SPATIO TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ILORIN SOUTH LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE

BY
AJAO, Akinola Oluwaseun
14/77JB025

A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, KWARA
STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) HONS IN GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.

AUGUST, 2018
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this research project was written by AJAO Akinola Oluwaseun and
has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of Bachelor of
Science Degree in Geography and Environmental Management at the University of
Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

………………………………… …………………
DR. MALIK, N.A. DATE
SUPERVISOR

………………………………. …………………..
DR. U.A. RAHEEM DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

…………………………… ………………….
PROF. G.T. IJAIYA DATE
DEAN OF FACULTY

…………………………. ………………….
EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE

i
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God, who has made it possible for me to
complete this work. Also, to my mum Mrs Ajao Osho Dorcas and my sister Eniola
Olorunyomi for your guidance and prayers throughout my academic pursuit.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God, the Savior and Master of the universe, who undeniably
loves me and made me what and who I am today. Almighty God who gave me courage and ability to
withstand the odds of academic rigors. Indeed, He has made me a product of grace. To Him, all glory and
adoration be given.

I must commend the immeasurable efforts of my project supervisor Dr. N.A Malik whom from time to time
corrected this project. I pray that your desire in life shall be fulfilled and God keep you and bless your
family (Amen).

Special appreciation goes to my Dad and Mum Major and Mrs Ajao Rashidi Bolarinwa and my sister, my
friends, my care givers, my God sent and mothers Mrs Osho Dorcas Ajao and Eniola Olorunyomi who
sponsored my academic journey at this esteemed university. Also I appreciate my Brother Temidayo Osho,
Oshomo Kehinde, my junior Daddy and mentor Dr. Abodunrin Gbenga, Mrs Omolade Abodunrin my
second mum and Beloved Abodunrin for not giving up on me at the point it was all tough. To my
wonderful friends Adetutu Akinfala (friend like no other), Adenike Ekanola (bestie of life), Tamilore
Balogun (my ever crush), Ambali Olaide, Sadiq Khairat, Tiffani Davis, Omolayo F, Amaka. And to my
main friends Oyeyipo Damilola( McCall), Oluwasegun O, Alli Olamide, Ogunfemi Jackson A, Adegoke
Mike, Odutayo Sarah and family, Ameh Helen and family, Dube Nnabuife and family, Kolade Joel (for the
help) Babalola Tofunmi, Lydia I, Ewosho David, Mbah Chinoso, Micheal I, Akindolu, Tomiwa A, Bunmi
A, Iyiola H, Balikis A, Fikayo A, Okesola Demola, Daniel U, Nasirudeen A, Seyi, Oke shola, Praise O,
Olaniyi O, Barnabas, Joshua B and my most understanding roommate Abbas Salami. To all members of
RCF(redeemed christain fellowship), TOM( teenage outreach ministry), foursquare gospel church Yakoyo,
I say thanks for your prayers. God bless you all.

I must also extend my gratitude to all my lecturers, Professors and Doctors in the Department who have
contributed one way or the other to impact knowledge on me and to make me to be an intellectual in the
gathering of intelligentsia. I pray that you will never know sorrow in life. May you continue to witness
peace and reap the fruit of your labor in life (Amen).

To Profesor Ajibade, Dr. Orire, Mrs Adeniyi, and Mr Laro K. I say thanks to you all for your care and
leading me to the right path when I come to you for directions. God will continue to guide your path and
that of your family.

iii
 Table of Content

Table of Content Page No

CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iii

Table of Content.............................................................................................................................v

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................viii

List of Figures................................................................................................................................ix

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to the Study.....................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of The Research Problem...................................................................................4

1.3 Aim and Objectives............................................................................................................6

1.4 Scope of the Study..............................................................................................................6

1.5.0 THE STUDY AREA.......................................................................................................6

1.5.1 Location, Position and Size.............................................................................................6

1.5.2 Population and People.....................................................................................................8

1.5.3 Socio-economic Activities..............................................................................................8

1.5.4 Incidence of Crime in Nigeria.........................................................................................9

CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................................11

THEROREICAL FRAMEWROK AND LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................11

2.1.0 Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................11

2.1.1 Defensible Space Theory..............................................................................................11

iv
2.1.2 Crime Pattern Theory....................................................................................................13

2.2.0 Literature Review.........................................................................................................15

2.2.1 Types of Crime.............................................................................................................15

2.2.2 Urban crime..................................................................................................................17

2.2.3 Nature and Statistics of Crimes in Nigeria....................................................................19

2.2.4 Causes of Crime in Nigeria...........................................................................................22

2.2.5 Effects of Crime............................................................................................................24

2.2.6 Residents’ Response to Crime in Nigeria......................................................................26

CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................................29

RESEARCH METHOS................................................................................................................29

3.1 Data Required...................................................................................................................29

3.2.0 Sources of Data.............................................................................................................29

3.2.1 Primary Source.............................................................................................................29

3.2.2 Secondary Source.........................................................................................................29

3.3 Sampling Procedure..........................................................................................................30

3.3.1 Sample Frame...............................................................................................................30

3.3.2 Sample Size..................................................................................................................30

3.3.3 Sampling Technique.....................................................................................................31

3.4 Method of Data Analysis..................................................................................................32

CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................33

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.........................33

4.1 Socio economic Characteristics of Respondents...............................................................33

4.2 Types and Pattern of Crime..............................................................................................35

4.2.1 Type of Crime in the Neighbourhood as perceived by the respondents........................35

4.2.2 Types of Crime in the Area...........................................................................................36

4.2.3 Pattern of Crime............................................................................................................39

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4.3 Perception of Respondents on Crime in the Study Area...................................................40

4.3.1 Victims of Crime..........................................................................................................40

4.3.2 Frequency of Crime......................................................................................................40

4.3.3 Level of Crime..............................................................................................................41

4.4 Measure Towards Crime Control in the Study Area.........................................................42

4.4.1 Presence of Security......................................................................................................42

4.4.2 Type of Security...........................................................................................................42

4.4.3 Performance of Crime Control Management................................................................43

4.4.4 Factors Influencing Crime............................................................................................43

4.5 Impact of Crime................................................................................................................44

4.5.1 Relocation of Residents due to high Crime rate............................................................44

4.5.2 Safety at Night..............................................................................................................45

4.5.3 Loss to Crime................................................................................................................46

4.5.4 Safety Strategy Employed.............................................................................................47

4.5.5 Safety Measures Employed...........................................................................................47

4.5.6 Feeling Safe as a Result of Safety Measures.................................................................48

4.5.7 Rate Police Response to Crime.....................................................................................48

4.5.8 How best to Control Crime...........................................................................................49

CHAPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................................50

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................50

5.1 Summary of Findings........................................................................................................50

5.2 Conclusion........................................................................................................................51

5.3 Recommendations.............................................................................................................52

Reference
Appendix

vi
 List of Tables
Page No
Table 2.1 Types of Crime …………………………………….…………………………21
Table 3.1 Sample Size ………………………………………...…………………...……31
Table 4.1 Socio economic Characetritics of Respondents ……………….……………...34
Table 4.2 Types of crime in the Neighbourhood ………………………………………..36
Table 4.3 Types of Crime from 2000-2017……………………………………………...38
Table 4.4 Perception of Respondents on Frequency of Crime ……………………….…41
Table 4.5 Presence of Security ………………………………………………………….42
Table 4.6 Types of Security ……………………………………………………………..42
Table 4.7 Factors Influencing Crime ……………………………………………………44
Table 4.8 Loss to Crime ………………………………………………………………...46
Table 4.9 Safety Strategy Employed ……………………………………………………47
Table 4.10 Safety Measures Employed …………………………………………………48
Table 4.11 Police Response to Crime …………………………………………………..49
Table 4.12 How best to control crime …………………………………………………..49

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 List of Figures

Page No
Figure 1. Ilorin South Local Government Area………………………………….….........7
Figure 2.1 Crime Pattern Model ………………………………………………………...14
Figure 4.1 Pattern of Crime …………………………………………………………......39
Figure 4.2 Victim of Crime …………………………………………………………......40
Figure 4.3 Level of Crime ………………………………………………………………41
Figure 4.4 Crime Control Management ………………………………………………...44
Figure 4.5 Relocation of Residents due to High Crime Rate …………………………...46
Figure 4.6 Safety at Night ………………………………………………………………46
Figure 4.7 Feeling Safe as a Result of Safety Measures ……………………………….48.

viii
 Abstract
Crime is a universal phenomenon and differs only in degree among the various nations of
the world. The aim of this study is to examine the Spatio temporal pattern of crime in
Ilorin South Local Government area of Kwara state. Primary and Secondary data was
used for the study. The primary data was gotten through the administration of 156 copies
of questionnaire while the secondary data was gotten from the office of the police
command. Tables, percentages, charts, weight score and time series analysis were used to
analyse the data. The result of the study revealed that theft was the most frequent crime
in the area occurring for a period of 4299times with an average of 239 cases annually
while bank fraud is the least type of crime in the area. Further result shows that theft was
perceived as the most common crime by the respondents while suicide was the least
occurring crime in the area. The trend equation y = -0.9123x + 985.67 is negative
meaning that crime rate is on the decrease in the area with 2009 recording the highest and
2000 recording the lowest. Also, the type of security in the area includes police, OPC,
military, vigilante and neighbourhood watch. Poverty is perceived as the major factor
influencing crime in the area and majority of the respondents are of the opinion that
police is not effective in the area. In conclusion, theft, robbery, home breaking and illegal
drugs are the most common crime in the area and crime rate is on the decline in the area.
Recommendations made include that increase in manpower of the police force in the area
and restriction of movement should be put in place.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Crime is a universal phenomenon and differs only in degree among the various

nations of the world. There is no universal definition of crime; this is as a result of

changes in social, political, psychological and economic conditions. Hence, what

constitute a crime in one society may not be considered in another (Danbazau, 2007). The

relationship between crime and evolution of mankind is considered a historical one as

Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed the first violent crime when he murdered his

brother Abel because of jealousy (Hafiz and Muhammed, 2011). Crime started in the

primitive days as a simple and less organised issue and ended today as very complex and

organised (Gulumbe, Dikko and Bello, 2011). The constant changes in time also change

the perception of society on crime. Today, it is becoming a crime to pollute the air and

water. Therefore, the perception of an “act” to be a crime varies with time and space.

Criminal activities have no respect and barrier to people's socio-economic status and at

all stages of civilization (Zubairu, 2017)

Nigeria crime record has been on the increase since the 60’s. The figure was 100

per 100,000 persons in the 60’s to 300 per 100,000 persons in the mid-70s. Nigeria

criminal act is influenced by societal disposition and psychological instinct that is

inherent in man (LASG, 1980). The Nigerian society places great emphasis on material

wealth and as a result, its youths are becoming prone to deviant behavior which is the

1
first step away from the accepted norms of a society or an institution. Urbanization, the

worship of money rather than honor and achievement, as well as the ‘copy-cat’ syndrome

have been named amongst others as causes of crime in Nigeria (Igbenovia, 2003).

Impulsive crime takes place in areas where there are high population densities,

swift changes in social environments and poor living conditions. For instance, many

immigrants in urban areas experience new urban life where relationship is based on

momentary, superficial and impersonal interactions. This then produce anonymity among

urban dwellers, diabolical socioeconomic, high cost of living and socially disorganized,

thereby turning some to steal, rob, become drunkards, drug pushers and prostitutes to

make ends meet (Zubairu, 2017). This idea is supported by Soh (2012), who states that

“secondary relations eventually lead to family breakup, alcoholism, crime, and other

negative aspects of urban life”. Although he further clarified that, urban life does not

automatically lead to social disorganization, but it does increase the opportunities to be

exposed to deviance and negative effects on one's behaviour as there are many promoters

of such acts, or else when the condition warrants it. Therefore, some other factors cause

urban crimes in all its ramifications other than urbanization.

The consequences of crime are evident on the residents, quality of life and the

liveability of cities. This manifests in the loss of investment, lives and properties.

Coupled with these is the resulting conducive terrain for strengthening of deeply rooted

crime cultures and other socio- economic implications on the residents and image of

cities. Besides, there are countless emotional consequences of crime on human beings;

2
chief among which is fear and insecurity. Fear has been regarded as the immediate

‘within’ (or internal) response that poses threat to human safety (Afon 2001). Crimes and

its consequences occur not only within but are also influenced and may indeed be

compounded by a wide range socio-economic and environmental context, summarized in

urban residential patterns (Afon 2001). One of the fundamental techniques to combat

criminal activities is the better understanding of the dynamics of crime. Crime is often

thought of as a moral threat and injurious to the society. It afflicts the personality of

individual and his property and lessens trust among members of the society (Usman,

Yakubu and Bello, 2012). However, crime is an inescapable reality in human life,

therefore no national characteristics, no political regime, no system of law, police or

justice have rendered a country exempt from crime.

Spatio-temporal pattern analysis is a key task in crime analysis. Spatio-temporal

pattern analysis is a process that extracts information and knowledge from geo-and time-

referenced data and creates knowledge for crime analysts. The basic objective of spatial

crime pattern analysis is to find spatial crime patterns and then use the patterns to help

identifying the root causes of the crimes (Leong and Sung, 2015). In spatio-temporal

crime pattern analysis, the challenge is how to identify patterns from the dynamic

interplay between space, time and crime. This is a challenge because crime patterns are

considered to vary with time and location (Harries, 1999). Crime follows opportunity, it

does not necessarily follow that opportunities remain constant over time. Also,

3
opportunities are unevenly distributed across time and space, and the availability of

motivated offenders and suitable targets changes for many locations throughout the day.

1.2 Statement of The Research Problem

In recent times, several parts of the world have viewed crime as a social problem,

an epidemic disease that attacks the rights of individuals and groups. However, Nigerian

crime problem is multidimensional and is capable of undermining its corporate existence

as well as efforts towards sustainable development. This is as a result of increasing rate

of crime in Nigeria and the fact that these crimes are being carried out with more

perfection and sophistication. In Nigeria for instance, all daily newspapers devote a

significant proportion of column to reports of murder and theft. The announcement

concerning murder, rape, burglary and stolen vehicles among others are daily features on

the news and national dailies. Lives and property no longer seem safe anywhere in the

country and this is not peculiar to a particular socio-economic or cultural group; both the

rich and the poor suffer the same fate and the whole society appears helpless in the face

of crime.

The growth in urban crime rate in Nigeria is one of the major social problems

facing the country in recent time. The concentration of violent crimes in major urban

centres is therefore heralded as an indicator of the breakdown of urban systems. In many

urban centers of Nigeria today, criminal activities and violence are assuming dangerous

tendencies as they threaten lives and property, the national sense of well-being and

coherence, peace, social order and security, thus, reducing the citizens’ quality of life

4
(Ahmed, 2010). The rate of crime in Nigeria is attributed to the rate of unemployment

estimated at 13.9% by the National Bureau of Statistics (2017), high rate of poverty

estimated at 62.6% by the United Nations Development programme (2016) and corrupt

Police Force that is ill-equipped to fight crime (Adibe, 2009).

Studies of crime in Ilorin South local government has shown that increase in

population, stark economic inequality and deprivation, unemployment, socio-political

condition among others are factors that contribute to crime occurrence (Ahmed, 2010).

Furthermore, certain environmental factors such as the physical layout of an area,

proximity to various services and land use mixes are likely to influence criminal

behaviour and are fundamental to the explanation of criminal activities in a spatial

context (Ahmed, 2010). Crime rates in the area are very high and that over the last years,

the area has experienced a steep rise in crime. Organized and non-organized crime and

attendant vices such as smuggling of contrabands, burglary, rape, money-laundering,

armed robberies, kidnapping, car hijacking, domestic violence have become sources of

worry to the occupants of the area.

In view of this, this study wants to examine the spatio temporal pattern of crime

in the area. In doing this, the study asks the following research questions.

i. What are the types of crime committed in the study area between 2000 and 2017?

ii. What are the causes of crime in the area?

iii. What is the effect of crimes committed?

5
1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of the study is to analyse the spatio-temporal pattern of crime in Ilorin

south local government area of Kwara state. The specific objectives are to:

i. identify the types and pattern of crime in the study area for the period of 2000-

2017;

ii. assess the causes of crime in Ilorin south LGA; and

iii. examine the impact of crime on the residents.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study was carried out Ilorin south local government area. The study covers

the types of crimes experienced in the area, the location where the crime is committed,

causes of crimes in the area and possible solutions to help reduce crime in the area.

Furthermore, the study covers a period of 18years which is 2000-2017.

1.5.0 THE STUDY AREA

1.5.1 Location, Position and Size

Ilorin South Local Government area is located between latitude 8°19’ and

8o30’North of the equator and longitude 4°20’ and 4 o25’ East of the Greenwich Meridian.

It is bounded to the north by Ilorin east local government area, to the east and South by

Ifelodun local government area and to the west by Ilorin east and Ilorin west local

government area. it has its headquarters in Fufu town with an area of 174km 2. Ilorin is

82km from Osogbo, 500km from Abuja, 143km from Ibadan, 156km from Akure, 300km

from Lagos (Adeleke, 2013).

6
Figure 1: Ilorin South Local Government Area
Source: Office of the Surveyor General, Kwara State.

7
1.5.2 Population and People

According to NPC (2006), the population of Ilorin South local government area is

204,984 persons. The area has about 50communities who farmers are mostly though

some other people engage in various other activities like trading, commerce and

administration. The city of Ilorin is a conference of cultures populated by Yoruba, Hausa,

Igbo, Fulani, Nupe, Baruba. The people of Ilorin are predominantly Muslims with a mix

of Christians. The people of Ilorin are hospitable, the local delicacy is Amala with gbegiri

and Ewedu popularly called Abula. The people love drinking freshly extracted cow milk.

1.5.3 Socio-economic Activities

In the pre-1900, the socio-economic activities in Ilorin were predominantly

characterized by traditional craft among which are weaving, carving, pottery, and

blacksmithing. Today however, the scope of economy has expanded tremendously to

include other activities like furniture making, bread making, pharmaceuticals,

manufacturing, etc. Patches of ‘urban farming’ are also found in the parts of the city

where vegetables, maize, millet, cassava and yams are cultivated. Forest lands are being

cleared in the process of building activities to accommodate the increasing population.

Ilorin has a number of primary and secondary schools; it has four tertiary institutions

which includes University of Ilorin, Kwara Polytechnic, College of Education and

Alikhmah University. The decrease in forest cover in Ilorin is affecting

evapotranspiration process in the area with consequent effects on both the frequency and

amount of rainfall received in the area. The increased paved area in the city is also

8
affecting infiltration thus increasing surface runoff. Thus, rainfall of high intensity and

duration experienced in the city usually lead to flood. So also, the increase in the

emission of greenhouse gases from burning of fossil fuel within and around the city is no

doubt affecting the frequency and amount of rainfall received in the area.

1.5.4 Incidence of Crime in Nigeria

Nigeria has one of the highest crime rates in the world. Over the years the rate of

crime in Nigeria has been on the increase and these crimes are being carried out with

more perfect and sophistication. The fact file on losses between June 1999 and October

2001 painted a picture of robbery and murder victims akin to a declaration of war by

hoodlums. Estimated properties cost is in billions of naira, while a total of 3680 people

lost their lives (Ayoola, Adeyemi and Jabaru, 2015). Cases of armed robbery attacks,

pickpockets, shoplifting and 419 have increased due to increased poverty among

population. Increase in population growth rate is said to have match with a progressive

increase in crime. Nigeria crime record in the 60s was 100 per 100,000 persons. The

figure rose to 300 per 100,000 persons in the mid-70s. Criminal activities went berserk in

the 80s. This was led by high crime of armed robbery and drug trafficking. The death

penalty was then instituted to serve as deterrence. A total of 159, 069 cases were reported

in 2003 showing a decreasing figure in crime when compared with crime record of

241,916 in 1995 (Dambazua, 2007). This reducing crime tide in Nigeria could have been

good news but it is presently thwarted as armed robbery and kidnapping for ransom are

the most prevalent crime in Nigeria. It has been noted that the cost of crime and its

9
control is equivalent to 5% GDP in the developed world, the figure rises to about 14% in

developing nation (Ayoola, et al., 2015). In many urban centre of Nigeria today, criminal

activities and violence are assuming dangerous tendencies as they threaten lives and

properties, the national sense of well-being and coherence, peace, social order and

security, thus reducing the citizen quality of life (Ahmed, 2010)

10
 CHAPTER TWO

THEROREICAL FRAMEWROK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.0 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 Defensible Space Theory

This theory is an environment-centered strategy which focuses on the

manipulation of the environment in order to prevent and or reduce crime. “Defensible

Space Theory” was proposed by Oscar Newman in 1973 (Newman 1995). The theory

implies a form of architectural determinism. Newman proposed his theory against the

background of skyrocketing urban crime which he associated with the forms of building

design and the physical structuring of the environment of most American cities. He

studied the physical features of residential buildings and projects in order to determine

which of them gives advantage to criminal incidences. For instance, the recreational

space designed around project buildings becomes the most vulnerable of the building

because it is located away from the traffic as such they are ‘no man’s land’. It was

concluded that the built environment provides the precipitate framework where crime can

be made more or less easy.

As a means of rectifying the anomalies identified, Newman proposed the

defensible space model. Defensible space is a model for residential environments which

inhibits crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself.

Newman conceived “defensible space” as a surrogate term for the range of mechanisms-

real and symbolic barriers, strongly defined areas of influence and improved

11
opportunities for surveillance- that combine to bring an environment under the control of

its residents. A defensible space is thus a living residential environment which can be

employed by residents for enhancement of their lives, while providing security for their

families, neighbours, and friends. Newman's idea is that local space can be divided into

four categories, namely “private” "semi-private", "semi-public" and "public" zones. This

represents the hierarchy of defensible space. Newman prescribed the movement of as

much space as possible to the private end of the scale to increase security and prevent

crime. He assumed that people will look after their own private and perhaps semi private

space, whereas people on the street would provide "natural surveillance" of semi-public

areas. Surveillance of any sort is difficult in pure public areas and so crime risk would be

at greatest. Newman favoured low-rise buildings over high-rise ones. His idea includes

something of "symbolic" divisions of space, such as low fences that were not true

physical barriers but that clearly defined what can be referred to as ‘private’. He

supported his theoretical work and drawings with demonstration projects in real world

showing major improvements in security.

Newman identified four elements of physical design which individually and

collectively contribute to the creation of a secured environment. These include:

Territoriality: the subdivision of residential environment into zones of influence to

discourage outsiders and encourage residents to defend their areas;

Surveillance: the design of buildings to allow easy observation of territorial areas;

Image and milieu: the design of buildings to avoid stigma in low-cost or public housing;

12
Environment: the juxstapositioning of public housing.

2.1.2 Crime Pattern Theory

Brantingham and Brintingham (1984) postulated in the Crime Pattern Theory that

crime is the result of people’s (both offenders and potential victims) interaction and

movement in the urban landscape in space or time. This is a way of explaining why

crimes are committed in certain areas. Crime is not random; it is either planned or

opportunistic in nature. According to the theory, crime happens when the activity space

of a victim or target intersects with the activity space of an offender. Crime Pattern

theory sees crime as a complex phenomenon, but, even assuming high degrees of

complexity, finds discernible patterns both in criminals’ events and for criminals that are

scale independents. This theory has three main concepts namely, nodes, paths, and edges.

A node is a term from transportation, refers to where people travel to and from, such

places not only can generate crime within but also nearby. It also conveys a sense of

movement and hence carries extra meaning about crime opportunities (Felson and

Clarke, 1998).

13
Figure 2.1: Crime pattern Model
Source: Keppel (1989)

Paths is the linkage or the string that attaches routes between nodes, while, edge

refers to the boundaries of areas where people live, work, shop or seek entertainment.

Most importantly, crime pattern theorist and other environmental criminologist have

shown that the design and management of town city, and business areas can produce

major shifts in crime rates. Brantingham and Brintingham (1991) argued that there are

four dimensions to any crime. That is, for a crime to occur it must consist of four

essential elements namely, the law, the offender, the target and the location. Crime

pattern theory, a central component of environmental criminology, considers how people

and events involved in crime move about in space and time. Block and Block (1995)

pointed out that a place could be a point (such as a building or a classroom) or an area
14
(such as a census tract or a metropolitan region). However, the former generally are

regarded as places, and the latter, with their greater area, are spaces.

2.2.0 Literature Review

2.2.1 Types of Crime

Crime has been broadly categorized into four major classes according to

(Omisakin, 1998). These are:

a) Crimes of aggression. This includes murder and attempts wounding, kidnapping,

suicide, manslaughter and assault. Offenses of rape, abortion and assault in the

course of robbery are excluded from this category.

b) Crime of acquisition. This embraces all illegal means of acquiring money and

property. White collar crime such as fraud and embezzlement are classified as a

sub category here though analyzed separately from theft. In increasing order of

seriousness, the following are placed in this class: larceny, burglary, house

breaking, store breaking, unlawful possession and robbery. Counterfeiting and

reception of stolen goods are also included in this group.

c) Crime against morality and customs. This includes sexual offenses and various

“victimless crime”. “Victimless crime” is defined by Swiencicki (2002) as crime

committed against public decency and order. Offenses such as vagrancy,

gambling and other behaviours considered to be disorderly, non-productive, or

against prevailing standards of conduct are included in this group. Sexual assault,

15
 defiance and prostitutions are treated as sub categories of this group while

drunkenness is another.

d) Crimes against public order. This include instances of overt resistance to

authorities such as rioting, assault on police and other officials as well as

prohibited political activities.

Furthermore, Tanumo (1991) classified crime into three categories, these are;

a) Violent crimes: These are offences against person e.g. murder, homicide,

manslaughter and assault

b) Property Crimes: Crimes against property such as burglary, theft and autotheft

are placed in this category

c) Victimless crimes: This category includes all crimes committed against the

public decency and order.

In Nigeria, the Police classification of crime also depends on what law prescribed. In

Nigeria Police Abstract of Statistics (NPACS), offences are categorised into four main

categories:

1. Offences against persons includes: manslaughter, murder and attempted murder,

assault, rape, child stealing, grievous hurt and wounding, etc.

2. Offences against property includes: armed robbery, house and store breakings,

forgery, theft/stealing, etc.

3. Offences against lawful authority include: forgery of current notes, gambling,

breach of peace, bribery and corruption, etc.

16
 4. Offences against local act include: traffic offences, liquor offences, etc.

2.2.2 Urban crime

It is believed that criminal behaviours or activities are not evenly distributed

among societies or across geographical entities. Even within a particular society some

hotspot areas have higher occurrences of crimes than cold spot areas. This is because of

the differences in geographical areas in terms of socio-economic, political and

demographic characteristics. In light of this, crime has become one of the serious social

problems and burning issues to all societies because it affects the public safety and

quality of life among the people, as it affects all, irrespective of race, religion, gender and

income levels (Zubairu, 2017). In the last two decades, the nature and frequencies of

urban crimes in many parts of the world have increased precipitously as it has been

observed by Usman et al., (2012) that the entire world is experiencing high crime rate.

The high level of urban crime activities has become more alarming and contributed to

decline in the socio-economic and quality of life (Badiora & Afon, 2013). Urban crime

activities are not uniformly performed across urban areas, indeed crime can crop up

anywhere, but certain areas will experience higher crime proportion than others based on

its density and location (Ahmed & Salihu, 2013).

Crime is generally influenced by the criminal behaviour of offenders, the

existence of attractive targets in an area and absence of a capable guardian. Therefore, in

any circumstances for a crime to be committed, there must be a motivated offender, a

suitable target (attractor) and the absence of a capable guardian. In reality these ‘criminal

17
behaviours’ and potentialities for criminal activities in places are inherent in human

society (Zubairu, 2017). Usman et al. (2012) asserted that crime is an ‘inescapable reality

in human life, therefore, no national characteristics, no political regime, and no system of

law, police or judiciary have rendered a country free from crime’. It is clear that all types

of crimes (crimes against person, property, lawful authority and local acts) are committed

in urban areas in different parts of the world and in different scales. These nature and

types of crimes are justifying the fact that there are variations in criminal activities in

different places where some types of crimes are more prevalent in a particular location

than another which has social and space dimensions. Crime hotspots tend to be at peak in

highly intensive activity centres in urban areas. In fact, Central Business District (CBD)

is claimed to have higher crime rates due to higher population density, particularly in

commercial areas. Places like city centres, regional shopping centres and large market

areas, major transportation nodes and places where drugs and alcohol are sold or used

shown higher crime rates (Song et al., 2013).

There is no singular factor that can be the cause of crimes or criminal behaviour

because of the divergent and complexity of human behaviours. Different types of crimes

are being committed by different types of people, at different times, in different places

and under different circumstances. However, studies show that unemployment and

poverty are the root causes of criminal behaviours (Usman et al., 2012; Song et al., 2013;

Badiora and Afon, 2013). In conformity with this, Ajaegbu (2012) in a study in Nigeria

reported, the problem of crimes in Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of

18
‘unemployment and economic hardship which has pushed many jobless youths, some of

whom are graduates, into various deadly crimes’. While in a contrasting argument, Soh

(2012) explained that criminal behaviour can be found in all types of people; even people

who wallow in wealth can commit crimes.

2.2.3 Nature and Statistics of Crimes in Nigeria

Nigeria has one of the highest crime rates in the world. Murder often accompanies

minor burglaries. Rich Nigerians live in high security compounds. Police in some states

are empowered to “shoot on sight” violent criminals (Financial Times, 2009). There is no

disagreement from both macro and micro level studies that the rate of crime in Nigeria

has reached an unacceptable level. The fact file on losses between June 1999 and October

2001 painted a picture of robbery and murder victims akin to a declaration of war by

hoodlums. Estimated properties cost is in billions of naira, while a total of 3680 people

lost their lives (Ayoola, Adeyemi and Jabaru, 2015). Assault related injuries, which

include bruises; cuts black eyes and broken bones have severally been reported. Some of

these assault occurred as domestic violence, while other are inflicted by criminals on

guards especially under volatile situation. These assault have resulted in damaged joint

partial loss of hearing and vision, permanent disfigurement, scars from burns, knives and

machete wound (Ahmed, 2010) Aside from the human and sociological effect of violence

crime, there is a significant economics cost to the country in which rate of crime and

violence are high, such economic effect include increase absenteeism, decrease in labour

market participation, reduced productivity that lower earning (Ayoola, Adeyemi and

19
Jabaru, 2015). The growth in urban crime rate in Nigeria is one of the major social

problems facing the country in recent time. The dominance of crime in developing

countries increases the volatility of the issue for its pyramid one fear upon others. The

concentration of violent crime in major urban centre worldwide is therefore heralded as

an indicator of the breakdown of urban system. In many urban centre of Nigeria today,

criminal’s activities and violence are assuming dangerous tendencies as they threaten

lives and properties, the national sense of well-being and coherence, peace, social order

and security, thus reducing the citizen quality of life (Ahmed, 2010).

In some areas in Nigeria, property crimes are more prominent while violent

crimes are highly experienced in another part of the country. Similarly, in a particular

urban area there are these variations between ‘hotspots and cold spots’ locations. Hotspot

locations are those areas where the frequency of crimes is high because of the presence of

high crime attractors while on the other hand, cold spot locations are areas with low

crime (low crime attractors). According to Zubairu (2017) criminal activities in Nigeria

are committed on all four categories of crimes: - crime on persons, property, laws and

acts. Crimes committed include: - burgling, house and store breakings, auto theft,

theft/stealing, pickpockets, pilfering, snatch theft, shoplifting, vandalism, arson, arm

robbery, grievous hurt and wounding, murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, rape,

sexual harassment, aggravated assault, fraudulent acts (419), kidnappings, child

abduction, human trafficking, militancy, thuggery, hooliganism, political mayhem,

human abduction, assassinations, organized (gang) armed robbery, ritual activities,

20
brigandage, bullying, terrorism, suicide and bomb attacks, amongst others. Others are

forgery of currency notes, coining offences, gambling, breach of peace, perjury, bribery

and corruption, prison break, escape from custody, financial crimes, impersonation,

economic sabotage, drug peddling, militancy, receiving stolen property, unlawful

possession of firearms and hard drugs; traffic offences, tax fraud, false pretences

cheating, child abandonment, women trafficking, drug abuse and pushing, cultism,

prostitution, liquor offences, firearms dealing, possession or selling narcotics, and public

peace breach (Zubairu, 2017).

According to Nigeria Police Watch, crimes reported in 2008 and 2009 has shown

significant increase, where property crime is on the lead, followed by crime against local

acts, persons and then crime against lawful authority. Similarly, this justified all types of

crimes are committed in urban areas in Nigeria as shown in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1: Types of Crime

Types of Crime 2008 2009

Property Crime 90,156 98,378

Crime on Person 35,109 38,955

Crime against lawful authority 5938 7878

Crime against local act 57,626 74,286

Source: Nigeria Police Watch, 2009

All these crimes are committed in many urban areas in Nigeria, although at

varying magnitudes.

21
2.2.4 Causes of Crime in Nigeria

In Nigeria, among the major causes of crime as exemplified by Omisakin (1998)

include a faulty system of education, erosion of traditional values, inadequate homes,

poverty and unemployment, urbanization and industrialization and environmental

influences. He also attributed the increasing crime rate to an increasing level of

development. This he relates to poverty and unemployment arguing that the more

unemployed people are, the more they are tempted to commit crime in order to satisfy

their needs. Given a final note on this issue, he stated that economies are being exploited

by individuals who have the ability and capacity to organize crime as business taking

advantage of the unemployed frustrated majority. Agbola (2002) stated that the major

causes of crime in Abuja (FCT), to include poverty deriving from marginalization and

exclusion, dysfunctional families with uncaring, repressive and abusive parents,

corruption, drug and women trafficking, prostitution, social acceptance of the culture of

violence imported from foreign films and violent role models, discrimination and

degradation of the environment, collapse of traditional ethos and morality which has

acted as buffer in the past but which has become discussed in contemporary times. He

also emphasized the social exclusion and discrimination which pervades the supply of

urban social services between Abuja Municipal (where the rich lives) and satellite towns

(occupied by the low and medium class) with the resulting feeling of deprivation by the

poor and the release of anger and frustration through violent activities.

22
 The planning and the design concept of Abuja were also recognized as a

contributing factor to the level as well as type of crime experienced in the city. Although

the city was initially designed based on neighbourhood concept with security

consideration as one of its key elements but its development gradually negates this. The

structure of most of the residential buildings do not allow for surveillance of their public

areas as well as their surroundings. Room is therefore given to criminal activities

especially when residents must have gone to work. Crime against properties is thus the

most common in the city (Onokerhoraye and Omuta, 1986). The issue of insecurity in the

peri-urban areas of Ibadan is linked with the problems of non-availability, inaccessibility

and unreliability of security facilities and services, overcrowding, inability of the local

councils concerned to provide required amenities, inadequate public transport modes as

well as the remoteness of these areas from other parts of the city which placed them in a

vulnerable and helpless situation in time of crises i.e. criminal attack. (Adeagbo, 2001).

Danbazau (2007) identified to causes of crime in the Nigerian society, these are:

Biogenetic factors: Criminologists are with the opinion that criminal activity is due to

the effect of biologically caused or inherited factors. A criminal is born, not made; that

criminals were the products of a genetic constitution unlike that found in the non-

criminal population.

Social and environmental factor: The environment is said to play significant role in

determining criminal behaviour. Factors within the environment that mostly influence

criminal behaviour include poverty, employment, corruption, urbanisation, family, moral

23
decadence, poor education, technology, child abuse, drug trafficking and abuse,

architectural or environmental design. Akpan (2002) attribute the current crime problem.

In Nigeria to urbanisation, industrialisation and lack of education. Furthermore, the

factors of crime in Nigeria are poverty and ignorance which are at the same time the

opinion of many Nigerians. In another dimension, lack of integrity, transparency and

accountability in the management of public funds, especially at all levels of government

have been identified as the factors responsible for the endemic corruption that has eaten

deep into the fabric of the Nigerian society over the years.

2.2.5 Effects of Crime

It is essential to note that crime and its consequences (such as fear) have

significant reciprocal effects on individuals as well as the community structure and

organizations. These effects are otherwise known as the cost of crime. The cost of crime

may be monetary or social. It can also be direct or indirect (Sullivan, 1996). From these

basic categories, Agbola (1997) formed four combinations. These are direct monetary,

indirect monetary, direct social and indirect social costs. Direct monetary cost as

contained in the report of Reynolds (1986) include, personal, property and business

losses during criminal attacks. It also includes medical expenses for the injured, the

intangible cost of loss of lives, pain suffered and all other cost incurred in direct response

to crime such as cost of moving as a result of victimization, psychological counselling,

increased insurance premium as a result of filing claims e.t.c. The costs incurred by

potential victims in trying to prevent crime are classified as indirect monetary cost. These

24
include money spent on locks, guard dogs, and other prevention measures, taxes paid to

support society’s crime prevention programs (the police, the court system and prisons).

The direct social cost according to Agbola (1997) is the social effects of crime on

victims. The fundamental one is the fear of crime that is generated in people by a belief

that one’s chances of becoming a victim is high (Kennedy and Silverman, 1985). Fear of

crime may be as strong as victimization itself. The study of Camerar et al (1998) in Cape

Town confirmed that there is a little difference in the levels of fear between victims and

non-victims of crime. Fear of crime produce anxiety, which brings adjustment in people’s

lifestyles featuring isolation, hostility and individualism. People might because of fear of

crime change their residence, jobs, associations or even build their houses with specific

designs. These however, have a feedback effect on the community life. Such effects

according to Sampson (1995) include:

i. Physical and psychological withdrawal from community life.

ii. Weakening of the informal social control processes that inhibit crime.

iii. Decline in the organizational life and mobilization capacity of the neighbourhood.

iv. Deteriorating business conditions.

v. Importation and domestic production of delinquency and deviance.

vi. Further dramatic changes in the composition of the population.

vii. Abandonment of urban neighbourhoods.

viii. Business relocation to the suburbs.

ix. Loss of economic revenue.

25
 x. Decrease in economic status and property value.

xi. Increasing levels of fear in central cities and racial isolation.

These costs are not the same for individual victims. It depends on the type of

crime suffered as well as its intensity (brutality) which in turn varies over space

depending on social, economic, demographic and environmental attributes of the victim

and/ or his/her residential area. The fourth type of cost is the indirect social cost which

refers to the social (including environmental) effects of security devices installed to

mitigate crime (Abodunrin, 2004). These include separation from social life by living

inside a tall walled building, the disturbing howling of security dogs, the prison-like

burglar proofing materials which make escape from danger (such as fire outbreak)

difficult, and so on. The unprecedented crime rate; the insurmountable problems

associated; the apparent inability of the criminal justice system to cope with this social

maladjustment coupled with urban dwellers’ realization of how vulnerable their lives are,

led residents into fashioning various means of protecting themselves and their properties,

2.2.6 Residents’ Response to Crime in Nigeria

Communities and individuals react to crime in Nigeria mostly from the perceived

ineffectiveness (or otherwise) of the criminal justice system in combating crime and

insecurity in their areas (Agbola, 2002). Several studies have shown that residents’

responses to crime in Nigeria are of various forms including crime reporting to police

(though waning in use), individual preventive measure and collective activities against

criminal occurrences. Agbola (2002) wrote to explain the reaction of Abuja residents to

26
crime. Included among individuals’ attempt at controlling crime are: construction of high

walls around residences, construction of massive gates and strong locks, installation of

lighting facilities at every corner of the residential environment, use of African power

called “juju” or charm. On the community level or collective level, night watchmen are

employed to keep watch on neighbourhoods, gates are installed on streets, bumps or

speed breakers are put on streets. Others include the use of warning signs to restrict

movement and the use of community security check points. Vigilante groups (a variant of

night watchmen) are used in some communities such as Kubwa and Dutsen-Alhaji. He

also stressed that most cases are handled by the police. An interesting characteristic noted

among Abuja residents is that they do not express apathy to happenings around them. He

attributed this attitude to their level of exposure and enlightenment. They are actively

involved in dealing with cases of apprehended criminals to the extent of lynching culprits

but they hardly murder them.

Earlier before this period, it had been revealed by a study that a response to crime

in Ilorin varies within the residential densities (Afon, 2001). This includes the use of

African protective power- “juju” referred to as ATPDs by Agbola (1997) and the use of

vigilante groups and night watchmen in the core areas. Responses in the medium and

low-density residential areas are more varied and sophisticated. These include the use of

dogs, insurance schemes, high fence walls, special security door locks, burglar alarms,

police patrol, window and door grills which are either not in existence or not popular in

the core areas. Other responses to fear of crime expressed by the study include the use of

27
barriers across some designated roads within specific period of the nighttime, the use of

guns and total reliance on God: The Almighty for protection. The variations in responses

were attributed to varying social and economic characteristics of the residents.

Agbola (1997) identified residents’ response to crime in Lagos to include fencing,

burglary proofing, surveillance, alarm system, guard dogs, security dogs, security guards,

lighting, close circuit TV, African Traditional Protective Device(s) (ATPDs). The

commonly employed method out of all these is lighting according to the study. The next

one is burglary proofing followed by fencing while the least used is close-circuit system.

It was stressed that some houses were remodeled in order to incorporate these security

devices. He however identified variations in the rate at which residents remodeled their

houses for this purpose. A large proportion of the remodeled buildings are in the high-

density residential quarters.

28
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHOS

3.1 Data Required

The data required for this study include;

i. type of crime committed in the study area from 2000-2017

ii. occurrence of crime from 2000-2017

iii. socio economic characteristics of the respondents

iv. information on causes of crime in the area;

v. effect of crime on the respondents

vi. population of the study area

3.2.0 Sources of Data

3.2.1 Primary Source

The data on causes of crime and effect of crime, socio economic characteristics

and effect of crime in the study area was gotten through administration of copies of

questionnaires to the respondents.

3.2.2 Secondary Source

The data on type of crime committed in the study area and occurrence of crime

were collected from the Division F police station in Tanke area and Division A police

station located at Challenge in Ilorin. The population of the study area was gotten from

the office of the National Population Commission, Ilorin, Kwara State.

29
3.3 Sampling Procedure

3.3.1 Sample Frame

The sample frame for the study is the total population of Ilorin south local

government which is 204,984 (NPC, 2006). Using Taro Yamane population projection

formula, the projected population of Ilorin south local government in 2017 using a

growth rate of 2.84% is 278,935.

Formula P2=P1 (1+r) ᶺ n

Where P2=projected population

P1=current population

r= growth rate

n= number of years

P2=204,984 (1+0.0284) ᶺ11

204,984 (1.0284) ᶺ11

204,984 (1.3608)

P2= 278,935

3.3.2 Sample Size

The sample size for the study was derived from Taro Yamane (1973) formula

written below

n =__N____

1+N(e)^2

Where n =sample size

30
 N = population size

e = error of sampling

This study allows for error of sampling on 0.08, hence the sample size shows as follow;

n = _278,935_

1+ 278,935 (0.08) ^2

= 278,935

1785.19

n = 156.3

Approximately 156 copies of questionnaire

3.3.3 Sampling Technique

The copies of questionnaire were administered in the 12 wards of the local

government area. Random sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents.

Table 3.1: Sample Size

Ward Population Sample Size
Akanbi I 22,709 11
Akanbi II 25,587 12
Akanbi III 58,008 27
Akanbi IV 54,252 25
Akanbi V 24,158 11
Balogun Fulani 51,726 24
Balogun Fulani I 21,036 10
Balogun Fulani II 19,789 9
Balogun Fulani III 21,805 10
Oke Ogun I 14,657 6
Oke Ogun II 23,158 11
Total 278,935 156
Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

31
3.4 Method of Data Analysis

The data collected was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

1. The descriptive statistical techniques used include Tables, cross tabulation and

percentages were used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the

respondents.

2. The causes of crime and effects of crime in the study was analysed using Tables,

percentages, Charts and mean weight score.

3. Time series analysis was used to analyse the pattern of crime occurrence from

2000 to 2017.

32
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This chapter presents the data analysis, interpretation and discussion of results for

the study. The results are presented in the sub sections below.

4.1 Socio economic Characteristics of Respondents

These characteristics of respondents showed that 56% are males while 44% are

females Further, 29% of the respondents are within the age 15-30years, 43% within 31-

45years, 18% within 46-60 years while 10% are above 60 years (see Table 4.1). Also,

24% of the respondents are single, 57% are married, 5% divorced, 8% separated and 6%

are widowed Furthermore, 6% of the respondents have no basic education, 17% possess

primary education, 24% secondary education, 44% tertiary education while 9% have

Arabic education. This result shows that majority of the respondent possess one from of

education thus literacy level in the area is fair. As stated in Table 4.1, 20% of the

respondents are self-employed, 26% civil servants, 10% artisan, 36% employed in private

firm while 8% are engaged in other activities. The income status of the respondents

revealed that, 5% of the respondents earn below 10,000 naira, 48% within 10,000 naira

and 50,000 naira, 20% earn within 51,000 and 90,000 naira monthly while 27% earn

above 90,000 naira monthly. Also, 57% of the respondents are Muslims, 37% are

Christians while 6% practice other religion such as African traditional religion.

33
Table 4.1: Socio economic characteristics of respondents
Socio Economic Characteristics Frequency Percentage
Sex
Male 83 56
Female 73 44
Total 156 100
Age Group
15-30years 45 29
31-45years 68 43
46-60years 28 18
Above 60years 15 10
Total 156 100
Marital Status
Single 38 24
Married 89 57
Divorced 8 5
Separated 12 8
Widowed 9 6
Total 156 100
Education
No education 9 6
Primary 27 17
Secondary 38 24
Tertiary 68 44
Arabic 14 9
Total 156 100
Occupation
Self Employed 32 20
Civil Servant 40 26
Artisan 15 10
Private Firm 56 36
Others 13 8
Total 156 100
Income
Below 10,000 8 5
10.000-50,000 75 48
51,000-90,000 31 20
Above 90,000 42 27
Total 156 100
Religion
Islam 89 57
Christianity 58 37
Others 9 6
Total 156 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey 2018

34
4.2 Types and Pattern of Crime

4.2.1 Type of Crime in the Neighbourhood as perceived by the respondents

The perception of the respondents to the common type of crime in the study area

in Table 4.2 showed that Theft ranked 1st with a mean weight score of 4.09 while suicide

ranked 20th with a mean weight score of 1.52. This implies that theft and suicide are the

common and least crime committed in the study area. As indicated in Table 4.2, Burglary

ranked 2nd as the common type of crime in the area with a mean weight score of 3.62,

cultism ranked 4th with 3.35, store breaking ranked 5th with a score of 3.31, breach of

peace ranked 6th with a mean score of 3.18, fraud ranked 7th with a mean score of 3.12

while robbery ranked 8th with a mean score of 3.11. The result showed that the figures are

higher than the bench mark of 3.0 thus they represent the most common types of crime

according to their ranking in the area. Furthermore, bike theft ranked 9 th with a mean

score of 2.93, culpable homicide ranked 10th with a mean score of 2.90, assault ranked

11th with a score of 2.87, counterfeiting ranked 12 th with a mean score of 2.83, sexual

assault ranked 13th with a mean score of 2.69, manslaughter ranked 14 th with a mean

score of 2.67 while murder ranked 15 th with a mean score of 2.60. in the same vein, car

theft ranked 16th with a mean score of 2.57, forgery ranked 17 th with a mean score of

2.53, rape ranked 18th with a mean score of 2.48 while kidnap ranked 19 th with a mean

score of 2.06.

35
Table 4.2: Type of Crime in the Neighbourhood
S/N Crime SD D N A SA MWS RANK
1 Robbery 41 21 13 42 39 3.11 8
2 Burglary 22 13 25 38 58 3.62 2
3 Rape 47 41 25 32 11 2.48 18
4 Theft 12 11 8 45 80 4.09 1
5 Kidnap 58 61 18 8 11 2.06 19
6 Assault 25 51 18 44 18 2.87 11
7 Suicide 85 62 8 1 0 1.52 20
8 Fraud 35 22 18 51 30 3.12 7
9 Store breaking 15 25 32 65 19 3.31 5
10 Forgery 42 12 85 12 5 2.53 17
11 Counterfeiting 25 47 21 56 7 2.83 12
12 Sexual assault 32 57 21 18 28 2.69 13
13 Murder 81 44 25 18 18 2.60 15
14 Manslaughter 13 25 118 0 0 2.67 14
15 Car theft 42 41 33 21 19 2.57 16
16 Brach of peace 17 28 41 50 20 3.18 6
17 Bike theft 45 21 19 42 29 2.93 9
18 Culpable homicide 0 15 141 0 0 2.90 10
19 Illegal drugs 21 18 15 58 44 3.55 3
20 Cultism 18 32 21 47 38 3.35 4
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2018

4.2.2 Types of Crime in the Area

Table 4.3 presents the type of crime recorded in the area from 2000-2017. Theft recorded

the highest value of 4299 cases while bank fraud recorded the lowest of one case during

the study period this result reveals that theft is the most common type of crime in the area

while bank fraud is the least common type of crime in the area. This is because theft

could be carried out by anyone of various phone group, it does not require any skill or

sophisticated weapon. People shop lift, steal phones, laptops among others without

requiring any skill. This could result in high rate of theft in the area. However, bank fraud

36
requires internet skills and possession of gadgets. Not many people have these skills thus

this could be attributed to the low level of bank fraud in the area. Other crimes with high

rates in the area include home breaking, armed robbery, assault and other offence

37
 Table 4.3: Type of Crimes
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Culpable 0 10 14 9 11 11 33 17 21 89 31 41 30 31 55 57 73 78 611
homicide
Suicide 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 4 9 5 3 6 0 3 2 3 41
Armed robbery 3 11 15 56 31 5 98 36 66 72 84 114 74 86 88 76 89 80 1084
Kidnap 0 3 2 2 0 0 3 13 3 15 0 0 3 3 2 0 14 10 73
Missing person 0 1 0 0 1 0 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 21
Rape 0 5 6 7 3 12 5 14 9 29 29 19 21 5 33 0 20 16 233
Abduction 11 15 20 0 0 28 27 83 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 210
Assault 32 28 296 361 80 147 211 117 61 147 110 64 0 17 31 16 13 14 1745
Causing hurt 57 42 86 166 46 104 83 44 46 99 74 51 0 33 70 48 46 47 1142
Breach of public 4 3 23 0 26 22 60 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 162
peace
Unnatural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 41 17 0 17 0 0 2 2 101
offences
Theft 105 90 293 220 308 128 375 19 475 524 306 283 193 172 186 157 212 253 4299
Home breaking 41 44 116 209 193 51 306 4 173 148 119 84 0 40 54 26 62 36 1706
Cheating 17 20 83 154 100 11 36 24 66 138 51 43 0 25 38 40 52 20 918
Unlawful 9 8 24 0 30 10 53 0 38 40 28 34 0 15 17 16 16 6 344
possession
Cultism 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 1 12 12 35
Bank fraud 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Store breaking 17 15 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 46 60 59 0 10 2 15 28 18 281
Forgery 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 55 17 14 2 5 2 7 8 7 10 8 142
Mischief 6 8 41 0 61 11 150 240 86 0 0 0 0 0 17 32 0 20 672
Offence against 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 20 0 28
fire arm
Receiving stolen 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 12 9 3 0 4 3 1 6 8 70
property
Other offences 23 125 232 249 114 40 148 201 148 560 397 247 523 217 323 263 290 178 4278
Total 326 424 1237 1427 997 569 1566 906 1212 1870 1319 1029 820 662 886 703 902 731
Source: Kwara State Police Command, 2018

38
4.2.3 Pattern of Crime

The pattern of crime in the study area as revealed in Figure 4.1 showed a

downward sloping, meaning that there is a reduction in crime in the study area. The

highest crime cases of 1870 were recorded in 2009 while the lowest crime cases of 326

was in the year 2000. Furthermore, it can be seen that crime cases rose rapidly from

2000- 2003 before going down in 2004 and reduced till 2015. It then increases in 2006

till 2009 before decreasing till 2017. This trend shows that as population was increasing

in the study area, crime rate also rose. However, the reduction in the crime rate in the

study area may be attributed to security measures such as use of vigilantes, burglary

proof among others. The trend line equation y= -0.9123x + 985.67 is negative; this shows

a decline in crime in the area. The equation also shows a predictive decrease rate of 9.1%

per annum.

Figure 4.1: Pattern of Crime

Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

39
4.3 Perception of Respondents on Crime in the Study Area

4.3.1 Victims of Crime

The result presented in Figure 4.2 indicated that 38% of the respondents have

been victims of crime while 62% of the respondents have not been victims of crime. This

implies that only few of the respondents have experienced any form of crime.

Figure 4.2: Victim of Crime

Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

4.3.2 Frequency of Crime

The perception of respondents on the frequency of crime in the study area

revealed that 12% of the respondents opined that crime occurs daily in the area, 16%

stated twice a week, 23% opined weekly, 31% stated monthly, 6% stated that crime has

never occurred in their area while 12% opined that it occurred five times in a week. This

implies that 94% of the respondents agreed that crime occurs in their area.

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Table 4.4: Perception of Respondents on Frequency of crime
Frequency of Crime Frequency Percentage
Daily 18 12
Twice a week 25 16
Weekly 35 23
Monthly 49 31
Never 10 6
Five Times a week 19 12
Total 156 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2018

4.3.3 Level of Crime

The perception of respondents on the level of crime showed that 27% of the

respondents viewed the level of crime in the area as high, 44% opined that crime rate is

moderate in the area while 29% opined that crime is low from the area. From the result, it

could be seen that that the level of crime in the area is medium.

Figure 4.3: Level of Crime

Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

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4.4 Measure Towards Crime Control in the Study Area

4.4.1 Presence of Security

The responses to presence of security in the area revealed that, 75% of the

respondents opined that there is security in their area while 25% stated that there is no

security in their area. majority of the respondents opined that there is security in their

area thus it could be concluded that most places in the area has one form of security

Table 4.5: Presence of Security

Presence of Security Frequency Percentage
Yes 117 75
No 39 25
Total 156 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2018

4.4.2 Type of Security

With regards to type of security in the area, 18% of the respondents agreed that

the security measure as the police while 50% stated vigilante groups. Others include OPC

(14%), military personnel (5%) while 15% stated that neighbourhood watch is the type of

security in the area.

Table 4.6: Type of Security

Security Frequency Percentage
Police 21 18
Vigilante 58 50
OPC 17 14
Military 3 3
Neighbourhood watch 18 15
Total 117 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2018

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4.4.3 Performance of Crime Control Management

The result of the performance of crime control showed Figure 4.4 shows that 21%

of the respondents were of the opinion that the crime performance of the security in the

area is very good, 15% stated good, 39% stated satisfactory, 15% stated poor while 10%

stated very poor. This implies that the performance of the control measures against crime

in the study area is effective.

Figure 4.4: Crime control Management

Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

4.4.4 Factors Influencing Crime

The factors influencing crime in the area revealed that poverty ranked 1 st with a

mean weight score of 4.03; this implies that majority of the respondent believe that this is

the main factor influencing crime in the area. in the same vein, faulty education system

ranked 11th with a mean score of 2.06; this implies that majority of the respondent

believed that this is the least factor influencing crime in the area.

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Table 4.7: Factors Influencing Crime
Item SD D N A SA MWS RANK
Poverty 11 8 14 56 67 4.03 1
Unemployment 18 10 21 44 63 3.79 2
Increase in population 21 25 45 51 14 3.08 6
Urbanization 12 41 8 71 24 3.35 4
Poor governance 41 21 33 28 33 2.94 8
Faulty education system 48 65 32 8 3 2.06 11
Dysfunctional families 38 28 61 20 9 2.58 10
Collapse of traditional values 21 18 74 18 25 3.05 7
Social exclusion and discrimination 15 21 29 47 34 3.21 5
Poor security in the neighbourhood 11 18 9 63 55 3.85 3
Ignorance 21 47 32 41 15 2.88 9
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2018

Furthermore, unemployment ranked 2nd as the factors influencing crime with a

mean score of 3.79, poor security in the neighbourhood ranked 3 rd with a mean score of

3.85, urbanization ranked 4th with a mean score of 3.35, social exclusion and

discrimination ranked 5th with a mean score of 3.21, increase in population ranked 6 th

with a mean score of 3.08 while collapse of traditional values ranked 7 th with a mean

score of 3.05. In the same vein, poor governance ranked 8 th with a mean score of 2.94,

ignorance ranked 9th with a mean score of 2.88 while dysfunctional families ranked 10 th

with a mean weight score of 2.58.

4.5 Impact of Crime

4.5.1 Relocation of Residents due to high Crime rate

The result of relocation of residents due to high crime rate revealed that, 17% of

the respondents strongly agree to the statement that resident relocate from the area due to

high crime rate, 14% agree, 50% disagree while 19% strongly disagree to the state. This

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result shows that majority of the respondents (69%) do not agree that high crime rate has

led to residents relocating from the area.

Figure 4.5: Relocation of Residents due to high crime rate

Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

4.5.2 Safety at Night

As shown in Figure 4.6, 46% of the respondents stated that they feel safe walking

the area at night while 54% opined that they do not feel safe. This result shows that

majority of the respondents do not feel safe walking at night in the area.

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Figure 4.6: Safety at Night
Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

4.5.3 Loss to Crime

The result of loss to crime revealed that 45 respondents opined that they have lost

money to crime, 3 respondents stated that they have loss someone to crime, 10

respondents opined loss of car, 32 respondents stated property, 12 respondents stated

bike, 56 respondents stated loss of phones, 11 respondents opined loss of laptops while

13 respondents stated loss of goods.

Table 4.8: Loss to Crime

Item Frequency
Money 45
Loss of life 3
Car 10
Property 32
Bike 12
Phones 56
Laptops 11
Goods 13
Source: Authors Field Survey, 2018

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4.5.4 Safety Strategy Employed

The result of safety strategies revealed that, 27% of the respondents opined that

burglary proof was installed in the homes as a safety strategy, 3% opined alarm system,

20% stated use of security dogs, 12% opined fencing, 13% stated security guards while

25% stated they do not use any of the above strategy.

Table 4.9: Safety strategy employed

Safety strategy employed Frequency Percentage
Burglary proof 42 27
Alarm system 5 3
Security dogs 31 20
Fencing 18 12
Security guards 21 13
None of the above 39 25
Total 156 100
Source: Author’s Computation, 2018

4.5.5 Safety Measures Employed

The result of safety measures employed by residents of the area to curb crime

revealed that 37% opined vigilante groups are employed, 12% stated that street gates are

put in place, 5% stated restriction of vehicular and people’s movement, 21% opined the

use of street lightning, 13% stated police patrol while 12% opined that other safety

measures are employed in the area.

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Table 4.10: Safety Measures employed
Safety Measures employed Frequency Percentage
Vigilante 58 37
Street gate 18 12
Restriction of Movement 8 5
Street Lightning 32 21
Police Patrol 21 13
Others 19 12
Total 156 100
Source: Authors Field Survey, 2018

4.5.6 Feeling Safe as a Result of Safety Measures

As shown in Figure 4.7. 69% of the respondents stated that they feel safe due to

security measures put in place at homes and neighbourhood while 31% opined that they

do not feel safe. This result shows that majority of the respondent’s feel safe due to the

security measures put in place.

Figure 4.7: Feeling Safe as a result of Safety measures

Source: Authors Computation, 2018

4.5.7 Rate Police Response to Crime

The result of rate of police response to crime revealed that 6% of the respondents

stated that police response to crime in the area is very effective, 8% stated effective, 29%

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stated fairly effective while 57% stated not effective. This result shows that majority of

the respondents believe that the response of police to crime in the area is not effective.

Table 4.11: Police response to crime

Rate police Response Frequency Percentage
Very effective 10 6
Effective 12 8
Fairly effective 45 29
Not effective 89 57
Total 156 100
Source: Authors Field Survey, 2018

4.5.8 How best to Control Crime

The result of how best to control crime in the area revealed that 30% of the

respondents stated high alert patrol unit, 21% opined more manpower for police, 7%

stated effective criminal justice, 11% opined social development while 31% opined the

use of vigilante.

Table 4.12: How best to control crime

How best to control crime Frequency Percentage
High alert patrol unit 47 30
More manpower in police 32 21
Effective criminal justice 11 7
Social development 17 11
Use of Vigilante 49 31
Total 156 100
Source: Authors Field Survey, 2018

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

This study analyses the spatio temporal pattern of crime in Ilorin South Local

Government area between the period of 2000- 2017. Data on crime was gotten from the

headquarter office of Kwara State police command while data on causes of crime and

effect of crime was gotten through the administration of questionnaires in the area. The

result of the study reveals that males and females were fairly represented in the

distribution with both accounting for 56% and 47% respectively. Majority of the

respondents are below the age of 45years, 57% of the respondents are married, 93% have

at least primary education and majority of the respondents are Muslims.

The study reveals that Theft is the most common type of crime in the area

occurring for a number of 4299 times during the study period with an average of 239

cases annually while bank fraud is the least common crime in the area occurring only

once during the study period. Furthermore, the study also showed the type of crime as

perceived by respondents in the study area. Theft also ranked 1 st with a mean weight

score of 4.09 while suicide ranked last with a mean weight score of 1.52. other crime in

the area that have weight scores above the bench mark of 3.0 include robbery, burglary,

fraud, store breaking, breach of peace, illegal drugs and cultism. The trend line equation

y = -0.9123x+985.67 shows that there is a decrease in the pattern of crime in the area. the

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result further revealed that 2009 recorded the highest cases of crime while 2000 recorded

the lowest. Also, crime in the area has been declining since 2010.

The study revealed that 31% of the respondent indicating that crime occur in the

area monthly, the level of crime in the area is medium as shown by 44% of the

respondents, majority of the respondents have security of various types such as police,

vigilante OPC, military and neighbourhood watch with about 50% of the area secured by

local vigilantes. Furthermore, poverty ranked 1st as the factors influencing crime in the

area while faulty education system ranked 11th.

Furthermore, 54% of the respondents do not feel safe at night in the area and

residents have loss items such as money, life’s, car, property, bike, phones, laptops and

goods to crime in the area. Safety strategies employed by residents include burglary

proof, alarm system, security dogs, fencing and security guards. Other measures

employed in the neighbourhood include, vigilante, street gate, restriction of movement,

street lightning, police patrols and others. 69% of the respondents feel safe as a result of

security measures while 31% do not feel safe. Also, majority of the respondents are of

the opinion that police response to crime is not effective and ways to control crime

include, high patrol alert, more manpower for police, effective criminal justice, social

development and use of vigilante.

5.2 Conclusion

Crime is a universal phenomenon and differs only in degree among the various

nations of the world. Based on the result of the findings, it could be concluded that theft,

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robbery, burglary/home breaking, illegal drugs and cultism are the most common type of

crime in the area. Also, the pattern of crime in the area has been declining during the

study period, this can be attributed to effective security measures put in place by police

and residents of the area. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the level of crime in the

area is medium and crime control measures in the area is satisfactory. Lastly, poverty and

unemployment are the major factor influencing crime in the area

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were

suggested

i. More manpower should be provided for the Nigerian police forces. Manpower

such as recruitment of more personnel’s, provision of more vehicles, provision of

more fire arms and proper funding of the police should be done. This will enable

the police force to combat crime more efficiently.

ii. Residents of the areas should be on high alert. Crime control measures such as the

use of vigilantes, street gates and son on should be encourages among the

residents. Places were this crime control measures are not put in places, residents

of the area should be encouraged to adopt these measures.

iii. Restriction of human and vehicular movement can be done to control crime.

Residents can put up curfew between the time of 11pm and 5am daily. This can

help reduce crime. Also, anybody seen wandering around an area, alarm can be

raised quickly as this van also help in curbing crime.

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iv. Toll free police number should be more effective and police response time should

be increased. Also, the attitude of the police on crime response should be

improved.

v. Further studies should be carried out in the area.

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