure t hatt he fine s t
rands o fw ire o f
(
K)
D
iode t
he b attery c l
ip le ads make g ood
contac tw ith t heir t ermina ls o n the
board .
Ifall iswe ll, the u niti sready f or
u
se. Ino rder t oo btain d ependab le
F
i
gure 3
.LED s
ymbo
land c
onnec
tions
. r
esult
s, t he t wo w ire p robes s hou ld
a
lway s b e h eld t he s ame d i
stance
Anode(A) > Cathode(K) (
between 1 0 a nd 2 0mm ) a par t
. Itis
p
l ast
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ree l ead -ou t ag ood i dea t o moun tt he p robe s on
w
ire s. I tw i
ll b e marked w ith t he type awooden h and le t hatw i
ll h old
number , wh ich i nt h
is c ase i s -
•• •
t
hem as uitab le di stance a par t.Y ou
'
BC548 '
. O ther mark ings may a lso F
igure 5
.Diode s
ymbo
land m
igh ta l so l i
ke t ou se s ome f a
irly
be presen t; y ou w il
l h ave t og et c
onnect
ions (D
1). s
touts ing le-strand w ire for t he
u
sed t o p ick ing o utt he i mpor tan t p
robe s. Ify ou w ish t o make t he u n
it
mark ings o n c h
ip sa nd t r
ans istor s s
crew s on the b oard marked more s ens it
ive , make t he probe s
(
and i g nor ing t he o ther s!).Y ou m ust '
Probes' —t he red wire s hould g ot o l
onger b y remov ing more i n
su lat
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ensure t ha tT R1 i sfi
tted t ot he b oard t
he screw n eares tto R 2 (and the f
rom t he w ire s.T o make t he u nitl es
s
correc tly. F i gure 4 s how s wh ich l ead c
ollector ('
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.T he s
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ightly.
i
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ree ends oft he two w ires ( w
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sulation s t
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f
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ike t
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componen t h aving a l e ad a te ach f
)La s
tly fi
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ttery c onnec tor
end o fi t
sb lack b ody. L ike L D1, i t a
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. Bl, the c onnec tor must L
ie Detector
mus tb e c onnec ted t he r i
ght way b
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his u n
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r
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which t e
lls u st he way i n which i tmust hold ing the b are e nds o fthe t wo
bep osit
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robes , L D1 m igh t l i
ghtu pd im ly
.
(
ors ilver ) b and c lose t oo ne e nd o f You w il
l p robab ly h ave t o h o
ld t hem
t
he b ody , s ee F igure 5 .T he d iode qu
i te h ard to make a nything
s
hou ld b ef it
ted s ot ha tt he b and l i
nes happen ,t hough . Ify ou h ave n o
upw ith t he b and o n the d raw ing o f l
uck ,t r
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About 8m m o
f bare w
ire
t
he d iode o n t he g uide -shee t. s
ub stan tial
ly i ncrease t he sensitivity
e
) We n ow n eed t o make t he o
ft he circuit
. Simp le l i
e detec tors
p
robes .T hese a re made u pf rom work b y measur ing s k
in resistance .
t
wo p ieces o fi nsula ted w ire I
no ther words , i fthe s ubjec t
(
c o
loured r ed a nd b lack ) and t wo (
v
ic tim? ) te
lls the t r
u th t he brigh tnes s
p
i eces o fh ollow i n
sula ted s leev ing o
ft he LED w i
ll rema in u nchanged . If
PVC S
i
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(
a
lso c o
loured r ed a nd b lack ).T he t
hey t e
l
l al i
et hey s wea t more , a nd
w
ire i smu l t
i -stranded , wh ich means t
he L ED lights more b r
igh t
ly.
t
ha tt he me ta l c ore c onsistso f P
e rhap st h
is iss ome th ing n o
tt o be
s
evera l v ery f i
ne w ires.T he p robes t
aken t oo s e
rious ly — b ecause t h
is
s
hou ld b e made u p as s hown i n method o fl ie d etection h as n ever
F
igure 6 ,u se w ire s tr
ipper st o p
roved v ery r e
liab le i nscien t
ific
r
emove t he i nsula t
ion where s hown . I
nsulated t
ests!
L
eads
T
he b are e nds o ft he l eads s hou ld
b
et wisted t oge ther t o p reven tt he
w
ire sf rom s play ing a par ta nd Ava
ilab
ility
b
reak ing o ff
. S l
ide t he r ed sleev ing T
he Fun
tronics Water Ind
icator is
About 5m m o
f bare w
ire
o
ver t he r ed w ire a nd t he b lack a
vai
lable fr
om Map lin Elec
tronics
,
s
leeve o ver t he b lack w ire .T his t
h
rough o ur c
hain o
fr egional
s
leeving f orms t he b ody o fe ach s
t
ores, o
rb y mai
l o
rder, order code
p
robe . C onnec tt he t wo w ires t ot he F
i
gure 6
.Prepar
ing t
he p
robes
. L
P9OX Price £2
.95.
7
8
M
ap
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inM
ag
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bru
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9
92
 b
y P
oint C
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H
oweve r
,t ot urn too the r ma tte rs,
a
nd ,c onsc ious t hath el e
fty ou a l
a
gog a tt he e nd o fh isl astr amb l
ings ,
PC feels h ei s mo ra lly o b
liged t of i
l
y
ou i no nt he q ues t
ion o ftha th ota i
r
ba
lloon . We ll, itw as d uly c ons truc ted
a
nd t he g rea td ay c ame w hen w e
p
lanned t ot ryi tou t
. I tw as b und led
i
n
to PC 's M iniv an a nd w ea l me tu p,
b
yp r
io ra rrangemen t,o ne s umme r
e
ven ing o nt op o fB H
il
l, al oca l
b
eau ty s po ta nd l andma rk i nt he
South D owns . B uth ow t oi n
flate t he
mons te r? M yl i
tle b utane b low t orch
would o bvious ly h ave b een t otally
i
nadequa te , b uta se verl a
te ral
t
h
ink ing c ame t oo ura i d
.O ne o fo u r
c
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s
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ill has p ro fess iona ld ealings ;i ndeed .
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ravelled i nc om fo rti nh isp alatial
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modus l o
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benefito f ac lass ica le duca t
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amo to rbike ,s ow ec oup led at ube t o
t
he e xhaus tp ipe a nd f ed t he h ot
e
xhaus tg ases i nto t he b al
loon ,w hich
was l y
ing o nt he g round ,w ith t he t op
Arecen tc utt
ing f rom t he trade p ress Ta
lking o fc lea ring u pl e
ftove rs end h e
ld u pa sh igh a sp ossib le b yt he
a
nnounced aD T
Ia pp roved r adio d a
ta f
rom p revious i nstalmen ts o fS tray t
a
lles t membe ro ft he c onso rt
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ree Imen tioned With the mo torb ike p erched o ni t
s
a
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tand ,a nd s e
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ra l R esea rch L abs i nt he t
han af a stt i
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hese modems c an c ommun ica te with m
id f i
f
ties,t r
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th b o
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f
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lowed b y mo re . I t
Those p roduced b yt he c ompany
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lien tp o
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were h oused i n ac an r athe rl i
ke a
i
n
te res t:first
ly,t he modem r equ ires n o TO 18 i nstyle, b uta pprox ima tely t hree s
ta r
ted t og e
tu pa nd t he o dd s poto f
l
i
cence ,a nd s econd ly, ith as ar ange t
imes a st a
ll
.T hree l ead w ires ,w ith r
a
in h eralded mo re t oc ome . We s oon
o
fu pt o3 km .T he ' n o-
licence r equired ' r
ed ,w hi
te a nd g reen i nsu la t
ing r
eached s t a
lema te ,w he re t he h eat
a
spec ti si nline w ith c urren tt h
ink ing i
npu tt ot he b alloon was a lmos t
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leeves f or em itte r
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nd e-regu la t
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, matched b yt he h ea tl osses f r
om i t
s
r
e spec tively, p oked o uto ft he b ottom
p
resumab ly , ifthe b uye rp ays n o a
nd t he body o ft he d evice w as e
no rmous s urface , b yn ow w e
ta l
l
i
cence ,t hen n oc ar
ing a dm inis trato r c
ove red b y at i
gh tf it
t
ing r ed p las t
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ve r,w hen K R b ecame a l
a rmed a tt he
i
sg oing t ok eep t rack o fw h
ich s
leeve . PC f ound t hatb ys l
itt
ing r ed f
r
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fully h ot sme llf r
om h is
modems a re b eing u sed w here . I n '
Lassov ic' in
su la t
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ke mos tb ikes t hen a nd
s
ho r
t,t here w i
llb en of requency 9/16
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lling i t now,t he mo torw as d esigned t ob ea ir
a
loca t
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round t h
ree s u
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iona ry i twas
C
lea rly the p oss ib i
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ter fe rence c
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ans isto rr e sulted . denied a ny means o fc ool
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b
etween u sers w illi ncrease i n O
fc ou rse the f inde r
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ropo r
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urned t od i
si
llus ionmen to na pp lying p
rop i
tious o ccas ion ,w hich s omehow
Appa ren t
ly t he d ev ice i ncorpo rates a t
he A VO t es
ta nd f i
nd ing b oth t he d
idn '
ts eem t o ma te r
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que lch f acil
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j
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umme r
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r
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i
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ours s
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rely
,
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terfe rence j
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ined t he cathodes o ft wo t oge the r—
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r
educe t he t h
roughpu to re fec tive l
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i te
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ata r ate, p erhaps t oa n emba rrass ing and r ed. Ofc ou rse t h
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imes amod icum o fr ed t
he A VO t estw ith f ly
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t
ape c an b ei nt he i n
te rests oft he u ser. j
ustt ha titdidn 'th ave a ny g a
in !

F
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9
92 M
ap
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 T
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8
0 M
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