anund e pole-

23'261'
-

Cireling SUMMER SoLASTICE

-CIRCUMPOLAR BoDYy d dil Ry cia

i lat o ols I N and dec o bodylcon) 23
o' and dec o Lody 93°N.
N
N
Polor Dist -67
Px= 6

z
ec

S
Rn

Z e n i t ,

NIGHT Dy
decl
NIGHT Celecha
sPhere
NIGHT
deel. decl. - 9 0
decl. EARTH
decl of boey.
 MID NIGHT SUN CONTINOU Day-

BoDY
CONDITION FoR CIRCUM PoLAR BoDy
. . Decl. and lat ef Same Name
2 Dec 90 Dec 90-e
Dec 90°-0
+Dec 290
Clatt Dec90
chs ot +Decl. b bod should be enual to or 4aaler tuan 90

ONDITIONS FOR CONTINOus NIGHT

Decl,Decl. bedy Ond ohserverk lot Chould Love dilerat Namec
Volup
Volur of ohs Ott decl. ofboda Should qrealer tuan 10.

or o staHonory pls. in Yo'N lot Th decl. ef clor 6o.

This body cirtumbolar lulae IsT.alt_on suponor Qnd
Nx'-tnfT.ait
iolerior mendion
Px 9 -6o 3 0
Px-Px': 30
lot 4o° E
NP Z =

inferior (T. alt)

N Supeor (T.alt)
NP Ny' t Px R
NY NP-Px 400-30 lo (T.at),
NY Ny'+ Px
Nx l+6Fo Ct.at) 9uperioy

stokiogry phs. In 4s Lat The do. ol shr is o

or ener Morttoaatt
I ody Cirupolor? Cal upbe Ond
So9 Px 9- ded. o-So uo
Pr Px 40
9P z0 lot s Us
8 +f+f
gYPA
Nxtys-4 4s
 Sout
Sto when o t mendhiao above the pole boteA avita 1 alt
toDus Ond Ond whe On meridianbelow bole also bore Cout wit
Talt dl'os, Is body Circunmpobr2 Cdeulalk lat el obs and
deel, el Loely ? N
Px90- dec.
Sol P ze =lat C 70oy-Soutu Bg
SP Sx'+Px Sy99oS
SP Sx 90t dec.
e
Xx'Sx-Sx= Dia o circle
4o'oy' 22°os' sq 2x
Px22°s9,5 der Q0- Px
9 0 23°s1.s= 6&oox

Lo SP 2 9 . sx'+ Px 22'os' t 23°sq=46ou.s

UPPER ZENITY
CBuTTO
TRANSIT

STa
ARISE
SEt
owER
CvuMnuio HoRIzON

SCP

Nabi
 N
30'g
Z lat 9 NX-Qx
E 9o-3o°so'- Is®2s

ot yus' (S)

wILGHT

ZxR = 90°
ZxR =90+18
lo80

DAVTIME
SUNSET SUNRISE

S
NIGHTTIME

wiuGHT The Soft glonsing 9h recieveq trem

 SUNSET vici8 SUNRISE
6 END o T, 130 12 CoIL TwrtgHT
Tur
Meumg G. NaUTCAL TwIuGHT
hENDo eric IMuGMT
NIGHT TME
8 END o 4st. TiME CommenUment d AsT TiMe

We hoveoivided MORNING Trilaht belt of 18 inb 3 Zoet

ASTRONOMICAL TwILIGHT Commencos whe Cugedis18 Lele

fothonat HoR120N 0nd lask utl ikible Hekrz Cunrike

NAUTICAL TwILIGHT E Commentas shen Sun's nhe is ° bele

belon ku Ond losk unHi vicibu Suntie

3). Cih TntLIGHTE Commente when Cu' cenhe is telo

RO9d 1otk uHl iblu Cugrise

VIsBLE SnstiKC han Sun'k ut opbeors obeve toe ibb.

HofiTo

VICIeLE ustey Ilhen the Sun ut disopbeod ever vierb

HoRr20

-EvENING
) CiiL TwiLigHT It temnenus at viaib unge ond Conhine
unhl whe uns ceohe is belga n.

Nlouheol wuGnI IF Coetntas at nsible ase ond

tt)
Oona tail tohee Suns Cenb is beles R
)AcTRONOMICAL TeLIGHT IE Commenca ot isie ureE
Odtokieu unil uhen Sun tohe is is belen

-Te RevEMBER
The GT o vicibk Son Rig aond Sunset
e GraenGreneich Meridian or all NovegaHe Lakuder
on doilydaily paqeroNautical Alumrac
The Takulokd GMT o CtuRice ond Sunset is
The
abterimakky t ome as t (MT eSun Kise od SunSet
9n oe Mendians

Ho Te CALCULATE DoRAT1ON OF TILIGHT

Tgit

Lat 'N NP-2

-2a
dec 23'N
dP Risi od settiog
durdto 20013.3
1S
Durabias.aDay Lime
Find te durahion of Twiliat or On obs so°Ni
dec eSuN iS2 . N

69°

50

9o-dec
690

= 9 0
P-PP Tilahtong
15 PURAT TON O TICIGHT
Io Spr. P2T

CosP Cosp -co£ X

Cos -166307
sinx Sin
sbhovicol P2 XR
By Nabie, Pur Z

Sinmidld P Ton 0d P, x Ton Adj P P4

Sio CP-90) Ton(90-3) x lon (90 -2) 17.2 y9.3
lon 1°x
Tan So ilt
IS

SinP-40) 6.yS7413 Durahon of 63H 17m 12

-sin (Q0-P)
P-9 Sin DyS712] P9 d
P 1+24-2= 17.2"
P-P2 49.9
Duraton Tilht P 03H 1m 12.
15
 Doroton of Twilig ht is chorter in lower latikudes and
NOTE
longer in higher loHkuder

ln lower LatitudecAs evident from tue belo diaqram

when tue observer in ower lafikudes ue Cunalses
and Sunse almast Lar to ue hofzon Covehng tus 18Tsillae
helt inratuer Short arc Herefore ratuar 3hort benod of Time
b Tilisht
N

P
K
FLowER latrtode

Sunsets at
o rDbsenver in Higher lotikude the Sunclsee and
honzon ku Ceveneg fe
0 much MOre Dbliue angle o fhe
18 Tilight belt Dver muxh Longer f r c fuerefoe larger
Penad Time b Tiliah

ta
 TwILIGHT THROuGH ALL NIGHT (SUN ONLY SUN)

CONDITION FoRA BoDY TwIuGHT AL NIGHT

z
DayT ME

NIGHT TIME TGHT DAY TIME

Q0-9

ad418

EORTH
CeLESTIA
SPHERE

1) DeclinaHon and lot should be Came Nome

tiy Dec
Dec
90-0-18
40°--1e°
Dec 90-18
+ Dec t/8° 9

11) at and dec 90

 Pind ot o obs. fe have twiliqut to (oxt_all nguti
dec e Sunis 23°N
Sol d e c t + 18 k 90°
0°-23-1g 49 N.
9o-2° 67 N
ug N-67'N
 El06 xx
1036 TIME
-

EgUATION OF TIME
is Meosurement oachog Dr a ondihonot erit

unit of Time DAy

The Dey is tha inkrval in Time bJpo tuwo Succe sslve
Mendiaopaccage o Q heavenly body over fu
Ome Mendian

THE SIDEREA DAyItis te lnkrval in Time bl tw Surcesle

PoINT
Mendian bacsaqe e F ARIES OVER THE
CAME MERIDIAN
1ST PorMT OF A RIE

SrOEREALDAY
ERPECT UNT OF TME
EARTH

TRUE SUN
APPARENMT

ST PoIuT
of ARE
-SUN

SIDEACAL DA
APPARENT SoLAR DAY
H is te nkral in Time b 2 cucescive
me Merdian.
ronslk the True SUN acmce
he pp0rent Sun is tu Tnue Sun as ceen by an
obsenver 00 14e Eatu
TRUE SUN moves alom ue Ecliphic ak varying Cho0dk
t TRUE

to 2
he Abbarent Solar Day 1 not e Constant durahon duu

) ECcentricity Eortvs orbi CE)

11) The bbliqulkyoeclipie C)

MEAN SUN
fic an imaqinary body movim on the eauinocHel
at a uniorm sboed
Equinochal is
The Time Takon byy Mean Sun On
enual to Hme taben by ue Cu 0n eclipte _clunng ih
vevoluhon. sheed 0.986DAy

reSun movo along eeliph at aryin speed bet

OVg o 986 pAY

Meon Sun is used o Time baopiqg

Cecpig
Meon Solor Day iokeval in Time w dSuccess ive
Su aeross Some
ransilk tue Meon
Mendion
IE is u bosls of everycday untk o ime which o
Conshant duraton
 Celeshass p h e r

Me
SUN

ECUATIDNOE TIME Chn be defined Qs uo exocs of Mean

lime over dbharen lime.

i he 00ale_at Hhe celeshial ole or te

Contaleed Ort oegulnocHal
blw te Mendianc Mean Sun Qnd ue Cun
EOT is not a methemaical
Equaiop but a inkrnal ol Time.
 G00 400
M S

GMT reenuich Men TimE

-i) r t Mean TiME
wito nefrence reenwich 10fenor
Meridian 18o0 06ee

It S ho weskely hourly
Ongle ofhe Mean Sun
measuredem tuu 10oor Mendian
GrenLwich G1900
LMT LocAL MEAN ME
Mean SuN
inrior Mendion o obcerver
MS.
It is te veserly hour angle B Menn
Sun me0sured rom Dhcerver lnpnor
Merdion

CMIT=LMT+Lo
Cog s- GMr BeST
oig G GNT easT
Mean SuN

Uw
APPARENT CLOCk TRUE SuN
TRuE
SUN

LAT
TRUE
SUN

0
00 LAT 12b0
GAT)
GREENIeH ApPARENT TIME-IE is weslerly hour Angle o
Irue Sun measured om iolenor
meridiono Creenwich Mendian
LAT- LoCAL APPARENT TIME-Ii wecterly hour arqle o
ru Cun meakuned rom infenor
mendion bobserver Mendian.

G As
M.S

GAT-GMT E.0.T
1 S

MS

GT-GAT 6.01
LMIT- LAT
EOT Ve Mansan-3n E0.T
CoT-Ve TRuc Son 3
 GMT 12 13
CAT 12 0D
E.Q.T + 00 18 A.T

tue e Cap ofTime s +6mins. l2 TRuE Su

M.S
whot is u LMT of Sun's Mer
Possaqe
t6 min Mean Sun is ahead ofueTEo00
Sun.
CMT 1206
LAT 200 HRS
mT 266
UMT AT 6
LMT 6t1200 = 1206 T.s
LAT=1200o
find find 6.o.T.at ISoo HRS GMT when GHA Sun is q2od,
Sole THR 1s
ISHR= ISIS 225

E-0.T + uc°-y2'ou.7
a 5s.9 ARC -TIME

umin. M A G
uxi'ss. 3
It min 41:2s L T

AT 1200 HR GMT when ean of Tme-8 mins. What is

GuN's GHA ? T.)
IHR Is
1 M I5w19 s 19 S
07 GHA-1s
8 oln
Gm-1
qHA M
 O0o

22. FSw 7SE 22.s°

ADVANGED HOUR
15 ZNE S ONE DAy
RETD.
KETARTED
ZONE
t1
4- LZoNE

4- (80
HouR IS

ADVANCE IDAy
T80
IS 2

DST - DAYUGHT SAVING TME

tishe prochto advancin0q Clocks dun Summe

montt by Hour So tuat Pveningdaylight lask an
un hour onger Cacnung ormal Sunnse time
OR
we C a Cayt o moye an oUn o_dayliqut
trom Morming t eveni9
for erambo DsT Uk GMT +1HR
In ut Std ime 1s winterlme
DCT Summe ime

GST GREENwICH SI DEREAL TIME It is tu bwesedy

ours angle of 9 belnt of Anes measuree

om Green uich Mendian (Gm4 ARIES)

1CT CDCAL SIERGAL TLME i s fueueserly ho
l E roiDeEUNES

Ongle 15 bodte Anesmeotured om obsene

f obsena
mendian CHA AIEs)
DyNAMI Mean SuN DMS an imoqinary oody
asSumed move Olong o ecliphcat a Ln1bn
role eoual to t rale e MoHon ef Meon Sun
EuinocHol RA Raw ass asion
RATC RADMS= E
RADMS RAMs Ez
RAT RAMS E+ E = EOT

|HRE(ESSION OF EQUINDXEC E means circular moton

et 1t boint eArec and 1stboint üho.
in alestaard diecHo.
a_prbgrecsive onahion boborhonal to Tme
wit toto 26000 year to Combtote 0 Kovolukos.
whot Lotikudeswi be longect day 3 shertest
niqt N-H

. t whot loHodes would be Longett day 5 hdt

more ton cheres day 2

18 H
igd a6 Hb

210