Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full download Physics for Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Physics for Scientists and Engineers Foundations and Connections 1st Edition Katz Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-1st-edition-katz-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-volume-2-1st-edition-katz-
solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-volume-1-1st-edition-katz-
solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-advance-edition-
volume-2-1st-edition-katz-solutions-manual/
Physics for Scientists and Engineers Foundations and
Connections Extended Version with Modern 1st Edition
Katz Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-extended-version-with-
modern-1st-edition-katz-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-3rd-edition-fishbane-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-3rd-edition-knight-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-9th-edition-serway-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/modern-physics-for-scientists-
and-engineers-4th-edition-thornton-solutions-manual/
8
Conservation of Energy
1. The rendezvous point is labeled G in the figure, and we see the gravitational force
exerted by the Sun on the comet has a component in the opposite direction of its velocity.
(In other words the angle between the force vector and the velocity is somewhat greater
than 90°.) So, the comet was slowing down when Giotto made its rendezvous.
2. In each case, we will estimate the mass and speed and calculate the kinetic energy (Eq.
8.1).
(a) An ant’s mass is a few milligrams, and it walks around a kitchen floor (a few meters)
in a couple of minutes. Let’s say its mass is 3 mg, and its speed is 1 m/min.
2
⎛1 m⎞
K ant
1
2
1
= mv 2 ≅ 3× 10−3 kg ⎜
2
(
⎝ 60 s ⎟⎠
)
≅ 4 × 10−7 J
(b) A baseball’s mass is about 145 g, and a professional pitcher can throw the ball at
around 90 mph (40 m/s).
1
( )( )
2
K bball ≅ 0.145 kg 40 m/s ≅ 1× 102 J
2
(c) A car’s mass is about 2000 kg and on the highway its speed is 65 mph (30 m/s).
1
( 2000 kg ) ( 30 m/s ) ≅ 9 × 105 J
2
K car ≅
2
(d) Some highway signs warn that only a truck with a weight of 50,000 lb or less can
cross a particular bridge. So, let’s assume that’s the weight of a large truck, so its mass is
about 2.3 × 104 kg. On the highway its speed is around 65 mph (30 m/s).
1
( 2
K truck ≅ 2.3× 104 kg 30 m/s ≅ 1× 107 J
2
)( )
3. (a) Each observer sees the other person as moving with a speed of 4.5 km/h (1.25 m/s).
The woman measures the man’s kinetic energy based on his mass and speed (Eq. 8.1).
8-1
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-2
1 2 1
mv = ( 70 kg ) (1.25 m/s ) = 55 J
2
K=
2 2
(b) The man measures the woman’s kinetic energy based on her mass and speed.
1 1
( )( )
2
K = mv 2 = 55 kg 1.25 m/s = 43 J
2 2
The kinetic energy depends on the mass and speed (which also depends on the frame of
reference).
rf
4. We begin with Eq. 8.3, ΔU = − ∫ Fr dr , written in terms of the radial direction along
ri
the line pointing from the astronaut to the shuttlecraft. The magnitude of the gravitational
force is the force along this direction.
rf
ΔU = − ∫ Fg dr
ri
r2 ⎛ Gm m ⎞
( )
rf
ΔU = − ∫ ⎜ 1 2
2 ⎟ dr = −Gm1m2 ∫ 1 r 2 dr
r1
⎝ r ⎠ ri
ΔU = Gm1m2 (1 r )
rf
ri
⎡ 1 1⎤
ΔU = Gm1m2 ⎢ − ⎥
⎣⎢ rf ri ⎥⎦
Using the masses of the astronaut and shuttlecraft, and the initial and final distances, we
find the change in gravitational potential energy.
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
( )
ΔU = 6.67 ×10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 (90.0 kg )(12,500 kg ) ⎢ −
⎣ 20.0 m 10.0 m ⎥⎦
ΔU = −3.75 ×10−6 J
vi = (34.0 m/s)cos35.0°iˆ + (34.0 m/s)sin35.0° ĵ = (27.9 m/s)iˆ + (19.5 m/s) ĵ
At the apex, the vertical component is zero while the horizontal component remains
unchanged.
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-3
v = (34.0 m/s)cos35.0°iˆ + 0 ĵ = (27.9 m/s)iˆ
Then
1 2 1 2
K = mv = (0.430)(27.9 m/s) = 167 J
2 2
6. (a) In order to find the kinetic energy of the car, first convert the final speed from 30.0
mph to 13.4 m/s. Now, we calculate the kinetic energy of the car (Eq. 8.1).
1
(1550 kg )(13.4 m/s )
2
K=
2
K = 1.39 ×105 J
(b)
1
(8150 kg )(13.4 m/s )
2
K=
2
K = 7.31×105 J
(c) No. While both the truck and the car definitely accelerated because their speeds
changed, we don’t know the time frame over which these changes occurred. Did one take
longer to reach the 30 mph-speed than the other? If we knew the time over which the
acceleration occurred in each case, we could determine which was subject to a greater
acceleration.
7. (a) According to the woman, all three objects are moving and so all have nonzero
kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy is the sum of each particle’s kinetic energy.
Converting speeds to metric units, we calculate the speed of the man (0.972 m/s), dog
(also 0.972 m/s), and child (0.347 m/s). With the speed and mass of each, we calculate
the kinetic energy.
1
K = mv 2
2
1
K man = ( 67.7 kg )( 0.972 m/s ) = 32.0 J
2
2
1
Kdog = ( 32.4 kg )( 0.972 m/s ) = 15.3 J
2
2
1
K child ≅ ( 20.2 kg )( 0.347 m/s ) = 1.22 J
2
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-4
The total kinetic energy is the sum of the three individual kinetic energies.
(b) According to the man, he and the dog are at rest. So only the child has any kinetic
energy. (The woman is not part of the system.) We first find the speed of the child in the
man’s frame. According to the man, the child’s speed is the sum of his speed relative to
the woman plus the speed of the child relative to the woman (Eq. 4.40). That is, for the
velocity of the child relative to the man:
( v )
C M
= ( vC )W + ( vW ) M = ( vC )W − ( v M )W
( v )
C M ( )
= 0.347 iˆ − −0.972iˆ = 1.319 iˆ m/s
We can now calculate the child’s kinetic energy, which is also the total man-dog-child
kinetic energy from his perspective.
1
( 20.2 kg ) (1.319 m/s ) = 17.6 J
2
K child =
2
Figure P8.7ANS
8. (a) The woman observes a system comprised of two objects—the man and the child.
Both are moving and have nonzero kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy is the sum of
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-5
each object’s kinetic energy. Converting to metric units, the man’s speed is 0.972 m/s,
and the child’s speed is 0.347 m/s.
1
K = mv 2
2
1
( )( )
2
K man = 67.7 kg 0.972 m/s = 32.0 J
2
1
( 20.2 kg ) ( 0.347 m/s ) = 1.22 J
2
K child =
2
Ktot = Kman + Kchild = 33.2 J
(b) No, it is not possible. Since they are moving at different velocities there is no single
frame that is at rest with respect to both of them.
(c) The direction of their velocity does not matter. Only speed enters into the calculation
of kinetic energy.
9. The total kinetic energy for the system is equal to the sum of the kinetic energies of the
individual balls, K tot = K1 + K 2 + K3 . Using the known kinetic energy for the system, the
mass of each ball, and the known speeds, becomes
1 1 1
( 0.0050 kg )(1.5 m/s ) + ( 0.0050 kg )(1.75 m/s ) + ( 0.0050 kg )( v3 )
2 2 2
0.0260 J =
2 2 2
1
0.0127 J = ( 0.0050 kg )( v3 )
2
2
v3 = 2.3 m/s
10. Potential energy is only associated with a system consisting of two or more particles.
If the Earth is modeled as an isolated, single particle, it cannot have potential energy.
11. The simplest approach is to realize that the change in potential energy must equal the
change in kinetic energy, though this strategy is introduced later in the chapter. Using
conservation,
⎛1 ⎞ 2.5 kg
⎜⎝ 2
1
ΔU = −ΔK = −⎜⎜ mv 2f − mvi2 ⎟⎟⎟ =
2 ⎟⎠ 2
(15 m/s) −0 = 2.8×102 J
2
( )
Without using conservation of energy, we assume the ball begins at a height of y0 = 0,
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-6
vy0 = 15 m/s, and ay = –9.8 m/s2. When the ball reaches the peak of its motion, the
velocity is instantaneously 0.
v y2 = v y20 + 2a y Δy
0 = (15 m/s ) + 2 ( −9.81 m/s 2 ) Δy
2
Δy = 11.5 m
This means that in the coordinate system chosen, yf = 11.5 m. The change in gravitational
potential energy can then be found using Eq. 8.5.
(
ΔU = mgy f − mgyi = ( 2.5 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 (11.5 m ) − 0 )
ΔU = 2.8 ×102 J
12. To find the change in a system’s gravitational potential energy, the system must
include the Earth and another object. In all three cases, the other object is the ball.
13. In all three cases, we use Equation 8.4 and specify the reference configuration (0
energy) to be when the ball reaches the bottom plane.
U B − U A = 0 − mgh
ΔU = −mgh
1
Case 2: Here, the vertical displacement is − R .
2
⎛5 ⎞
U B − U A = mg ⎜ R ⎟ − mg ( 2 R )
⎝2 ⎠
1
ΔU = − mgR
2
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-7
U B − U A = mg ( 2R ) − mg ( 2R )
ΔU = 0
14. In all three cases, we use Equation 8.4 and specify the reference configuration (0
energy) to be when the ball reaches the bottom plane.
(a) The total vertical displacement is −h. The change in potential energy is negative as the
ball falls downward from a high potential to a low potential.
ΔU = U B − U A = 0 − mgh = −mgh
(
ΔU = − ( 0.65 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 (1.35 m ) = −8.6 J)
1
(b) Here, the vertical displacement is − R . The system loses a lot of potential energy
2
because the ball is very massive and the downward displacement is relatively large.
⎛5 ⎞ 1
ΔU = U B − U A = mg ⎜ R ⎟ − mg ( 2 R ) = − mgR
⎝2 ⎠ 2
1
ΔU = −
2
( )
( 756 kg ) 9.81 m/s2 (33.5 m ) = −1.24 ×105 J
ΔU = U B − U A = mg ( 2R ) − mg ( 2R ) = 0
15. Using Eq 8.4, and choosing the tabletop to be the reference location where y = 0, the
change in gravitational potential energy of the block is
16. The change in gravitational potential energy depends only on the mass and the
vertical displacement. The sliding mass will gain potential energy, and the hanging mass
will lose potential energy. We choose the initial position of both blocks to be y = 0, so
their initial potential energies are both zero.
ΔU = U f − U i = U f − 0
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-8
ΔU1 = −m1 gh
y2 f = h sin θ
ΔU 2 = m2 gh sin θ
17. (a) With our choice for the zero level for potential energy when the child is at the
bottom (B) of the slide,
UB = 0
When the child is at the top (T) of the slide, the potential energy of the child-Earth system
depends on the vertical height above the ground (reference configuration) h. With 8.00 ft
= 2.44 m, this height is:
h = (2.44 m)sin33.0°
2
U T = mgy = (55.0 kg)(9.80 m/s )(2.44 m)sin33.0° = 717 J
The change in potential energy as the child moves from the top (T) to the bottom (B) is
U B −U T = 0−717 J = −717 J
33.0o
Figure P8.17ANS
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-9
UT = 0
2
U B = mgy = (55.0 kg)(9.81 m/s )(−2.44 m)sin33.0° = −717 J
The change in potential energy as the child moves from the top (T) to the bottom (B) is
U B −U T = −717 J −0 = −717 J
The choice of coordinate system does not affect calculations of changes in potential
energy.
18. The change in potential energy cannot depend on the choice of the reference point so
we expect to find the same value that we found in Example 8.4. We make another sketch
with the new coordinate choice. We use an upward-pointing y axis with the origin at the
roof. We now express the potential energy when the hammer is on the roof and the
driveway and then find the change in potential energy.
UR = 0
U D = mgyD
ΔU = U D − U R = mgyD − 0 = mgyD
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-10
Figure P8.18ANS
19. The ball will gain gravitational potential energy, and the amount depends only on its
vertical displacement. We choose the initial position of the ball to be y = 0, so its initial
potential energy is zero. We can determine the final height of the ball using trigonometry.
Figure P8.19ANS
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-11
20. (a) When the pendulum string is horizontal, the pendulum bob is 0.340 m above the
reference level.
2
U g = mgy = (0.245 kg)(9.81 m/s )(0.340 m) = 0.817 J
Figure P8.20ANS
(b) From the diagram, we see that when the pendulum string makes an angle of 40.5°
with the vertical, the vertical height of the bob is given by (0.340 m)(1 – cos 40.5°) above
the lowest point. Then,
2
U g = mgy = (0.245 kg)(9.81 m/s )(0.340 m)(1−cos 40.5°) = 0.196 J
(c) This is the reference configuration chosen for which the height is zero, so U g = 0 .
21. (a) Use Eq. 8.7 along with the referenced masses for the Earth and Sun in order to
find the gravitational potential energy of the Earth-Sun system.
)( )( )
1.99 × 1030 kg 5.97 × 1024 kg
U = −G
m1m2
r
−11
(
= − 6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m kg
2 2
1.5 × 1011 m
U = −5.3× 1033 J
mm (6.42 ×10 23
)(
kg 5.97 ×1024 kg )
(
U = −G 1 2 = − 6.67 ×10−11 N ⋅ m 2 kg 2
r
) 2.3 ×1011 m
U = −1.1×1027 J
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-12
(c) There is more negative gravitational potential energy between the Earth and the Sun
than between the Earth and Mars, thus having a greater effect on the Earth’s motion. In
comparing the two calculations, the mass of the Sun compared to that of Mars appears to
be the most dominant factor (the mass of the sun is more than six orders of magnitude
greater than the mass of Mars).
22. In the first estimate, we calculate the change in gravitational potential energy near the
surface of the Earth (Eq. 8.4) with the reference configuration when the object the street
level.
(
ΔU sky = U top − U bot = mgytop − 0 = ( 2000 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 ( 900 m ) = 1.8 × 107 J )
For the next part, we must use the expression for universal gravitational potential energy
(Eq. 8.7), and we use the usual reference configuration for universal gravity, limU = 0 .
r →∞
GMm GMm GM ⊕ m GM ⊕ m
ΔU = − = −
ri rf R⊕ h + R⊕
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
ΔU orbit = GM ⊕ m ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ R⊕ h + R⊕ ⎠
= 8 × 1017 J ⋅ m ⎜ (1
−
1
⎟
⎝ 6.4 × 10 m 4.2 × 10 m ⎠
6 7 )
= 1.1× 1011 J
In both cases, the car moves upward, and the gravitational potential energy increases,
with the potential energy change much larger for the larger orbital radius.
23. (a) When the car is rolled backwards 20 cm, the spring compresses 2.00 cm (or
0.0200 m) since it compresses 1.00 cm for every 10 cm rolled backwards. Then, Eq. 8.9
yields the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
1 2 1
kx = (150.0 N/m ) ( 0.0200 m ) = 0.0300 J
2
Ue =
2 2
(b) When the car is rolled backwards 30 cm, the spring compresses 3.00 cm (or 0.0300
m) since it compresses 1.00 cm for every 10 cm rolled backwards. Using Eq. 8.9,
1 2 1
kx = (150.0 N/m ) ( 0.0300 m ) = 0.0675 J
2
Ue =
2 2
(c) Elastic potential energy becomes kinetic energy when the spring relaxes. Because
more energy is stored when the car is pulled back farther, the final speed of the car is
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-13
greater in that case. In fact, since the spring energy increases as the square of the
compression of the spring and the kinetic energy increases as the square of the speed, we
expect that the car will reach a speed roughly in proportion to the distance Jose pulls the
car backwards.
24. (a) We must include the objects that produce the gravitational and elastic forces that
change. So the block, spring, and Earth must be in the system. (Without the floor, of
course, the spring would not compress, but we typically don’t include objects other than
those directly producing the relevant forces when referring to the system.)
(b) Let’s set the reference to configuration (for gravity) to the relaxed position of the
spring. Then the gravitational potential energy is negative when the spring is compressed
(Eq. 8.4). The spring potential energy is positive when the spring is displaced from
equilibrium (Eq. 8.9).
ΔU g = U f − U i = 0 − mgh = −mgh
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
ΔU e = kx f − kxi = kh − 0 = kh2
2 2 2 2
1
ΔU = ΔU g + ΔU e = −mgh + kh2
2
(
ΔU = − ( 0.865 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.650 m ) + ) 1
2
(125 N/m ) ( 0.650 m ) = 20.9 J
2
25. Since the rubber band does not obey Hooke’s law, we will have to find a new
expression for the elastic potential energy by integrating the force as a function of
position (Equation 8.3). The rubber band gains elastic potential energy when it is
stretched, so we expect a positive answer.
xf
ΔU = U f − U i = − ∫ Fx dx
xi
0.20
ΔU = − ∫ (−14 x − 3.3x )dx
2
0
0.20
ΔU = (7 x 2 + 1.1x 3 )
0
ΔU = 0.29 J
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-14
26. Let’s set the reference configuration (for gravity) to the relaxed position of the spring.
Then the gravitational potential energy is negative when the spring is compressed (Eq.
8.4). The spring potential energy is positive when the spring is displaced from
equilibrium (Eq. 8.9).
ΔU g = U f − U i = −mgh − 0 = − mgh
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
ΔU e = kx f − kxi = kh − 0 = kh2
2 2 2 2
1
ΔU = ΔU g + ΔU e = −mgh + kh2
2
(
ΔU = − ( 0.865 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.650 m ) + ) 1
2
(125 N/m ) ( 0.650 m ) = 20.9 J
2
27. We set the reference configuration to the relaxed position of the spring, and then the
gravitational potential energy is negative when the spring is compressed. To find the
system’s change in gravitational potential energy (Eq. 8.4), we find the vertical
displacement using trigonometry.
Now, we find the change in elastic potential energy of the spring (Eq. 8.9), which is
compressed along the plane.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
ΔU e = kx f − kxi = k − 0 = k2
2 2 2 2
1
ΔU = ΔU g + ΔU e = −mgsin θ + k 2
2
If the spring were vertical, θ = 90°, we’d find the same expression as in the previous
problem with ℓ h.
28. (a) Initially the springs are relaxed, which is the reference configuration. When one
spring is compressed and the other stretched, the elastic potential energy of both springs
increases (Eq. 8.9).
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-15
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
ΔU e = kx f − kxi = k1 − 0 = k12
2 2 2 2
ΔU 2 = 12 k2 2 − 0 = 12 k2 2
The total change in the system’s energy is the sum for both springs.
1 2 1 2
ΔU = ΔU1 + ΔU 2 = k + k2
2 1 2
If the springs had the same spring constant, the change in potential energy would simply
be double what you would get if there were only one spring.
(b) No. The change in potential energy associated with both springs is positive.
29. Begin by writing expressions for the falcon’s mechanical energy at the beginning and
end of this motion, assuming that y = 0 along the ground.
Ei = K i + U i =
1
2
m (12.9 m/s ) + m 9.81 m/s 2 ( 45.0 m )
2
( )
1
(
E f = K f + U f = mv 2f + m 9.81 m/s 2 (5.0 m )
2
)
Now, to write the conservation of energy principle, use Eq. 8.12, and solve for the final
speed.
Ei = E f
1
2
2
( 1
)
m (12.9 m/s ) + m 9.81 m/s 2 ( 45.0 m ) = mv 2f + m 9.81 m/s 2 (5.0 m )
2
( )
(12.9 m/s) + (9.81 m/s )( 45.0 m ) = ( )
v 2f + 9.81 m/s 2 (5.0 m )
2 2
1 1
2 2
v f = 30.8 m/s
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-16
30. (a) We can use the result from Example 8.8 to find the escape speed from any object.
The mass of the black hole is 8 ×1.99 ×10 kg = 1.59 ×10 kg .
30 31
vesc =
2GM
=
(
2 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 1.59 × 1031 kg
= 3.0 × 108 m/s
)( )
R 24 × 10 m 3
(b) This is the speed of light. So when light is near the Schwarzschild radius of a black
hole, it can just barely escape. If the light is any closer, it cannot escape. With no light
escaping for us to see, the region appears as a “black hole.”
31. Since this height is not small compared to a lunar radius, we cannot use U = mgy and
GM1 M 2
have to use U = − (Eq. 8.7). We use conservation of energy from launch to the
r
apogee h when the capsule is at rest.
Ki + U i = K f + U f
1 2 GM c M M GM c M M
M c vi − = 0−
2 RM RM + h
Now, canceling the mass of the capsule, plugging in values, and carrying out the algebra,
22
1 3 2 −11 2 2 (7.35×10 kg)
(1.50×10 m/s) −(6.67×10 N ⋅m /kg ) 6
2 (1.74×10 m)
22
−11 2 2 (7.35×10 kg)
= −(6.67×10 N ⋅m /kg ) 6
(1.74×10 m + h)
12 3 2
6 (4.90×10 m /s ) 6
1.74×10 m + h = 6 2 2
= 2.90×10 m
(1.69×10 m /s )
6
h = 1.16×10 m
32. (a) The spring cannot compress more than the length of the stick below the person’s
feet, which we estimate the compression ℓ to be 1 foot, or about 0.3 m. An estimate for
the uncertainty would be ±0.1 m .
(b) Whenever we read material like popular advertisements or articles, we don’t expect to
find precise physics terminology. The effective spring constant must be derived from the
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-17
claim that the spring provides “1,200 lbs of thrust,” which we assume is the force exerted
by the spring when it is fully compressed. Using Hooke’s Law,
FH = −kΔx
FH 5300 N
FH = k → k= ≅ ≅ 1800 N/m
0.3 m
This is a pretty stiff spring, but not more than many springs we have encountered. It
doesn’t make sense to say the rubber spring stores more energy than a steel spring
because it depends on the geometric parameters of the spring.
(c) Using conservation of energy, we keep track of the total energy at two points in the
trajectory: (i) The jumper is momentarily at rest on the ground before the jump, with zero
gravitational potential energy, and the springs are fully compressed. (ii) The jumper is
momentarily at rest at peak height, when all of the energy is in gravitational potential
energy.
The change in kinetic energy between these two points is zero, and we calculate the
change in potential energy (Eqs. 8.4 and 8.9).
1
ΔU = ΔU g + ΔU e = mgh − k2
2
h= = = 0.14 m ≅ 0.5 ft
2mg 2 ( 60 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 ( )
Our result is far below the claimed maximum height of 6 ft. Our biggest uncertainty
comes from the statement about “thrust.” Perhaps we misunderstood the claim. If we
assume the maximum height is about ten times higher than what we found here, then the
spring constant must be about ten times larger. That still leaves us wondering what is
meant by the thrust of the spring.
33. We use conservation of energy for the rocket when it is initially on the Earth’s
surface and then finally far away from the Earth. Since the dominant gravitational force
on the rocket is that due to the Earth during takeoff, we consider the Earth-rocket system
to simplify the calculation (Eqs. 8.1 and 8.7).
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-18
Ki + U i = K f + U f
1 2 GmM E 1 2 GmM E
mv − = mv f −
2 i ri 2 rf
1 2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎟ 1
⎜
vi + GM E ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎟ = v f
2
2 ⎜⎝ r f ri ⎟⎠ 2
1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 2
vi + GM E ⎜⎜⎜0− ⎟⎟⎟ = v f
2 ⎜⎝ RE ⎟⎠ 2
2 2 GM E
v f = vi − 2
RE
1/2
⎛ 2 GM E ⎞⎟
⎜
v f = ⎜⎜vi − 2 ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ E
⎛ (6.67×10
−11
N ⋅m
2
/kg
2
)(5.98×10
24
kg) ⎞⎟1/2
⎜ 4 2 ⎟⎟
v f = ⎜⎜(4.30×10 m/s) − 2 ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ (6.37×10 m)
6
⎠
4
v f = 4.15×10 m/s
34. The ball and the Earth are an isolated system for which conservation of mechanical
energy applies. The kinetic energy of the ball at both positions is zero. Thus, the initial
and final gravitational potential energies must be the same. This can only be true if the
ball is at the same height in both positions.
35. If we neglect air resistance, mechanical energy is conserved for the watermelon-Earth
system. The initial total mechanical energy is the initial potential energy (same initial
height for each) plus initial kinetic energy (same if the initial speeds are identical,
regardless of the direction of velocity). This energy is conserved and equals the final
kinetic energy for the watermelon, so it is the same in each case.
36. (a) Since we know the free fall acceleration is lower on the Moon than on the Earth
g Moon < g⊕ , we expect the astronaut will jump higher on the Moon.
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-19
(b) Use conservation of mechanical energy ( ΔK + ΔU = 0 ) between two times: (i) when
the astronaut just leaves the ground, moving at a particular speed and approximately at
zero gravitational potential energy, and (ii) when the astronaut is at rest at the highest
point in the jump.
1 1
ΔK = K f − Ki = 0 − mvi2 = − mvi2
2 2
1
ΔK + ΔU = 0 = − mvi2 + mg ⊕ ymax ⊕
2
2
v
ymax ⊕ = i
2 g⊕
vi2
ymax Moon =
2g Moon
vi2
ymax⊕ 2 g⊕ g Moon
= vi2
=
ymax Moon g⊕
2 g Moon
ymax ⊕
Since g Moon < g⊕ , < 1 . In other words, the maximum height is smaller on Earth
ymax Moon
than it is on the Moon, as expected.
37. (a) The components of the initial velocity can be found by using the initial speed and
the angle at which Wolverine is thrown.
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Chapter 8 – Conservation of Energy 8-20
Choose y = 0 to be even with the ground such that the initial height of Wolverine is 2.15
m. When he is at the peak of his trajetory, his speed will be 10.0 m/s since vy = 0 at the
peak (and there is no acceleration in the x direction. Then, Eq. 8.12 can be used to write
the conservation of energy as Wolverine moves from the initial position to the peak
position.
1
( ) 1
( ) (( ) )
2 2
m 20.0 m/s + mg 2.15 m = m 20.0 m/s cos30° + mgy peak
2 2
After canceling the mass from each term and using g = 9.81 m/s2, the equation can be
solved for the peak height above the ground, y peak = 7.25 m .
(b) The instant before he hits the ground, his vertical height is 0. Using conservation of
energy,
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 2
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ m ( 20.0 m/s ) + mg ( 2.15 m ) = ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ mv f + mg ( 0 )
2
We again solve for the final speed, v f = 21.0 m/s , which is slightly larger than the
initial speed as we would expect (since he fell an additional 2.15 m).
38. We ignore the mass of the “light” stick, and take the reference configuration at the
bottom. For the ball to barely make it around, its speed must be zero at the top of the arc.
U i + Ki = U f + K f
1 2
0 + mvi = mg(2l) + 0
2
2
vi = 4g = 4(9.80 m/s )(1.25 m) = 7.00 m/s
39. (a) The mechanical energy is the sum of the initial kinetic plus potential energies. The
final mechanical energy equals the initial mechanical energy.
bar chart a)
Ei = E f = 15 J
K f = E f − U f = 15 J − ( −5 J ) = 20 J
2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
CAPÍTULO XII