Types of

Intermolecular
Forces
PREPARED BY:
MS. LORHIE MAE VILLACORTA
Gen. Chemistry 2 Teacher
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

Describe the types of intermolecular forces;

• Differentiate the types of intermolecular
forces; and
• Recognize the importance of types of
intermolecular forces in daily life.
ANSWERS
ANSWERS
 Compound Molecular Formula Bond Type
1. Ammonia 𝑵𝑯𝟑 Covalent Polar
2. Carbon 𝑪𝑩𝒓𝟒 Covalent
tetrabromide
3. Sodium chloride 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 Ionic
4. Carbon dioxide 𝑪𝑶𝟐 Covalent
5. Water 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 Covalent
Identify what type of
bond present
• MgO - Ionic
• Cl-Cl Non Polar
• NaF Ionic
• H-Br Polar
• I-Br Non Polar
Identify what type of
bond present
• C-H - Non Polar
• O-H - Polar
• F-F Non Polar
• Ca-S Ionic
Recalling the Types of
Bonds

Covalent bonds and ionic bonds.

• In non-polar covalent bonds, the electrons are equally
shared between atoms. Occur between two or more
nonmetals
• In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared
unequally between atoms.
• In ionic bonds, the electrons are transferred.
Predicting Bond Polarity
• To determine whether a bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent,
or ionic, we need to look at the electronegativity values of the atoms
involved and calculate the difference between them.
(Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding
pair of electrons).
• If the difference in electronegativity is less than or equal to 0.4 → non-
polar covalent bond
• If the difference in electronegativity falls between 0.5 and 1.7 → polar
covalent bond
• If the difference in electronegativity is greater than 1.7 → ionic bond
• There are many factors that lead to the acing spread of
coronavirus. It could be transmitted from person to
person via droplets, contact, and fomites.
• When one sneezes or coughs droplets of saliva
containing the COVID-19 virus are then inhaled by
another person. It is so sad to note that COVID-19
transmission usually occurs among close contacts
which affects our family members.
In chemistry, if a molecule is exposed or
placed near to another molecule the tendency
is that they get attracted and build up a force
that will hold them together. The force
between these molecules will greatly affect
some of their physical properties such as
melting point and boiling points.
What do you think are these forces that hold
together one molecule to another molecule?

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
What do you think are these forces that hold
together one molecule to another molecule?

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

• It is the interaction between molecules (

substances that are made of atoms that bond
through the sharing of electrons to form covalent
bonds) are governed by physical forces.
What do you think are these forces that hold
together one molecule to another molecule?

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

• These are forces that arise from the way in

how electrons are shared within the covalent
bonds of different molecules. These types of
forces also affect the physical properties of
compounds
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

A. Ion Ion Interaction

• What are ions?
Ions are charged particles or have permanent whole
number charges. When a neutral atom gain or loses one
or more electrons, it becomes an electrically charged
particles.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

A. Ion Ion Interaction

• Metals tend to lose electrons and become

positively charged cations.
• Nonmetals, on the other hand, gain
electrons and become negatively charged
anions. The number of electron lost or
gained is the charged number.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

A. Ion Ion Interaction

• How does it build an attraction with the other ions?

Remember that like charges repel each other and opposite charges
attract. The attraction between these ions are pulled together by a
force called an electrostatic force caused by the electric charge
particles. Electrostatic force as stated in Coulomb`s Law is directly
proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely related to the
distance between them.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

A. Ion Ion Interaction

• How do we determine the strength

of the built forces between ions?
The strength of the electrostatic force that is built
depends on the product of the charges (Z1Z2)
divided by the square of the distance of
separation (d2).
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

A. Ion Ion Interaction

As the particles (ions) get attracted the force between

these ions becomes stronger as they get closer. The
attraction between these ions is called ion-ion
interaction.
Example of Ion Ion Interaction

Which from these ions will have a stronger ion-ion interaction?

According to the equation given, the higher the magnitude of the charges the
higher is the electrostatic force, so the interaction between 𝐶𝑎+2 and 𝑂−2
ions is stronger than the 𝑁𝑎+ and 𝐶𝑙− ions. Because the charges in calcium
and oxygen are higher than the sodium and chloride ions.
• The physical property such as the melting point of a compound is
greatly affected by the magnitude of the lattice energy or the
electrostatic energy built between the ions. Meaning that the
higher the electrostatic force between molecules will have a
higher melting point.

Example:
Let us compare Aluminum nitride and Magnesium oxide, wherein
aluminum nitride will have a higher magnitude of charge which is +3
for aluminum and -3 for nitrogen, while magnesium oxide is lower
having +2 for magnesium and -2 charge for oxygen. Therefore, the
molecule that has a higher melting point is aluminum nitride.
 Which of the ff. compound
has high melting point?
Aluminum nitride vs Magnesium
oxide Sodium Fluoride vs
𝑨𝒍+𝟑 𝑵−𝟑 𝒗𝒔 𝑴𝒈+𝟐 𝑶−𝟐 Potassium Chloride

• As the charge increases, 𝑵𝒂𝑭 𝒗𝒔 𝑲𝑪𝒍

the force increases 𝑵𝒂+ 𝑭− 𝒗𝒔 𝑲+ 𝑪𝒍−
• As the size increases, the • Sodium Fluoride has
force decreases high melting point
Magnesium oxide Aluminium
is a supplement
often used to
nitride (Al N)
treat migraine is a
and constipation. solid nitride of
aluminium.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

B. Ion Dipole Interaction

 Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

B. Ion Dipole Interaction

A dipole is a molecule or covalent bond that has a separation of
charges. Dipoles occur when electrons are shared unequally
between atoms in the same molecule due to a high difference in
the electronegativity of the atoms involved. Ion dipole interaction
is very evident when pouring water molecules around sodium ions
which is the case when dissolving sodium chloride in water.
Determination and
Formation of a Dipole

The formation of a dipole depends on the polarity of a bond,

which is determined by the difference
in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in the
bond.
• In ionic bonds, there are no dipoles.
• In polar covalent bonds, dipoles are always present.
• Non-polar covalent bonds do have dipoles but they cancel
out due to symmetry.
 Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

B. Ion Dipole Interaction

Water is a permanent dipole molecule because it has positive and
negative poles as a result of the uneven distribution of electrons within
it. So when a molecule has two opposite partial charges they are dipole
and polar. Once water molecules surround the sodium ions, the oxygen
that is partially negative in the water molecule will be attracted to the
sodium ion which is positively charged. Eventually, the positively
charged hydrogen in the water molecule will be attracted to the chloride
ion.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

C. Dipole-dipole Interaction

From the given compounds above, which do

you think is a dipole molecule, and why?
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
It refers to the interaction of the two dipole molecules
such as between molecules of carbon monoxide,
hydrochloric acid, and nitrogen trifluoride. Wherein the
two poles of each molecule is either partially positive or
partially negative.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

C. Dipole-dipole Interaction
Molecules of nitrogen trifluoride where
fluorine is more electronegative than
nitrogen. And once a molecule of
nitrogen trifluoride reacts with another
molecule of nitrogen trifluoride, the
partially negative fluoride ions will get
attracted to the partially positively
charged nitrogen of another nitrogen
trifluoride molecule.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction

What do you think is the most obvious

similarities among the molecules below?
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction

The given molecules exhibit a
special kind of dipole-dipole
interaction that occurs
specifically between a
hydrogen atom bonded to
either an oxygen, nitrogen, or
fluorine atom.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der

Waals Intermolecular Forces
This type of interaction happens to be present in all types of
molecules whether ionic or covalent-polar or nonpolar. However,
this type of intermolecular force is significant in nonpolar
molecules and the force is developed due to the uneven
distribution of electrons and create a temporary dipole. This type
of force is a very weak type of dipole interaction.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der

Waals Intermolecular Forces
London dispersion
force (LDF) is
responsible for the
liquid phase of
noble gases
Types of Intermolecular
Forces (IMF)

E. London dispersion Interaction / Van der

Waals Intermolecular Forces
Arrangement on the strength of force present
among the types of intermolecular forces
Among these types, the strongest
type of intermolecular forces is ion-
ion because of the permanent
charge while London dispersion
forces are the weakest because of
the presence of temporary dipole
and they are usually in gas forms.
Strong intermolecular forces
increase the physical behavior of
the molecules such as melting
points, boiling points, viscosity, and
surface area.