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 Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 cosine equals 1.
cos   1, 0    
1. Domain:  x x is any real number ;  0
Range:  y  1  y  1 cos 1 1  0
17. sin 1  1
2.  x | x  1 or  x | x  1
 
We are finding the angle  ,    ,
3. 3,   2 2
whose sine equals 1 .
4. True  
sin   1,    
2 2
3 
5. 1;  
2 2

1 sin 1  1  
6.  ; 1 2
2

7. x  sin y 18. cos 1  1

We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
8. 0  x   cosine equals 1 .
cos   1, 0    
9.   x  
 
10. False. The domain of y  sin 1 x is 1  x  1 . cos 1  1  

11. True
19. tan 1 0
12. True  
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
13. d 2 2
tangent equals 0.
14. a  
tan   0,   
2 2
15. sin 1 0
 0
 
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose 1
tan 0  0
2 2
sine equals 0.
20. tan 1  1
 
sin   0,      
2 2 We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
 0 2 2
tangent equals 1 .
sin 1 0  0
 
tan   1,   
16. cos 1 1 2 2
We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose 
 
4

tan 1 (1)  
4

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

2  3
21. sin 1 24. sin 1   
2  2 
   
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals  .
2 2
2   3  
sin   ,    sin    ,   
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
  
4 3
2    
sin 1  sin 1  
3
2 4 2    3
 
3
22. tan 1  3
3 25. cos 1   
   2 
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals  .
3 2
3   3
tan   ,    cos    , 0   
3 2 2 2
 5
 
6 6
3   3  5
tan 1  cos 1    
3 6  2  6

23. tan 1 3  2
  26. sin 1   
We are finding the angle  ,     , whose  2 
2 2
 
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle  ,     , whose
2 2
 
tan   3,     2
2 2 sine equals  .
 2
 2  
3 sin    ,   
1  2 2 2
tan 3 
3  
4
 2 
sin 1     
 2  4

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

27. sin 1 0.1  0.10   3 

41. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the
  8 
28. cos 1 0.6  0.93

1
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . Since
29. tan 5  1.37 3   
 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
30. tan 1 0.2  0.20
the equation directly and get
7   3   3
31. cos 1  0.51 tan 1  tan       .
8   8  8
1
32. sin 1  0.13   3
8 
42. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the
33. tan 1 ( 0.4)   0.38   7 

1
   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x . Since
34. tan ( 3)  1.25 3   
 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply
7  2 2
35. sin 1 ( 0.12)   0.12
the equation directly and get
  3   3
36. cos 1 ( 0.44)  2.03 sin 1  sin       .
  7  7
2
37. cos 1  1.08
3   9 
43. sin 1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
38. sin 1  0.35
5    
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but we
 4  9
39. cos 1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4
   
f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x . Since
5
is
  
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   
angle  in the interval   ,  for which
 4  4  2 2
directly and get cos 1  cos  .
 5  5 9 9
sin  sin  . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
    9
40. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8

   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x . Since
8
and we want  to be in quadrant IV so sine

    will still be negative. Thus, we have

 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply
10  2 2 9   
sin  sin    . Since  is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
       
sin 1  sin       .   2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9  1     
get sin 1  sin   sin  sin       .
 8    8  8

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

  11     7  
44. sin 1  sin    follows the form of the 46. cos 1  cos    follows the form of the
  4    6 

   
equation f 1 f  x   sin 1 sin  x   x , but we    
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but
11 7
cannot use the formula directly since is not we cannot use the formula directly since is
4 6
   not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an
 2 2 angle  in the interval 0,   for which
  
angle  in the interval   ,  for which  7  7
 2 2 cos    cos  . The angle is in quadrant
 6 6
11 11
sin  sin  . The angle is in quadrant II III so the we need an angle in the desired interval
4 4 7
11 whose cosine is equal to the cosine of .
so sine is positive. The reference angle of is 6
4
 7  5 5
3 Thus, we have cos    cos . Since is
and we need  to be in quadrant I so sine  6 6 6
4
will still be positive. Thus, we have in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation
3   above and get
sin  sin   . Since is in the interval
4  4  4   7    5  5
cos 1  cos     cos 1  cos   .
     6   6 6
  2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
 
 11         4 
get sin 1  sin  sin 1  sin     . 47. tan 1  tan    follows the form of the
 
  5 
4   4 4 
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x , but
  5 
45. cos 1  cos     follows the form of the 4
 3  we cannot use the formula directly since is
 5
   
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but   
not in the interval   ,  . We need to find an
5  2 2
we cannot use the formula directly since  is
3   
angle  in the interval   ,  for which
not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an  2 2
angle  in the interval 0,   for which  4  4
tan    tan  . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5
 5  5
cos     cos  . The angle  is in II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of
 3  3 4 
is and we want  to be in quadrant IV
5  5 5
quadrant I so the reference angle of  is .
3 3 so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have
 5     4    
Thus, we have cos     cos . Since is tan    tan    . Since  is in the
 3  3 3  5   5  5
in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   
interval   ,  , we can apply the equation
above and get  2 2
  5   1   
cos 1  cos      cos  cos   .
  3   3 3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

above and get  2    

we have tan     tan   . Since is in the
  4  1       3  3
  3
tan 1  tan     tan  tan       .
  5    5  5   
interval   ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  10    
48. tan 1  tan   follows the form of the above and get tan 1  tan   2    tan 1  tan     .
  9     3   3 3
 
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x , but
  4  
10 50. cos 1  cos    follows the form of the
we cannot use the formula directly since    3 
9
  
is not in the interval   ,  . We need to find    
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but
 2 2 4
we cannot use the formula directly since is
   3
an angle  in the interval   ,  for which
 2 2 not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
 10  10 angle  in the interval 0,   for which
tan    tan  . The angle  is in
 9  9
 4  4
quadrant II so tangent is negative. The reference cos    cos  . The angle is in quadrant
10   3 3
angle of  is and we want  to be in 4 
9 9 III so the reference angle of is . We want
quadrant IV so tangent will still be negative. 3 3
 10    the angle to be in quadrant II and the cosine to be
Thus, we have tan     tan    . Since  4  2
 9   9 negative. Thus, we have cos    cos .
 3 3
   
 is in the interval   ,  , we can apply 2
9  2 2 Since is in the interval 0,   , we can apply
the equation above and get 3
the equation above and get
  10       
tan 1  tan      tan 1  tan       .   4    2  2
  9    9 9 cos 1  cos     cos 1  cos   .
  
3   3 3

  2 
49. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the    
  3  51. cos 1  cos     follows the form of the
  4
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . but we
   
equation f 1 f  x   cos 1 cos  x   x , but
2
cannot use the formula directly since  is not 
3 we cannot use the formula directly since  is
4
  
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an angle not in the interval 0,   . We need to find an
 2 2
angle  in the interval 0,   for which
  
 in the interval   ,  for which
2 2
    
cos     cos  . The angle  is in
 2  2  4 4
tan     tan  . The angle  is in  
 3  3 quadrant IV so the reference angle of  is .
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference 4 4
2     
angle of  is and we want  to be in Thus, we have cos     cos . Since is
3 3  4 4 4
quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

in the interval 0,   , we can apply the equation   3  

54. tan 1  tan     follows the form of the
above and get   2 
      
cos 1  cos      cos 1  cos   .    
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . We
  
4   4 4
  
need to find an angle  in the interval   , 
 2 2
 3 
  3   for which tan     tan  . The reference
52. sin 1  sin     follows the form of the  2
  4  3 
angle of  is . Thus, we have
equation f 1
 f  x  sin  sin  x  x , but we
1 2 2
 3   
3 tan     tan   . In this case, tan   is
cannot use the formula directly since  is not  2  2  2
4
      
in the interval   ,  . We need to find an undefined so tan 1  tan    would also be
 2 2   2
   undefined.
angle  in the interval   ,  for which
 2 2
 1
 3  55. sin  sin 1  follows the form of the equation
sin     sin  . The reference angle of  4
 4


3
is

and we want  to be in quadrant IV
   
f f 1  x   sin sin 1  x   x . Since
1
4
is in
4 4 the interval  1,1 , we can apply the equation
so sine will still be negative. Thus, we have
 3       1 1
sin     sin    . Since    is in the directly and get sin  sin 1   .
 4  4  4  4 4
  
interval   ,  , we can apply the equation   2 
 2 2 56. cos  cos 1     follows the form of the
above and get   3 
  3       
sin 1  sin      sin 1  sin       .    
equation f f 1  x   cos cos 1  x   x .
  4    4 4
2
Since  is in the interval  1,1 , we can
3
    apply the equation directly and get
53. tan 1  tan    follows the form of the
  2   2  2
cos  cos 1       .
   
equation f 1 f  x   tan 1 tan  x   x . We   3  3
  
need to find an angle  in the interval   , 
 2 2  
57. tan tan 1 4 follows the form of the equation

for which tan    tan  . In this case,
 2
   
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since 4 is a
real number, we can apply the equation directly
    
tan   is undefined so tan 1  tan    would
 2   2

and get tan tan 1 4  4 . 
also be undefined.

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 
58. tan tan 1  2  follows the form of the equation 1 
x2
5
1

   
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since 2 is a 5  x  2  5
real number, we can apply the equation directly 3  x  7
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  7 , or

and get tan tan 1  2   2 . 
 3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
59. Since there is no angle  such that cos   1.2 ,
domain of a function equals the range of its
the quantity cos 1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, inverse and the range of a function equals the
 
cos cos 1 1.2 is not defined. domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
also  3, 7  .
60. Since there is no angle  such that sin   2 ,
64. f  x   2 tan x  3
the quantity sin 1  2  is not defined. Thus,
y  2 tan x  3
 
sin sin 1  2  is not defined. x  2 tan y  3
2 tan y  x  3
 
61. tan tan 1  follows the form of the equation
tan y 
x3

  
f f 1  x   tan tan 1  x   x . Since  is a 2
x3
real number, we can apply the equation directly y  tan 1  f 1  x 
2

and get tan tan 1    .  The domain of f  x  equals the range of f 1 ( x)

62. Since there is no angle  such that sin   1.5 ,     

and is  x or   ,  in interval
the quantity sin 1  1.5  is not defined. Thus, 2 2  2 2
notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note
 
sin sin 1  1.5  is not defined.
that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
63. f  x   5sin x  2
f 1  x  is all real numbers, or  ,   in
y  5sin x  2
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
x  5sin y  2 function equals the range of its inverse and the
5sin y  x  2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is  ,   .
sin y 
5
65. f  x   2 cos  3 x 
x2
y  sin  f 1  x 
1
5 y  2 cos  3 x 
The domain of f  x  equals the range of x  2 cos  3 y 
     x
f 1 ( x ) and is  x or   ,  in cos  3 y   
2 2  2 2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x   x
3 y  cos 1   
we note that the argument of the inverse sine  2
x2 1  x
function is and that it must lie in the y  cos 1     f 1  x 
5 3  2
interval  1,1 . That is, The domain of f  x  equals the range of
  
f 1 ( x ) and is 0  x  , or 0,  in interval
3  3
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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

notation. To find the domain of f 1  x  we note 67. f  x    tan  x  1  3

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y   tan  x  1  3
x
is and that it must lie in the interval  1,1 . x   tan  y  1  3
2
That is, tan  y  1   x  3
x
1    1 y  1  tan 1   x  3
2
2  x  2 y  1  tan 1   x  3
2  x  2  1  tan 1  x  3  f 1  x 
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 2  x  2 , or
(note here we used the fact that y  tan 1 x is an
 2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
domain of a function equals the range of its The domain of f  x  equals the range of
inverse and the range of a function equals the
 
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f 1 ( x) and is 1  x  1 , or
2 2
 2, 2  .
   
66. f  x   3sin  2 x   1  2 , 2  1 in interval notation. To find the
 
y  3sin  2 x  domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument of

x  3sin  2 y  the inverse tangent function can be any real

number. Thus, the domain of f 1  x  is all real
x
sin  2 y  
3 numbers, or  ,   in interval notation. Recall
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y  sin 1
3 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
1 x domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
y  sin 1  f 1  x 
2 3  ,   .
The domain of f  x  equals the range of 68. f  x   cos  x  2   1
     y  cos  x  2   1
f 1 ( x ) and is  x , or   ,  in
4 4  4 4
x  cos  y  2   1
interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x 
cos  y  2   x  1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y  2  cos 1  x  1
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y  cos 1  x  1  2
 1,1 . That is,
The domain of f  x  equals the range of
x
1   1 f 1 ( x ) and is 2  x    2 , or  2,   2  in
3
3  x  3 interval notation. To find the domain of f 1  x 
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  3 , or we note that the argument of the inverse cosine
 3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the function is x  1 and that it must lie in the
domain of a function equals the range of its interval  1,1 . That is, 1  x  1  1
inverse and the range of a function equals the 0 x2
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is The domain of f  x  is  x | 0  x  2 , or
1

 3,3 .
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

domain of a function equals the range of its 70. f  x   2 cos  3 x  2 

inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is y  2 cos  3x  2 
0, 2  . x  2 cos  3 y  2 
69. f  x   3sin  2 x  1 cos  3 y  2  
x
2
y  3sin  2 x  1
x
x  3sin  2 y  1 3 y  2  cos 1  
2
x
sin  2 y  1  x
3 y  cos 1    2
3 2
x
2 y  1  sin 1 1 x 2
3 y  cos 1     f 1  x 
3 2 3
x
2 y  sin 1    1 The domain of f  x  equals the range of
3
1  x 1 2 2 
y  sin 1     f 1  x  f 1 ( x) and is   x    , or
2 3 3 3
3 2
 2 2 
The domain of f  x  equals the range of   3 ,  3  3  in interval notation. To find the
 
1  1 
f 1 ( x) and is    x    , or domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument of
2 4 2 4
 1  1  x
the inverse cosine function is and that it must
  2  4 ,  2  4  in interval notation. To find 2
 
lie in the interval  1,1 . That is,
the domain of f 1  x  we note that the argument
x
of the inverse sine function is
x
and that it must 1  1
3 2
2  x  2
lie in the interval  1,1 . That is,
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 2  x  2 , or
x
1   1  2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
3
3  x  3 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f 1  x  is  x | 3  x  3 , or inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2, 2  .
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the 71. 4sin 1 x  
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is 
sin 1 x 
 3,3 . 4
 2
x  sin 
4 2
 2 
The solution set is   .
 2 

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

72. 2 cos 1 x   77. 4 cos 1 x  2  2 cos 1 x

 2 cos 1 x  2  0
cos 1 x 
2 2 cos 1 x  2

x  cos0 cos 1 x  
2
The solution set is {0} . x  cos   1
The solution set is {1} .
73. 3cos 1  2 x   2
78. 5sin 1 x  2  2sin 1 x  3
2
cos  2 x  
1
3sin 1 x  
3
2 
2 x  cos sin 1 x  
3 3
1   3
2x   x  sin     
2  3 2

x
1  3 
The solution set is  .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is   .
 4 79. Note that   2945  29.75 .
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  29.75  180   
74. 6sin 1  3x    a. D  24  1  
  

sin 1  3x     13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
   cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  29.75  180   
3 x  sin    b. D  24  1  
 6   
1  12 hours
3x  
2
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  29.75  180   
1 c. D  24  1  
x 
6  
 1  13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is   .
 6
80. Note that   4045  40.75 .
75. 3 tan x  
1  cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  40.75  180   
a. D  24  1 
   
tan 1 x   
3  14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes

x  tan  3  cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  40.75  180   
3 b. D  24  1 
The solution set is  3 . 

 

 12 hours

76. 4 tan 1 x    cos 1  tan  22.8  180


 tan  40.75  180   
c. D  24  1 
   
tan 1 x    
4  14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 
x  tan     1
 4
The solution set is {1} .

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

81. Note that   2118  21.3 .  cos 1  tan  0  180


 tan  66.5  180   
 cos  tan  23.5  180 b. D  24   1 
1 
 tan  21.3  180    

 

a. D  24  1 
  
   12 hours
 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  66.5  180   
 cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  21.3  180    c. D  24  1 
b. D  24  1    
    
 
 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
 12 hours

 cos 1  tan  22.8  180


 tan  21.3  180    d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D  24  1  winter solstice is 24  24  0 hours. That is,
  
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 6630 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
82. Note that   6110  61.167 . daylight at all.
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  61.167  180   
a. D  24  1  85. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
  
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos 1  tan  0  180

 tan  61.167  180   
b. D  24   1  y
  
 
 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  61.167  180   
c. D  24  1  s


 


C 2710
  mi x
 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0 ,0 )

 cos 1  tan  23.5  180


 tan  0  180   
83. a. D  24  1 
  
 
 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the Earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D  24  1 
1
 tan  0   tan  0    

180

180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
   length of segment PD is
 
 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft   0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos 1  tan  22.8  180

 tan  0  180    point D( x, y )  (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D  24  1 
   radius r  2710.29 miles. We now have
 
 12 hours x 2710
cos   
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
  cos 1    0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
84. Note that   6630  66.5 . Finally, s  r  2710(0.01463)  39.64 miles ,
 cos 1  tan  23.5  180

 tan  66.5  180   
a. D  24   1  2 (2710) 39.64
   and  , so
  24 t
 24 hours 24(39.64)
t  0.05587 hours  3.35 minutes
2 (2710)

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will The maximum viewing angle will occur
see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes when x  14.3 feet.
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.
87. a. a  0 ; b  3 ; The area is:
 34  6
86.   x   tan    tan 1   .
1
tan 1 b  tan 1 a  tan 1 3  tan 1 0
 x x

 34   6  0
a.  10   tan 1    tan 1    42.6 3
 10   10  
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the  square units
3
viewing angle is about 42.6 .
 34   6 3
 15   tan 1    tan 1    44.4 b. a ; b  1 ; The area is:
 15   15  3
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the  3
viewing angle is about 44.4 . tan 1 b  tan 1 a  tan 1 1  tan 1   
 3 
 34   6 
  20   tan 1    tan 1    42.8  
20
   20    
4  6
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8 . 5
 square units
12
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),
3
we see that the maximum viewing angle 88. a. a  0; b  ; The area is:
occurs when the distance from the screen is 2
about 14.3 feet. Thus,  3
sin 1 b  sin 1 a  sin 1  1
  sin 0
5  3(r  1)  14.3 2
 
5  3r  3  14.3 
3r  12.3  0
3
r  4.1 
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the  square units
3
largest viewing angle.
1 1
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode b. a   ; b  ; The area is:
2 2
 34  6
and let Y1  tan 1    tan 1   : 1  1
 x x sin 1 b  sin 1 a  sin 1    sin 1   
2  2
90
  
  
6  6

square units
3
  89. Here we have 1  4150 ' , 1  8737 ' ,
0
 2  2118' , and  2  15750 ' .
Use MAXIMUM:
Converting minutes to degrees gives
90
  
1  41 56  , 1  87 37
60 
 ,  2  21.3 , and

2   157   . Substituting these values, and

5
6

r  3960 , into our equation gives d  4250

  miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is
0 about 4250 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

90. Here we have 1  2118' , 1  15750 ' ,    1  3 3

94. sin cos    
 2  3747 ' , and  2  14458' . 3 3  2  2  4
Converting minutes to degrees gives 1  21.3 ,
  
1  157 56  ,  2  37 47
60 
 , and

2  144   . Substituting these values, and

29
30

r  3960 , into our equation gives d  5518 Section 6.2

miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.  
(remember that S and W angles are negative) 1. Domain:  x x  odd integer multiples of  ,
 2

91. 103 x  4  11 Range:  y y  1 or y  1

103 x  7 2. True
log103 x  log 7
3x log10  log 7 1 5
3. 
5 5
3 x  log 7
log 7 4. x  sec y ,  1 , 0 , 
x
3
 log 7  5. cosine
The solution is:  
 3  6. False
92. The function f is one-to-one because every 7. True
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
point. 8. True

 2
9. cos  sin 1 
 2 
 
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine
2 2
2
equals .
2
2  
sin   ,   
2 2 2


93. f ( x)  1  2 x 4
 2   2
y  1  2x cos  sin 1   cos 
 2  4 2
x  1 2y
x 1  2y
 1
10. sin  cos 1 
log 2 ( x  1)  log 2 2 y  2
log 2 ( x  1)  y log 2 2 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
log 2 ( x  1)  y
f 1 ( x)  log 2 ( x  1)

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

1 1
equals . equals .
2 2
1 1
cos   , 0    cos   , 0   
2 2
 
 
3 3
 1  3  1 
sin  cos 1   sin  sec  cos 1   sec  2
 2 3 2  2  3

  3    1 
11. tan cos 1   14. cot sin 1    
    2 
  2  
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine  
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine
2 2
3 1
equals  . equals  .
2 2
3 1  
cos    , 0    sin    ,    
2 2 2 2
5 
  
6 6
  3  5 3   1   
tan cos 1      tan  cot sin 1      cot      3
  2   6 3   2    6

  1 
12. tan sin 1    

15. csc tan 1 1 
  2   
Find the angle  ,     , whose tangent
  2 2
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine equals 1.
2 2
1  
equals  . tan   1,   
2 2 2

1   
sin    ,    4
2 2 2

 
  
csc tan 1 1  csc
4
 2
6
  1   
tan sin 1      tan     
 2   6 3
3

16. sec tan 1 3 

 
Find the angle  ,     , whose tangent
 1 2 2
13. sec  cos 1 
 2 equals 3.
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine  
tan   3,   
2 2


3


sec tan 1 3  sec  3
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

17. sin  tan 1 (1)    3 

20. csc  cos 1    
Find the angle  , 
 
   , whose tangent   2  
2 2 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
equals 1 .
3
  equals  .
tan   1,    2
2 2
 3
  cos    0   
4 2
5
  2 
sin  tan 1 (1)   sin      6
 4  2
  3  5
csc  cos 1      csc 2
  3 
18. cos sin 1    
  2   6
  2  
   5   2
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine 21. cos 1  sin   cos 1   
2 2  4   2 
3 Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine
equals  .
2 2
equals  .
3   2
sin    ,   
2 2 2 2
 cos    , 0   
  2
3 3

 1  3     1 4
cos sin      cos    
2  3 2 1  5  3
    cos  sin  
 4  4
  1 
19. sec sin 1     2   1 
  2  
22. tan 1  cot   tan 1   
   3   3 
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine
2 2  
Find the angle  ,     , whose tangent
1 2 2
equals  .
2 1
equals  .
1   3
sin    ,   
2 2 2 1  
 tan    ,   
  3 2 2
6

  1    2 3  
sec sin 1      sec     6
  2   6 3 2  
1 
tan  cot 
 3  6

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

  7    3  1
23. sin 1 cos      sin 1    26. tan  cos 1 
  6   3
 2 
  1 1
Find the angle  ,     , whose sine Let   cos 1 . Since cos   and 0     ,
2 2 3 3
 is in quadrant I, and we let x  1 and r  3 .
3
equals  . Solve for y:
2
1  y2  9
3  
sin    ,    y2  8
2 2 2
 y   8  2 2
 
3 Since  is in quadrant I, y  2 2 .
  7     1 y 2 2
sin 1 cos      tan  cos 1   tan    2 2
  6  3  3 x 1

     1
24. cos 1  tan      cos 1  1 27. sec  tan 1 
  3   2
Find the angle  , 0    , whose cosine 1 1
Let   tan 1 . Since tan   and
equals 1 . 2 2
cos   1, 0      
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
 2 2

3 x  2 and y  1 .
     Solve for r:
cos 1  tan      
  3  22  1  r 2
r2  5
 1
r 5
25. tan  sin 1 
 3  is in quadrant I.
1 1
Let   sin 1 . Since sin   and  1 r 5
3 3 sec  tan 1   sec   
 2  x 2
 
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2  2
y  1 and r  3 . 28. cos  sin 1 
 3 
Solve for x:
x2  1  9 2 2
Let   sin 1 . Since sin   and
3 3
x2  8
 
x   8  2 2     ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
Since  is in quadrant I, x  2 2 . y  2 and r  3 .
 1 y 1 2 2 Solve for x:
tan  sin 1   tan     
 3 x 2 2 2 4 x2  2  9
x2  7
x 7
Since  is in quadrant I, x  7 .
 2 x 7
cos  sin 1   cos   
 3  r 3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

  2    3 
29. cot sin 1     32. cot  cos 1    
  3     3  
 2 2  3 3
Let   sin 1    . Since sin    and Let   cos 1    . Since cos    and
 3  3  3  3
  0     ,  is in quadrant II, and we let
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x   3 and r  3 .
y   2 and r  3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3  y2  9
x2  2  9 y2  6
x2  7 y 6
x 7 Since  is in quadrant II, y  6 .
Since  is in quadrant IV, x  7 .   3  x
 cot cos 1      cot  
 2  x 7 2 14 3 y
cot sin 1      cot         
  3   y  2 2 2
 3 1 2 2
   
30. csc  tan ( 2) 
1
6 2 2 2

Let   tan 1 ( 2) . Since tan    2 and  2 5

  33. sec  sin 1 
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x  1 and y   2 . 2 5 2 5
Let   sin 1 . Since sin   and
Solve for r: 5 5
1 4  r2  
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
r 5
2 2 2
y  2 5 and r  5 .
r 5
Solve for x:
Since  is in quadrant IV, r  5 . x 2  20  25
r 5 5
csc  tan 1 ( 2)   csc     x2  5
y 2 2
x 5
31. sin  tan 1 (3) 
Since  is in quadrant I, x  5 .
Let   tan 1 (3) . Since tan   3 and  2 5 r 5
sec  sin 1   sec     5
  5  x 5
    ,  is in quadrant IV, and we let 
2 2
x  1 and y  3 .  1
34. csc  tan 1 
Solve for r:  2
1 9  r2 1 1
Let   tan 1 . Since tan   and
r  10
2
2 2
r   10  
    ,  is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
Since  is in quadrant IV, r  10 .
x  2 and y  1 .
y
sin  tan 1 (3)   sin   Solve for r:
r
3 10 3 10
  
10 10 10

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

22  1  r 2   0 , whose cosecant equals 2.

r 5
2  
csc   2,    ,   0
2 2
r 5

 is in quadrant I. 
4
 1 r 5 
csc  tan 1   csc     5 csc 1 2
 2 y 1 4

 3   2 
35. sin 1  cos   sin 1      2 3
41. sec 1
 4   2  4 3

 7   1  2 We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
36. cos  sin   cos 1    
1
2
 6   2 3
2 3
whose secant equals .
37. cot 1
3 3
We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose 2 3 
sec   , 0    ,  
cotangent equals 3. 3 2
cot   3, 0    

6

 2 3 
6 sec 1 
 3 6
cot 1 3
6
42. sec 1   2 
38. cot 1 1 
We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose 2
cotangent equals 1. whose secant equals 2 .
cot   1, 0     
sec    2, 0    ,  
 2
 2
4 
 3
cot 1 1  2 
4 sec 1   2  
3
39. csc 1 (1)
 3
  43. cot 1   
We are finding the angle  ,    ,
2 2  3 
  0 , whose cosecant equals 1 . We are finding the angle  , 0    , whose
 
csc   1,     ,   0 cotangent equals 
3
.
2 2 3

  3
2 cot    , 0   
 3
csc 1 (1)   2
2 
3
40. csc 1 2  3  2
cot 1     3
   3 
We are finding the angle  ,    ,
2 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 2 3 1
44. csc 1    quadrant I. The calculator yields an 1  0.46 ,
 3  2
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
 
We are finding the angle  ,    , cot 1  2   0.46 .
2 2
2 3
  0 , whose cosecant equals  .
3
2 3  
csc    ,    ,   0
3 2 2
  1
  48. sec 1 (3)  cos 1   
3  3
 2 3 We seek the angle  , 0     , whose cosine

csc 1      1 1
 3  3 equals  . Now cos    ,  lies in
3 3
1 quadrant II. The calculator yields
45. sec 1 4  cos 1  1
4 cos 1     1.91 , which is an angle in
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose cosine  3
1 1 quadrant II, so sec1   3  1.91 .
equals . Now cos   , so  lies in quadrant
4 4
1
I. The calculator yields cos 1  1.32 , which is
4
an angle in quadrant I, so sec1  4   1.32 .
 1
49. csc 1  3  sin 1   
 3
 
We seek the angle  ,    , whose sine
2 2
1 1 1
46. csc1 5  sin 1 equals  . Now sin    , so  lies in
5 3 3
  quadrant IV. The calculator yields
We seek the angle  ,    , whose sine  1
2 2 sin 1     0.34 , which is an angle in
1 1  3
equals . Now sin   , so  lies in
5 5 quadrant IV, so csc1  3  0.34 .
1
quadrant I. The calculator yields sin 1  0.20 ,
5
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
csc1 5  0.20 .

 1
50. cot 1     tan 1 ( 2)
 2
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent
equals 2 . Now tan   2 , so  lies in
1 quadrant II. The calculator yields
47. cot 1 2  tan 1
2 tan 1   2   1.11 , which is an angle in
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent
quadrant IV. Since  lies in quadrant II,
1 1   1.11    2.03 . Therefore,
equals . Now tan   , so  lies in
2 2

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 1  2
cot 1     2.03 . sin 1     0.73 , which is an angle in
 2  3
 3
quadrant IV, so csc1     0.73 .
 2

 1 
 
51. cot 1  5  tan 1  
 5

We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent  4  3
54. sec 1     cos 1   
1 1  3   4
equals  . Now tan    , so  lies in
5 5 
We are finding the angle  , 0     ,   ,
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2
 1  3 3
tan 1     0.42 , which is an angle in whose cosine equals  . Now cos    , so
 5 4 4
quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II,  lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
  0.42    2.72 . Therefore,  3
cos 1     2.42 , which is an angle in
 
cot 1  5  2.72 .  4
 4
quadrant II, so sec 1     2.42 .
 3

 1 
52. cot 1  8.1  tan 1   
 8.1 
 3  2
We seek the angle  , 0     , whose tangent 55. cot 1     tan 1   
 2  3
1 1 We are finding the angle  , 0     , whose
equals  . Now tan    , so  lies in
8.1 8.1
2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields tangent equals  . Now tan    , so 
3 3
 1 
tan 1     0.12 , which is an angle in lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 8.1 
 2
quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II, tan 1     0.59 , which is an angle in
 3
  0.12    3.02 . Thus, cot 1  8.1  3.02 . quadrant IV. Since  is in quadrant II,
 3
  0.59    2.55 . Thus, cot 1     2.55 .
 2

 3  2
53. csc 1     sin 1   
 2  3
 
We seek the angle  ,    ,  0,
2 2
2 2
whose sine equals  . Now sin    , so 
3 3
lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields

723
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 This must not, however, lead any one to be careless about
wounds from poisoned arrows: some are always mortal. The stuff
with which they are smeared consists of wax and kuna, or extract of
a common gum, forming a very strong poison which, however,
quickly loses its efficacy. The best thing to do when struck by such
an arrow is to burn the wound immediately, or to inject chloride of
gold all round it under the skin. A simpler treatment still is just to fill
the wound with gunpowder and set fire to it; but this is rather too
Spartan a remedy for everybody.
Our market was the chief excitement of the morning, for in it we
could study typical natives, and note the special peculiarities of each.
The population of Say and the surrounding districts is very mixed,
including Songhays, Fulahs, Haussas, Djermankobes, Macimankes,
Mossi, Gurunsi, Kurteyes, etc., each with cicatrized wounds of a
different kind on their faces, as is the case with so many African
tribes.
The market, too, is the best place for getting reliable news, and
besides, the very attitude of the different traders towards each other
is a revelation of the state of feeling in the country. If a great many
assembled it was a sign that all was going on well for us, that the
report of the French Expedition was spreading, and that Amadu
Saturu was likely to come to his senses about us. If the attendance
at the market fell off, however, it was a sign that hostile columns
were being called together, why we could not tell, but probably to
attack us; or again some new check was to be put upon our buying
or selling. Once indeed Amadu made a feeble effort to reduce us by
famine, and our supply of sheep was stopped for a time. But a threat
made to Osman on purpose that he should repeat it, that we would
go and fetch the sheep from Say for ourselves, was immediately
successful, for the next day the best and cheapest animals we had
yet procured were brought to us. We never ate better mutton before
or since.
 TYPICAL NATIVES AT THE FORT ARCHINARD MARKET.

Whilst the market was going on, Taburet used to prescribe for
many natives who came to consult him. But carelessness and
ignorance work terrible havoc among the negroes everywhere.
There would be plenty for a doctor to do who cared to study
diseases now become rare in civilized countries. From amongst the
patients who came to Taburet, a grand or rather terrible list of
miraculous cures might have been drawn up. These patients
included men and women suffering from tubercular and syphilitic
diseases, which had been allowed to run their dread course
unchecked by any remedies whatever; many too were blind or
afflicted with goitre and elephantiasis, whilst there were numerous
lepers. Few, however, were troubled with nervous complaints. It was
indeed difficult to prescribe for such cases as came before the good
doctor; indeed it would often have been quite impossible for his
instructions to be carried out. Many poor cripples came from a long
distance to consult the white doctor, expecting to be made whole
immediately, when they were really incurable. Where, however,
would have been the good of prescribing cleanliness, when one of
their most used remedies is to smear any wound with mud and cow-
dung mixed together, the eyes of ophthalmic patients even being
treated with the horrible stuff? Where would be the good of ordering
them nourishing food such as gravy beef, when they are too poor to
get it? Good wine? Even if we could have supplied them with it, they
would have flung it away with horror, for they are Mussulmans.
Quinine then? Its bitterness would have made them suspect poison.
They all came expecting miracles, and all that could be done for
them was to paint their sore places with iodine, and to give them
various lotions and antiseptic dressings, or a solution of iodide of
potassium, and so on, from the use of which they would, most of
them, obtain no benefit at all.
Taburet was consulted about all sorts of things. For instance, a
pretty Fulah woman from Saga with a pale complexion and engaging
manners had got into trouble. She had overstepped the bounds of
reserve prescribed in her tribe to young girls, and was soon to
become a mother. Well, she came timidly to the doctor to ask for
medicines for her case, and when it was explained to her that that
case was incurable, for the French law forbids the destruction of life,
she went away, only to return the next day with her mother. The latter
explained that if she and her daughter returned to their village as
things were, they would both be stoned to death, or at least, if their
judges were merciful, be put in irons for the rest of their lives. The
young girl was pretty, many men in her village had asked her in
marriage, but she had refused them all. All her people were now
eager to revenge themselves on her, and to apply in all their terrible
rigour, the “just Mussulman laws.” She had neither father, brother,
nor any one to defend her. Her seducer had deserted her, and it is
not customary amongst the Fulahs to make inquiries as to the father
of illegitimate children.
The people of Say had recommended the mother in mockery to
take her girl to the Christians, she was good for nothing else now,
they said. If we could not cure her, there was nothing left for them to
do but to hide themselves in the fetich-worshipping village of Gurma,
where they would lead a miserable life, unnoticed and unknown.
 The two poor women with tears in their eyes knelt to the doctor
imploring his help, and crying Safarikoy! Safarikoy! and I asked
myself, what would be the duty of a doctor in this bigoted land if he
had had the necessary instruments for meeting the unfortunate girl’s
wishes. Perhaps it was as well that in this case nothing could be
done.
All the same this domestic drama was very heart-rending. I tried
for a long time to console our visitors. The old woman stuck to her
request for medicine, and promised to reward us with everything she
could think of likely to please us. She even offered us her daughter,
saying that she might remain with us, and could follow us wherever
we went.
I told Digui to get rid of them as gently as possible, and gave them
a good present to enable them to reach some heathen village where
the people would have pity on them. They departed at last, the
mother’s tears soaking her tattered garments, the daughter following
her, her little feet swollen with walking, and her head drooping in her
despair.
À propos of this episode, Suleyman the interpreter held forth in
the following strain—“From the earliest times prophets, marabouts,
and the negro chiefs who founded the religious dynasty of the
country, have been terribly severe on any lapse from morality
amongst their women, but it is all humbug, for most of the marabouts
are the fathers of illegitimate children.
“Amongst Amadu’s people the man and woman who have sinned
are deprived of all their property, but Abdul Bubakar goes still further,
for he sacks the entire village to which a frail woman belongs, a
capital way of getting slaves and everything else. In other districts
the woman is put in irons, but the man goes free; but if the seducer
comes forward and owns his crime, he can obtain remission of the
punishment by payment of a large sum to the chief of the village;
generally, however, the unfortunate girl dies in her chains.
“Such are the manners and customs of the Mussulmans, and God
alone knows what their women are really like.
 “Samory used to kill both the guilty parties, but Tieba, his enemy
and neighbour, professed an amiable kind of philosophy on the
subject of the weaker sex and the ways of women. When Samory
was conquered by Tieba, the chief auxiliaries of the latter were the
nomad Diulas who were strangers in the land. These Diulas had
come to the district by way of Sikasso, where they had met with
women of free and easy manners, and had been driven by the force
of circumstances to remain amongst them, adopting their ways. Now
it generally happens amongst the negroes, that those who have
travelled much and seen something of the world are not only brave
but sensible and free from bigotry.

WOMEN OF SAY.

“Samory, who was so fond of cutting off heads in obedience to the

injunctions of the Koran, had a wife named Sarankeni, who is still his
favourite, and she was the one to lay her finger on the cause of his
defeat, when he was still smarting from its effects. She saw that it
was the women of easy morals who prevented the strangers who
had aided Tieba from deserting him in his need. Samory was open to
conviction, and since then”—according to Suleyman, though I think
he exaggerated—“if one of the chief’s people discovers that a
woman or a daughter of his house has gone wrong, he gives a fee to
the seducer, or at least offers him refreshments and speaks him fair,
and this has now become the fashion throughout the districts reigned
over by the great Fama. Sarankeni, the favourite, the giver of the
advice which led to the change, is alone excepted from the new
rule.” Probably, as she is still young, she had a very different motive
for her conduct than that generally accepted.
Whilst the market was going on, we used also to make a tour of
inspection in our kitchen-garden. An officer of the garrison of
Timbuktu had been good enough to give us some packets of the
usual seeds, and under the skilled direction of the doctor we had had
a plot of ground cleared, manured, and planted. To sow seed is one
thing, however, to reap results is another, and in spite of the delicate
attentions of Atchino, our man from Dahomey, our gardener for the
nonce, who religiously watered the seeds every morning, and in
spite of the visits we paid to our plantations at dawn and eventide, no
great results ensued. Probably the sheep and goats, who were
greedy creatures all of them, got the pick of everything, in spite of
the thorn hedge we had put up round our garden.
All we got ourselves were a few big tomatoes, some cucumbers,
some little pink radishes, and two or three salads. You can just
imagine our delight when on one occasion Taburet triumphantly
brought in three radishes apiece.
For all that, we can’t be too grateful for our garden. If we did not
get many vegetables, we always had the hope of getting some, and
the pleasure of watching the growth of various weeds which we
expected to turn out to be lettuces, beetroots, or cabbages, and we
used to say joyfully, “When that is big enough to eat, or when this is
ready,” and so on. The hope of luxuries, when we are provided with
all that is absolutely necessary, is always cheering.
Whilst we are on the subject of food, I may as well say a little
about what we lived on during our stay at Fort Archinard. In spite of
our long distance from home we must be strictly accurate, and I am
almost ashamed to own that we were never reduced to having to eat
our dogs. Nor was the reason for this the fact that we had no dogs
with us to eat. Far from that; we had three dogs, one after the other,
not to speak of the cats already referred to. Our three dogs were all,
I don’t know why, called Meyer. They were yellow, famished-looking
beasts, who were native to the country, and rather savage. All came
to a sad end and got lost, but I don’t know exactly what became of
them. Once more, however, I swear by Mahomet we did not eat one
of them.
Although we ate no dogs we managed to subsist, for we were
never without sheep or rice. The diet was not much to boast of, and
we had to keep a whole flock in our island always, for there was very
little pasturage on our small domain for some twenty or thirty
animals. After a few days of such nourishment as they got, our
sheep became anæmic, and their flesh turned a greenish colour. Still
we managed to eat it in semi-darkness. On the other hand, our rice
was always good. That grown in the country is small, and of a
slightly reddish colour. It swells less in cooking than the white rice of
Cochin China or Pegu, but it has a nicer and a stronger taste.
Taburet used to swear by all the heathen gods that he would never
eat rice, yet very soon he could not do without it. Fili Kanté, already
mentioned, turned out a first-rate cook, and he really did deserve
praise for what he achieved, for we were none of us able to help him
with advice. True, the Commandant had made everybody’s mouth
water by saying that he would take charge of the pot as soon as the
expedition arrived at Say; but he never troubled his head about the
matter again.
He did, however, sometimes preside at the cooking of mechuis,
that is to say, of sheep roasted whole on the spit in the Arab style,
and the mechuis of Fort Archinard were celebrated—on the island!
Rice and mutton were the staples of our meals. Every morning Fili
Kanté used to come to the chief of the mess and say, as if he were
announcing a new discovery—“I shall give you mutton and rice to-
day, Lieutenant.”—“And what else?” I would ask.—“An
omelette.”—“And after that?”—“A nougat and some cheese.”
 You read that word nougat? Well now, would you like to know
what it was made of? Here is the recipe (not quite the same as that
for Montélimar almond cake): Take some honey; make it boil; add to
it some pea-nuts shelled and ground. Turn it all out on to a cold plate
—the bottom of an empty tin will do if you have nothing else—and let
it stand till cold.
It makes a capital dessert, I can tell you, especially when there is
nothing better to be had.
You read, too, that we were to have cheese. We could generally
get as much milk as we liked, and it made a first-rate cheese the
second day; quite delicious, I assure you. We generally had cheese
for all our mid-day meals, and nougat at supper or dinner, whichever
you like to call it.
Sometimes, too, we fished, but there was not very much to be got
out of the Niger near Fort Archinard; now and then, however, we
succeeded in making a good haul, enough for a meal, with the use of
a petard of gun-cotton.
The fish we caught in the Niger were much the same as those
found in the Senegal. The kind the natives call “captains” and ntébés
are very delicate in flavour, and often of considerable size. We once
caught a “captain” at Gurao on the Debo, weighing nearly 80 lbs. It
took two men to carry it, and when it was hung from a pole it trailed
on the ground. But we rarely had such luck as this at Fort Archinard.
Another kind of fish, called the machoiran, with very flat jaws, was
to be found in the mud and ooze of the Niger, but beware of eating
its flesh. If, it is said, you cut the fat off its tail (Heaven only knows if
it has any), by mistake, at full moon, and then drink some fresh milk,
and sleep out of doors for the rest of the night on a white coverlet,
and then in the morning drink a basin of water, you will surely catch
leprosy. I don’t suppose the lepers of Say had really taken all these
precautions to ensure having the disease.
I must add that there is one thing which all travellers in Africa will
find very useful. I allude to the Prevet tablets of condensed food. We
can justly testify to their efficacy, whether they are Julienne, carrots,
Brussels sprouts, pears, or apples. They are light, easily carried, and
easily divided. To have used them once is recommendation enough,
but it is necessary to know how to prepare them, and not to follow
Baudry’s example, who one day served us some Prevet spinach,
which tasted for all the world like boiled hay. If ever you travel with
him, don’t make him chief of the commissariat.
In the morning we also worked at making our map, for we should
certainly never have been able to finish it in Paris in the limited time
we should be allowed for it. We made a duplicate copy of the map,
grosso modo, from Timbuktu to Say, to guard against the possible
loss of one of the barges. Then came the time for taking our daily
dose of twenty centigrammes of quinine dissolved in two centilitres
of alcohol, which, truth to tell, was anything but pleasant to the taste.
Even Abdulaye himself, who could swallow anything, made a wry
face at this terrible mixture; but to help us to digest the everlasting
mutton and rice boiled in water, and to keep down the symptoms of
fever which threatened us all, nothing could be better.

FORT ARCHINARD.
 I cannot too often insist on the fact that it was, thanks to the daily
dose of quinine regularly administered by order to every member of
the expedition, that we owe our safe return in good health, and with
appetites unimpaired.
We owe to it, too, the fact that in spite of many fevers in past
days, we actually had gained, on our return to Paris, not only in
weight, but in our power of enjoying a joke.
Last January, after my return to France, I had been giving an
account at a public meeting of the results of my expedition, and my
companions and I were going down the staircase of the Sorbonne,
attended by a considerable crowd, when two gentlemen, radiant with
health, evidently from the French colonies, and geographers, else
why were they there? exchanged their impressions as they passed
us. “Pooh,” said one of them, shrugging his shoulders, “they have
not even got dirty heads!”
After lunch we all went to take a little siesta, or at least to rest
during the great heat of the day. The siesta, though so much in use
in the tropics, is really a very bad habit, and many ailments of the
stomach are caused by it. It is really better only to indulge in a
noonday nap after exceptional fatigue; but of course it is a very
different matter just to avoid active exercise immediately after a
meal, and to read quietly without going to sleep. To wind up all this
advice to future travellers in the Sudan, let me just add this one more
word, “Do as I say rather than as I did.”
Many of the coolies did not go to sleep in the resting hour, but
chatted together about the news of the day, or gave each other a
little elementary instruction, for negroes, even when grown up, are
very fond of teaching and of being taught. Their ambition, however,
is generally limited to learning to write a letter to their friends or
family. They take great delight in corresponding with the absent, and
I have known young fellows in the Sudan who spend nearly all their
salaries in sending telegraphic despatches to their friends. I knew
others, amongst whom was Baudry’s servant, who gave up most of
their free time at Say to writing letters which never reached their
destination, for a very good reason. They were all much in the style
of the one quoted below—

“Dear Mr. Fili Kanté,—I write to inform you that the Niger
Hydrographical Expedition has arrived at Fort Archinard, and that,
thanks to God, all are well. When you write to me, send me news of
my father and mother, and my friends at Diamu (the writer’s native
village). I shall be very pleased, too, if you will send the twelve
samba (sembé) (coverlets), four horses, ten sheep, etc.
“With my best greetings, dear Mr. Fili Kanté.
“(Signed) Mussa Diakhite
(in the service of Mr. Baudry.)”

Might you not fancy this letter, with all its decorative strokes, to be
one from the soldier Dumanet to his parents? Nothing is wanted to
complete the resemblance, not even the attempt to fleece his
correspondent.
Besides these lovers of correspondence, there were others who
were mad about arithmetic. Samba Demba, Suzanne’s groom,
already often mentioned, wanted to know enough arithmetic to
matriculate. All through the hour of the siesta, and often also when
he was at work, he was muttering the most absurd numbers over to
himself; absurd for him, at least, for the negroes who do not live
where the cowry serves as currency, cannot conceive the idea of any
number beyond a thousand. Samba Demba would read what he
called his “matricula” of nine figures and more, to Father Hacquart,
with the greatest complacency, whilst Ahmady-Mody, who had
patched up the Aube, strove in vain to learn b-a ba, b-e be, or twice
two are four, twice three are six, with his head bent over a big card.
The marabout Tierno Abdulaye actually composed and sung Arabic
verses. In the midst of it all the voice of Dr. Taburet would be heard
from his tent hard by complaining that he could not sleep.
All these good fellows, with their eagerness to learn, had a child-
like side to their characters. There is no doubt that they would very
quickly learn to read, write, and cipher, as the advertisements of
elementary schools express it—read without understanding too
much, write without knowing what, and calculate without ever being
able to apply their arithmetic. Anyhow, however, even this little
knowledge will wean them from the pernicious influence of the
marabouts.
After sunset the heat
became more bearable,
and the time for our
evening bath arrived. At
the northern extremity of
our island were a number
of pools amongst the
rocks, varying in depth
according to the tide. Here
and there were regular
cascades, and we could
stand on the sand bottom
and get a natural shower-
OUR COOLIES AT THEIR TOILETTE. bath. Some of us became
perfectly enamoured of
this style of bathing. Opinions differ in Africa as to the healthiness of
it, however. For my part, I know that bathing in the tepid water,
warmed as it was by the heat of the sun, was very refreshing, and of
course the cleaner we kept ourselves the better the pores of our skin
acted. It may be that stopping long in the water every day was
weakening, and some fevers may have been caused by it when it
happened to be colder than usual. There are two opinions on this as
on every subject, but where is the good of discussing them?—the
best plan is to do what you like yourself.
In the river near Fort Archinard there were lots of common fish,
which used to shoot down the cascades of an evening for the sake
of the greater freshness and coolness of the water below. These fish
would actually strike us now and then on the shoulders, making us
start by the suddenness of the unexpected blows. It was still more
unpleasant to know that other denizens of the river, the terrible
crocodiles, though further off, were still there.
Oh, what numbers of the horrible great grey creatures we used to
see floating down with the stream or lying about the banks! Some of
them had taken up their abode quite near to us, along the side of our
island, just where we used to do our fishing with the gun-cotton, but
their being close to us did not prevent either the coolies, or for the
matter of that the whites, from going into the river.
With sunset came the hour of supper or dinner, and what grand
sky effects we used to see whilst we were at that meal in these
winter quarters of ours! Our walls were flecked with every colour of
the rainbow, whilst in the east, above the sombre wooded banks,
would often rise red masses of curious-looking clouds, precursors of
the approaching tornado. Sometimes the sun had not quite set
before the lightning would begin to flash, and the thunder to roll
incessantly, sounding like the roar of artillery in battle. As we sat at
table we would discuss the situation: what would the tornado do this
time? Would our huts be able to bear up against it? Would much
water come in? “Make haste, Fili, bring us that nougat before it
rains!” said Bluzet. And were the barges securely moored? Had the
sentry got his cloak? and so on.
 A WOMAN OF SAY.

Father Hacquart became as time went on, quite an expert

meteorologist, and only once or twice made a mistake in his
predictions about the weather.
The terrible arch of clouds peculiar to a tornado, meanwhile, goes
up and up till it nearly reaches the zenith. Behind it in the east is a
great glow of light, resembling the reflection of a conflagration in the
big plate-glass windows of some shop on the Paris boulevards seen
through the rain.
We all disperse now, going to our huts to light our candles, whilst
the rain pours down in torrents, and the leaves are torn from the
trees and whirled round and round. The branches are creaking, the
roofs are bending beneath the fury of the storm, the rain turns to hail,
and through the great sabbat of the elements, the voices of the
sentries are heard calling out from beneath the deluge pouring down
upon them, “Is all well?” and the reply comes soon, “All is well.”
Then when the worst seems to be over, we go to examine how
much damage is done, and Father Hacquart comes out to have one
more look at the weather. Presently we hear some one growling out
that the rain has come through his roof like a thief in the night, or that
it is pouring over his threshold. We all laugh together, for we are all
in the same boat.
Fortunately the damage done is seldom greater than this, for the
huts stand the strain well. We only once had to deplore a real
misfortune, and that not a very serious one, only it made us fear that
a worse might happen.
A pair of white and black storks had nested in the big tamarind
tree which formed the eastern corner of the tata looking down-
stream, and we considered this a good omen for us, a talisman
ensuring to us the protection of Allah during our stay in the island.
Storks, as is well known, are very peculiar birds, and acts of
extraordinary intelligence are attributed to them, which would appear
to prove that their lives are regulated by certain social laws. It was an
amusement to us to watch them of an evening, and to note all the
details of their family life; the first finding of a home, for instance,
their courtship, their talks in the gloaming; when perched together on
one branch they would seem to be looking at us, balancing
themselves with their heavy heads on one side, with the air of old
men considering some new invention, or savants discussing abstract
verities.
Our pair of storks, in spite of their calm and sedate appearance,
must really have been only just beginning their joint ménage, and
can have had no real experience of life. They evidently knew how to
fish by instinct; but a sad catastrophe befell their home, which they
had built on a big dead branch, for in a specially violent tornado the
bough was torn off, nest and all, and flung upon the quick-firing gun
pointing up-stream, knocking over Ibrahim Bubakar, who was on
sentry duty, but who fortunately escaped with a fright and a few
bruises on the legs. Alas! however, three young storks, the children
of the pair, were flung to the ground and killed. We picked them up
dead the day after the tornado, and stuffed them.

A NATIVE WOMAN WITH

GOITRE.

Our men were in great despair. The charm which would have
brought luck to our camp was broken; but the parent birds, in spite of
the loss of their little ones, evidently determined to act as our
talisman to the end of our stay, for they continued to fly round and
round our tamarind, and to talk together of an evening, though sadly.
It was not until a few days before we left that they flew away towards
the north. Thanks to them, perhaps, we had a run of good luck to the
last.
The tornado freshened the atmosphere very considerably, and the
sudden change could only be fully realized by consulting the
thermometer. In five minutes the glass would sometimes fall from
forty-five to thirty degrees. A corresponding and sympathetic change
would take place in the state of our nerves; we could sleep a little if
only the mosquitoes would let us, but, alas! their droning never
ceased. Oh, that horrible music, which went on for ever without
mercy, causing us more anguish even than the bites, and against
which no curtain could protect.
The frogs, too, added to the droning of the mosquitoes what we
may call their peculiar Plain Songs or Gregorian chants. They were
very tame, showing no fear of us, but took up their abode here,
there, and everywhere: out in the open air, or in the huts, in our
books, under our tins, and in our water-vessels, and their ceaseless
singing in full solemn tones, echoed that of the distant choirs of their
wilder brethren chattering together amongst the grass by the river-
side. Although not composed on the spot, I cannot refrain from
quoting the following sonnet, produced by a member of our
expedition, and which forms a kind of sequel to the others I have
transcribed above—

LOVE-SONG.

When evening falls upon the land asleep,

When mute the singers of the tropic plain,
When winds die down, and every bird’s refrain
Or insect’s cry is hush’d in silence deep;
Then from the lotus beds triumphant leap
Frantic crescendoes of a rhythmic strain,
Wild cadences mount up, to sink again
Lamenting, as when mourners wail and weep;—
Comes to the traveller upon the stream,
A Plain-Song Litany of high despair;
The notes Gregorian fit into his dream
Of home and fatherland, remotely fair;—
Whilst from the gleaming mud in Niger’s course
Rises an amorous croak, now sweet, now hoarse.

In every country in the world fine weather comes after rain, and
the tornado was succeeded on the Niger by a star-light night of a
clearness and limpidity such as is never seen anywhere out of the
tropics. The soft murmur of the Niger was borne to us upon the
gentle night breeze, reminding us of the Fulah proverb—
“Ulululu ko tiaygueul, so mayo héwi, déguiet,” which may be
translated—
“Ulululu cries the brook, the big river is silent.”
A true description indeed of what really often seemed to happen
during our long imprisonment on our island, for we could hear the
gurgling of the rapid further down-stream, but the voice of the river
was hushed.
Our nights passed quietly enough, watch being always kept by
one white man, one black subordinate officer, and two coolies. From
Timbuktu to Lokodja, that is to say, from January 21 to October 21,
we five Europeans had taken the night-watch in turn. It must be
admitted that at Fort Archinard it was sometimes rather difficult to
remain awake, and to keep ourselves from yielding to our exhausting
fatigue. We had to resort to various manœuvres, such as pinching
ourselves, bathing our feet, wrists, or head, and walking rapidly up
and down. Sometimes, as one or another of us sat in Father
Hacquart’s folding-chair, looking out upon the moon-lit scene, there
was something very charming about the silence and repose, and as
we have already given several quotations of poetical effusions, I
think I must add just one more on the night-watch, also composed by
one of our party.
 NIGHT-WATCH.

I loll and smoke, with mind a-blank;—we sail

Together, all ye stars of motion slow!
Moon! a poor trophy you may hang me now
Upon one horn—Moon! like a fairy’s nail
Curved, tilted, thin and delicately pale!
You, old Orion, may not lift your brow
To where on high the mystic symbols glow
Of Cross and Angel’s Car that next I hail;
Then Venus—Beauty bathed in lambent stream
Of astral milk, outpour’d long ages past
From time-worn breasts!—to these, in the first gleam
Of morning freshness, from the dreary waste,
Whilst as our bark adown the dim stream floats,
With rower’s boat-song blends the frog’s last notes.

Thus the days went on monotonously, so monotonously that we

were often quite feverish with ennui! At the beginning, the building of
the fort and settling down gave us a little variety, but of course that
did not last.
Winter in the Sudan would really not be much worse than
anywhere else if plenty of occupation and movement could be
secured, with occasional change of air; but it becomes simply deadly
dull when one is limited to a small space, compelled to inhale the
same miasmic exhalations, and absorb the same kind of microbes
every day and every night.
Yet this was exactly our position. We were a small party in the
midst of a hostile population. Even if we had ventured to leave our
camp we should have had to divide, one-half of us remaining on
guard; but neither division would have been strong enough in any
emergency, for those who went could not spare any coolies as
scouts, whilst those who remained would have no sentries. When we
went to fetch wood, we did not go out of sight of our fort, which was
left to the care of the halt and lame, so to speak: the interpreters and
the scullions, and I was quite uneasy about them when I saw the
men leave of a morning.

A TOWER OF FORT ARCHINARD.

Our one safe road, the river, was blocked above and below the
camp, for we had a rapid up-stream and a rapid down-stream, so
that even quite small canoes could not pass.
There has been much talk of winter in the Arctic regions, and of
course such a winter is always very severe, but the one we passed
at Say was simply miserable. I really do think that the fact of all five
of us Europeans having survived it, is a proof that we were endowed
with a great amount of energy and vitality.
The temperature had much to do with our sufferings. It increased
steadily until June, and then remained pretty stationary. The