Fundamentals of Logic Design 7th

Edition Roth Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-logic-design-7th-edition-roth-solution
s-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals 5th Edition Mano

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/logic-and-computer-design-
fundamentals-5th-edition-mano-solutions-manual/

Programming Logic and Design Comprehensive 7th Edition

Joyce Farrell Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/programming-logic-and-design-
comprehensive-7th-edition-joyce-farrell-solutions-manual/

Digital Systems Design Using VHDL 3rd Edition Roth

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/digital-systems-design-using-
vhdl-3rd-edition-roth-solutions-manual/

Digital Systems Design Using Verilog 1st Edition Roth

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/digital-systems-design-using-
verilog-1st-edition-roth-solutions-manual/
Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers 6th
Edition Rafiquzzaman Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-digital-logic-
and-microcontrollers-6th-edition-rafiquzzaman-solutions-manual/

Programming Logic and Design Comprehensive 7th Edition

Joyce Farrell Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/programming-logic-and-design-
comprehensive-7th-edition-joyce-farrell-test-bank/

Fundamentals of Machine Component Design 5th Edition

Juvinall Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-machine-
component-design-5th-edition-juvinall-solutions-manual/

Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design with

Interfacing 2nd Edition Hwang Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/digital-logic-and-microprocessor-
design-with-interfacing-2nd-edition-hwang-solutions-manual/

Starting Out with Programming Logic and Design 3rd

Edition Tony Gaddis Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/starting-out-with-programming-
logic-and-design-3rd-edition-tony-gaddis-solutions-manual/
Unit 8 Design Solutions
III. SOLUTIONS TO DESIGN, SIMULATION,
AND LAB EXERCISES
Solutions to Unit 8 Design Problems

Problems 8.A through 8.S are combinational logic design problems using NAND and NOR gates.
Problems 8.A through 8.R are of approximately equal difficulty so that different students in the
class can be assigned different problems. We ask our students to use the following procedure:
(1) Derive a truth table for the assigned problem.
(2) Use Karnaugh maps to derive logic equations in sum-of-products or product-of-sums form
depending on whether NAND gates or NOR gates are required.
(3) Enter the truth table into LogicAid, derive the logic equations, and check the answers
against the results of step (2).
(4) Draw a circuit of AND and OR gates, trying to minimize the number of gates required by
using common gates where appropriate. Factoring or multiplying out is required in some
cases.
(5) Convert to NAND or NOR gates as specified.
(6) Simulate your answer to (5) using SimUaid, and verify that the circuit works correctly.
Use switches as inputs and probes or a 7-segment indicator as outputs.

In Unit 10, we ask our students to implement the same design problem using VHDL, synthesize it
and download it to a CPLD or FPGA on a hardware board that has switches, LEDs, and 7-segment
indicators.

For each design problem, the solutions that follow show a SimUaid circuit that meets the problem
specifications, but the solution does not necessarily use the minimum number of gates. Each solution
shows the truth table and the equations derived using LogicAid, and in several cases the Karnaugh
maps are shown to help identify common terms.

8.A ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = B'D' + B D + A + C D = B'D' + BC'D + A + CD (used in circuit)

X1 = B'D' + B D + A + B'C
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X2 = B' + C'D' + C D
0001 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X3 = C' + D + B
0010 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X4 = B'D' + B'C + B C'D + C D'
0011 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X5 = B'D' + C D'
0100 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X6 = C'D' + B C' + B D' + A
0101 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 X7 = B'C + B C' + A + C D' (used in circuit)
0110 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 X7 = B'C + B C' + A + B D'
0111 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 This solution uses 15 gates and 41 gate inputs.
1001 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
Students are allowed to use a maximum of 18 gates.

263
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.A X1 X2 X3
(cont.) A B A B A B
C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 1 X 1 00 1 1 X 1 00 1 1 X 1

01 1 X 1 01 1 X 1 01 1 1 X 1

11 1 1 X X 11 1 1 X X 11 1 1 X X

10 1 X X 10 1 X X 10 1 X X

X1 = B'D' + B C'D + A + C D X 2 = B' + C'D' + C D X3 = C' + D + B

X4 X5 X6
A B A B A B
C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 1 X 1 00 1 X 1 00 1 1 X 1

01 1 X 01 X 01 1 X 1

11 1 X X 11 X X 11 X X

10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X 10 1 X X

X 4 = B'D' + B'C + B C'D + C D' X5 = B'D' + C D' X6 = C'D' + B C' + B D' + A

X7
A B
C D 00 01 11 10
00 1 X 1

01 1 X 1

11 1 X X

10 1 1 X X

X7 = B'C + B C' + A + B D' C

D

X1
B'
D'
1 A
0
0 B
C'
A' D

1 B
0 B
0 X2
C'
B' D'

1
B' 2
X3
1 C 3
0 C D' 4
0
5
6
C' 7

C
1 D' X4
0
0 D

D' B'
C

X5

B
C'
X6

B
D'

X7

264
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.B ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = B' + C'D + C D' + A
X2 = C+B
0000 X X X X X X X
X3 = D' + C + A (used in circuit)
0001 X X X X X X X X3 = D' + C + B'
0010 X X X X X X X X4 = C'D + B'D + B C D' + A C' (used in circuit)
0011 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X4 = C'D + A'C D' + B'D + A C'
0100 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X5 = C'D + B'D
0101 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X6 = C D + A C'
0110 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X7 = A D + B C + C'D + A C' (used in circuit)
0111 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X7 = A D + B C + A C' + B D
1000 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1001 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 This solution uses 15 gates and 38 gate inputs.
1010 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 16 gates.
1100 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

B X1
C'
D

C
D'
1
0 A
0 B' X2
C'
A'

C' X3
1
0 B D
0

1
B' 2
C'
3
X4
4
B 5
1 C C
1 6
0 D' 7

C'
X5
B'
D
1 D
1
0
X6
C
D' D

X7
D

B
C

265
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.C ABCDE W X Y Z W = A(C + D) (B + C) (C + E) = A(C + BDE) (used in circuit)
W = A(C + D) (B + C) (D' + E)
00000 0 0 0 0
W = A(C + D) (C + E) (B + D')
00001 0 0 0 0 W = A(C + D) (B + D') (D' + E)
00010 0 0 0 0 X = (C + D) (B' + C + E') (A + C) (B + C') =
00011 0 0 0 0 (B + C') (C + AD(B' + E')) (used in circuit)
00100 0 0 0 0 X = (C + D) (B' + C + E') (B + C') (A + D')
00101 0 0 0 0 X = (C + D) (B + C') (A + D') (B' + D' + E')
00110 X X X X X = (C + D) (B' + C + E') (B + D) (A + D')
00111 X X X X X = (C + D) (B + D) (A + D') (B' + D' + E')
01000 0 0 0 0 X = (C + D) (A + C) (B + C') (B' + D' + E')
01001 0 0 0 1 X = (C + D) (B' + C + E') (A + C) (B + D)
01010 0 0 1 0 X = (C + D) (A + C) (B + D) (B' + D' + E')
01011 0 0 1 1 Y = (A + B) (A + D) (B + E) (D + E) (A' + B' + D' + E') = (A + BD) (E + BD)
(A' + B' + D' + E') = (AE + BD)(A' + B' + D' + E')
01100 0 1 0 0
Z = BE
01101 0 1 0 1
01110 X X X X This solution uses 14 gates and 32 gate inputs.
01111 X X X X
10000 0 0 0 0 Student are allowed to use a maximum of 15 gates.
10001 0 0 1 0
10010 0 1 0 0
10011 0 1 1 0
B'
10100 1 0 0 0 D'
W
E'
10101 1 0 1 0 1
0 A 0
0 C
10110 X X X X
10111 X X X X A' B'
11000 0 0 0 0 E'
11001 0 0 1 1
1 B D' X
11010 0 1 1 0 0
0
C
0
11011 1 0 0 1
11100 1 1 0 0 B'
B
11101 1 1 1 1 C'
1 C
0
0
E'

C' Y
B' 0
D'
1 D
0
0
B'
D'
D' E'
Z
0
1 B'
0 E
0 E'

E'

266
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.D ABCDE W X Y Z W = AC+ABDE
X = B C + A B'D + A D E'
00000 0 0 0 0
Y = A'B D + A B'E + A D'E + B D E'
00001 0 0 0 0 Z = BE
00010 0 0 0 0 This solution uses 14 gates and 38 gate inputs.
00011 0 0 0 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 14 gates.
00100 0 0 0 0
00101 0 0 0 0 W X
B C B C
00110 X X X X D E 00 01 11 10 D E 00 01 11 10
00111 X X X X 00
1 1
00
1
01000 0 0 0 0 1

01001 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
A 01 A 01
01010 0 0 1 0 1 1
1

01011 0 0 1 1 0
11
X X 1 0
11
1 X X
X X X X
01100 0 1 0 0
X X 1 X X 1
01101 0 1 0 1 10 10
X X X X
01110 X X X X
01111 X X X X W = AC+ABDE X = B C + A B'D + A D E'
10000 0 0 0 0 Y Z
B C B C
10001 0 0 1 0 D E 00 01 11 10 D E 00 01 11 10
10010 0 1 0 0 00
00
10011 0 1 1 0
10100 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 01 A 01
10101 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1
0 X X 1
10110 X X X X 0
11
1 X X
11
X X 1
10111 X X X X X X 1
X X 1 X X
11000 0 0 0 0 10 10
X X 1 X X
11001 0 0 1 1
11010 0 1 1 0 Y = A'B D + A B'E + A D'E + B D E' Z = BE

11011 1 0 0 1 1
0
0 A W
0
11100 1 1 0 0 A'
C

11101 1 1 1 1
B
D
E
1 B
0
0

B
C X
B'
0
B'
1 D
0
0 C

D
C' E'

1 D
0
0
B'
E

D' Y
D' 0
E

1
0
0 E B
D

B
E' D
E'

Z
0
B
E

267
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.E ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = A B + A'C + B'D +
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 C'D' (used in circuit)
0001 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X1 = A C' + B C + B'D + A'D'
0010 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X1 = A D + B C + C'D' + A'B'
0011 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X1 = A C' + B D' + C D + A'B'
0100 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X1 = A B + C D + A'D' + B'C'
0101 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X1 = A D + B D' + A'C + B'C'
0110 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X2 = A' + C' + B'D' + B D
0111 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X3 = A C + B D + C'D' +
1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 A'B' (used in circuit)
1001 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X3 = A B + B'C + A'D + C'D'
1010 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X3 = A B + C D + A'C' + B'D'
1011 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X3 = A D' + B D + B'C + A'C'
1100 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X3 = A D' + B C' + C D + A'B'
1101 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X3 = A C + B C' + A'D + B'D'
1110 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X4 = A B + A'C + B'D +
1111 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 C'D' (used in circuit)
X4 = X1
X5 = B'D + B D' + C'D' +
A'B' (used in circuit)
X5 = B'D + B D' + C'D' + A'D'
X5 = B'D + B D' + A'D' + B'C'
C
X5 = B'D + B D' + A'B' + B'C'
X6 = A'B' + C'D' + A C
B'
D
X1 X7 = B C + A D + A C
C'
1
0
0 A
D'
This solution uses 17 gates and 44 gate
inputs.
A' B
Students are allowed to use a maximum of
1
18 gates.
0
0 B
B' C X2
D'
B'
B
D
1
0 0 C
1
B' 2
X3
3
C' 4
C 5
6
7

1
0 D X4
0

D'

X5
B
D'

X6

D X7

B
C

268
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.F ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = A + B'C + B'D' (used in circuit)
X1 = A + B'C + C'D'
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X1 = A + B'D' + C D
0001 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X2 = A' + C' + D
0010 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X3 = C' + D' + A
0011 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X4 = A C' + B'D' + A B + A'C D (used in circuit)
0100 X X X X X X X X4 = A C' + A'B'C + A D' + C'D'
0101 X X X X X X X X4 = A C' + A'B'C + B'D' + A D'
0110 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X4 = A C' + A'B'C + B'D' + A B
0111 X X X X X X X X4 = A C' + B'D' + A D' + A'C D
1000 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 X5 = A'C'D' + A'C D + A C'D + A B'C D'
1001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X6 = C'D' + B + A C' + A D'
1010 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X7 = A'C + A C' + A D' (used in circuit)
1011 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X7 = A'C + A C' + C D'
1100 X X X X X X X
This solution uses 18 gates and 51 gate inputs.
1101 X X X X X X X
1110 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 20 gates.
1111 X X X X X X X

B' X1
D'
1 A
0
0 B'
C

A' X2
C
D'

C X3
1 D
0
0 B
C
D

B' X4
B
1
2
C' 3
4
1 C 5
0
0 6
C' 7
C' D'
X5
C'
D

1 B'
0 D
0 C
D'
D'
B'
C'
X6
D'

C'

X7
D'

269
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.G K N3 N2 N1 N0 M3 M2 M1 M0 M3 = N2 N1 N0 + N3 + K N2 N1 = N3 + N2 N1(K + N0)
M2 = N2 N1' + K'N2 N0' + N2'N1 N0 + K N2' N1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
= N2 N1' + K' N2 N0' + N2' N1(K + N0)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 M1 = K'N1 N0' + K N1' + N1'N0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 = K' N1 N0' + N1'(K + N0)
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 M0 = K' N0' + K N0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 This solution uses 13 gates and 31 gate inputs.
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 13 gates.
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
M3
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 K
N2 N3'
0 N0'
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 N1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 K'

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 N2'
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 N3
N1 M2
0
0
0 1 1 1 1 X X X X N2
N1'
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 N3'

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
N2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 N2
N0'

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 N2' M1
0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 N1'

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 N1 N1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
0
N0'

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 N1'
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
M0
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 N0' 1

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 N0
0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 N0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 N0'

1 1 1 1 0 X X X X
1 1 1 1 1 X X X X

8.H ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = A'C' + D + B + A C

X2 = A' + B'C' + B C
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X3 = B' + C + A
0001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X4 = X5 + D + A'B + A B'C
0010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X5 = A'C' + B C'
0011 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 X6 = B'C' + D + A B' + A C'
0100 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X7 = D + A'B + A B' + B C' (used in circuit)
0101 X X X X X X X X7 = D + A'B + A B' + A C'
0110 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0111 X X X X X X X This solution uses 17 gates and 45 gate inputs.
1000 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1001 X X X X X X X Students are allowed to use a maximum of 20 gates.
1010 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1011 X X X X X X X
1100 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1101 X X X X X X X
1110 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1111 X X X X X X X

270
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.H
C'
(cont.) B'
D'
X1

1 C
0 A
0

A' B'
C'
X2

B
C
1
0 B
0

B X3
B'
C'

B' 1
C 2
1 C
0 3
0 X5 X4
4
D' 5
C' B 6
7

1
X5
0 D B
0 C'

D'

B' X6
D'
C'

X7

D'

8.I ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 1
0
0 A
B' C X1
D'
0000 X X X X X X X A'
B
0001 X X X X X X X D

0010 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 B
B'
C
0
0011 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C' X2
B'
0100 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 D

0101 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 B
D'
0110 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
B
C' X3
C
0111 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 D'
0
1

1000 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 C'
X4
2
3
4
1001 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5
6

1010 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 D
7

0
1011 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 D' X5
C'
D'

X1 = B'D' + C' + B D + A
X2 = B'C + C'D + B D' (used in circuit) B X6
C
X2 = B'C + A'D' + C'D
X2 = B'D + C D' + B C'
X2 = B'D + A'C' + C D' C
X7

X3 = D + C + B' (used in circuit) B'

X3 = D+C+A
X4 = B'D' + B D + A C + C'D' (used in circuit)
X4 = B'D' + B D + A C + B C'
X4 = B'D' + B D + A C + A'C'
X5 = B'D' + C'D'
X6 = B C + A C + B'D'
X7 = B + A C + C'D' (used in circuit) This solution uses 15 gates and 38 gate inputs.
X7 = B + A C + A D' Students are allowed to use a maximum of 17 gates.

271
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.J ABCDE W X Y Z W = (A + B + C) (C + D) (B' + C + E) (used in circuit)
W = (A + B + C) (C + D) (A + C + E)
00000 0 0 0 0
X = (A + B + D) (B' + C + E') (A' + C + E) (B' + C + D) (used in circuit)
00001 0 0 1 0
X = (A + B + D) (B' + C + E') (A' + C + E) (C + D + E)
00010 0 1 0 0 X = (A + B + D) (B' + C + E') (A' + C + E) (A + C + D)
00011 0 1 1 0 Y = (A + B + E) (B' + C + D' + E') (A' + C + D) (A + D + E) (used in circuit)
00100 1 0 0 0 Y = (A + B + E) (B' + C + D' + E') (A' + C + D) (B' + D + E)
00101 1 0 1 0 Z = (A + B) (C + E) (A + D + E) (used in circuit)
00110 1 1 0 0 Z = (A + B) (C + E) (B' + D + E)
00111 1 1 1 0
01000 0 0 0 0 This solution uses 17 gates and 51 gate inputs.
01001 0 0 1 1
01010 0 1 1 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 19 gates.
01011 1 0 0 1
01100 1 1 0 0 B
01101 1 1 1 1 C W
1
01110 1 1 1 1 0
0 A 0
01111 1 1 1 1 B'
C
10000 0 0 0 0 A' E
10001 0 1 0 1
10010 1 0 1 0 C
10011 1 1 1 1 D
1 B
10100 1 1 1 1 0
0

10101 1 1 1 1
10110 1 1 1 1 B'
C
10111 1 1 1 1 E
X
1 B 0
0 C
0 D
B'
C' C
D
B'
C
1 D E'
0
0

D' B'
C
D'
E'
Y
1 C 0
0 E
0 D

E' B
E

D
E
Z
0

C
E

272
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.K ABCDE W X Y Z W =AB
X = B C + A B'
00000 0 0 0 0
Y = B'C D + A'B C' + A B'D + A C
00001 0 0 0 0
Z = A'C'D E + B D E + A'B'C D' + A B'C'D' + A'B C'D + A'B C'E + A C D + A C E
00010 0 0 0 0 = DE(B + A'C') + B'D'(A'C + AC') + A'BC'(D + E) + AC(D + E)
00011 0 0 0 1 = DE(B + A'C') + B'D'(A + C)(A' + C') + A'BC' (D + E) + AC(D + E)
00100 0 0 0 1
00101 0 0 0 1 This solution uses 19 gates and 47 gate inputs.
00110 0 0 1 0
00111 0 0 1 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 22 gates.
01000 0 0 1 0
01001 0 0 1 1
01010 0 0 1 1 W
0
01011 0 0 1 1
B
01100 0 1 0 0
01101 0 1 0 0 1
0 A X
0
01110 0 1 0 0 B'
0
A'
01111 0 1 0 1 B
10000 0 1 0 1 1
0 B
C
0
10001 0 1 0 1
B'
10010 0 1 1 0 C

10011 0 1 1 0 1 B
Y
0
0 C
10100 0 1 1 0 0 C'

10101 0 1 1 1 C' B'

D
10110 0 1 1 1 B'
C
10111 0 1 1 1 1
0
0 D
D

11000 1 0 0 0 D'
11001 1 0 0 0
Z
11010 1 0 0 0 D' C 0

11011 1 0 0 1 1
0
0 E E'

E'
C
B'
D'
C'

D
E
B'

8.L ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A + B' + C + D) (B' + C' + D')

X2 = (B + C) (A + B + D)
0000 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
X3 = (A + B + D) (A + C + D')
0001 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X4 = (A + B' + C + D) (B' + C' + D') (A' + C' + D)
0010 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X5 = (B' + D) (B' + C') (A' + D) = (B' + D) (B' + C' + D') (A' + D)
0011 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X6 = (A' + C' + D) (A + B' + D) (A + B' + C) (used in circuit)
0100 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X6 = (A' + C' + D) (A + B' + C) (B' + C' + D)
0101 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X6 = (A' + C' + D) (A + B' + D) (B' + C + D')
0110 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X7 = (A + B + C' + D') (A + B' + C + D) (A' + C' + D)
0111 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1000 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 This solution uses 18 gates and 50 gate inputs.
1001 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1010 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 18 gates.
1011 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1100 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

273
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.L A B A B A B
(cont.) C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 0 00 0 0 00 0

01 X 01 0 X 0 01 0 0 X

11 0 X 11 X 11 X

10 X 10 0 X 10 0 X

X1 = (A + B'+ C + D) (B'+ C'+ D') X2 = (B + C) (A + B + D) X3 = (A + B + D) (A + C + D')

A B A B A B
C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 0 00 0 0 0 00 0

01 X 01 X 01 0 X

11 0 X 11 0 X 11 X

10 X 0 10 0 X 0 10 0 X 0

X4 = (A'+ C'+ D) (B'+ C'+ D') (A + B'+ C + D) X5 = (B' + D) (B' + C' + D') (A' + D) X6 = (A'+ C'+ D) (A + B'+ C) (A + B'+ D)

A B
C D 00 01 11 10
00 0

01 X

11 0 X B'
C
D
10 X 0 X1
B'
1 A C'
0
0
X7 = (A'+ C'+ D) (A + B'+ C + D) (A + B + C'+ D') D'
A'
B
C
X2

B
D
1 B
0
0
X3
B'
C
D' 1
2
X4 3
4
C' 5
D 6
1 7
0 C
0

C' D

B' X5
C'

B'
1 D D
0
0

D'
B'
D X6

B'
C

X7
B
C'
D'

274
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.M WXYZ X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = W'(X + Z) (Y + Z)
X2 = (X' + Y + Z') (W' + Z') (W + Y' + Z ) (W + X + Y') (used in circuit)
0000 X X X X X X X
X2 = (X' + Y + Z') (W' + Z') (W + X + Y') (X' + Y' + Z)
0001 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 X2 = (X' + Y + Z') (W' + Z') (W + Y' + Z) (X + Y' + Z')
0010 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 X3 = (X + Y' + Z') (X' + Y + Z') (X' + Y' + Z) (W' + Z')
0011 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 X4 = (X + Y) (X' + Y' + Z)
0100 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X5 = (X' + Y' + Z')
0101 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X6 = (W' + Y') (W + Y + Z) (used in circuit)
0110 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X6 = (W' + Y') (X' + Y + Z)
0111 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 X7 = (X + Y' + Z') (W' + Z') (W' + Y')
1000 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1001 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 This solution uses 19 gates and 50 gate inputs.
1010 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Students are allowed to use a maximum of 22 gates.

X
Z

Y
Z
X1
1
0 W
0

W' X
Y'

Y'
1
0 X Z X2
0
X'
X' Y
Z'

Z'
1
0 Y
0 X'
Y
Y' Z'
X' X3
Y'
Z
X
1
1 Z Y' 1
0
Z' 2
Z' X4 3
X 4
Y 5
6
7

X'
Y' X5
Z'

Y'

X6
Y
Z

X7

275
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.N ABCDE X Y Z X = A'BC(D + E) (D' + E')
Y = ABE(C + D) (C' + D')
00000 0 0 0
Z = (A + B) (A + C' + D' + E) (A' + B' + C + D' + E') (B' + C' + D + E')
00001 0 0 0
= (A + B) (A + C' + D' + E) [B' + E'+ (A' + C + D') (C' + D)]
00010 0 0 0
00011 0 0 0 This solution uses 17 gates and 41 gate inputs.
00100 0 0 0
00101 0 0 0 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 19 gates.
00110 0 0 0
00111 0 0 0
1 A
01000 0 0 1 0
0
B'
01001 0 0 1 A' C' X
0
01010 0 0 1
D
01011 0 0 1 1
E
B
01100 0 0 1 0
0

01101 1 0 0 B' D'

E'
01110 1 0 0
01111 0 0 1 1
0 C
0 B' Y
10000 0 0 1 E'
0
C'
10001 0 0 1 C
10010 0 0 1 D
1
10011 0 0 1 0
0 D
C'
10100 0 0 1 D' D'

10101 0 0 1
10110 0 0 1 1 E
10111 0 0 1 0
0 B Z
11000 0 0 1 E' 0
C'
11001 0 0 1 D'
E
11010 0 0 1 C'
B'
11011 0 1 0 D
E'
11100 0 0 1
C
11101 0 1 0 D'
11110 0 0 1
11111 0 0 1

8.O ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A + B + C + D') (B' + D) = (A + B + C + D') (B' + C' + D) (B' + C + D)

X2 = (B' + C + D') (B' + C' + D)
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X3 = (B + C' + D)
0001 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X4 = (B + C + D') (B' + C + D) (B' + C' + D')
0010 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X5 = D' (B' + C) = D' (B' + C + D)
0011 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X6 = (A + B + D') (B + C') (C' + D')
0100 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X7 = (A + B + C) (B' + C' + D')
0101 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0110 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 This solution uses 18 gates and 48 gate inputs.
0111 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 19 gates.
1001 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

276
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.O AB AB AB AB
CD 00 01 11 10
(cont.) CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 X 00 X 00 X 00 0 X
01 0 X 01 0 X 01 X 01 0 X 0
11 X X 11 X X 11 X X 11 0 X X
10 0 X X
10 0 X X 10 0 X X 10 X X
X1 = (A + B + C + D)(B'+ C + D)(B'+ C' + D)
X2 = (B'+ C + D')(B'+ C'+ D) X3 = (B + C'+ D ) X4 = (B'+ C'+ D')(B'+ C + D)(B + C + D')

AB AB AB
CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 X 00 X 00 0 X

01 0 0 X 0 01 0 X 01 0 X

11 0 0 X X 11 0 0 X X 11 0 X X

10 X X 10 0 X X 10 X X

X5 = (D')(B'+ C + D) X 6 = (C'+ D')(B + C')(A + B + D') X7 = (B'+ C'+ D')(A + B + C)

To save one gate, use:

X6 = (B' + C' + D')(B + C')(A + B + D')

1 A
0
0
B
C
A' D'
B'
C' X1
1 B D
0
0
B'
B' C
D

1 C B'
0
0 X2
C
C' D'

1
0
D B X3
0 C'
D
D'

1
B 2
C
3
D' X4
4
B' 5
C' 6
D' 7

X5
D

B
D'

B X6
C'

C'
D'

X7
B
C

277
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.P ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A + C + D') (A + B')
X2 = (A' + C' + D)
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X3 = (A + C' + D')
0001 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X4 = (A + C + D') (A + B') (A' + C' + D')
0010 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X5 = B'(A + C + D') (A + C' + D) (A' + C + D) (A' + C' + D')
0011 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 = B' (A + (C + D') (C' + D)) (A' + C + D) (A' + C' + D')
0100 X X X X X X X X6 = (A + D') (A + B + C') (C' + D')
0101 X X X X X X X X7 = (A + C) (A' + C' + D')
0110 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0111 X X X X X X X This solution uses 21 gates and 50 gate inputs.
1000 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 21 gates.
1010 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
0 A

1011 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 A'
B'

X1
1100 X X X X X X X
C
1101 X X X X X X X 1
D'
B
1110 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0
0
X2
C'
B'
1111 X X X X X X X D

1 C
0 X3
0 C'
D'
C'
1
2
3
X4 4
1 D C' 5
0
0 D' 6
7
D'
C'
D
X5
C
B
D'

C
D

D'
C' X6
D'

B
C'

X7
C

8.Q ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A + B + C' + D) (A' + B + C)

X2 = (A' + B + C') (A' + B' + C)
0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X3 = (A + B' + C)
0001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X4 = (A + B + C' + D) (A' + B + C) (A' + B' + C')
0010 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X5 = C'(A' + B) = C'(A' + B + C)
0011 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 X6 = (A + C' + D) (A + B' + C) (A' + B' + C')
0100 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X7 = (A + B + D) (A' + B' + C')
0101 X X X X X X X
0110 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 This solution uses 15 gates and 40 gate inputs.
0111 X X X X X X X
1000 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Students are allowed to use a maximum of 17 gates.
1001 X X X X X X X
1010 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1011 X X X X X X X
1100 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1101 X X X X X X X
1110 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1111 X X X X X X X

278
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.Q X1 X2 X3 X4
A B
(cont.) C D
A B
00 01 11 10 C D
A B
00 01 11 10 C D
A B
00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0

01 X X X 01 X X X 01 X X X 01 X X X

11 X X X 11 X X X 11 X X X 11 X X X

10 0 10 0 10 10 0 0

X 1 = (A'+ B + C ) (A + B + C'+ D ) X 2 = (A'+ B'+ C ) (A'+ B + C') X3 = (A + B'+ C ) X4 = (A'+ B'+ C') (A'+ B + C ) (A + B + C'+ D )

X5 X7
A B A B A B
C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10 C D 00 01 11 10
00 0 00 0 00 0

01 X X X 01 X X X 01 X X X

11 0 X X X 11 X X X 11 X X X

10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0

X5 = (C') (A'+ B + C ) X 6 = (A + B'+ C ) (A'+ B'+ C') (A + C'+ D ) X7 = (A'+ B'+ C') (A + B + D )

1
0 A
0

A'
B X1
C
1 B
0
0 B
C'
D
B'
B
1 C C' X2
0
0
B'
C' C

B' X3
1
0 D C
0 1
2
3
X4
D' 4
B' 5
C' 6
7

X5
C

C'
D

X6
B'

B'
C'

X7
B
D

279
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.R ABCD X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A + B + D') (B' + C' + D)
X2 = (B' + C' + D') (B + C + D) (used in circuit)
0000 X X X X X X X
X2 = (B' + C' + D') (A' + C + D)
0001 X X X X X X X X3 = (B' + C + D) (used in circuit)
0010 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 X3 = (A + C + D)
0011 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X4 = (A + B + D') (B' + C' + D) (B + C + D') (used in circuit)
0100 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 X4 = (A + B + D') (B' + C' + D) (A' + C + D')
0101 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 X5 = (D') (B' + C') = D'(B' + C' + D)
0110 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X6 = (B + C + D') (A + B + D') (A + C) (used in circuit)
0111 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 X6 = (A + B + D') (C + D') (A + C)
1000 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X6 = (A + B + D') (C + D') (B' + C)
1001 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X7 = (A + B) (B + C + D') (used in circuit)
1010 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X7 = (A + B) (A' + C + D')
1011 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
This solution uses 15 gates and 37 gate inputs.
Students are allowed to use a maximum of 16 gates.

AB AB AB AB
CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10
00 X X 00 X X 0 00 X 0 X 00 X X

01 X X 01 X X 01 X X 01 X X 0

11 0 X 11 0 X 11 X 11 0 X

10 0 X 10 X 10 X 10 0 X

X1 = (B'+ C'+ D ) (A + B + D') X2 = (B'+ C'+ D') (B + C + D) X4 = (B'+ C'+ D ) (A + B + D') (B + C + D')
X3 = (B'+ C + D )

AB AB AB
CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10
00 X X 00 X 0 X 00 X X

01 X 0 X 0 01 X 0 X 0 01 X X 0

11 0 0 X 0 11 0 X 11 0 X

10 0 X 10 0 X
10 X

X5 = (D') (B'+ C' + D) X7 = (A + B ) (B + C + D')

X 6 = (B + C + D')(A + B + D')(A + C)

1 A
0
0
B
A' D'
X1
B'
C'
D

1 B'
0 B C'
0
D' X2
B' B
C
D
1 C
1
0 B'
C X3
C' D
1
2
1 3
0 D B X4 4
0
C 5
D' 6
D' 7
X5
D

C X6
D'

X7
B

280
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions
8.S A1A2 A3 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X1 = (A1 + A2 + A3) (A1' + A3')
X2 = (A2 + A3') (A1' + A3')
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
X3 = 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X4 = 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 X5 = 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 X6 = (A2' + A3') (A1' + A3')
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 X7 = (A1 + A2' + A3) (A1' + A3')
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 This solution uses 9 gates and 20 gate inputs.
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Students are allowed to use a maximum of 11 gates.

1
0 A1
0

A1'
A3'
X1
A2
A3
1 A2
0
0
X2
A2'
A2 1
A3' 2
3
4
5
1 6
0 A3 X6
0 7
A2'
A3' A3'

X7

A2'
A3

281
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Unit 8 Design Solutions

282
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Commodore in the Texian service, a gentleman who has seen much
of the world, an excellent companion, and a good hunter and fisher.
Of our various excursions, whether by water or by land, between the
mouths of the Mississippi and the point at which we returned, a
detailed account would prove tedious and fatiguing; for what interest
can there be in the relation of our wading through mud for whole
days, exposed to the scorching heat, and continually annoyed by
myriads of insects? We reached the Bay of Galveston on the 24th of
April 1837, and ransacked not only the island of that name, but all
those in that celebrated inlet of the Mexican Gulf, which we thought
worthy of our attention. It was a curious circumstance to me, that,
being on board of the first American armed vessel in the United
States’ Service that had entered the Bay, the fort of Galveston
returned the salute of twenty-six fires from the great gun of the
Campbell; and almost equally so when I received a visit from the
Secretary of the Navy of the infant Republic of Texas, with a written
invitation to proceed to the seat of Government, the newly founded
city of Houston, distant from our anchorage about eighty miles.
Toward this place the Campbell proceeded about twenty miles,
when, meeting with a bar, on which there is not more than about four
feet of water at full tide, she again came to anchor. At this place,
which is called Red-Fish Bar, on the 9th of May, my friend Edward
Harris, Captain Coste, and five sailors took the gig, while the
Crusader, our tender, took the Secretary of the Texian Navy, M.
Fisher, Esq., a Mr Ward, my son, and myself. We crossed a large
but shallow bay with a fair wind, and proceeding rapidly, passed the
lately founded town of New Washington, and soon afterwards
several plantations, the sight of all which afforded us much pleasure,
as contrasted with the low salt-marshes and flat lands along the
shores of the Mexican Bay, among which we had so long wandered.
About noon we entered Buffalo Bayou, near the mouth of the San
Jacinto River, almost opposite the celebrated battle-ground. Ducks of
various species, Ibises, Wild Turkeys, and many other birds, were
seen in great numbers, and we proceeded smoothly over the then
turbid waters of the Bayou, until we reached a comfortable house,
where we spent the night, after previously examining several miles of
the country around.
The Secretary of the Texian Navy being anxious to reach the seat of
his government, we started in the gig of the Campbell, although the
rain, which had commenced in the night, was falling in torrents, and
the waters of the Bayou, which the day before were still, now rushed
at a rapid rate toward the Gulf. About two o’clock in the afternoon,
we reached Houston, completely drenched, and were soon
afterwards introduced to the President General Houston, who
received us kindly, and offered us horses and men to assist us in our
researches. The town was crowded with hundreds of Indians, only a
few of whom were sober. Although here and there groups of great
interest to the painter might be seen, their howlings and
gesticulations were by no means pleasing. The beautiful level plain
on the margin of which Houston is situated, was covered with water
ankle deep. Having seen all that was thought interesting, and offered
the President as well as all the officers of his Staff my best thanks,
we returned to our yawl, and floating on the accumulated waters,
flew as it were down the stream. Several days were afterwards spent
in rambling as much as possible over the country, and among other
places, we visited the battle-ground of San Jacinto, where we saw
scattered the remains of numerous individuals destroyed in that
bloody fray.
On our way towards “Red-Fish Bar,” we stopped two days at the
hospitable mansion of Colonel James Morgan, who received us in
the most friendly manner. This spot, possessing a fine extent of
woodland, surrounded by vast prairies, ornamented with numerous
detached groves, reminded us of some of the beautiful parks of
England. There, among other rarities, we procured a fine specimen
of the climbing Rattle-snake with recurved fangs, which, along with
several others of the same kind, is now in my possession.
On the 18th of May, we bade adieu to the Texas, amid the salutes of
the several armed Texian vessels at Galveston, and were soon on
the broad waters of the Gulf of Mexico. We had as passenger Mr
Crawford, the British Consul at Tampico; and after a pleasant
voyage, anchored on the 24th within the south-west Pass of the
Mississippi. After visiting Captain Taylor and his family at the
Balize, we were towed by a steamer to New Orleans, where we
arrived on the 27th. Here I had the gratification of meeting with my
youngest brother-in-law, William G. Bakewell, Esq. of Louisville,
Kentucky, as well as with his amiable wife, neither of whom I had
seen for several years.
The commercial revolution which had taken place during our
absence, prompted us to proceed at once to the eastward, and
bidding farewell to our friends, I and my son set out for Charleston by
way of Mobile, whence we crossed the country in a cart with the
United States’ mail-bags, whereon, in lieu of downy beds and
pillows, our bones rested in cramped positions during the night,
whilst by day we had ample opportunities of walking over miserable
roads, through an almost uncultivated country, and with very
indifferent fare. On reaching Montgomery, however, we met with a
good coach, and moved more rapidly toward our destination.
My friend Edward Harris had parted from us, at New Orleans, and
gone up the Mississippi to secure for me a collection of preserved
Reptiles and other objects; but, after a more pleasant journey than
ours, by way of Mobile, Pensacola, and the level country between
the latter and Augusta in Georgia, joined us again at the house of
our friend Dr Bachman, where we arrived on the 5th of June. And
here, good-natured Reader, let me say to you, that the friendship
which had so long subsisted between that reverend gentleman and
myself, became, still more cemented by the marriage of his eldest
daughter to my youngest son.
In the course of our long journeys through woods and over plains,
and of our sinuous sailings along the many bays, creeks or bayous,
which we visited on this expedition, notwithstanding all our exertions
and constant anxiety, we did not discover a single bird not previously
known. However, the enterprise proved exceedingly interesting to my
companions and myself, and I trust its results will be found to
possess some value in your eyes also, for, as you will perceive, it
has enabled me to speak with more confidence on the migratory
movements of a good number of species which visit us from
southern climes during the breeding season. It also enables me to
define more accurately than I could otherwise have done, the
geographical distribution of most of those which at various times
make their appearance in the different sections of the United States,
and other portions of North America.
Leaving Charleston, we reached Norfolk by a steamer, after a short
passage of thirty-eight hours, and proceeded at once to Washington,
where I presented myself to the President of the United States,
Martin van Buren, to whom I had letters from my amiable and
celebrated friend, Washington Irving, Esq., and offered my best
thanks to the heads of the several departments, and my various
friends. We then passed rapidly through Baltimore and Philadelphia,
my wish being to reach New York as soon as possible. There I
remained a fortnight, while my son and daughter-in-law visited the
Falls of Niagara. They having returned, we embarked, on the 16th of
July 1837, on board the American packet-ship, the England,
commanded by Robert Waite, Esq., for Liverpool, where,
seventeen days after, we were safely landed. Here we quickly paid
our respects to the Rathbones, the Chorleys, and other friends, to
whom bidding adieu at the same time, we proceeded to join my
family in London, where, on the 7th of August, we once more met all
together.
I found the publication of the “Birds of America” in a satisfactory state
of progression, but received the disagreeable intelligence that a
great number of my British patrons had discontinued their
subscriptions, and that most of those who still received the numbers
as they came out, were desirous of seeing the work finished in
Eighty Numbers, as I had at first anticipated. On this account, I found
myself obliged to introduce, and in some instances to crowd, a
number of species into one and the same plate, in order to try to
meet the wishes of those who had by their subscriptions in some
measure assisted me in the publication of that work. This, however, I
did in such a manner as seemed best to accord with the affinities of
the species. But, Reader, Dr Townsend meantime returned to
Philadelphia, after an absence of about four years, and with a
second collection, containing several rare and new birds, which, after
meeting with the same difficulties as on the former occasion, in
consequence of the opposition of various enlightened persons at
Philadelphia, although Dr Townsend was extremely desirous that
every thing new or rare belonging to our Fauna should be given to
me, I received only a few weeks before closing the engraving of my
plates. A few others did not reach me until several days after. What
was I to do? Why, Reader, to publish them to be sure; for this I
should have done, to the best of my power, even if every subscriber
in Europe had refused to take them. What! said I, shall the last
volume of the “Birds of America” be now closed, at a time when new
species are in my hands? No! And in spite of threats from this
quarter and that, that such and such persons would discontinue their
subscriptions (which indeed they have done, and refused to take the
few numbers that would have rendered their copies complete), my
wish to do all that was in my power has been accomplished:—All Dr
Townsend’s species, as well as some received through different
channels, have been published. To that enthusiastic naturalist and
excellent friend I am also deeply indebted for the valuable notes
which he has forwarded to me through my friend Edward Harris.
I had the gratification of receiving at London a diploma from the
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec; and since then have been
favoured with a list of the birds which have been observed in the
environs of that city, by William Sheppard, Esq., his lady, and son,
for which I offer them my most sincere thanks. I am also much
indebted to the members of the Council of the Zoological Society of
London, who have never ceased to furnish me with whatever
American specimens their valuable museum contains, allowing me
to take them to my house. I am farther indebted to my excellent and
generous friend Professor J. T. Henslow of Cambridge for the
continuance of his most kind services to me. Nor must I here omit
mentioning the efficient aid I have received from Thomas Durham
Weir, Esq. of Boghead, in the county of Linlithgow, and Mr Macduff
Carfrae, Preserver of Animals in Edinburgh, who have kindly
procured for me many specimens of British birds for comparison with
such of our American species as seemed to be identical.
For several years past I have felt a great desire to place before the
world an account of the digestive organs of our various birds. With
this view I have, at a great expense, obtained specimens preserved
entire in spirits. In collecting them I have received the most effectual
aid from several of my American friends, residing in different parts of
the country; and in particular from the Rev. Dr Bachman of
Charleston in South Carolina, Colonel Theodore Anderson of
Baltimore, Dr Richard Harlan of Philadelphia, Dr Thomas M.
Brewer of Boston in Massachusetts, Thomas M’Culloch, Esq. of
Pictou in Nova Scotia; Alexander Gordon, Esq. of London, who
wrote to Havannah for Flamingoes; Jean Chartrand, Esq. who
sent me a pair of these birds from Matanzas in Cuba; and from
Captain Napoleon Coste of the United States’ Revenue Service.
Besides the valuable contributions of these friends, to whom my
warmest thanks are due, a vast number of specimens were procured
by the members of my several parties, in Labrador, in Texas, and in
various parts of the United States, as well as many purchased from
Mr Ward of New York. An account of the digestive organs and
trachea of these, generally concise, but occasionally of considerable
length, you will find under the articles to which they refer, in the
present volume. These anatomical descriptions, as well as the
sketches by which they are sometimes illustrated, have been
executed by my learned friend William Macgillivray, who in the
most agreeable manner consented to undertake the labour, by no
means small, of such a task, and to whom those who are interested
in the progress of Ornithological science, as well as myself, must
therefore feel indebted. These details I had resolved to present to
you, because I have thought that no perfect knowledge of the
affinities of species can be obtained until their internal organization is
known. I believe the time to be fast approaching when much of the
results obtained from the inspection of the exterior alone will be laid
aside; when museums filled with stuffed skins will be considered
insufficient to afford a knowledge of birds; and when the student will
go forth not only to observe the habits and haunts of animals, but to
procure specimens of them to be carefully dissected.
When I commenced the present volume, I expected that it should
contain descriptions of all the species represented in the fourth
volume of my Illustrations; but, on proceeding, I found that, even
without Episodes, which I have been obliged to exclude, in order to
make room for anatomical notices, of more interest to the scientific
reader, I could not include more than the usual number of one
hundred species. In the fifth and concluding volume, the printing of
which has already begun, you will find Descriptions of upwards of a
hundred species, many of which are new to science, together with
Lists illustrative of the geographical distribution of birds, an Appendix
containing additions and corrections, and, finally, a Synopsis of the
Birds of North America, methodically arranged, with generic and
specific characters.

JOHN J. AUDUBON.
Edinburgh, 1st November 1838.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Canvass-back Duck, Fuligula 1
valisneriana,
Dusky Duck, Anas obscura, 15
Bartramian Sandpiper, Totanus 24
Bartramius,
Turnstone, Strepsilas Interpres, 31
Purple Gallinule, Gallinula martinica, 37
Great Northern Diver or Loon, Colymbus glacialis, 43
Blue Heron, Ardea cœrulea, 58
Tell-Tale Godwit, Totanus 68
melanoleucus,
Common Tern, Sterna Hirundo, 74
Spotted Sandpiper, Totanus 81
macularius,
American White Pelican, Pelecanus 88
americanus,
Long-tailed Duck, Fuligula glacialis, 103
Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors, 111
Black-headed or Laughing Gull, Larus Atricilla, 118
Knot or Ash-coloured Tringa islandica, 130
Sandpiper,
Anhinga or Snake-Bird, Plotus Anhinga, 136
Surf Duck, Fuligula 161
perspicillata,
American Avoset, Recurvirostra 168
 americana,
Least Tern, Sterna minuta, 175
Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, 180
Roseate Spoonbill, Platalea Ajaja, 188
Red-headed Duck, Fuligula Ferina, 198
Black Skimmer or Razor-billed Rhynchops nigra, 203
Shearwater,
Bonapartian Gull, Larus Bonapartii, 212
Buffel-headed Duck, Fuligula Albeola, 217
Common Gannet, Sula bassana, 222
Shoveller Duck, Anas clypeata, 241
Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus 247
nigricollis,
Yellow-breasted Rail, Rallus 251
noveboracensis,
American Ring-Plover, Charadrius 256
semipalmatus,
Goosander, Mergus Merganser, 261
Pied Duck, Fuligula labradora, 271
Green Heron, Ardea virescens, 274
Black-bellied Plover, Charadrius 280
helveticus,
Red-breasted Snipe, Scolopax 285
noveboracensis,
Yellow-crowned Heron, Ardea violacea, 290
American Bittern, Ardea minor, 296
Brewer’s Duck, Anas Breweri, 302
Little Guillemot, Uria Alle, 304
Least Petrel, Thalassidroma 310
pelagica,
Great Auk, Alca impennis, 316
Golden-eye Duck, Fuligula Clangula, 318
Ruddy Duck, Fuligula rubida, 326
Long-legged Sandpiper, Tringa Himantopus, 332
American Widgeon, Anas americana, 337
Black-throated Diver, Colymbus arcticus, 345
Smew, or White Nun, Mergus Albellus, 350
Gadwall Duck, Anas strepera, 353
Least Water Rail, Rallus jamaicensis, 359
Rocky-Mountain Plover, Charadrius 362
montanus,
Great Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, 364
Black-shouldered Hawk, Falco dispar, 367
Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens, 371
Black-cap Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, 374
Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Parus minimus, 382
Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra 385
ludoviciana,
Scarlet Tanager, Tanagra rubra, 388
Macgillivray’s Finch, Fringilla 394
Macgillivraii,
Marsh Hawk, Falco cyaneus, 396
Common Magpie, Corvus Pica, 408
Pine Grosbeak, Pyrrhula 414
Enucleator,
Arkansaw Flycatcher, Musicapa verticalis, 422
Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Musicapa forficata, 426
Say’s Flycatcher, Musicapa Saya, 428
Winter Wren, Troglodytes 430
hyemalis,
Rock Wren, Troglodytes 443
obsoletus,
Dusky Grous, Tetrao obscurus, 446
Yellow-billed Magpie, Corvus Nuttalli, 450
Steller’s Jay, Corvus Stelleri, 453
Ultramarine Jay, Corvus 456
 ultramarinus,
Clarke’s Nutcracker, Nucifraga 459
columbiana,
Bohemian Chatterer, Bombycilla garrula, 462
White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, 467
Lapland Longspur, Emberiza 472
lapponica,
Iceland or Jer Falcon, Falco islandicus, 476
Band-tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, 479
Rock Grous, Tetrao rupestris, 483
Mountain Mocking Bird, Turdus montanus, 487
Varied Thrush, Turdus nævius, 489
American Dipper, Cinclus 493
americanus,
Cock of the Plains, Tetrao 503
Urophasianus,
Common Buzzard, Falco Buteo, 508
Evening Grosbeak, Fringilla vespertina, 515
Black-headed Grosbeak, Fringilla 519
melanocephala,
Sharp-shinned or Slate- Falco fuscus, 522
coloured Hawk,
Lesser Redpoll, Fringilla Linaria, 533
Trumpeter Swan, Cygnus Buccinator, 536
Scolopaceous Courlan, Aramus 543
scolopaceus,
Hawk Owl, Strix funereal, 550
Ruff-necked Humming Bird, Trochilus rufus, 555
Tengmalm’s Owl, Strix Tengmalmi, 559
Snow Goose, Anser hyperboreus, 562
Sharp-tailed Grous, Tetrao 569
Phasianellus,
Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, 572
Black-throated Bunting, Emberiza 579
Americana,
Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, 584
Rough-winged Swallow, Hirundo 573
serripennis,
Violet-green Swallow, Hirundo thalassina, 597
Great American Egret, Ardea Egretta, 600
Glossy Ibis, Ibis Falcinellus, 608
 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.
Page
1. Digestive Organs of Pelecanus One-third 99
Americanus, size,
2. Sternum of Pelecanus Rather less 102
Americanus, than half
size,
3. Stomach and proventriculus of Full size, 159
Plotus Anhinga,
4. Trachea and stomach of Platalea Half size, 197
Ajaja,
5. Stomach and proventriculus of Full size, 211
Rhynchops nigra,
6. Stomach, proventriculus, and One-third 239
intestine of Sula alba, size,
7. Stomach and œsophagus of Full size, 279
Ardea virescens,
8. Stomach and proventriculus of ... 285
Charadrius helveticus,
9. Stomach and proventriculus of ... 289
Scolopax noveboracensis,
10. Digestive organs of Ardea minor, ... 301
11. Digestive organs of Uria Alle, ... 307
12. Stomach and proventriculus of ... 307
Uria Alle opened,
13. Cloaca and cœca of Uria Alle, ... 307
14. Digestive organs of Thalassidroma ... 314
pelagica,
15. Stomach, proventriculus, and ... 314
duodenum of Thalassidroma
pelagica,
16. Stomach and intestines of ... 314
Thalassidroma pelagica,
17. Digestive organs and inferior ... 343
larynx of Anas americana,
18. Digestive organs and part of ... 358
trachea of Anas strepera,
19. Digestive organs of Parus ... 381
atricapillus,
20. Digestive Organs of Tanagra ... 393
rubra,
21. Digestive Organs of Falco Half size, 407
cyaneus,
22. Digestive Organs of Pyrrhula Full size, 420
Enucleator,
23. Another view of the same, ... 420
24. Digestive Organs of Muscicapa ... 425
verticalis,
25. Digestive Organs of Troglodytes ... 442
hyemalis,
26. Digestive Organs of Loxia ... 471
leucoptera,
27. Digestive Organs of Falco ... 478
islandicus,
28. Digestive Organs of Falco fuscus, ... 529
29. Digestive organs of Aramus Full size, 549
scolopaceus,
30. Digestive organs of Strix funerea, ... 554
31. Cœca and cloaca of Strix funerea, ... 554
32. Aperture of ear of Strix funerea, ... 554
33. External ear of Strix Otus, ... 578
34. Cœca and cloaca of Strix Otus, ... 578
35. Digestive organs of Emberiza ... 583
americana,
36. Tail of Hirundo riparia, ... 595
37. Tail of Hirundo serripennis, ... 595
38. Part of outer primary of Hirundo ... 595
serripennis,
39. Cœcum and cloaca of Ardea ... 606
Egretta,
ORNITHOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY.
 CANVASS-BACK DUCK.

Fuligula valisneriana, Stephens.

PLATE CCCI. Male and Female.

The range of the celebrated Duck with the history of which I

commence the fourth volume of my Biographs, may be considered
as limited on the one hand by the mouths of the Mississippi, and on
the other by the Hudson or North River. Beyond the latter it is rarely
seen at any season on our eastern coasts; and this circumstance,
conjoined with its being now and then observed on the upper waters
of our Western Districts, and its breeding in great numbers on the
borders of Bear River, which flows into the salt lake of Timpanajoz in
upper California, as well as in the marshes and along the banks of
streams in many parts of the Rocky Mountains, induces me to
believe that the individuals of this species, instead of proceeding
along the shores, pass overland towards their breeding grounds,
however far northward they may be situated. According to Dr
Richardson, it breeds in all parts of the Fur-Countries, from the
50th parallel to their most northern limits.
While in our Atlantic Districts, it is found in much greater numbers on
the Chesapeake and the streams that flow into it, than any where
else. Indeed it is not more than twenty years since its regular
appearance and sojourn on the waters of the Southern States has
been observed or at least acknowledged. Although at New Orleans,
where it goes by the name of Canard Cheval, it has been known to
the oldest duck-shooters now alive, from their earliest recollection, it
is not more than about fifteen years since it began to rise, from a
very low price to two dollars the pair, at which it sold during my visit
in March 1837.
This enhancement of its value I look upon as having arisen from the
preference given to it by the epicures of our Middle Districts, who
have strangely lauded it as superior to every other duck in the world.
This alleged pre-eminence has indeed become so deeply impressed
on the minds of many of our Southerns, that they have on various
occasions procured the transportation of numbers of Canvass-backs
from Baltimore to Charleston in South Carolina, and even to
Savannah in Georgia, although this species is by no means
uncommon within a few miles of the latter city, as well as on the
Great Santee River. I well remember that on my pointing out to a
friend, now alas dead, several dozens of these birds in the market of
Savannah, he would scarcely believe that I was not mistaken, and
assured me that they were looked upon as being poor, dry, and very
fishy, in short not half so good as Mallards, or Blue-winged Teals.
With this I cordially agreed, for there, at that season, they are not
better than represented.
I found this species in considerable numbers on and about the
numerous inlets and rivers of East Florida; but did not see a single
individual on the Gulf of St Lawrence, along the coast of Labrador, or
on that of Newfoundland.
It arrives in the neighbourhood of New Orleans from the 20th of
October to the end of December, coming in flocks of eight or twelve,
probably the members of a single family, and, unlike many other
species, keeping in small groups during winter. At the approach of
spring however they flock together, and about the first of April depart
in large bodies. During their stay, they are wont to alight on wet
prairies and muddy ponds in all open places, feeding on the seeds of
various plants, of which may be particularized the wild oat and the
water lily.
According to Alexander Wilson, who first described this species,
their arrival in autumn in the Middle Districts takes place about the
15th of October; but more recent writers say, that “unless the
weather to the north has been severe, the Canvass-back rarely
appears till the middle of November.” With this I fully agree, being
convinced that their journeys to and from their breeding places are
performed across the country. Were this perfectly ascertained, it
would prove that this species, unlike most other ducks, instead of
removing farther southward in autumn and winter, takes what may
be called a lateral march toward our Eastern Districts, in which it
remains until the weather has become too cold for its constitution,
when it is forced a second time to migrate, and betake itself to
warmer parts of the country, where it continues during the rest of the
winter.
The flight of this species, although resembling that of our larger sea-
ducks in having the appearance of being rather laboured, is strong,
rapid, at times very elevated, and well sustained. It swims deeply,
especially when under apprehension of danger, and this probably the
better to enable it to escape by diving, at which it is almost as expert
as our sea or diving ducks. But although its speed on the water is
considerable, it moves rather heavily on land. Its food varies,
according to the season and locality. The plant named Valisneria, on
which it is said to feed when on the head waters of the Chesapeake,
is not found equally abundant in other parts, and even there is at
times so reduced in quantity, that this duck and several other species
which are equally fond of it, are obliged to have recourse to fishes,
tadpoles, water-lizards, leeches, snails, and molluscs, as well as
such seeds as they can meet with; all which have been in greater or
less quantity found in their stomach.