Exam #3 STT034

May 13, 2024

Name: ___________________________________
Multiple Choice. Please select the appropriate answer. (2 points each)
_______ 1. What are two key branches of the field of inferential statistics?
A. estimation and probability distribution C. permutation and combination
B. hypothesis testing and estimation D. point and interval estimation
_______ 2. Which of the following is/are correct?
STATEMENT I. The null hypothesis is assumed true until evidence suggests otherwise.
STATEMENT II. The alternative hypothesis is an opposing theory to the null hypothesis.
A. Statement I only C. Both Statements I and II.
B. Statement II only D. Neither Statement I nor II.
_______ 3. The level of significance is ____
A. the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
B. the magnitude of the sample size.
C. the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
D. none of the above.
_______ 4. Testing Ho:𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 against 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0 leads to
A. one-tailed test C. two-tailed test
B. non-directional test D. chi – square test
_______ 5. Suppose there is a relationship between the weight (X) and blood pressure (Y), and found out that 𝑟 is
positive, then
A. X and Y are directly linearly related.
B. X and Y are inversely linearly related.
C. there is no linear relationship between X and Y.
D. the relationship is both direct and indirect
_______ 6. The percentage of the total variation in Y that is accounted for in a linear regression model is given by the
A. Pearson correlation coefficient C. regression slope
B. regression constant D. sample coefficient of determination
_______ 7. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. A scatter plot investigates the strength and direction of the relationship between two quantitative
variables.
B. A chi-square test for independence is used to determine if there is a relationship between continuous
variables.
C. Correlation does not imply cause-and-effect relationship.
D. A simple linear regression examines the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent
variable.
_______ 8. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. If −1 ≤ 𝑟 < 0 this means that 𝑥 and 𝑦 have a negative linear relationship.
B. A sample correlation coefficient 𝑟 can only take values from 0 to +1.
C. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 have a strong positive linear correlation, 𝑟 is close to +1.
D. If 𝑟 = 0 this means that 𝑥 and 𝑦 have has no linear relationship.
_______ 9. The relationship between number of beers consumed (x) and blood alcohol content (y) was studied in 16
male college students by using simple linear regression. The following regression equation was obtained
from this study is 𝑦̂ = −0.0127 + 0.0180𝑥. This equation implies that
A. each beer consumed increases blood alcohol by 1.27%
B. on average it takes 1.8 beers to increase blood alcohol content by 1%
C. each beer consumed increases blood alcohol content by an average of amount of 1.8%
D. each increase in the blood alcohol content, the beer consumed increases on the average by 1.8%
For Nos. 19 – 26. A hospital is conducting a study to compare the effectiveness of two pain relief medications, Drug A
and Drug B, in managing post-operative pain among patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. The hospital
randomly assigns 50 patients to receive Drug A and 60 patients to receive Drug B following their surgeries. After 24
hours, the pain levels are assessed using a standardized pain scale ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating
greater pain intensity. The mean pain score for patients who received Drug A is found to be 3.8 with a standard
deviation of 1.2, while the mean pain score for patients who received Drug B is 4.5 with a standard deviation of 1.5.

a. Create a 99% confidence interval to estimate the difference in mean pain scores between patients who received Drug
A and Drug B.

b. The hospital wants to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the mean pain scores between
patients who received Drug A and Drug B. use 𝛼 = 0.01

For Nos. 27 – 33. The nurses hypothesize that the new education program will lead to a statistically significant increase
in the proportion of healthcare staff who practice proper handwashing hygiene compared to baseline observations. They
randomly select a sample of 100 healthcare staff members (doctors, nurses, aides) before the education program begins.
They observe each staff member for multiple handwashing opportunities and record whether they followed proper
handwashing technique (defined by specific criteria). Among these staff members, 52 were observed following proper
handwashing technique, resulting in a baseline proportion of staff practicing proper handwashing of 0.52 (52 out of 100).
Following the completion of the handwashing education program, the same 100 staff members were again observed for
handwashing practices. In this post-intervention observation, 70 staff members were observed practicing proper
handwashing, leading to a proportion of 0.70 (70 out of 100). Determine if there is a statistically significant difference in
the proportion of healthcare staff practicing proper handwashing before and after the education program. Set the
significance level at alpha = 0.05.

For Nos. 34 – 42. Stress is a prevalent issue in today's world, and chronic stress can negatively impact both physical and
mental health. Researchers are investigating the effectiveness of a mindfulness meditation program in reducing stress
levels. The researchers hypothesize that the eight-week meditation program will lead to a statistically significant
decrease in average cortisol levels, a biological stress marker, compared to baseline measurements. They recruit 10
individuals experiencing moderate stress levels. They collect saliva samples from each participant twice before the
program begins (baseline) to account for potential variability. Cortisol levels are measured from the saliva samples.
Following the eight-week meditation program, they again collect saliva samples from each participant twice and measure
cortisol levels.

Oyster 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Baseline Cortisol
18.2 19.5 17.8 20.1 16.5 19.8 18.4 21.2 17.1 20.4
(μg/dL)
Post-program Cortisol
15.8 17.1 14.9 18.7 15.2 17.6 16.2 19 14.7 18.1
(μg/dL)

a. Calculate the difference in cortisol level (Post-Program - Baseline) for each participant.

b. Determine if there is a significant difference in the average change in cortisol level between pre- and post-program
measurements. Set the significance level at alpha = 0.05.
For Nos. 43 – 47. A group of physicians at a hospital is investigating the effectiveness of two different antibiotic
regimens for treating urinary tract infections (UTIs). They hypothesize that there will be a significant association
between the type of antibiotic prescribed (amoxicillin or ciprofloxacin) and the treatment outcome (cured vs. not cured)
following a two-week treatment course. If the chi-square test reveals a significant association, what can you NOT
conclude based on this test alone?

For Nos. 48 – 55. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between lifestyle
practices and blood pressure in a community sample. They recruited participants and collected data on their diet, physical
activity levels, smoking habits, and blood pressure readings (systolic and diastolic). The correlation test between physical
activity level (measured in MET-minutes per week) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) resulted in a statistically
significant negative correlation coefficient (r) of -0.3. How would you interpret this result in the context of this study?
What does it tell us about the relationship between physical activity and blood pressure in this population sample?

For Nos. 56 – 60. A team of nurses at a weight management clinic is investigating the relationship between adherence to
weight-loss medication and weight change in patients with obesity. They hypothesize that higher medication adherence
will be associated with greater weight loss. The nurses recruit a sample of patients and track their weight loss (in
kilograms) over a three-month period. They also collect data on medication adherence, measured as the percentage of
medication doses taken as prescribed. The researchers perform a linear regression analysis and obtain the following
model:
Weight Loss (Y) = -2 + 0.5 * Medication Adherence (X)

a. Explain what the slope (0.5) tells us about the relationship between medication adherence and weight loss in this
context.

b. Based on the model, estimate the predicted weight loss for a patient with 70% medication adherence.

~ Don't think too much. You’ll create a problem that wasn't even there. ~