Use of Wind Energy Within the Concept of Distributed

Generation and Energy Quality

Abstract:
There’re a lot of problems about the wind farms, and they are connected about the energy
converter in generally. That’s not only due to the nature of the electromechanically energy
converter or the random characteristics of the wind, because these problems vary in impact
depending on the grid, or weather, etc. Thus, this work analyzes why the presence of wind
farms in distributed generation (DG), their relationship with CEL, and presents the initial efforts
to study the behavior of wind turbines under common disturbances in the Cuban electrical grid,
such as voltage variation.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
USE OF WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
Wind energy, or energy produced from wind,
is very beneficial for both consumers and
the environment. It has several advantages
such as shorter construction time and
competitive costs compared to other forms
of power generation. For these reasons,
wind energy has become one of the most
competitive renewable energy sources.
However, it also presents some important
challenges:
1. Intermittent Wind: Wind does not
always blow steadily, meaning that
the energy produced can be variable
and unpredictable.
2. Remote Location: The best areas to
capture wind are usually in remote
locations, which requires adequate
infrastructure to transport the
generated energy to where it is
needed.
3. Induction Generators: Many wind
turbines use this type of generators
that consume reactive energy, which
can cause voltage drops in the
electrical system.
4. Changes in the Electrical System:
Integrating large wind farms can alter
the flow of energy and affect the
stability of the electrical system.
Electrical power quality (ELQ) is crucial and
refers to how the electricity supplied meets
certain standards so as not to cause
problems for users. The CEL includes
aspects such as the duration and frequency
of service interruptions and electrical signal
distortion.
Definitions of the CEL by different
organizations:
• EPRI: Any problem with electricity
that causes failure or malfunction of
the user's equipment.
• IEC: Characteristic of the electricity
supply that must not cause
disturbances or interruptions in the
user's processes.
The key variables of the CEL are:
• Signal amplitude: Voltage level.
• Signal frequency: Stability of the
frequency of electricity.
• Signal shape: Purity of the electrical
wave.
• Service continuity: Absence of
interruptions.
To evaluate the integration of wind farms
into the electrical system, questions such
as:
• Can the introduction of wind farms
affect power quality?
• Could wind turbines malfunction in an
electrical system with power quality
problems?
• What type of wind turbines are best
to operate in the electrical system?
• Is the electrical system robust
enough to support a large amount of
wind energy?
• What would be the environmental
impact of integrating wind energy?
Previous studies have analyzed these
aspects. For example, a study on a 120 MW
wind farm showed that integration caused
overloads on transformers and power lines,
increases in fault currents, and stability
problems in the event of system failures.
Another study investigated how a wind
turbine responds to voltage drops, showing
that, with proper control, the current can
quickly return to its normal level.
of the rotor and the wind, highlighting that at
80% of the nominal voltage
The machine makes better use of the wind
speed. Furthermore, it was observed that
variations in voltage increase the power, but
can overload the machine.
CONCLUSIONS
Wind energy represents a highly efficient
and profitable option for distributed energy
generation.
The integration of Wind Farms into the
electrical grid requires careful consideration
of the associated power quality problems,
adapting to the specific requirements of the
grid.
Voltage variations in wind turbines directly
affect the power delivered to the grid. It is
essential to evaluate these fluctuations to
ensure stability in power delivery and
prevent adverse effects on system
operation.

RESULT
In this study using MATLAB, a wind turbine
was modeled with a constant speed
induction generator, common in Wind Farms
(PE). Its behavior was analyzed under
voltage variations in the network (90%, 80%
and 70% of the nominal).
The electric machine was characterized with
torque proportional to speed, determining
the proportionality constant (kred). The wind
turbine characteristic considered the rotor
power coefficient (Cp) calculated for
different Tip Speed Ratios (TSR), without
including the inclination angle of the blades.
The coefficients C1, C2, C3, C5 and C6
were obtained for the simulation
The figures showed how the power of the
wind turbine varies depending on the speed