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CHAPTER 7: Political Violence

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The recent wave of terrorism can be compared to a similar wave that took place:
a. a century ago.
b. two centuries ago.
c. five centuries ago.
d. in democratic Athens.
e. during World War II.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 194 TOP: 1
MSC: Conceptual

2. Political violence is defined as:

a. violence outside of state control that is politically motivated.
b. violence conducted by the state that is politically motivated.
c. violence conducted against civilians.
d. violence conducted by one state against another.
e. violence between military forces.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 194–195
TOP: 2 MSC: Factual

3. Which of the following is an example of an institutional explanation for political violence?

a. Radicalism.
b. Humiliation.
c. Presidentialism.
d. Groupthink.
e. International law.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 197 TOP: 2a
MSC: Conceptual

4. Which of the following is an example of an ideational explanation for political violence?

a. Nationalism.
b. Humiliation.
c. Capitalism.
d. Groupthink.
e. International law.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 197 TOP: 2b
MSC: Conceptual

5. Which of the following is an example of an individual explanation for political violence?

a. Radicalism.
b. Humiliation.
c. Capitalism.
d. Groupthink.
e. International law.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 198 TOP: 2c
 MSC: Conceptual

6. What is the relationship between differing explanations for political violence?

a. They are typically seen as being in competition but can be used in conjunction with other.
b. Ideational factors are now viewed as more convincing than any other explanation.
c. Most scholars now agree that constitutional problems are the root of such violence.
d. Scholars no longer believe that political violence can be understood through social science
methodology.
e. There are, as of yet, no attempts to generate differing explanations for political violence.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 199 TOP: 2d
MSC: Conceptual

7. Revolution can be defined as:

a. a seizure of the state by elites who wish to overturn the existing government.
b. a public seizure of the state in order to pressure a government leader to resign.
c. a public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.
d. any wide-ranging and rapid change in a society that produces beneficial social results.
e. a high number of deaths due to political conflict.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 200 TOP: 4
MSC: Factual

8. What is the difference between a revolution and a coup d’état?

a. The role of violence.
b. The role of the public.
c. The speed of change.
d. The likelihood of a successful regime change.
e. The ideology involved in the action.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 200 TOP: 4
MSC: Conceptual

9. What is the relationship between revolution and violence?

a. All revolutions are by definition extremely violent.
b. Revolutions are often violent, though some argue that nonviolent revolutions have
occurred.
c. In the past, most revolutions were nonviolent, but they have become more violent since
the end of the Cold War.
d. The degree of violence in a revolution is largely a function of whether the result is
subsequent international intervention.
e. True revolutions are always peaceful.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 200–201
TOP: 4 MSC: Conceptual

10. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 is often given as an example of which model of revolution?
a. Incipient Mobilization Model.
b. Religio-social Model.
c. Relative Deprivation Model.
d. Imperial Trigger Model.
e. Islamist Rebellion Model.
 ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 201 TOP: 4
MSC: Conceptual

11. Over time, studies of revolution:

a. have shifted their emphasis from the public to the state.
b. have shifted their emphasis to the importance of elite planning.
c. have shifted their emphasis to the role of the army in defending the state.
d. have shifted from a more theoretical approach to becoming largely descriptive.
e. have shifted to an emphasis on biological explanations for why people rebel.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 202 TOP: 4
MSC: Conceptual

12. War crimes and human rights abuses can be defined as:
a. the use of violence by nonstate actors against states in order to achieve a political goal.
b. the use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
c. the use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
d. the use of violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.
e. any form of political violence where civilians die.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 207 TOP: 5
MSC: Factual

13. Terrorism can be defined as the:

a. use of violence by nonstate actors against states in order to achieve a political goal.
b. use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
c. use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
d. use of violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.
e. use of any kind of political violence by states or civilians.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 207 TOP: 5
MSC: Factual

14. The statement “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”:
a. is the closest we have to a law-like statement in political science.
b. runs against the whole purpose of political science objectivity.
c. was true in the past but is no longer the case.
d. was not true in the past but has become more accurate.
e. is only believed by revolutionaries themselves.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 207 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

15. Guerrilla warfare can be defined as the:

a. use of violence by nonstate actors against states in order to achieve a political goal.
b. use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
c. use of violence by states against civilians in order to achieve a political goal.
d. use of violence by civilians against states in order to achieve a political goal.
e. use of any kind of political violence by states or civilians.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 208 TOP: 5
MSC: Factual
16. A political organization that uses violence largely against the state is best defined as a:
a. criminal organization.
b. terrorist organization.
c. guerrilla organization.
d. group of freedom fighters or revolutionaries.
e. group of reactionaries.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 208–209
TOP: 5 MSC: Conceptual

17. Nihilism can be defined as a:

a. belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless.
b. belief that all institutions and values are equally valid.
c. belief that all institutions and values should embrace pacifism.
d. belief that all institutions and values are a gift from God.
e. belief that all institutions and values should focus more on environmental issues.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 210 TOP: 5
MSC: Factual

18. When looking at terrorists’ backgrounds, we find that:

a. they often come from educated backgrounds.
b. they are almost always illiterate.
c. they almost always are deeply religious.
d. they usually have an extensive criminal background.
e. they oppose political change.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 210 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

19. Studies of the relationship between economic conditions and terrorism find that:
a. terrorists almost always come from poor families.
b. terrorists almost always come from the poorest countries in the world.
c. terrorists almost always come from the working class.
d. there is not a strong correlation between economic deprivation and terrorism.
e. terrorists have almost always grown up with limited access to health care.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 210 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

20. In terms of achieving their group’s objectives, terrorists:

a. are usually successful.
b. are usually unsuccessful.
c. are more successful recently than a century ago.
d. were more successful a century ago than today.
e. are more successful in rich countries than poor ones.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 211 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

21. Individual-focused studies of terrorism often draw comparisons between terrorist groups and:
a. state bureaucracies.
b. political campaigns.
 c. folk customs.
d. religious cults.
e. sports teams.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 211 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

22. Terrorists often seek to destabilize democracies because:

a. they hate public participation.
b. it is easier than running for office.
c. weakened democratic processes help justify their use of violence.
d. they hope that this will provoke the democracy into attacking their neighboring states.
e. they wish for the public to rally around their democratic institutions in response.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 212 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

23. Terrorism can be first traced back to which important modern event?
a. French Revolution.
b. American Revolution.
c. English Revolution.
d. Iranian Revolution.
e. Russian Revolution.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 212 TOP: 6
MSC: Factual

24. The relationship between terrorism and revolution is:

a. one of means and ends.
b. that they are on opposite ends of the political spectrum.
c. that they are unrelated.
d. that only the latter is legitimate.
e. that they are the same thing.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 212 TOP: 6
MSC: Conceptual

25. What is the relationship between religion and political violence?

a. It can only be found in monotheistic religions that believe in “one true God.”
b. Fundamentalism inevitably leads to political violence.
c. Religious violence and political violence are separate issues.
d. Religion and politics can lead to violence when they clash over modernity.
e. Politics forces religion to become violent.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 214 TOP: 7
MSC: Conceptual

26. One idea often associated with apocalyptic beliefs and political violence is that of:
a. cosmic peace.
b. cosmic war.
c. cosmic pain.
d. cosmic destruction.
e. cosmic juncture.
 ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 215 TOP: 7
MSC: Factual

27. Scholars interested in the ideas of religion and political violence wonder if similar factors might
eventually influence:
a. some antipoverty and labor organizations.
b. some environmental and animal rights groups.
c. some “border security” and anti-immigration groups.
d. people who believe in alien abduction and a government cover-up.
e. some advocates of improved health care.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 218 TOP: 7
MSC: Factual

28. One reason regime change as a means of stopping terrorism might NOT work is because:
a. such actions often produce new regimes that are more conducive to violence.
b. the costs outweigh the benefits of lives saved.
c. the United Nations will not permit it.
d. terrorism operates outside of regimes.
e. regimes can, in fact, never be changed.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 219 TOP: 8
MSC: Conceptual

29. Studies of the relationship between regime type and terrorism find that:
a. terrorism is strongest in democratic regimes.
b. terrorism is strongest in authoritarian regimes.
c. terrorism is strongest in illiberal or transitional regimes.
d. there is not a strong correlation between regime type and terrorism.
e. terrorism is strongest in totalitarian regimes.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 220 TOP: 5
MSC: Conceptual

30. Some warn that too much centralized power to fight terrorism could lead to:
a. unitary government.
b. a surveillance state.
c. hyperdemocracy.
d. nihilism.
e. illiberalism.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 222 TOP: 8
MSC: Factual

ESSAY

1. What is the difference between a terrorist, a guerrilla, a revolutionary, and a freedom fighter? How do
these terms relate to one another?

ANS:
Answer will vary.
2. What is the objective of terrorism? Of revolution? How are the two related?

ANS:
Answer will vary.

3. What are some of the explanations for why revolutions occur?

ANS:
Answer will vary.

4. What are some of the reasons terrorism occurs?

ANS:
Answer will vary.

5. In your opinion, what are the most effective ways to limit political violence?

ANS:
Answer will vary.
Another random document with
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
artillerist's manual and British soldier's
compendium
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: The artillerist's manual and British soldier's compendium

Author: F. A. Griffiths

Release date: April 6, 2024 [eBook #73341]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Published by Authority, 1856

Credits: Brian Coe, John Campbell and the Online Distributed

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Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

ARTILLERIST'S MANUAL AND BRITISH SOLDIER'S
COMPENDIUM ***
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at
the end of the book.
Notes specific to a table have not been treated as footnotes, and remain at the
bottom of the table with an * or † or ‡ marker.
Some wide tables have been split into two and sometimes three parts.
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Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
 THE

ARTILLERIST’S MANUAL,
AND

BRITISH SOLDIER’S COMPENDIUM.

By MAJOR F. A. GRIFFITHS,
R. F. P. ROYAL ARTILLERY.

Si quid novisti rectius istis,

Candidus imperti: si non, his utere mecum.

SEVENTH EDITION.

Published by Authority.

LONDON:
SOLD BY W. H. ALLEN AND CO., LEADENHALL STREET;
PARKER AND SON, 445, WEST STRAND;
CLOWES AND SONS, CHARING CROSS;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND CO., STATIONERS’ HALL COURT;
J. BODDY AND SON, AND W. P. JACKSON, WOOLWICH;
&C. &C. &C.
1856.
 Entered at Stationers’ Hall.

PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

 P R E FA C E .
SEVENTH EDITION.

Similar to each of the preceding editions of “The Artillerist’s

Manual, and British Soldier’s Compendium,” the present work
contains much additional matter; and notice has been taken of the
subjects in which improvements, or alterations have been adopted.
To those Officers, and Non-commissioned Officers, who are in
possession of the 6th edition of The Manual, it is advisable that I
should specify the chief additions, &c., in the present edition, viz.:—
Alterations:
Percussion small arms.
Manufacture of cartridges.
Ball cartridge barrels, and boxes.
Carcasses.
Quick match.
Shells, weight, &c.
Ordnance, length, weight, &c.
Service, and management of heavy ordnance.
Wads for heavy ordnance.
Charges for the Royal Navy.
Additions:
Manual, and platoon exercise of Riflemen.
Instructions for aiming with the rifle musket.
Light infantry signals, and sounds.
Fusil exercise.
Instructions for pitching, and striking tents.
Lights, long. Lights, signal.
 Parachute light ball.
Water fuze.
To extricate a shot when jammed in a gun.
To ascertain if a magazine is damp.
Detail for active service of 9-Pounder Troop of Royal Horse
Artillery.
Reserve of gun, and small arm ammunition.
Detail for active service—18-Pounder Field battery.
” ” ” 9-Pounder Ditto.
” ” ” 32-Pounder Howitzer Ditto.
Small arm ammunition reserve.
Exercise of rockets.
To estimate distances in the field.
To find the distance from an object, height known.
Instructions for the exercise, and service of great guns, and
shells, on board Her Majesty’s ships.
Instructions for landing seamen, and marines, with Field pieces.
Charges for the Royal Navy, for boats.
Proportion of charges, for a 51-screw steam frigate.
Ditto Ditto 50-gun frigate.
Also—1 New Plate.
2 ” woodcuts.
1 ” diagram.
In the publication of each edition my object has been the same—to
render The Manual a Compendium of all that can be required by
Officers in the Field; and if I may be allowed to judge by the
gratifying manner in which the work has been received by the
Officers of the United Services, my humble exertions have indeed
been successful, ten thousand copies of The Manual, including the
present edition, having been printed.
The extensive circulation of “The Artillerist’s Manual, and British
Soldier’s Compendium,” is no doubt, however, chiefly to be
attributed,—

1st. To the highly favourable notice of the Military Authorities,

as evinced by the General order of the Master-General
 of the Ordnance, dated 25th April 1840, and by the
Memorandum, dated Horse Guards, 10th December 1840.
2nd. To the considerate notice of The Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty, a copy of the work having been ordered to
be included in the libraries of all Vessels of war.
3rd. To the liberal distribution, by the Honourable Court of
Directors of the East India Company, of copies of each
edition to the military authorities at the several Presidencies
in India.

In conclusion, I have to express my grateful feelings to His Royal

Highness the General Commanding in Chief, who has been
graciously pleased to promulgate the Memorandum, dated Horse
Guards, 13th October 1856;[1] and my warm thanks are also due to
the Officers of the various Departments at Head Quarters, for the
kind manner in which they have invariably assisted me in the
revision of the work, in order that each succeeding edition may keep
pace with the improvements, alterations, or requirements of the
United Services.
F. A. GRIFFITHS.
Putney, October 13th, 1856.
(Copy.)
Horse Guards,
Memorandum. 13th October 1856.
His Royal Highness, the General Commanding in Chief, strongly
recommends to the Officers, and Non-commissioned Officers of the
Army, the Revised edition of a Work, entitled “The Artillerist’s
Manual, and British Soldier’s Compendium,” a work replete with the
most useful Military information, and of which Major Griffiths, R.F.P.,
Royal Artillery, is the author.
By command of
His Royal Highness,
The General Commanding in Chief,
(Signed) G. A. Wetherall,
Adj.-General.
 GENERAL INDEX TO THE SUBJECTS.

PAGE
Preface iii
Memorandum, dated Horse Guards, 13th October
1856 vi
General Index to the subjects vii
Plates viii
Detailed Index to the subjects ix
Part. I. Infantry Exercise, Movements, &c. Sword
exercise. Pitching, and striking tents 1
II. Carbine exercise. Cavalry sword exercise 43
III. Ordnance. Carriages, &c. 48
IV. Ranges. Charges. Elevations. &c. 70
V. Stores. Implements. Combustibles. &c. 83
VI. Field battery Exercise. Detail for active service
of a Troop of Horse Artillery; Field batteries,
&c. Interior management of a Battery.
Embarking, and disembarking. Application
of Field artillery. Encamping, and picketing.
Tents. Horses. Forage. Veterinary
directions. Congreve rocket exercise 100
VII. Serving, and working heavy Ordnance 173
VIII. Gunnery 195
IX. Batteries. Fortification 223
 X. Bridges, and Pontoons 250
XI. Fireworks 254
XII. Mathematics 265
 PLATES.

PAGE
1. Brass Gun, with Names of principal parts 48
2. Field Gun Carriage. Elevation 102
3. ” Plan 103
4. Horse with harness 134
5. Harness. Description 134
6. Garrison Gun Carriage 173
7. Loading, &c. Naval Service 212
8. Vauban’s First system (Plan) 240
9. Do. do. (Profile) 242
10. Modern system of Fortification 243
11. Field Fortification 246
{ Mechanics
12. 294
{ Heights, and Distances
13. Surveying, and Reconnoitring 307
{ Heights, and Distances
14. 310
{ Practical Geometry
15. Practical Geometry 324
16. Do. 325
17. Do. 327
 INDEX TO THE SUBJECTS,
ETC.

PA RT I .
INFANTRY EXERCISE, MOVEMENTS, &c.
Sword Exercise.
PITCHING, AND STRIKING, TENTS.
PAGE
Musket, Flint lock 1
Percussion Small arms, length, weight, bore, charge,
&c. 1
Blank cartridges 3
Manufacture of cartridges 3
Small arm ammunition, boxes, and barrels 5
Instructions for browning Gun barrels 5
Percussion firelocks, Instructions relative thereto 6

Infantry Exercise, and Movements;

Extracted from
“Field Exercise, and Evolutions of the Army.”
Paces, Length of, &c. 6
Flint firelocks, Manual, and Platoon exercise 7
Inspection, and Dismissal of a Company 8
Percussion firelocks, Manual, and Platoon exercise 8
Fusil exercise 9
The Manual, and Platoon exercise of Riflemen 10
Instructions for aiming with the Rifle musket 10
Words of command, for Funeral parties 11

COMPANY DRILL.
Sect. PAGE
1. Formation of the Company 11
2. Marching to the front 12
3. The Side, or closing step 12
4. The Back step 12
5. To form four deep 12
6. File marching 12
7. Wheeling from a halt 12
8. Wheeling forward by sub-divisions 12
9. Wheeling backward by sub-divisions 13
10. Marching on an alignement 13
11. Wheeling into line 13
12. Entering into a new direction 13
13. Counter-marching 13
14. Wheeling on the centre 13
15. Diagonal march 13
16. Increasing front of open Column halted 13
17. Increasing front of open Column on the march 13
18. To pass a Defile, by breaking off files 14
19. To move to a flank, in Sections 14
20. Forming Company, &c., from file marching 14
21. To form to either Flank, from open Column 15
To gain ground to a flank, by marching in
22.
echellon 15
23. To form the rallying square 15
Dismissing a Company off Parade 15
Inspecting a Company on Parade 15

MOVEMENTS OF A BATTALION.
1. Commands 16
2. Degrees of march 16
3. Marching in line 16
4. Wheeling 16
5. Movements 16
6. The Alignement 17
7. Points of formation 17
8. Dressing 17
9. Open column 17
10. Quarter distance, and close column 17
11. Echellon 18
12. Squares 19
13. Firings 19
Street firing 20
Formation of the Battalion 20
Evolutions of the Battalion 21
Movements of the Battalion from Line 21
14. The Battalion, halted, is to advance in Line 21
15. When a Battalion, advancing in line, is to charge 22
16. When the Battalion moving in Line passes a wood,
&c., by the flank march of Companies 22
17. When the Battalion advances, or retires by half
battalion, and fires 22
18. A Battalion in line, to move to attack, &c., to the
front, &c. 23
19. A Battalion in line to retire over a bridge, &c., or
retreat from the flank in the rear of the centre 24
20. A Battalion in line to march off in Column of 24
 Divisions, successively to a flank
21. When the Battalion, halted in line, is to form square 25
22. When the Battalion forms a square, &c., to protect
baggage against Infantry 27
23. A Battalion halted, in line, to change front to the
rear upon the centre 27

CHANGES OF POSITION OF THE BATTALION FROM LINE,

BY MOVEMENTS OF THE OPEN COLUMN.
On a fixed point.
24. The Battalion to change position to the front on the
right halted Company, by throwing forward the
whole left 28
On a distant point.
25. The Battalion in line changes position by breaking
into open column, marching up in column to the
point where its head is to remain, and entering
the line by the flank march of Companies 28
26. The Battalion in line changes position by breaking
into open column, marching to a point where its
head is to rest, and to which its rear divisions
form by passing each other, and wheeling up 29

OPEN COLUMN MOVEMENTS.

27. When the leading flank of the column is changed
by the successive march of divisions from the
rear to the front 29
28. To change the wings of a column formed where the
space does not admit of the flank movement 29
29. When the column is required to form a square 29

QUARTER DISTANCE, AND CLOSE COLUMN.

30. When a Battalion forms a close, or quarter distance
column from line 30
31. When the column marches to a flank 31
32. When the column at quarter distance, moving,
takes ground to right, or left, by the echellon
march of sections 31
33. When a column, halted, is to wheel 31
34. When a column is to change its front by the wheel,
and countermarch of sub-divisions round the
centre 32
35. When a column is to open out to full, or half
distance 32

DEPLOYMENTS.
36. When the Battalion, in column of Companies,
deploys into line 33

ECHELLON FORMATIONS, AND MOVEMENTS.

37. When a Battalion, from line, wheels forward by
Companies into echellon 34
38. When the Battalion, having wheeled from line into
echellon, has marched, and halted, and is to
form back parallel to the line it quitted 34
39. When the Battalion, having wheeled from line into
echellon, has marched, and halted, and is to
form up oblique to the line it quitted 34
40. When the Battalion formed in line, changes front,
on a fixed flank Company by throwing forward
the rest of the Battalion 35
41. When the Battalion changes front on a fixed flank
Company by throwing back the rest of the
Battalion 35
42. When the Battalion changes front on a central
Company, by advancing one wing, and retiring
the other 35
43. When, from Open column, the Companies wheel 36