Overv i ew
The Treatment of Copper Refinery
Anode Slimes
W. Charles Cooper
There are numerous viable approaches to
the treatment of anode slimes from electro-
lytic copper refining. Of particular interest
in the treatment of slimes are the behavior
and recovery ofselenium. The understanding
of the process chemistry involved in the
treatment of anode slimes should be aided
considerably by recent work on the formation
and characterization of slimes. Most prom-
ising is a direct furnace treatment of decop-
perized and detellurized slimes, in which
selenium is volatilized as the dioxide, im-
purities such as lead are slagged off, and a
high-quality dore metal is obtained.
INTRODUCTION
Anode slimes from copper electro-re-
fining are normally processed to recover
silver, gold, selenium and tellurium.
Small quantities of palladium and pla-
tinum can be recovered as well.
Because copper producers are in-
terested in the behavior of impurities in
copper electrorefining and in the man-
ner in which different impurities can
affect the quality of copper cathodes, the
numerous processes related to the treat-
ment of anode slimes have been reviewed
and assessed,! complementing the re-
cent work of Hoffmann2and Zarate and
Gonzalez. 3 This article summarizes the
principal findings of this review. Of par-
ticular importance to slimes treatment is
a knowledge of slimes composition. In
this regard, the recent work of Chen and
Dutrizac on anode slimes character-
ization and formation is especially sig-
nificant. [Drs. Chen and Dutrizac review
their recent work in an article beginning on
page 42 of this issue-ed.1
PROCESSING APPROACHES
The processes discussed in this paper
were selected on the basis of their in-
dustrial interest and application. Dif-
ferent approaches to treating anode
slimes are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 is
a generalized flowsheet for anode slimes
treatment using a sulfuric acid leach fol-
lowed by an oxidizing roast. Tables I
and II give information on slimes com-
position and treatment at different re-
fineries.!
Sulfatizing Roast
In the sulfatizing roast,!2.!9-2! sulfuric
acid in the presence of air is used as an
oxidant, sulfatizing the base metals and
oxidizing selenium and tellurium. Sele-
1990 August • JOM
nium is volatilized as se02 and passes
into the scrubbers where it is converted
to selenious acid. An advantage of this
process is the fact that the sulfur dioxide
produced in the roast reduces the sele-
nious acid in the scrubber solution to
elemental selenium and the sulfuric acid
consumed in the roast is regenerated. 22
Outokumpu!8 has developed a sig-
nificant variation of the sulfatizing roast,
which permits the efficient removal and
recovery of selenium. This process in-
volves the roasting of decopperized
slimes in the form of a wet filter cake in
a circulating gas atmosphere furnace at
600°C. Sulfur dioxide gas together with
oxygen is introduced into the roaster
and the roast gases are absorbed into a
Circulating solution. The amount of S02
required depends on the quantity of se-
lenium reduced in the circulating solu-
tion. The process is not well suited to
operations where large quantities of
high-selenium slimes are treated.
Sulfuric Acid Leaching in the
Presence of Oxygen
Aeration in dilute sulfuric acid to re-
move copper from anode slimes15,23-25
consists of suspending the slimes in hot
dilute sulfuric acid and blowing with air
or oxygen. 26 De Decker et al,16 report
aeration in dilute sulfuric acid to be a
satisfactory technique for copper re-
moval with most slimes, except those
with a high selenium and/ or nickel con-
•
Sulfatizing Roast
(Also Pelletizing
•
Oxidizing
Sulfation)
Roast
1 1
Se 4+ Reduction
H2 S04 Leach
S02
Sulfatizing
Sulfation Leach
H2SO4
l
Dore Furnace
Figure 1. A flowsheet showing different approaches to the treatment of anode slimes.
tent. As an initial step, the direct leach-
ing of slimes in concentrated sulfuric
acid serves to solubilize refractory cop-
per and nickel compounds.27
Morrison28 has shown that following
sulfuric acid leaching under oxygen
pressure, more than 85% of the tellu-
rium is solubilized and can be recovered
from solution by the precipitation of tel-
lurium as Cu2Te using copper shot.
Nippon Mining29 has developed a
sulfuric acid leaching process in which
anode slimes are suspended in 15%
H 2S04 and reacted with 02 in the pres-
ence of sodium nitrite. Copper and se-
lenium extractions of 99% and 95%, re-
spectively, were obtained. However, no
mention is made of the behavior of tel-
lurium or the solubilization of silver.
To accommodate slimes high in NiO,
Inco 12 designed a sulfation reactor in
which the slimes are contacted with con-
centrated sulfuric acid. Copper and
nickel are solubilized (98% and 95%,
respectively), as is a small quantity of
selenium and tellurium. After a water
leach of the residue, selenium and tellu-
rium are separated from the solution by
cementation. The remaining selenium is
removed in a later volatilization-scrub-
bing step or in the dore furnace treat-
ment. 13.!4
Oxidizing Roast
The oxidation roasting of anode slimes!
converts copper, nickel and tellurium
Dewatered
Anode Slimes
•
Aeration Leach
•
H2S04 Leach
•
Caustic Pressure
H2SO4 O2 (pressure) Leach
I
••
r:==LJ 1
• i 1
Oxidizing Se4+ Reduction
Soda Roast
Roast S02
Roast in
S02 + O2
J TBRC
45
 into acid soluble forms. Oxidation roast-
ing can also be used as a means of
eliminating selenium following sulfuric
acid leaching of the slimes. 28
Oxidation roasting in a fluidized bed
allows continuous operation and easier
temperature control. However, there is
the distinct potential for dust losses of
valuable materials. The best results are
achieved with briquettes, or extruded or
pelletized slimes. 28
The roasting of granulated slimes con-
tinuously in a shaft furnace at a tempera-
ture in the range 700-800°C results in the
removal of greater than 95% of the sele-
nium as Se02 •30,31 The gas stream is then
scrubbed in a solution of NaOH or
N3zC03 to recover the selenium.
Mitsubishi's Osaka refinery has had
Te Recovery
good results in the oxidative roasting of
slimes in a short rotary furnace at 600-
800°C. 17 The maximum selenium vola-
tilization was found to occur at 700°C.
If the roasting temperature is not care-
fully maintained, fusion of the slimes
may occur, resulting in the loss of the
porous texture necessary for good vola-
tilization of selenium.22
Soda Roast
The roasting of anode slimes with so-
dium carbonate has been designed to
effect the conversion of selenium to a
water-soluble form and follows from an
initial sulfuric acid leach of the slimes to
remove copper and tellurium. 32- 34
The Inco soda ash process34 features a
unique slimes pelletization operation
Pptn. of CU2 Te
with Cu Shot
Solution to
Tankhouse
Se Recovery
prior to roasting, The neutralized slurry
of the slimes from the sulfa tion reactor is
blended with Na2C03 and NaHC03 and
fed continuously on a pelletizer with a
bed temperature of 80-120°C. The par-
tial evaporation of water during pel-
letization gives a product a moisture
content of 10-25%. This controlled
moisture results in high-porosity pellets
having a uniform blending of soda ash,
and, upon roasting at 350-500°C, the
selenium is converted entirely to selenate
with no volatilization of se02 '
Caustic Pressure Leach
A caustic pressure leach as the first
step in slimes treatment results in the
solubilization of selenium; copper and
tellurium are removed in a second leach-
ing step. The caustic pressure leach was
developed to the pilot plant stage at
Canadian Copper Refiners Ltd.,
Montreal East, Quebec, for slimes rela-
tively rich in selenium and tellurium
contents. 9,35
The process has a number of short-
comings, including the oxidation of 10-
15% of the selenium to the selenate form,
thereby necessitating two separate sele-
nium reduction steps. Complications
associated with a caustic pressure leach,
especially with regard to the recovery of
selenium, are a major deterrent to the
use of this approach on an industrial
scale. Zarate and Gonzalez indicate no
use of caustic pressure leaching among
the major copper refineries. 3
Chlorination Processes
A number of studies have been car-
ried out on the chlorination of anode
slimes, 1 The basic concept in this ap-
proach is to separate certain elements
(notably selenium and silver) as chlo-
rides by the following reactions:

Figure 2. A generalized flowsheet for anode slimes treatment using H2SO.leaching and oxidizing
Ag2Se + 3Cl2 ~ 2AgCI.!. + SeCl4
roasting. SeCl4 + 3HzO ~ H 2Se03 + 4HCl
Table I. Survey of Anode Slimes Composition in Different Refineries (All Values Are in wt.%)l
Refinery Cu Ag Au Pt Pd Se Te As Bi Sb Sn Pb Fe Ni
- -
CCR (Noranda) 18.7 19.5 0.18 10.0 1.2 1.14 0.77 1.68 8.0 0.67
Chuquicamata 27 12.0 0.07 4 5 4
Cu Refineries Pty. 27 9.0 0.07 0.7 0.03 5.8 0.25 0.45 7.5 0.15 0.40
ER&S, Australia 13 9.0 0.10 0.09 5.8 0.2 1.2 0.3 3.0 5.0 31.0 2.0
El Salvador, Chile 5 24.0 1.4 21 0.7 3
Hibi Kyodo Co. Ltd.
Tamano Smelter 21.5 9.6 0.50 22.7
IMI Refiners, U.K. 14 5.5 0.07 0.004 0.008 2 0.6 3.5 0.5 3.5 5 22 9
Inco 21.0 6.37 0.12 8.4 1.8 0.50 0.14 0.09 1.7 17.0
Kidd Creek 26.0 12.7 0.15 19.5 0.05 0.45 0.28 0.09 22.0 0.03
Metallurgie Hoboken
Overpelt 17.4 17.2 5.1 0,95 6.8 0.74 6.8 0.35 23.2
Mhangura Copper,
Zimbabwe* 2 62 1.0 0.05 0.1 10 1.0 0.16 0.13 0.07 0.15 1.8 0.1 0.3
Minero Peru 41.0 20.0 0.04 11 1.1
Outokumpu* 8.5 16.8 0.3 46 8,0 5.7
Palabora 53.4 7.8 0.33 0.05 0.07 3,6 2.2 0.15 0.01 4.5
Phelps Dodge, El Paso 27.1 12.2 0.12 0.0007 0.006 8.8 3.1 1.7 0.66 4.65 0.08 0.64
Rabak,Turkey 24.7 4.8 0.11 0.0005 0.002 7.9 3.0 2.3 0.5 0.05
Sarkuysan, Turkey 26.7 4.73 0.10 7.6 2.5 3.6 1.3 1.7 0.82
Southwire, Georgia 10.0 4.1 0.02 0.08 0.35 0.6 1.4 0.5 9.4 5.3 13.1 8.4
It Composition of decopperized anode slimes.

46 JOM • August 1990

 Table II. Treatment of Anode Slimes at Copper Refineries'
Facility Treatment
ASARCO, Amarillo Aeration leached slimes processed in monometer rotary furnace
followed by oxidation of matte and dore furnace treatment. 4
CCR (Noranda) Decopperized slimes smelted in top-blown rotary converter.s-o
Chuquicamata H,S04 aeration leach; decopperized slimes processed in dore
furnace.
Cu Refineries Pty. Decopperized slimes sold to precious metal refiners.
ER&S, Australia Slimes smelted in dore furnace with Se recovered from flue gases
and soda nitre slag. IO•l1
EI Salvador, Chile Same as Chuquicamata.
Hibi Kyodo Co. Ltd. Tamano slimes decopperized and sent to Takehara Refinery for
further processing.
IMI Refiners, UK Slimes shipped to be refined on toll basis in U.K. and European
continent.
Inco Sulfated leached slimes charged to dore furnace and resulting matte
oxygen refined. '2-'5
Kidd Creek Decopperized and deleaded slimes custom refined.
Metallurgie H-O Aeration leached slimes processed in cupellation furnaces.16
Mhangura Copper Decopperized slimes processed in U.K.
MineroPeru H SO aeration leach, sulfation roast and processing in dore furnace.
Mitsubishi Slime~ from Haoshima and Onahama sent to Osaka Refinery."
Outokumpu Decopperized slimes roasted in circulating gas atmosphere furnace
at 600°C. '8
Palabora Slimes sold as a by-product.
Phelps Dodge, EI Paso H,SO, pressure leach with 02' sulfation roast, and processing in dore
reverberatory tilting smelting furnace.
Rabak, Turkey Slimes custom refined in Europe.
Sarkuysan, Turkey Slimes processed in Europe.
Southwire, Georgia Slimes not processed but sold.
In spite of the advantages provided by Cu2Se and Ag2Se . Cu2Se were ro~ste~ in
the wet chlorination of slime constitu- air at various temperatures. 38 OXIdatIon
ents, it gives rise to a complex mixture of occurs with t~e for~a!ion of selenite: as
chlorides which must be processed to well as selemum dIOXIde. Above 555 C,
recover the remaining values.22 The lit- the selenites are decomposed, Se02 .is
erature contains no definitive studies on evolved and CuO and SlIver appear m
the wet chlorination behavior ofthe var- the residue. As indicated below, the
ious slime constituents. reaction chemistry observed by Ishihara
Ammonia Leaching is temperature dependent.
Cu2Se +202 ~
Hydrometallurgy appears to offer
2CuO + Se02 (300-600°C)
possibilities in the treatment of anode
slimes which have unusually high levels
Cu2Se +202 ~
of certain impurities. Thus, Tan and 2CuO . Se02 (300-500°C)
Bedard36 recently developed an ammo-
nia pressure leach process for the treat- 2CuO·Se02~
2CuO + Se02 (500-600°C)
ment of high-lead slimes.
In the leaching of slimes containing 2Ag2Se + 302 ~
14% Ag, 20% Cu, 22% Pb and 27% Se in
2Ag2Se03 (300-550°C)
ammoniacal ammonium carbonate so-
2Ag2Se°3 ~
lution at 75°C and 350 kPa oxygen par-
tial pressure, these investigators found 4Ag + 2Se02 + 02 (550-650°C)
that >99.5% of the copper, >65% of the
Ag2Se . Cu2Se + 202 ~
selenium and <1 % of the silver were 2CuO·Se02+ Ag2Se (400-450°C)
dissolved. Appreciable amounts of sil-
ver are solubilized only at higher tem- 2Ag2Se . 2CUzSe + 702 ~
peratures and pressures and at retention 2Ag2Se03 + 4CuO + 2Se02
times greater than one hour. The low (500-550°C)
dissolution of silver in this process is
Although, as Ishihara points out, the
very important since, as Tan37 has note?,
formation of Ag2Se03 is undesirable, the
explosive silver compounds can form m
only way to avoid its presence is to con-
the presence of potassium hydroxide
duct the roast above 550°C, which seems
under conditions of no agitation, high-
purity soluble silver species and concen-
to be a critical temperature in other re-
spects-a roasting temperature greater
trated ammonia. The unleached se-
than 550°C may cause fusion of the slimes
lenium is present as Ag2Se and PbSe03•
with the formation of lumps and crusts
SELENIUM BEHAVIOR AND and may have an adverse effect on the
RECOVERY volatilization of selenium as the dioxide.
Loeschau39 found that the addition of
Oxidizing Roast
finely divided silver catalyzes the for-
Using selenides prepared by fusing mation of Ag2Se03 and that at 400°C al-
copper and silver with selenium, Ag2Se, most one-half of the silver selenide is
1990 August • JOM
converted to silver selenite without any
selenate formation or volatilization of
selenium. Copper and its oxides also
catalyze the conversion of Ag2Se to
Ag2Se03; in combination with silver, the
catalytic effect is greatly enhanced.
Sulfatizing Roast
The sulfatizing roasting of anode
slimes was studied by Ishihara,40 who
digested the slimes with concentrated
sulfuric acid and then heated them to
11 0-300°C under air or N2 agitation. The
following reactions have been indicated:
Se + H2SO4 ~ Seso3 + Hz0
lOO· C
Cu2Se + H2S04 + 0.502 ~
CuSe + CuS04 + HzO
>300· C
CuSe + 2HzS04 + 0.502 ~
CuS04 + SeS03 + 2HzO
130· C
Ag2Se + H 2SO4 ~
2Ag + Seso3 + HzO
>200· C
SeS03 + 0.502 ~ se02 + S02
Contrary to Ishihara, Hoffmann 22
considers that selenides are converted to
sulfates in the sulfation roasting accord-
ing to the general reaction:
MSe + 4H2S04 ~
MS04 + Se02+ 3S02 + 4H20
Thus, Ag2Se would be converted to
Ag2S04 and not to elemental silver as
proposed by Ishihara. The above reac-
tion, with M = Ag2, is also reported by
Hyvarinen et a1. '8 to take place during
the sulfation roast.
Soda Roast
The alkaline roasting of anode slimes
results in the conversion of the selenium
to a water soluble form as sodium selen-
ite and selenate. Although this approach
dispenses with the need for gas scrub-
bers, it has the distinct disadvantage of
having to recover the selenium by the
reduction of hexavalent selenium.
The particular conditions in soda
roasting which result in the formation of
sodium selenite and selenate have been
studied carefully by Tishchenko and
Smirnov. 41 -43 Sintering Ag2Se at 650°C
with Na2C03 resulted in the oxidation of
73 %of the selenium to selenite and 3% to
selenate, with 2.4% being evolved as
Se02. Interestingly, at this temperature,
silver does not form either Ag2Se03 or
Ag2Se04·41
Based on the following, the amount of
Na 2C03 should not exceed 150-175%.
M2Se + Na 2C03 + 02 ~
2M + Na2Se03 + CO2
A larger excess oxidizes selenite to
selenate and no MSe03 and MSeO, are
formed. Consequently, the behavior of
the selenides in soda roasting is depen-
47
dent on the temperature and the excess
of sodium carbonate. According to
Tishchenko and Smirnov,43 the best
temperature for the soda roasting of
silver and copper selenides is 650-700°C.
DEFICIENCIES AND
PROCESS OPTIONS
A statement made by Savin24 in 1965 is
relevant even today:
"The insufficient study given to the forms of
compounds of valuable elements and impurities
in slimes up to now is complicating the selection
of the most efficient method of treating them.
Therefore, the bulk of the flowsheets have been
developed empirically, regulated under indus-
trial conditions by means of experiment with no
consideration given to changes in the nature of
the raw material."
In recent years, significant progress
has been made toward addressing some
of the shortcomings noted by Savin.
The results of Chen and Dutrizac's
research on slimes composition must
now be applied in investigations on an-
ode slimes processing. It is noteworthy
that in studies on the deleading of slimes
prior to roasting, Yanagida et al. 44 ex-
amined the microscopic and mineral-
ogical structures of the anodic slime.
A number of options are available for
the deleading of anode slimes.! Flotation
of the slime, leaving lead concentrated
in the tailings, presents serious prob-
lems. Of particular importance are prop-
er preconditioning ofthe slimes45 and the
composition is not constant. Whether or
not an initial deleading of the slimes is
undertaken depends on the lead tenor in
the raw slimes.
The separation of copper, nickel and
tellurium can be most expeditiously car-
ried out by sulfuric acid leaching as the
initial step in slimes treatment. The re-
covery of tellurium may be incomplete,
but the majority of the tellurium should
be obtained upon leaching and cementa-
tion with copper as cuprous telluride. In
the case of copper and nickel, it may be
necessary to consider a copper / nickel
separation unless a two-stage leaching
process is used, similar to that employed
by Outokumpu.!8
In the recovery of selenium, it is ad-
vantageous to use a deselenization pro-
cess which does not oxidize selenium to
the selenate form. In this way, the more
difficult reduction of the selenate vs.
selenite can be avoided.
Hydrometallurgical approaches to
slimes treatment have not as yet pro-
vided a solution to the problems of in-
complete separations and multiple steps
for the removal of different elements,
notably selenium and tellurium.
A combined hydrometallurgical-py-
rometallurgical process appears to offer
the best solution to the processing of
anode slimes. This has been the conven-
tional approach-a decopperizing leach
followed by a roasting step and a fur-
nace treatment of the decopperized, par-
48
tially deselenized and detellurized slimes
to produce dore metal. However, the
deficiencies inherent in this approach
have directed attention toward a
simplification of the process in terms of
a direct pyrometallurgical treatment of
the decopperized (and detellurized)
slimes. In 1978, Segarceanu et al. 46 pat-
ented such a process. The slimes, from
which copper and tellurium had been
extracted by a sulfuric acid leach, were
melted in a rotary kiln with sodium ni-
trate, sodium carbonate and borax. The
so-called prealloy containing 75-95% Ag
+ Au was oxidized with air to give dore
metal containing >98% combined silver
and gold. No data were given regarding
the recovery of selenium in this process.
Yazaki and Tomaki of Mitsubishi47
patented a different approach. These
investigators charged calcium carbonate
and sand to a short rotary furnace. Then,
with the furnace at 750°C, they added
decopperized anode slime slowly and
baked the charge. After 12 hours, the
selenium was reduced to 1-3 %. Less than
24 hours were required in the processing
cycle in which 5-6 tonnes of slimes were
treated.
Inco has patented a pyrometallurgical
process in which sulfated leached slimes
are charged to the dore furnace, and the
resulting silver matte (containing, for
example, 53% Ag, 6% Pb,22% Sc, 7% Te,
8% Cu and 2% Ni) is oxygen refinedy,!4
At a temperature of 1,150°C, the matte is
subjected first to oxygen injection for an
initial refining period of 32 hours. Dur-
ing this time, 99% of the selenium is
volatilized as Se02, together with 15% of
the tellurium. The oxide slag contains
56%, 15% and 20% of the copper, tellu-
rium and lead, respectively. The oxy-
gen/ air refining is continued by succes-
sively fluxing with soda and with sodium
borate. The final bullion contains around
96% silver, with the balance being prin-
Cipally gold and platinum-group met-
als. The soda slag captures 13% and 6%
of copper and tellurium, respectively,
whereas 10% of the copper and 5% of the
tellurium report in the sodium borate
slag. The oxide slag is reverted and the
soda slag is caustic leached to recover
tellurium, with the residue being re-
cycled to the dore furnace.
The treatment by CCR (Noranda) of
anode slimes in a top-blown rotary con-
verter (TBRC)P,9 although somewhat
similar to the Inco dore furnace process,
represents an important advance in
slimes processing technology. In this
process, decopperized slimes are charged
to the TBRC in the form of pellets and
smelted at a temperature above 950°C.
Stirring the melt at 1,185°C reduces the
volatilization of lead so that lead com-
pounds can be skimmed off in the slag
phase, leaving a so-called silver selenide
matte phase which contains practically
all of the precious metals, An approxi-
mate composition of the matte would be
50-60% Ag, 3-15% Pb, 7-25% Se, 0,7-
1.5% Te and 0,8-4% Cu. The residual
lead is slagged off following the addition
of silica flux and blowing with oxygen.
After the lead converting stage, suc-
cessive blowing of the matte with oxy-
gen volatilizes selenium as the dioxide,
Copper and tellurium are eliminated in
the refining stage employing a soda flux.
The resulting dore metal, containing an
average of 10 ppm selenium, is then
processed to recover silver, gold and
any platinum metals.
The process appears to have several
advantages over more conventional
slime treatment technologies. A sepa-
rate roasting step for selenium removal
is not required, Through the use of a
TBRC and the coating of the surface of
the refractory lining with a high-melting,
iron-containing slag, the tie-up of pre-
cious metals in the refractories is greatly
reduced, Tellurium is recovered via
leaching of the soda slag, although some
tellurium is volatilized as the dioxide
and reports in the scrubber solution, The
time required for slimes treatment in the
TBRC is quite favorable, on the order of
30 hours. A longer time is necessary
when revert materials are being treated.
Thus, significant savings in energy and
labor costs are realized, and there is a
corresponding increase in plant capacity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The review on which this paper is based
was funded by Energy, Mines and Resources
Canada under project no, 169/02/87, The
assistance of Lisa ChalykofJ, B,H, Morrison,
rE. Dutrizac and K.G, Tan is gratefully
acknowledged, Appreciation is also extended
to the various refineries which supplied data
for the survey,
References
1. w.c. Cooper, "A Review of Processes for the Treatment of
Copper Refinery Anode Slimes with Particular Reference to
Selenium Behaviour and Recovery," final report on project
no. 169/02/87, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada,
CANMET, Ottawa, Canada KIA OGI (August 1989).
2. J,E. Hoffmann, "Recovering Selenium and Tellurium from
Copper Refinery Slimes," JOM Ouly 1989), pp. 33-38.
3. G. zarate and F. Gonzalez, "Process Definition for Anodes
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University of Chile, 1988), pp. 499-524.
4. J.P. Kemper, "Precious Metals," Eng. & Min. J. (September
1981), pp. 74-75.
5. R. Bresee, D. Vleeschhouwer andJ. Thiriar, "The Recovery
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JaM • August 1990
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
W. Charles Cooper received his Ph.D. in
chemistry from Princeton University. He is an
emeritus professor of Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario, and is currently adjunct
professor in the Department of Metals and
Materials Engineering, University of British
Columbia. He is also co-editor and editor of
monographs on selenium and tellurium. Dr.
Cooper is a member of TMS.
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