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Chapter 6—Truth

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Gettier examples assume

a. That people are justified in believing things when they rely on their past experiences
b. That justified true belief constitutes knowledge
c. That people are justified in believing things when they rely on others' testimony
d. That people can only rely on their senses for knowledge
ANS: A PTS: 1

2. Wilfred Sellars argued that

a. There were no basic beliefs
b. That our basic beliefs are foundational
c. That knowledge is impossible
d. That knowledge is culturally relative
ANS: A PTS: 1

3. Bertrand Russell developed a

a. Foundational theory
b. Pragmatic theory
c. Correspondence theory
d. Skeptical theory
ANS: C PTS: 1

4. What philosopher wrote: "A text is understood only if it is understood in a different way every time."?
a. Hans-Georg Gadamer
b. Ludwig Wittgenstein
c. David Hume
d. Immanuel Kant
ANS: A PTS: 1

5. John Searle believes that all true propositions are those

a. That correspond to mental states
b. That correspond to facts
c. That have a certain intellectual pedigree
d. That rest on foundational beliefs
ANS: B PTS: 1

6. Vatsyayana accepted which view of truth?

a. Rationalism
b. Foundationalism
c. Correspondence
d. Pragmatism
ANS: D PTS: 1

7. Who argued that the truth of an idea depends on the practical difference it makes?
a. Hume
 b. Locke
c. James
d. Russell
ANS: C PTS: 1

8. Who believed that the attempt to find one characterization of truth that covers every kind of truth was
doomed to fail?
a. Putnam
b. Descartes
c. Quine
d. James
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. Who said that we were out to "trap" nature?

a. Putnam
b. Descartes
c. Quine
d. James
ANS: C PTS: 1

10. How many kinds of particles and forces are recognized in the standard theory of matter?
a. Three kinds of particles, four kinds of forces
b. Four kinds of forces, three kinds of particles
c. Three kinds of particles, three kinds of forces
d. Four kinds of forces, four kinds of forces
ANS: D PTS: 1

11. Which of the following philosophers proposed a version of the correspondence theory of truth?
a. Rudolf Carnap
b. Clarence I. Lewis
c. Bertrand Russell
d. George Bishop Berkeley
ANS: C PTS: 1

12. Which of the following logician and philosopher argues that truth is a property of sentences?
a. Alvin Goldman
b. C. I. Lewis
c. Alfred Tarski
d. John Searle
ANS: C PTS: 1

13. According to the ____ theory of truth, a belief is true if it is, or can be, integrated within the
framework of all the other beliefs that we already accept as true.
a. pragmatic
b. foundationalist
c. coherence
d. correspondence
ANS: C PTS: 1
14. Which of the following philosophers accepted the coherence theory of truth?
a. Dharmakirti
b. Vatsyayana
c. John Dewey
d. Charles S. Peirce
ANS: A PTS: 1

15. According to the ____ theory of truth a statement is true if it is useful to believe.
a. pragmatic
b. coherence
c. foundationalist
d. correspondence
ANS: A PTS: 1

16. What contemporary philosopher argues that truth is whatever has passed society's "procedures of
justification"?
a. Richard Rorty
b. Bertrand Russell
c. John Locke
d. Alfred Tarski
ANS: A PTS: 1

17. According to the ____ view of scientific truth, scientific theories are literally true or false.
a. pragamatist
b. relativist
c. realist
d. instrumentalist
ANS: C PTS: 1

18. What philosopher wrote the following: "The language and the history of the time the writer was living
in is the context within which individual texts have to be interpreted."?
a. Friedrich Nietzsche
b. Thomas Aquinas
c. Hermes
d. Friedrich Schleiermacher
ANS: D PTS: 1

19. What philosopher argued that we should strive to develop a perfect language in which we could
express our ideas with complete clarity?
a. Thomas Aquinas
b. Gottfried Leibniz
c. Wilhelm Dilthey
d. Friedrich Schleiermacher
ANS: B PTS: 1

20. What philosopher wrote: "The world is the totallity of facts, not of things."?
a. Thomas Aquinas
b. Hans-Georg Gadamer
c. Ludwig Wittgenstein
d. Wilhelm Dilthey
 ANS: C PTS: 1

TRUE/FALSE

1. A priori propositions are propositions that we can know to be true without having to observe the
world.

ANS: T PTS: 1

2. A basic belief is one that does not need to be justified by other beliefs.

ANS: T PTS: 1

3. Wilfrid Sellers believed that there were basic beliefs.

ANS: F PTS: 1

4. Austin held that we could use a language to talk with each other even if there were no rules governing
its use.

ANS: F PTS: 1

5. C. G. Hempel rejected the coherentist view of truth.

ANS: F PTS: 1

6. Dharmakirti accepted a foundationalist view of truth.

ANS: F PTS: 1

7. There are only two major theories of truth.

ANS: T PTS: 1

8. No Eastern philosophers accept the pragmatic view of truth.

ANS: F PTS: 1

9. Rorty is a pragmatist about truth.

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. Martin Luther believed that there was only one true meaning of scripture.

ANS: T PTS: 1

COMPLETION

1. Statements or sentences express the contents of our ____________________.

ANS: beliefs
 PTS: 1

2. Propositions that we cannot know unless we observe the world are called empirical, or
____________________ propositions.

ANS: a posteriori

PTS: 1

3. A(n) ____________________ belief is one that we immediately know is true without having to infer it
from other belief.

ANS: basic

PTS: 1

4. The view that truth is an agreement between a proposition and some facts in the world is the
____________________ theory of truth.

ANS: correspondence

PTS: 1

5. Bertrand Russell endorsed the ____________________ theory of truth.

ANS: correspondence

PTS: 1

6. Searle argues that the word ____________________ was developed so that we could talk about what it
is about the real world that makes a proposition true.

ANS: fact

PTS: 1

7. According to the ____________________ theory of truth a belief is true if it coheres with other beliefs
that we regard as true.

ANS: coherence

PTS: 1

8. ____________________ hold that truth adds nothing to our statements.

ANS: Deflationists

PTS: 1

9. The three theories of truth assume that truth is a(n) ____________________ concept.

ANS: substantive

PTS: 1
 10. The realist view of scientific truth is a version of the ____________________ theory of truth.

ANS: correspondence

PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. Do you believe that knowledge is justified true belief? Why, or why not? In answering this question
you should draw on the work of both Gettier and Plato.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

2. Outline the two ways in which God and right acts might be related, according to the Euthyphro
dialogue discussed in Chapter 1. If we believe that acts are right because God loves them, how do we
know which acts are right acts? How might the problem of interpretation be relevant to the most
obvious answer to this question?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

3. Do you think that the pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth in the same way as the
correspondence and coherence theories are theories of truth? Argue for your view.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

4. Assume that Berkeley's idealism is correct. Which theory of truth would best fit with such a universe
(a) if God did not exist, (b) if God did exist, and had the properties that Berkeley ascribed to Him?
Explain your answer fully.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

5. Is it possible to give a literal reading of a text, untouched by interpretation? Justify your answer, and
apply it to at least one practical issues, such as (a) whether judges "make law" in applying it, or (b)
whether religious fundamentalism is internally coherent.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pine to Potomac
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
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eBook.

Title: Pine to Potomac

Life of James G. Blaine: his boyhood, youth, manhood,
and public services; with a sketch of the life of Gen.
John A. Logan

Author: E. K. Cressey

Release date: April 7, 2024 [eBook #73345]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: James H. Earl, 1884

Credits: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PINE TO

POTOMAC ***
James G. Blaine
“LOG CABIN TO WHITE HOUSE” SERIES.

Pine to
Potomac

LIFE OF
JAMES G. BLAINE

HIS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, MANHOOD, AND

PUBLIC SERVICES.

WITH A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF

GEN. JOHN A. LOGAN

By E. K. CRESSEY

BOSTON:
JAMES H. EARLE, PUBLISHER,
178 Washington Street.
1884.
 Copyright, 1884.
By James H. Earle.
 To All,
Young and Old,
THE WHOLE WORLD OVER,
WHO LOVE THE NAME

America,
IS THIS LIFE OF
JAMES G. BLAINE,
The Typical American,
DEDICATED,
By the Author.
 INTRODUCTION.

Mountains are the homes of giants,—giants in brawn and giants in

brain. The giants of brawn may be the more numerous, and in the
sense of muscle and fisticuffs, more powerful; but not in the sense of
manhood and power that achieves results that are far-reaching and
that endure,—results that thrill a nation’s heart and command the
admiration of the world.
Whoever makes you proud that you are a man,—that you are an
American citizen,—makes you feel that life is not only worth living,
but that to live is joy and glory,—such an one lifts you up toward
those higher regions from which man has evidently fallen, and gives
some glimmer and hint of the old image and likeness in which we
were created. That man who comes from nearest to the nation’s
heart and gets nearest to the world’s heart, brings with him lessons
of wisdom, goodness, and love which shall work like leaven with
transforming power.
Great not only in brains, but great in heart, also, are the giant men of
true greatness, who come down from the mountains into the arena of
the world’s activities. They need no introduction. The world awaits
them, recognizes, and hails them. They know and are known; they
love and are beloved. Place awaits them, and they enter; fitness fits;
life is a triumph, and they are happy. Such men, fresh from nature’s
mint, bring consciences with them,—consciences unseared, into the
battle of life.
These are not only the germ of character and the source of joy, but
chief among the elements of that stupendous strength which makes
victory their birthright, and victory is the birthright of every good, true
soul that will work to win. Only the false and the indolent are sure to
fail; the true and industrious are ever succeeding.
Especially great in powers of will are the men who come forth from
the nation’s strength and give themselves back in exalted service to
a nation’s life. The great streams that flow into the ocean, went forth
of the ocean in mists and clouds of rain. The great men of Rome
were the products of Rome. The great men of Germany and France
are the products of those respective countries. And so the great men
of America are the products of America. It took generations to
produce the heroes of the Revolution, but when the hour struck, they
came forth, full armed with a purpose that blood could not weaken,
clad in a panoply that no host could destroy. Washington blazed forth
as an orb of greater magnitude in the chair of state, in time of peace,
than in the saddle in time of war. As a warrior he cut out the work, as
statesman he made it. Statesmanship is more the work of the whole
man and of a life-time. Garfield was splendid upon the field of battle,
but while there he shone as a star among suns, while in the halls of
state he shone as a sun among stars. There was a steady grandeur
of purpose, a magnificence of character, a wealth of intellect, a
power of thought, a loftiness of courage, of that high, heroic type
which moral stamina alone can produce, which created a greater
demand for him in the councils of the nation than in the battle-front
when warriors were the nation’s sorest need. Others could take his
place in Tennessee, but not in Washington.
Among the nation’s great productions, born midway between the war
of the Revolution and the war of the Rebellion; born in times of
peace, for times of direst carnage and divinest peace again, a very
prince of the land; born to lead, and born to rule; springing at once
with the bound of youthful blood into the foremost ranks of the
nation’s monarchs of forces, and emperors of kingly powers, is he
who leads to-day the giant forces of the great nation’s conquering
host, the Hon. James G. Blaine, not of Maine, or of Massachusetts;
not of Minnesota, or the Golden Gate, but of America. He is a man of
the nation’s heart, a man of the nation’s brain, a man of conscience,
and a man of will; large, vivid, and powerful in his consciousness,
wherein he realizes, in most brilliant conceptions, both the power
and glory of men and things. He came forth from the mountains of
the Alleghanies, a giant from the nation’s side.
Never since the nation’s youth was there such demand for any man.
He is emphatically the typical American, and the yeomanry would
have him. They caught his spirit, and would not shake off the spell of
his genius. They forget not to-day that he was Garfield’s first choice,
and sat at Garfield’s right hand. They remember, as only they who
think with the heart can remember, that as his pride and confidant,
he was by Garfield’s side in that awful hour of holy martyrdom,
thrusting back the terrible assassin with one hand, and with the other
catching the falling chief. Garfield knew him, Garfield loved him,
Garfield sanctioned, honored, trusted, and exalted him. And the
sentiments of that great heart which beat out its life-blood for the
nation’s glory then, it is firmly believed, are the sentiments of the
nation’s heart to-day.
 CONTENTS.

I.
THE BOY.
Old Hickory—National Highway—Indian Hill Farm—
The Alleghanies—Daniel Boone and the Wetzells—
Scotland of America—Birth-Place—Ancestors—
Mother—Valley Forge—The Old Covenanters—
Dickinson College—Cradle Songs—Stories of
Monmouth and Brandywine—Old United States
Spelling-Book—Country School-House—Cut
Jackets—Uncle Will—Grandfather’s Ferry—Too
Much Spurt—Capt. Henry Shreve—First Steamboat
from Pittsburgh—Life of Napoleon—Average Boys’
Ability—Working on the Farm—Revolutionary
Soldiers—Home Training—Books—Spelling School Page
—Sleigh-Ride—Victory 21
II.
PREPARATION.
Inheritance—Bullion’s Latin Grammar—Campaign of 41
General Harrison—Political Meetings—Jackson’s
Methods—Newspapers—An American Boy—
Plutarch’s Lives—Seeing General Harrison—
Teachers—Homely People—Grandpa’s Explanation
—Grandfather Gillespie’s Death—His Father’s
Library—Swimming the River—Nutting—Marvel of
 Industry—School in Lancaster, Ohio—Two Boys by
the Name of James—Hon. Thomas Ewing—The
Problem of Presidents—Getting Ready for College
—Contrast with Garfield
III.
IN COLLEGE.
Doctor McConahy—Young Ladies’ Seminary—
Entering College—Habits—Good Teachers—
Professor Murray—New Testament in Greek—No
Book-Worm—An Old Class-Mate—College Honors
—Henry Clay—“Rights and Duties of American
Citizenship”—Who Reads an American Book 60
IV.
TEACHING IN KENTUCKY.
A Triumph—Blue Licks Military Academy—Five
Hundred Dollars—Trip to Kentucky—Stage-Coach
—A Young Lady Companion—Great Country for
Quail—Georgetown—“I am Mr. Blaine”—At Tea—
Monday Morning—Hard, Quick Work—Lexington
and Frankfort—Annual Picnic—Met his Friend—
Enamored—The Future—Southern Trip—Two
Winters in New Orleans—Col. Thorndike F.
Johnson—Bushrod Johnson—Visits Home—
Richard Henry Lee—Professor Blaine 71
V.
A NEW FIELD.
President Polk—One Old Bachelor—Reading Law—
Institution for the Blind—Pine Tree State—
Kennebec Journal—Franklin Pierce—Colby
University and Bowdoin College—Getting Ready for
Work—Editor’s Chair 95
VI.
JOURNALISM.
Master of the Situation—Henry Ward Beecher— 103
Abolitionists—Attack on Sumner and Greeley—
 Senator Fessenden—John L. Stevens—Fifty Days
—Blaine’s Old Foreman, Howard Owen—Slave
Trade—Philadelphia—Jefferson’s Remark—
Seward’s Great Speech—Momentous Period
VII.
IN THE LEGISLATURE.
Great Year of Republicanism—Frémont and Dayton—
First Public Effort—Editorials—Henry Wilson—
Richmond Enquirer—Dred Scott Case—Sells Out—
Coal Lands—Portland Daily Advertiser—No
Vacation—Business Success—God’s Storm—Six
Times a Week—Armed to the Teeth—Right Ways—
Political Weather—Earl of Warwick—The Aggressor
—At a Stand-Still—Speaker of the House
—“Gentlemen of the House of Representatives”—
Old Wigwam at Chicago—A Firm Lincoln Man—
Solid Front—Send us Blaine—Hullo!—Gold-Bowed
Spectacles—Advancing Backward—Can a
Southern State Secede?—Glow of the Contest—
Whittier’s Poem 122
VIII.
SPEAKER OF THE MAINE LEGISLATURE.
Latest from Charleston—Governor Morrill—What Did
they See?—Short-Cut Words—Ten Thousand from
Maine—Will Mr. Blaine go?—North’s History of
Augusta—Colonel Ellsworth—General Lyon—Israel
Washburne, Jr.—Bloody Work—Regiments Born in
a Day—In Washington—Senate and House
Honored—All the Material for the Campaign—This
Sort of Thing—The New Year 155
IX.
SECOND TERM AS SPEAKER.
Demand for Legislation—Blockade-Runners—Fort 176
Knox—Hog Island—Resolutions—Hon. A. P. Gould,
of Thomaston—Opportunity for Forensic Effort—
Domestic War—Great Triumph of the Winter—Will
 the Negro Fight?—Only Half a Negro—Nominated
for Congress—Visits the Old Home—Loud Calls for
Mr. Blaine—Maine What?—Republican before there
was a Party—Miles Standish—Open Letter—Love
of Men
X.
ENTERING CONGRESS.
Life in Washington—Cliques—Passports—First
Resolve—First Bill—Test of Ability—Great Speech
—Working Members—A Slight Rebuff—Penitentiary
Bill—Convention of Governors—A Little Episode—
Boutwell’s Courtesy—New York City—After Him
from all Sides—Union National Republican
Convention at Baltimore—Frémont and Cochrane—
Delegates—Dr. Robert J. Breckenridge—Idol of the
Army—Million Men in Arms—“War a Failure”—Sixty
Day’s Work in other States—No Mountain or Sea-
shore—Squirm or Cheer—His Speeches—“Never
Settled until it is Settled Right”—“Give Me Gold”—
Power with an Audience—Mr. Lincoln’s Real
Triumph 201
XI.
SECOND TERM IN CONGRESS.
Kittery to Houlton—Re-elected to Congress—
Evolution—Greenbackism—Pay in Coin—Intuition
—Long Years of Study—“I feel” and “I Know”—
Befriending a Cadet—A Civil Question—Iron Clads
that Will Not Float—The “Jeannette”—“A Cruel
Mockery”—Bludgeon of Hard, Solid Fact—“Paper
Credits”—Keen Eye for Fraud—Flag Again Flying
on Fort Sumter—Unshackle Humanity—“A Little
Grievance”—Amending the Constitution—Closing
Speech—Thoroughness and Mastery 236
XII.
CONTINUED WORK IN CONGRESS.
Not McClellan, but Lincoln—Religious Character of 262
 Abraham Lincoln—War Closed—Lincoln Murdered
—Great Review—Basis of Representation—History
of Finance—A Lively Tilt—Consistency—Amnesty—
At Home in Congress—Political Re-action—Brass—
No Red-Tape—Volunteers in the Regular Army—
Fair Play—Thad. Stevens—Strong Friendships
XIII.
CONGRESSIONAL CAREER CONTINUED.
On their Way Up—The Place to Look for Presidents—
Drivers of the Quill—Seed-Corn—Blaine and Logan
Then—Little Things—Cornstalks—Not Hot-Headed
—Newspapers—Europe—England’s Trade—
Parliament—Home of his Ancestors—Knowledge of
French—The Rhine and Florence—Malaria in the
Bones—Studied from Life—Italy a Joy—Return—In
his Seat—Five-Twenties—Power of Analysis—
National Debt—Two Days to Reply—“Payment
Suspended”—The President’s Impeachment—
Field-Work—Hard or Soft Money—Wrings the Neck
of a Heresy—New President of the Right Stamp 277
XIV.
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN
CONGRESS.
No Clouds—Manhood’s Prime—Vacancy in the
Speaker’s Chair—How to Win—Trio of Leaders—
Right-Hand Man—Chosen Chief—Tennyson’s
Words—A Proud Day—National Reputation—
Drawing a Resolution—Growth of Congress—Third
Election to the Speakership—Statesmanship—
Political Assassination—Brigadiers by the Score—
Credit of the Fourteenth Amendment—Invite Him up
—Betrayed—Reads the Letters—Cablegram
Suppressed—Eye-Witness—Proctor Knott—
Honored by Governor Connor, of Maine—
Vindicated and Endorsed by the State Legislature—
Answer, ye who Can! 298
 XV.
UNITED STATES SENATOR.
Sabbath Morning—Ill and Weary Time—Gail Hamilton
—Colleague of Hannibal Hamlin—One Inning Then
—Galaxies by the Score—Old Spirit of Freeness—
Statue of William King—Hard Money—Commodore
Vanderbilt—Weight of the Silver Dollar—“Order”—
Honoring the Aged Soldier—Magnanimity, not
Intolerance—Pensioning Jeff. Davis—Negro
Practically Disfranchised—Groups of States—
Resolutions—Contrasts and Comparisons—
Peroration—White Man’s Vote North and South 318
XVI.
BLAINE AND GARFIELD.
Forever Linked Together—Lincoln and Seward—
Young Men Together—Dark Days—Iron Chest—
Breath of Battle Blew Hottest—Beautiful Plants—
Massive Heads—Future Candidates—A Matter of
Honor—Great Speech—They Crowned Him
—“Command My Services”—Political Lying—Dead
Upon the Field—True as Steel—His First, Best
Friend—Clean as Well as Competent—At His Right
Hand—Love Lights the Path 337
XVII.
SECRETARY OF STATE.
Foreign Policy of the Garfield Administration—War in
South America—General Hurlbut—Chilian
Authorities—The Three Republics—Object of the
Peace Congress—William Henry Trescot—
Received a Vindication—A Beautiful Prophecy—
Lincoln and Blaine—Clayton-Bulwer Treaty—
Servant of his Genius—The Assassin’s Bullet 351
XVIII.
HOME LIFE OF MR. BLAINE.
“Letters to the Joneses”—Home a Republic—Why Not 362