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DYNAMICS II: MOTION IN A PLANE
8
Conceptual Questions

8.1. For an object in uniform circular motion the speed is constant (that’s what uniform means), the angular velocity
is constant, and the magnitude of the net force is constant. The velocity and centripetal acceleration are both vectors
whose magnitude is constant but whose direction changes.

8.2. The free-body diagram (a) is correct. The forces acting on the car at the bottom of the hill are the downward
gravitational force and an upward normal force. The car can be considered to be in circular motion about a point
above the bottom center of the valley, which requires a net force toward the center of the circle. In this case, the
circle center is above the car, so the normal force is greater than the gravitational force.

mv 2 mv 2 mv 2 1 (2m)v 2
8.3. Tc > Ta = Td > Tb . Use T = . For (a), Ta = . For (b), Tb = = Ta . For (c), Tc = = 2Ta .
r r 2r 2 r

(2m)v 2
For (d), Td = = Ta .
2r

8.4. The tension in the vine at the lowest part of Tarzan’s swing is greater than the gravitational force on Tarzan. If
Tarzan is at rest on the vine, just hanging, the tension in the vine is equal to the gravitational force on Tarzan. But
when Tarzan is swinging he is in circular motion, with the center of the circle at the top end of the vine, and the vine
must provide the additional centripetal force necessary to move him in a circle.

mv 2
8.5. (a) The difference in the tension between A and B is due to the centripetal force ( Fr )net = . Since the
r
velocity v is the same for both, the greater radius for B means that the tension in case A is greater than for case B.
(b) In this case, we use ( Fr ) net = mω 2r . The angular velocity ω is the same for both A and B, so the larger radius for
B means that the tension is case A is less than the tension for case B.

8.6. Neither Sally nor Raymond is completely correct. Both have partially correct descriptions, but are missing key
points. In order to speed up, there must be a nonzero acceleration parallel to the track. In order to move in a circle,
there must be a nonzero centripetal acceleration. Since both of these are required, the net force points somewhere
between the forward direction (parallel to the track) and the center of the circle.

8.7. (a) The plane is in dynamic equilibrium, so the net force on the plane is zero.
(b) The vertical forces cancel, and so do the horizontal forces, so the net force is zero. The plane is traveling in the
positive x direction.

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8-1
8-2 Chapter 8

(c) As seen from behind, with the velocity and positive x direction into the page.

(d) The net force must be toward the center of the circle during a turn at constant speed and altitude. Note that
the radial component of the lift force provides the centripetal force while the vertical component balances the
gravitational force. The velocity is into the page.

8.8. Yes, the bug is weightless because it, like the projectile it is riding in, is in free fall around the planet.

mv 2
8.9. When the gravitational force on the ball is greater than the required centripetal force , the ball is no longer
r
mv 2
in circular motion. As the figure shows, at the top of the circle the net force on the ball is ( Fr ) net = FG + T = .
r
mv 2
When the string goes slack, T = 0, leaving FG = . If the velocity is not high enough to make this equality true,
r
mv 2
the equation above becomes an inequality, FG > , and the ball begins to fall downward since the net force
r
downward is greater than the centripetal force required for circular motion.

8.10.

The golfer is swinging the club in circular motion. The club is speeding up as it swings. This motion requires a linear
acceleration in the direction of motion of the club to speed it up and a centripetal acceleration to maintain circular motion.
The vector sum yields a total acceleration pointing approximately toward the golfer’s feet (c), as shown in the figure.

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-3

Exercises and Problems

Section 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions

8.1. Model: The model rocket and the target will be treated as particles. The kinematics equations in two
dimensions apply.
Visualize:

Solve: For the rocket, Newton’s second law along the y-direction is
( Fnet ) y = FR − mg = maR
1 1
⇒ aR = ( FR − mg ) = [15 N − (0.8 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )] = 8.95 m/s 2
m 0.8 kg

Using the kinematic equation y1R = y0R + (v0R ) y (t1R − t0R ) + 12 aR (t1R − t0R ) 2 ,

30 m = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (8.95 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s)2 ⇒ t1R = 2.589 s

For the target (noting t1T = t1R ),

x1T = x0T + (v0T ) x (t1T − t0T ) + 12 aT (t1T − t0T ) 2 = 0 m + (15 m/s)(2.589 s − 0 s) + 0 m = 39 m

You should launch when the target is 39 m away.

Assess: The rocket is to be fired when the target is at x0T . For a net acceleration of approximately 9 m/s 2 in the
vertical direction and a time of 2.6 s to cover a vertical distance of 30 m, a horizontal distance of 39 m is reasonable.

8.2. Model: The model rocket will be treated as a particle. Kinematic equations in two dimensions apply.
Air resistance is neglected.

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8-4 Chapter 8

Visualize:

The horizontal velocity of the rocket is equal to the speed of the car, which is 3.0 m/s.
Solve: For the rocket, Newton’s second law along the y-direction is:
1
( Fnet ) y = FR − mg = maR ⇒ a y = [(8.0 N) − (0.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )] = 6.2 m/s 2
0.5 kg
Thus using y1 = y0 + (v0 ) y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 ) 2 ,

(20 m) = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (6.2 m/s 2 )(t1R − 0 s) 2 ⇒ (20 m) = (3.1 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.54 s

Since t1 is also the time for the rocket to move horizontally up to the hoop,
x1 = x0 + (v0 ) x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + (3.0 m/s)(2.54 s − 0 s) + 0 m = 7.6 m
Assess: In view of the rocket’s horizontal speed of 3.0 m/s and its vertical thrust of 8.0 N, the above-obtained value
for the horizontal distance is reasonable.

8.3. Model: The asteroid and the giant rocket will be treated as particles undergoing motion according to the
constant-acceleration equations of kinematics.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) The time it will take the asteroid to reach the earth is
displacement 4.0 × 106 km
= = 2.0 × 105 s = 56 h
velocity 20 km/s
(b) The angle of a line that just misses the earth is
R ⎛R⎞ ⎛ 6400 km ⎞
tanθ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ 6 ⎟⎟ = 0.092°
y0 ⎝ y0 ⎠ ⎝ 4.0 × 10 km ⎠

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-5

(c) When the rocket is fired, the horizontal acceleration of the asteroid is
5.0 × 109 N
ax = 10
= 0.125 m/s 2
4.0 × 10 kg
(Note that the mass of the rocket is much smaller than the mass of the asteroid and can therefore be ignored
completely.) The velocity of the asteroid after the rocket has been fired for 300 s is
vx = v0 x + a x (t − t0 ) = 0 m/s + (0.125 m/s 2 )(300 s − 0 s) = 37.5 m/s
After 300 s, the vertical velocity is v y = 2 × 104 m/s and the horizontal velocity is vx = 37.5 m/s. The deflection due
to this horizontal velocity is
vx ⎛ 37.5 m/s ⎞
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan21 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.107°
vy ⎝ 2 × 104 m/s ⎠
That is, the earth is saved.

Section 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion

8.4. Model: We are using the particle model for the car in uniform circular motion on a flat circular track. There
must be friction between the tires and the road for the car to move in a circle.
Visualize:

Solve: The centripetal acceleration is

v 2 (25 m/s) 2
ar =
= = 6.25 m/s 2
r 100 m
The acceleration points to the center of the circle, so the net force is
G G
Fr = ma = (1500 kg)(6.25 m/s 2, toward center)
= (9380 N, toward center) ≈ (9400 N, toward center)
This force is provided by static friction
fs = Fr = 9.4 kN

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8-6 Chapter 8

8.5. Model: We will use the particle model for the car which is in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:

Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

v 2 (15 m/s)2
ar = = = 4.5 m/s 2
r 50 m
The acceleration is due to the force of static friction. The force of friction is fs = mar = (1500 kg)(4.5 m/s 2 ) =
6750 N = 6.8 kN.
Assess: The model of static friction is ( fs ) max = nμs = mg μs ≈ mg ≈ 15,000 N since μs ≈ 1 for a dry road surface.
We see that fs < ( fs ) max , which is reasonable.

8.6. Model: Treat the block as a particle attached to a massless string that is swinging in a circle on a frictionless
table.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) The angular velocity and speed are

rev 2π rad 1min
ω = 75 × = 471.2 rad/min vt = rω = (0.50 m)(471.2 rad/min) × = 3.93 m/s
min 1 rev 60 s
The tangential velocity is 3.9 m/s.
(b) The radial component of Newton’s second law is
mv 2
∑ Fr = T =
r
Thus
(3.93 m/s) 2
T = (0.20 kg) = 6.2 N
0.50 m

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-7

8.7. Solve: Newton’s second law is Fr = mar = mrω 2 . Substituting into this equation yields:
Fr 8.2 × 1028 N
ω= =
mr (9.1 × 10 31 kg)(5.3 × 10211 m)
2

rad 1 rev
= 4.37 × 1016 rad/s = 4.37 × 1016
× = 6.6 × 1015 rev/s
s 2π rad
Assess: This is a very high number of revolutions per second.

8.8. Model: The vehicle is to be treated as a particle in uniform circular motion.

Visualize:

On a banked road, the normal force on a vehicle has a horizontal component that provides the necessary centripetal
acceleration. The vertical component of the normal force balances the gravitational force.
Solve: From the physical representation of the forces in the r-z plane, Newton’s second law can be written
mv 2
∑ Fr = n sin θ = ∑ Fz = n cosθ − mg = 0 ⇒ n cosθ = mg
r
Dividing the two equations and making the conversion 90 km/h = 25 m/s yields:
v2 (25 m/s) 2
tan θ =
= = 0.128 ⇒ θ = 7.3°
rg (9.8 m/s 2 )500 m
Assess: Such a banking angle for a speed of approximately 55 mph is clearly reasonable and within our experience as well.

8.9. Model: The motion of the moon around the earth will be treated through the particle model. The circular
motion is uniform.
Visualize:

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8-8 Chapter 8

Solve: The tension in the cable provides the centripetal acceleration. Newton’s second law is
2
2 ⎛ 2π ⎞
∑ Fr = T = mrω = mr ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Tmoon ⎠
2
⎡ 2π 1 day 1h ⎤
= (7.36 × 1022 kg)(3.84 × 108 m) ⎢ × × 20
⎥ = 2.01 × 10 N
⎣ 27.3 days 24 h 3600 s ⎦
Assess: This is a tremendous tension, but clearly understandable in view of the moon’s large mass and the large
radius of circular motion around the earth. This is the same answer we’ll get later with Newton’s law of universal
gravitation.

8.10. Model: Model the person as a particle in uniform circular motion.

Visualize:

Solve: The only force acting on the passengers is the normal force of the wall. Newton’s second law along the
r-axis is:
∑ Fr = n = mrω 2
To create “normal” gravity, the normal force by the inside surface of the space station equals mg. Therefore,
2π g r 500 m
mg = mrω 2 ⇒ ω = = ⇒ T = 2π = 2π = 45 s
T r g 9.8 m/s 2
Assess: This is a fast rotation. The tangential speed is
2π r 2π (500 m)
v= = = 70 m/s ≈ 140 mph
T 45 s

Section 8.3 Circular Orbits

8.11. Model: The satellite is considered to be a particle in uniform circular motion around the moon.
Visualize:

Solve: The radius of the moon is 1.738 × 106 m and the satellite’s distance from the center of the moon is the same
quantity. The angular velocity of the satellite is
2π 2π rad 1min
ω= = × = 9.52 × 10−4 rad/s
T 110 min 60 s

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-9

and the centripetal acceleration is

ar = rω 2 = (1.738 × 106 m)(9.52 × 10−4 rad/s)2 = 1.58 m/s 2
The acceleration of a body in orbit is the local “g” experienced by that body.

8.12. Model: The earth is considered to be a particle in uniform circular motion around the sun.
Solve: The earth orbits the sun in 365 days and is 1.5 × 1011 m from the sun. The angular velocity and centripetal
acceleration are
2π rad 1 day 1h
ω= × × = 2.0 × 10−7 rad/s
365 days 24 h 3600 s
ar = g = rω 2 = (1.5 × 1011 m)(2.0 × 10−7 rad/s) 2 = 6.0 × 10−3 m/s 2
Assess: The smallness of this acceleration due to gravity is essentially due to the large earth-sun distance.

Section 8.4 Fictitious Forces

8.13. Model: Use the particle model for the car which is undergoing circular motion.
Visualize:

Solve: The car is in circular motion with the center of the circle below the car. Newton’s second law at the top of the
hill is
mv 2 ⎛ n⎞
∑ Fr = ( FG ) r − nr = mg − n = mar = ⇒ v2 = r ⎜ g − ⎟
r ⎝ m⎠
Maximum speed is reached when n = 0 and the car is beginning to lose contact with the road.
vmax = rg = (50 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 22 m/s
Assess: A speed of 22 m/s is equivalent to 49 mph, which seems like a reasonable value.

8.14. Model: The passengers are particles in circular motion.

Visualize:

Solve: The center of the circle of motion of the passengers is directly above them. There must be a net force pointing up
that provides the needed centripetal acceleration. The normal force on the passengers is their weight. Ordinarily their
weight is FG , so if their weight increases by 50%, n = 1.5 FG . Newton’s second law at the bottom of the dip is
mv 2
∑ Fr = n − FG = (1.5 − 1) FG = 0.5mg =
r
⇒ v = 0.5 gr = 0.5(9.8 m/s 2 )(30 m) = 12 m/s
Assess: A speed of 12.1 m/s is 27 mph, which seems very reasonable.

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8-10 Chapter 8

8.15. Model: Model the roller coaster car as a particle at the top of a circular loop-the-loop undergoing uniform
circular motion.
Visualize:

Notice that the r-axis points downward, toward the center of the circle.
K G
Solve: The critical speed occurs when n goes to zero and FG provides all the centripetal force pulling the car in the
vertical circle. At the critical speed mg = mvc2 /r , therefore vc = rg . Since the car’s speed is twice the critical speed,
vt = 2vc and the centripetal force is
mv 2 m(4vc2 ) m(4rg )
∑ Fr = n + FG = = = = 4mg
r r r
Thus the normal force is n = 3 mg . Consequently, n/FG = 3.

8.16. Model: Model the roller coaster car as a particle undergoing uniform circular motion along a loop.
Visualize:

Notice that the r-axis points downward, toward the center of the circle.
Solve: In this problem the normal force is equal to the gravitational force: n = FG = mg . We have
mv 2
∑ Fr = n + FG = = mg + mg ⇒ v = 2rg = 2(20 m)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 19.8 m/s ≈ 20 m/s
r

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-11

8.17. Model: Model the bucket of water as a particle in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:

Solve: Let us say the distance from the bucket handle to the top of the water in the bucket is 35 cm. This makes the
shoulder to water distance 65 cm + 35 cm = 1.00 m. The minimum angular velocity for swinging a bucket of water in
a vertical circle without spilling any water corresponds to the case when the speed of the bucket is critical. In this
case, n = 0 N when the bucket is in the top position of the circular motion. We get
mvc 2
∑ Fr = n + FG = 0 N + mg = = mrωc2
r
9.8 m/s 2 1 rev 60 s
⇒ ωc = g/r = = 3.13 rad/s = 3.13 rad/s × × = 30 rpm
1.00 m 2π rad 1 min

8.18. Model: Use the particle model for yourself while in uniform circular motion.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

2π r 2π (15 m) v 2 (3.77 m/s) 2
v= = = 3.77 m/s ar = = = 0.95 m/s 2
T 25 s r 15 m
So the speed is 3.8 m/s and the centripetal acceleration is 0.95 m/s 2 .
(b) The weight w = m, the normal force. On the ground, your weight is the same as the gravitational force FG .
Newton’s second law at the top is
mv 2
∑ Fr = FG − n = mar =
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s)2 ⎞
⇒ n = w = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 − 2
⎟⎟ = m(8.85 m/s )
⎜ r ⎟⎠ ⎜ 15 m
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
w 8.85 m/s 2
⇒ = = 0.90
FG 9.8 m/s 2

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8-12 Chapter 8

(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

mv 2
∑ Fr = n − FG = mar =
r
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s 2 ) ⎞
⇒ n = w = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.8 m/s 2 + 2
⎟⎟ = (10.75 m/s ) m
⎜ r ⎟ ⎜ 15 m
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
w 10.75 m/s 2
⇒ = = 1.1
FG 9.8 m/s 2

Section 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion

8.19. Model: Use the particle model for the car, which is undergoing nonuniform circular motion.
Visualize:

d
Solve: The car is in circular motion with radius r = = 100 m. We require
2
1.5 m/s 2 1.5 m/s 2
ar = ω 2r = 1.5 m/s 2 ⇒ ω = = = 0.122 s −1
r 100 m
The definition of the angular velocity can be used to determine the time Δt using the angular acceleration
at 1.5 m/s 2
α= = = 1.5 × 10−2 s −2 .
r 100 m
ω = ω i + αΔt
ω − ωi 0.122 s −1 − 0 s −1
⇒ Δt = = = 8.2 s
α 0.015 s −2

8.20. Model: The train is a particle undergoing nonuniform circular motion.

Visualize:

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law in the vertical direction is

( Fnet ) y = n − FG = 0

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-13

from which n = mg . The rolling friction is f R = μ R n = μ R mg . This force provides the tangential acceleration
fR
at = − = − μR g
m
The angular acceleration is
at − μ R g −(0.10)(9.8 m/s 2 )
α= = = = −1.96 rad/s 2
r r 0.50 m
The magnitude is 2.0 rad/s 2 .
⎛ rev ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞⎛ 2π rad ⎞
(b) The initial angular velocity is 30 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.14 rad/s. The time to come to a stop due to the
⎝ min ⎠⎝ 60 sec ⎠⎝ rev ⎠
rolling friction is
ω − ωi 0 − 3.14 rad/s
Δt = f = = 1.6 s
α −1.96 rad/s 2
Assess: The original angular speed of π rad/s means the train goes around the track one time every 2 seconds, so a
stopping time of less than 2 s is reasonable.
Problems

8.21. Model: The object is treated as a particle in the model of kinetic friction with its motion governed by
constant-acceleration kinematics.
Visualize:

Solve: The velocity v1x as the object sails off the edge is related to the initial velocity v0 x by v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ).
Using Newton’s second law to determine a x while sliding gives
∑ Fx = − f k = ma x ⇒ ∑ Fy = n − mg = 0 N ⇒ n = mg
Using this result and the model of kinetic friction ( f k = μk n), the x-component equation can be written as
− μ k mg = ma x . This implies
a x = − μ k g = −(0.50)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = −4.9 m/s 2
Kinematic equations for the object’s free fall can be used to determine v1x :
g
y2 = y1 + v1 y (t2 − t1) + 12 ( − g )(t2 − t1 )2 ⇒ 0 m = 1.0 m + 0 m −(t2 − t1) 2 ⇒ (t2 − t1 ) = 0.4518 s
2
x2 = x1 + v1x (t2 − t1 ) = 2.30 m = 2.0 m + v1x (0.4518 s) ⇒ v1x = 0.664 m/s
Having determined v1x and a x , we can go back to the velocity equation v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ):
(0.664 m/s)2 = v02x + 2( −4.9 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) ⇒ v0 x = 4.5 m/s
Assess: v0 x = 4.5 m/s is about 10 mph and is a reasonable speed.

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8-14 Chapter 8

8.22. Model: Treat the motorcycle and rider as a particle.

Visualize: This is a two-part problem. Use an s-axis parallel to the slope for the first part, regular xy-coordinates for
the second. The motorcycle’s final velocity at the top of the ramp is its initial velocity as it becomes airborne.

Solve: The motorcycle’s acceleration on the ramp is given by Newton’s second law:
(Fnet ) s = − f r − mgsin20° = − μ r n − mgsin20° = − μ r mgcos20° − mgsin20° = ma0
a0 = − g (μ r cos20° + sin20°) = −(9.8 m/s 2 )((0.02)cos20° + sin20°) = −3.536 m/s 2
The length of the ramp is s1 = (2.0 m)/sin 20° = 5.85 m. We can use kinematics to find its speed at the top of the
ramp:
v12 = v02 + 2a0 (s1 − s0 ) = v02 + 2a0 s1

⇒ v1 = (11.0 m/s) 2 + 2( − 3.536 m/s 2 )(5.85 m) = 8.92 m/s

This is the motorcycle’s initial speed into the air, with velocity components v1x = v1cos20° = 8.38 m/s and
v1y = v1sin20° = 3.05 m/s. We can use the y-equation of projectile motion to find the time in the air:
y2 = 0 m = y1 + v1 yt2 + 12 a1 yt22 = 2.0 m + (3.05 m/s)t2 − (4.90 m/s 2 )t22
This quadratic equation has roots t2 = −0.399 s (unphysical) and t2 = 1.021 s. The x-equation of motion is thus
x2 = x1 + v1xt2 = 0 m + (8.38 m/s)t2 = 8.56 m
8.56 m < 10.0 m, so it looks like crocodile food.

8.23. Model: Treat Sam as a particle.

Visualize: This is a two-part problem. Use an s-axis parallel to the slope for the first part, regular xy-coordinates for
the second. Sam’s final velocity at the top of the slope is his initial velocity as he becomes airborne.

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-15

Solve: Sam’s acceleration up the slope is given by Newton’s second law:

( Fnet ) s = F − mg sin10° = ma0
F 200 N
a0 = − g sin10° = − (9.8 m/s 2 )sin10° = 0.965 m/s 2
m 75 kg
The length of the slope is s1 = (50 m)/ sin10° = 288 m. His velocity at the top of the slope is

v12 = v02 + 2a0 ( s1 − s0 ) = 2a0 s1 ⇒ v1 = 2(0.965 m/s 2 )(288 m) = 23.6 m/s

This is Sam’s initial speed into the air, giving him velocity components v1x = v1 cos10° = 23.2 m/s and
v1 y = v1 sin10° = 410 m/s. This is not projectile motion because Sam experiences both the force of gravity and the
thrust of his skis. Newton’s second law for Sam’s acceleration is
(F ) (200 N)cos10°
a1x = net x = = 2.63 m/s 2
m 75 kg
( Fnet ) y (200 N)sin10° − (75 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
a1 y = = = −9.34 m/s 2
m 75 kg
The y-equation of motion allows us to find out how long it takes Sam to reach the ground:
y2 = 0 m = y1 + v1 yt2 + 12 a1 yt22 = 50 m + (4.10 m/s)t2 − (4.67 m/s 2 )t22
This quadratic equation has roots t2 = −2.86 s (unphysical) and t2 = 3.74 s. The x-equation of motion—this time
with an acceleration—is
x2 = x1 + v1xt2 + 12 a1xt22 = 0 m + (23.2 m/s)t2 − 12 (2.63 m/s 2 )t22 = 105 m
Sam lands 105 m from the base of the cliff.

8.24. Visualize:

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8-16 Chapter 8

G ⎛1 ⎞
Solve: From Chapter 6 the drag on a projectile is D = ⎜ Av 2 , direction opposite to motion ⎟ , where A is the cross-
⎝ 4 ⎠
sectional area. Using the free-body diagram above, apply Newton’s second law to each direction.
In the x-direction,
1 Av 2 cosθ
( Fnet ) x D cosθ
ax = =2 =2 4
m n m
1 Av 2 sin θ
( Fnet ) y D sin θ − FG
ay = =2 =2 4 −g
m m m
Since v = vx2 + v 2y , vx = v cosθ , and v y = v sin θ , we can rewrite these as

A(v cosθ )v Avx vx2 + v 2y

ax = 2 =2
4m 4m
A(v sin θ )v Av y vx2 + v 2y
ay = 2 − g = −g −
4m 4m

8.25. Model: Use the particle model and the constant-acceleration equations of kinematics for the rocket.
G G
Solve: (a) The acceleration of the rocket in the launch direction is obtained from Newton’s second law F = ma:
140,700 N = (5000 kg) a ⇒ a = 28.14 m/s 2
Therefore, a x = a cos 44.7° = 20.0 m/s 2 and a y = a sin 44.7° = 19.8 m/s 2 . The net acceleration in the y-direction is thus
(anet ) y = a y − g = (19.8 − 9.8) m/s 2 = 10.0 m/s 2
With this acceleration, we can write the equations for the x- and y-motions of the rocket.
y = y0 + v0 y (t − t0 ) + 12 (anet ) y (t − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2 = (5.00 m/s 2 )t 2

x = x0 + v0 x (t − t0 ) + 12 ( anet ) x (t − t0 )2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (20.0 m/s 2 )t 2 = (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2

From these two equations,
x (10.0 m/s 2 )t 2
= =2
y (5.00 m/s 2 )t 2
The equation that describes the rocket’s trajectory is y = 12 x.
(b) It is a straight line with a slope of 1.
2
(c) In general,
v y = v0y + (anet ) y (t1 − t0 ) = 0 + (10.0 m/s 2 )t1
vx = v0x + (anet ) x (t1 − t0 ) = 0 + (20.0 m/s 2 )t1
v = (10.0 m/s 2 ) 2 t12 + (20.0 m/s 2 ) 2 t12 = (22.36 m/s 2 )t1
The time required to reach the speed of sound is calculated as follows:
330 m/s = (22.36 m/s 2 )t1 ⇒ t1 = 14.76 s
We can now obtain the elevation of the rocket. From the y-equation,
y = (5.00 m/s 2 )t12 = (5.00 m/s 2 )(14.76 s)2 = 1090 m

8.26. Model: The hockey puck will be treated as a particle whose motion is determined by constant-acceleration
kinematic equations. We break this problem in two parts, the first pertaining to motion on the table and the second to
free fall.

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-17

Visualize:

Solve: Newton’s second law is:

Fx 2.0 N
Fx = ma x ⇒ a x = = = 2.0 m/s 2
m 1.0 kg
The kinematic equation v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 − x0 ) yields:
v12x = 0 m 2 /s 2 + 2(2.0 m/s 2 )(4.0 m) ⇒ v1x = 4.0 m/s
Let us now find the time of free fall (t2 − t1):
y2 = y1 + v1 y (t2 − t1) + 12 a1 y (t2 − t1 )2
⇒ 0 m = 2.0 m + 0 m + 12 (−9.8 m/s 2 )(t2 − t1 ) 2 ⇒ (t2 − t1 ) = 0.639 s
Having obtained v1x and (t2 − t1 ), we can now find ( x2 − x1 ) as follows:
x2 = x1 + v1x (t2 − t1 ) + 12 ax (t2 − t1 )2
⇒ x2 − x1 = (4.0 m/s)(0.639 s) + 12 (2.0 m/s 2 )(0.639 s) 2 = 3.0 m
Assess: For a modest horizontal thrust of 2.0 N, a landing distance of 3.0 m is reasonable.

8.27. Model: The model rocket is treated as a particle and its motion is determined by constant-acceleration
kinematic equations.
Visualize:

Solve: As the rocket is accidentally bumped v0 x = 0.5 m/s and v0 y = 0 m/s. On the other hand, when the engine is fired
Fx 20 N
Fx = ma x ⇒ a x = = = 40 m/s 2
m 0.500 kg

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8-18 Chapter 8

(a) Using y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 − t0 ) + 12 a y (t1 − t0 )2 ,

0 m = 40 m + 0 m + 12 ( −9.8 m/s 2 )t12 ⇒ t1 = 2.857 s

The distance from the base of the wall is
x1 = x0 + v0 x (t1 − t0 ) + 12 ax (t1 − t0 ) 2 = 0 m + (0.5 m/s)(2.857s) + 12 (40 m/s 2 )(2.857 s)2 = 165 m
(b) The x- and y-equations are
y = y0 + v0 y (t − t0 ) + 12 a y (t − t0 ) 2 = 40 − 4.9t 2
x = x0 + v0 x (t − t0 ) + 12 a x (t − t0 ) 2 = 0.5t + 20t 2
Except for a brief interval near t = 0, 20t 2  0.5t . Thus x ≈ 20t 2 , or t 2 = x/20. Substituting this into the y-equation gives
y = 40 − 0.245 x
This is the equation of a straight line, so the rocket follows a linear trajectory to the ground.

8.28. Model: Model the plane as a particle with constant ax and constant a y .
Visualize: The plane is taking off toward the northwest as we can see by plotting the x - y data.

G
But we analyze the data in each direction separately and then apply a = a = a x2 + a 2y .
Solve: In each direction we apply the kinematic equation s (t ) = s0 + (v0 ) s t + 12 ast 2 . With v0 = 0 we can graph s vs.
t 2 and expect to get a straight line whose slope is 1a
2 s
and whose intercept is s0 .

From the x vs. t 2 graph we see that 1a

2 x
= −2.90 m/s 2 ⇒ ax = −5.8 m/s 2 .
From the y vs. t 2 graph we see that 1a
2 y
= 4.00 m/s 2 ⇒ a y = 8.0 m/s 2 .

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 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane 8-19

G
a = a = ax2 + a 2y = (−5.8 m/s 2 ) 2 + (8.0 m/s 2 ) 2 = 9.9 m/s 2
Assess: The intercepts of the best-fit lines are close to what the data table has.

8.29. Model: Assume the particle model for the satellite in circular motion.
Visualize:

To be in a geosynchronous orbit means rotating at the same rate as the earth, which is 24 hours for one complete rotation.
Because the altitude of the satellite is 3.58 × 107 m, r = 3.58 × 107 m, re = 3.58 × 107 m + 6.37 × 106 m = 4.22 × 107 m.
Solve: (a) The period (T) of the satellite is 24.0 hours.
(b) The acceleration due to gravity is
2 2
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π 1 hr ⎞
g = ar = rω 2 = r ⎜ 7
⎟ = (4.22 × 10 m) ⎜ × ⎟ = 0.223 m/s
2
⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ 24.0 hr 3600 s ⎠
(c) There is no normal force on a satellite, so the weight is zero. It is in free fall.

8.30. Model: Treat the man as a particle. The man at the equator undergoes uniform circular motion as the earth
rotates.
Visualize:

Solve: The scale reads the man’s weight FG = n, the force of the scale pushing up against his feet. At the north pole,
where the man is in static equilibrium,
nP = FG = mg = 735 N
At the equator, there must be a net force toward the center of the earth to keep the man moving in a circle. The r-axis
points toward the center, so
∑ Fr = FG − nE = mω 2r ⇒ nE = mg − mω 2r = nP − mω 2r
The equator scale reads less than the north pole scale by the amount mω 2r . The man’s angular velocity is that of the
equator, or
2π 2π rad
ω= = = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
T 24 hours × (3600 s/1 h)

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8-20 Chapter 8

Thus the north pole scale reads more than the equator scale by
Δw = (75 kg)(7.27 × 10−5 rad/s) 2 (6.37 × 106 m) = 2.5 N
Assess: The man at the equator appears to have lost Δm = Δw/g ≈ 0.25 kg, or the equivalent of ≈ 12 lb.

8.31. Model: Model the ball as a particle which is in a vertical circular motion.
Visualize:

Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

mv 2 (0.500 kg)v 2
∑ Fr = T − FG = ⇒ (15 N) − (0.500 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = ⇒ v = 5.5 m/s
r (1.5 m)

8.32. Model: We will use the particle model for the car, which is undergoing uniform circular motion on a banked
highway, and the model of static friction.
Visualize:

Note that we need to use the coefficient of static friction μs , which is 1.0 for rubber on concrete.
Solve: Newton’s second law for the car is
mv 2
∑ Fr = fs cosθ + n sin θ =∑ Fz = n cosθ − fs sin θ − FG = 0 N
r
Maximum speed is when the static friction force reaches its maximum value ( fs ) max = μs n. Then
mv 2
n( μs cos15° + sin15°) = n(cos15° − μs sin15°) = mg
r

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többször meg nem áldhatná“. Ki ne mondana Ament imájára? E
rettenthetlen szerető sziv imája bizony áldást hozott hazájára!
Szóltunk egy derék katonáról s egy derék irórúl, mint a közelmult
korszak angol lovagjának példányairól, – ne szólanánk tehát egy
harmadikról is, kinek sziv-emelő történetét – meg vagyok győződve
– idősebb hallgatóim közül sokan olvasák és édesen emlékeznek rá:
ne szólanánk egy derék egyházi férfiuról is, megemlékezvén Heber
Reginaldról, az angol férfiak egyik legjelesbikéről? A kedves költő, a
kitüntető előnyöknek, szép tulajdonoknak: születésnek, elmeélnek,
hirnévnek, jellem-nagyságnak, jólétnek boldog birtokosa – ez
szülötte-földének, Hoderelnek, szeretett lelki-pásztora, ki „jó tanácsot
adott hiveinek szorongattatásikban, segedelmet bajaikban, vigaszt
megpróbáltatásaikban – gyakran saját életének veszélyeztetésével
térdelvén betegágyaik mellett, biztatva, bátoritva, hol szükségét látta;
békéltetve a háborúskodókat, bőkezüen segitve a szükölködőket.“
Midőn az indiai püspökséggel megkinálták: először visszautasitá;
de később megfontolván (s ügyét oda terjesztvén fel, hol az ily
kegyes emberek kételyeiket elő szokták adni): vissza vette tagadó
válaszát s felkészült küldetésére és szeretett gyülekezete
elhagyására. „Édes gyermekeim, szeressétek egymást s
bocsássatok meg egymásnak“ – ezek voltak a végső szent szavak,
melyeket siró nyájához intézett. És avval elvált tőlök, talán azt is
tudva, hogy soha többé nem látja őket. Épen mint az előbb emlitett
derekaknál: nála is szeretet és kötelesség volt az élet czélja. Boldog
ő és boldogok azok, kik oly dicsőségesen maradtak hivei e kettőnek!
Nejéhez e kedves sorokat irja útjáról:

Ha itt lehetnél én szerelmem,

S a kicsinyek is énvelem:
Mily édes-nyugodtan haladna
Hajónk a zajgó tengeren.

Szivem úgy vágyik teutánad,

Midőn tikkadt lélekzetem
Enyhűletét, a regg szelében,
Keresi a fedélzeten.
 S szivem úgy vágyik teutánad,
A pusztákat ha járdalom,
S még inkább kunyhóm mécse mellett,
Még inkább, én jó angyalom!

A lassan mászó nap unalmát

Elűzni könyvemet veszem:
De, hogy figyeljen, hogy biztasson,
Ah nincs egy ajk, se’ fül, se’ szem!

De ha az esti s hajnal-csillag
Az Ur előtt térdelve lát:
Érzem, hogy – bár oly távol estél –
Mond’sz értem te is egy imát…

Előre hát! bizton előre!

Bár merre visz el ösvenyem:
Hindosztán égő puszta sikján
Vagy sziklás, zord Almor-hegyen.

Vagy Delhi fényes kapujánál,

S vad Malwah-n át, előre csak!
Mert ah az üdv, ott nyugat földén
Édes reménynyel hivogat.

Mondják, Bombay, sok tornyod fénylik,

S alattad tenger vize zúg:
De boldogabb két sziv még nem volt,
Mint, ha mi ott találkozunk!

Mintha csak Collingwood és Sárika, Southey és Edith lennének.

Szeretete élete egyik részét teszi. S mi is lenne az élet e nélkül?
Szeretet nélkül nem tudok embert képzelni!
Mily meginditó Heber egyik megjegyzése „Utazás Indiákon“
czimü könyvében – midőn kérdezte egyik városban a
bennszülötteket, hogy az indiai kormányzók közül melyiket szereti
inkább a nép, s úgy találta, hogy bár Wellesley lordot és Hastings
Warrent becsülik, mint a két legnagyobb férfiat, ki a világ e részét
valaha kormányozta, – de a nép mégis nagyobb szeretettel
emlékezik Cleaveland birórúl, ki 1784-ben huszonkilencz éves
korában halt meg. A nép szobrot emelt sirján s vallásos ünneppel üli
meg emlékét. A szelid Heber emlékét is ily szives szeretettel őrzi
meg hazája.
Cleaveland hát 1784-ben halt meg s a pogányok szeretetteljes
emlékezetben tartják hát még most is? Ej, hiszen az 1784-ik év
nevezetes a mi barátunk, „Európa első lovagjának“ életében is. Hisz
ez esztendőben töltötte be huszonegyedik évét s ekkor adott
Carlton-house megnyitására egy nagy tánczvigalmat a
nemességnek s az uraknak, s elhiszem akkor volt rajta az a halvány
piros kabát, melyet fönebb iránk le. Kiváncsi voltam, hogy valami
részletest olvassak e bálról, s felkutattam a régi lapokat, ha valamit
kaphatnék bennök. A mulatság február 10-én volt. Az „Európai
gyüjtemények“ 1784-diki márcziusi füzetében mindjárt rátaláltam.
„Miután Carlton-house átalakitása bevégzett tény: közöljük
olvasóinkkal az államtermek leirását, úgy a mint azok e hó 10-én
láthatók valának, midőn Ő királyi Felsége nagyszerü bált adott a
legfőbb és közép nemességnek… Az elfogadó-terem mindjárt
beléptünkkor a nagyság és ragyogás kifejezhetlen eszméjével tölti el
beblünket.
„A trón-szék tisztára meg van aranyozva s bibor-piros damaszttal
bevonva; a szék-lábak minden sarkát oroszlány-fej ékiti, az erő és
hatalom jelképzésére, a lábakra magukra pedig kigyók tekerőznek, a
bölcseség jelölésére. A trónnal szemben Minerva siska áll, az
ablakok fölött pedig a dicsőséget nagyszerü dicsfénytől körülvett
Szent György fejezi ki.
„A tulajdonképi remek-mű azonban maga a terem, mely minden
ékitményében nagy találékonyságot árul el. Czitrom-sárga kamuka
atlaszszal van kárpitozva. A függönyök, kerevetek, és székek ugyan
oly szövetből készültek. A terem fel-lapját jelképes festmények ékitik:
a Grácziák, a Múzsák, Jupiter, Merkur, Apollo, Páris, – s két bágyadt
aranyozásu csilár függ le róla. Valójában lehetetlen, hogy az ember
szavakkal megfelelőleg méltányolni tudja ez ékitményeknek akár
rendkivüli tökélyü kivitelét, akár bámulatos tervezetét. Mind ez
ékitmények egy-egy pálma-fát ábrázolnak, melyek mindenikéből öt-
öt ág nyúlik ki, gyertyák számára, a fa törzseit pedig egy-egy mezei
nimfa szép alakja ékiti fel virág-füzérekkel. A terem közepén szintén
egy nagy karos gyertya-tartó áll. Hogy e nagyszerü termet d a n s
s o n p l u s b e a u j o u r láthassa az ember: a kandalló fölötti
tükörben kell megnézni. A termek hosszu sora, a diszteremtől egész
a tánczteremig, ha az ajtók nyitva vannak, a legnagyobbszerü
látmányt nyújtja, mit csak valaha emberi szem látott.“
A „Gentleman’s Magazin“ ugyan az évi s havi (1784. márczius)
számában egy más ünnepély van leirva, hol megint egy más, angol
származásu nagy ur játszta a főszerepet. Az idézett lap mondja:
„A főkormányzó ő kegyelmessége a parancs értelmében,
nyilvános kihallgattatásra bocsáttatott a congressus elébe; miután
helyet foglalt volna, egy kis szünet mulva tudatta vele az elnök, hogy
az összegyülekezett Egyesült Államok készek jelentés-tétele
kihallgatására, – mire föállott s igy szólott:
„Elnök ur! miután azon nagy események, melyektől
visszalépésem függött, végre bekövetkeztek: im’ megjelenek a
congressus előtt, hogy ismét kezeibe tegyem le ama hivatalt, melyet
rám bizott, s megkérjem, hogy mentsen fel engem ez úttal hazám
szolgálatától.
„Függetlenségünk és hatalmi állásunk elismertetése által
boldogitva: lelépek a polczról, melyre csak remegve léptem; de a
remegést csakhamar legyőzte ügyünk igazságába vetett
bizodalmam, a felsőbb hatalomnak a nemzet által való
támogattatása és az ég kegyelme. És most bezárom hivataloskodó
életemet: drága hazánk érdekeit a mindenható isten pártfogásába és
előljáróit az Ő szent kegyelmébe ajánlva. Bevégezvén a rám
kiszabott munkát: én visszalépek a cselekvés nagy szinpadáról, s
szeretetteljes búcsut mondván e fényes testületnek, melynek
parancsait oly hoszas ideig hajtám végre, im’ leteszem hivatalomat
és visszalépek a nyilvános élet teréről.“
Az elnök erre igy felelt:
„Uram! miután ön a szabadságnak az Uj Világban fölemelt
zászlaját megvédelmezé, miután ön az elnyomóknak és az
elnyomottaknak egyaránt üdvös tanitást nyújtott: polgártársainak
áldásától kisérve lép vissza, de erényeinek dicsősége azért nem
végződik katonai parancsnokságával, hanem élni fog az a késő
utókor emlékezetében is!“
És vajon, melyik volt a ragyogóbb látvány: György herczeg
londoni ház-szentelőünnepélye, avagy Washington lelépése? Melyik
az utókor bámulatára méltó nemes jellem: az a csipkékkel és
paszománynyal teleaggatott léhűtő tánczmester, vagy pedig az a
hős, ki a mocsoktalan becsület, szeplőtelen tisztaság, törhetlen
bátorság és kivivott diadal dicső élete után kardját hüvelyébe
bocsátja? Melyik a kettő közűl az igaz ember? S vajon egyátalán
nem az-e az igaz ember, ki dicső czél felé tör, egész élte folytán
tiszta marad, becsületét szeplőtelen megőrzi, polgártársai
becsülését és családja szeretetét élvezi, szerencséjét
alázatossággal, szerencsétlenségét bátor kitartással hordozza s jó
és balsorsában egyként az igazság részén áll? Mutassátok meg
nekem azt a boldog embert, kinek életében meg vannak ezek a
vonások: s őt becsüljük, mint igaz embert, akármiféle rangu legyen
is, – mutassatok egy herczeget a ki ilyen: s az aztán biztos lehet
szeretetünk, hűségünk felől. Britannia szive még most is szeretettől
dobog III. György iránt, – nem, hogy bölcs és igazságos volt, hanem
mivel élete tiszta, szándoka becsületes volt, hanem mivel az istent
legjobb belátása szerint imádta. S azt tartom, királyi botjának
örökösnőjében22) bölcsebb uralkodást s ép oly tiszteletreméltó,
tiszta életet ismerünk el, – és meg vagyok győződve: erkölcseinek
jövendő festője szives készséggel fogja becsülni e tiszta életet s
elismeréssel fogja emliteni e mocsoktalan erényt.
VÉGE.
 Lábjegyzetek.
1) A katholikusok. Ford.
2) Ezt 1860 körül mondotta Thackeray. Ford.
3) Igazán: argumentum ad hominem. Ford.
4) Ma egy félreeső, csöndes tér, akkor az előkelő világ
középpontja. Ford.
5) Bullok = bika. Ford.
6) „Udvari mulattató“, vagy „A tökéletes kártyás.“ Ford.
7) Temple = az ügyvédek negyede Londonban; „Temple-Beau“ =
e városrészi divatlap. Ford.
8) Az eredetiben quadrille-t; nálunk a „papucs“ ilyen ujj-
kopogatós, a vesztes fejére fejkötőt tétető kártyajáték. Ford.
9) Albert herczeg, Viktoria királynő férje. Ford.
10) A nagy menet alkalmával, – vagy is: püspök lett. Ford.
11) Egyesitett szolgálat gyüldéje. Ford.
12) Most a klubok utczája. Ford.
13) Lord John Russel. Ford.
14) Az angol épen úgy ejti ki a csizmát (= boot, olvasd b ú t ) mint
Bute nevét. Ford.
15) Szépirodalmi folyóirat. Ford.
16) Szórul szóra: „and turned a piece of meat with a string“ = egy
darab hust akasztott. Ford.
17) Lear király: 5-ik felv. utolsó jelenet. Vörösmarty forditása
szerint. Ford.
18) Madame Tussand viasz-alakjai közt Londonban meglátod a
világ minden hires zsiványának, emberének, királyának élethű
mását. Ford.
19) Azaz: miért ragadt a kövezethez? Ford.
20) Blundering general = hibákat ejtő tábornok. Ford.
21) Mintha csak az orvosságos üvegen olvasná az ember:
óránként ötezer evő-kanállal!
22) Viktoria királynő.

Nyomatott Bécsben, Holzhausen Adolfnál.

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