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Chapter 8: THINKING, REASONING, AND LANGUAGE
Multiple Choice Questions
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-158
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 283
Topic: Thinking and Reasoning
Skill: Factual
2) Successful communication
a. rarely requires nonverbal information from the speaker.
b. depends mainly on the literal and accurate interpretation of words.
c. depends exclusively on language content.
d. depends on the reasoning abilities of the listener.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-51
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 283
Topic: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language: Getting Inside Our Talking Heads
(Introduction)
Skill: Factual
3) One explanation for schizophrenia holds that persons with schizophrenia have
difficulty in filtering their attention. This is related to the concept of
a. chunking.
b. cognitive economy.
c. schema development.
d. top-down processing.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-159
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 283–284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
4) June is trying to read her psychology text and finds that she cannot tune out
background noise of the library, the way the chair is uncomfortable on various parts
of her body, the hum of the heating vents, pencil scribbles on the desk, the light on
the computer plug that flashes, the whir of her laptop fan, and her own breathing. It
could be said that June lacks __________ that would allow her to only attend to the
information she needs for decision making and minimize the rest.
a. bottom-up processing
b. schemas
c. cognitive economy
d. disconfirmation strategies
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-160
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 283–284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
5) Dr. Fortner is discussing cognitive psychology with his introductory psychology class
and says that we act as cognitive misers when making judgments about others or
making decisions. What does Dr. Fortner mean with this statement?
a. We will use heuristics only as long as they give us the correct answer.
b. We value accuracy in our judgments and decisions.
c. We value simplicity in understanding our social world.
d. We are frequently incorrect in our judgments and decision making.
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-9
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 283–284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Applied/ Conceptual
6) __________ allows us to simplify what we attend to and keep the information we need
for decision making to a manageable minimum.
a. Cognitive overload
b. Cognitive economy
c. Cognitive bias
d. Cognitive restructuring
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-158
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Factual
7) Our ability to extract useful information from observations of only small bits of
behaviour is known as
a. being a cognitive miser.
b. the hindsight bias.
c. thin slicing.
d. inferential intelligence.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-158
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Factual
8) John Gottman and his colleagues were able to predict divorce rates of couples with
startling accuracy using techniques related to the concept of
a. linear regression.
b. the availability heuristic.
c. cognitive load.
d. thin slicing.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-166
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Answer: b
Type: MC
10) Because our snap judgments are probably “good bets,” the tendency to use heuristics
and intuition might be considered
a. a maladaptation.
b. a failure of cognitive miserliness.
c. adaptive.
d. too risky to use.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-165
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
11) __________ are a great way, in the case of real-world or social processes, to save
time and effort at the expense of some accuracy.
a. Statistics
b. Prototypes
c. Algorithms
d. Heuristics
Answer: d
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-8
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
12) When we use the __________ heuristic, we compare a particular person and their
behaviour to some model or prototype.
a. attitude
b. simulation
c. availability
d. representativeness
Answer: d
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-12
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
13) If we know that Ashley is 25 years old, outspoken on environmental and human
rights issues, and presently on her way to an anti-nuclear weapons demonstration, we
might come to the quick conclusion that she is also a feminist, because is many ways
she shares similar interests. This mental shortcut demonstrates the
a. attitude heuristic.
b. simulation heuristic.
c. availability heuristic.
d. representativeness heuristic.
Answer: d
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-13
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
14) Judith is a third-year undergraduate student who lists her interests as computer
gaming, programming, and helping others. Based on this description, you might
assume that Judith is more likely to be a computer science major than a psychology
major. Your judgment is likely based on the __________ heuristic but might be
wrong due to the __________.
a. availability; base rate fallacy
b. representative; overconfidence bias
c. availability; overconfidence bias
d. representative; base rate fallacy
Answer: d
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-14
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284–285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
15) One reason that we are susceptible to the representativeness heuristic is that we
a. mistake confidence for certainty.
b. are fooled by information that comes to our mind most easily.
c. fail to consider how probable an outcome is within the general population.
d. overestimate our cognitive abilities and processes.
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-15
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284–285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-16
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284–285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
17) By ignoring base rate information, the representative heuristic suggests that we prefer
a. inferential information over statistical information.
b. descriptive information over inferential information.
c. descriptive information over statistical information.
d. statistical information over descriptive information.
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-17
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Ref: 284–285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
18) If you polled some friends from Edmonton about the number of murders in this
capital city, and other friends about the number of murders in the entire province of
Alberta, you’d likely find that the average number of murders estimated for
Edmonton is more than for the entire province. This impossible finding is best
explained by the
a. representativeness heuristic.
b. availability heuristic.
c. hindsight bias.
d. confirmation bias.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-18
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
19) People are more likely to fear AIDS than heart disease, even though heart disease is
far more common. This is because of the
a. representativeness heuristic.
b. availability heuristic.
c. hindsight bias.
d. confirmation bias.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-19
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
20) People are more likely to fear motor vehicle accidents than digestive cancer, even
though digestive cancer is almost twice as common. This error is produced because of
the
a. representativeness heuristic.
b. availability heuristic.
c. hindsight bias.
d. confirmation bias.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-20
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
21) If a person makes a judgment based on how easy it is for an instance to come to
mind, he or she may fall victim to the
a. belief perseverance effect.
b. representativeness heuristic.
c. hindsight bias.
d. availability heuristic.
Answer: d
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-21
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Factual
22) Amanda asks a group of research participants to estimate the number of deaths each
year due to homicide and diabetes. She finds that higher numbers report homicide,
because they are more vivid examples, though over twice as many die from
complications related to diabetes. This is one example of the dangers of the
__________ in our judgments and decision making.
a. representativeness heuristic
b. hindsight bias
c. availability heuristic
d. confirmation bias
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-22
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
23) Following a severe bus accident in British Columbia where all passengers and the
driver were killed, Dwayne decides that it would be safer to drive than take the bus
on his next several trips through the mountains. Dwayne is basing his decision on
the
a. representativeness heuristic.
b. hindsight bias.
c. confirmation bias.
d. availability heuristic.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-168
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
24) Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared
to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such
poor reasoning was the result of
a. hindsight bias.
b. mental sets.
c. the availability heuristic.
d. thin slicing.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-169
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 285
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
25) An important danger of the heuristics and cognitive biases discussed in your text is
that they lead us
a. to become anxious or depressed about our place in the world.
b. to doubt our intuition and gut feelings in important real-life circumstances.
c. to believe in observations about our world that are not true.
d. to underestimate our general levels of cognitive abilities and skills.
Answer: c
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-32
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Ref: 285–286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Factual
26) The __________ bias refers to our tendency to overestimate our ability to predict
known outcomes, whereas the __________ bias reflects the overestimation of our
ability to make correct predictions.
a. hindsight; representative
b. hindsight; overconfidence
c. overconfidence; representative
d. overconfidence; hindsight
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-23
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords & Cognitive Biases (Chapter 2)
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
27) The tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecast known
outcomes is called the
a. confirmation bias.
b. hindsight bias.
c. representativeness heuristic.
d. availability heuristic.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-24
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Factual
28) Following Stephen Harper’s defeat by the Liberal candidate, Justin Trudeau, many
people looked back over the Conservative campaign and claimed they knew all along
that Harper would lose. This example illustrates the
a. confirmation bias.
b. hindsight bias.
c. representativeness heuristic.
d. availability heuristic.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-25
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
29) Days following the championship football game, many “armchair quarterbacks”
explain how they knew all along that the losing team would not be victorious. This
example illustrates
a. confirmation bias.
b. hindsight bias.
c. the representativeness heuristic.
d. the availability heuristic.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-26
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
30) When Lonnie and Burt were married, their friends were unsure of whether the
marriage would last or end in divorce. However, after the two divorced, many of their
friends commented to each other about how certain they had been that things would
not work out from the beginning. This is an example of the
a. confirmation bias.
b. hindsight bias.
c. representativeness heuristic.
d. availability heuristic.
Answer: b
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-28
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
31) Jerome was uncertain of the correctness of his answers to many of the questions on
his psychology exam. After seeing his score—an A—he subsequently told his friends
about how he knew he aced the exam. This demonstrates the influence of
__________ on our judgments.
a. the hindsight bias
b. belief perseverance
c. confirmation bias
d. the availability heuristic
Answer: a
Question ID: Lil 3ce 2.1-29
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
32) The brain’s tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of preexisting
knowledge is referred to as
a. top-down processing.
b. taxonomic construction.
c. inductive reasoning.
d. bottom-up processing.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-161
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 286
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-162
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 286
Topic: Top-Down Processing
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
34) Allan is a birdwatcher, and when he sees a new flying creature one day while on a
walk, he does not need to discover that it flies, chirps, and eats worms and bugs to
recognize that it is a bird. Allan is using __________ to help him achieve cognitive
economy and categorize his world.
a. top-down processing
b. schemas
c. taxonomic hierarchies
d. ad hoc reasoning
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-163
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 287
Topic: Top-Down Processing
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-163
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 287
Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
36) Research has demonstrated that when it comes to making decisions based on our
emotional preferences (such as what we find attractive or appealing),
a. careful thought and weighing the pros and cons leads to the highest satisfaction in
the decision.
b. use of heuristics is particularly prevalent as it is not cognitively efficient to be
bogged down by emotion.
c. thinking too much can lead us to become overwhelmed and ultimately dissatisfied
with our choice.
d. we are distracted by our emotions, which leads to faulty reasoning and poor
decisions.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-163
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 287
Topic: Decision Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices
Skill: Factual
37) __________ refers to the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.
a. Mental set
b. Decision making
c. Heuristics
d. Thin slicing
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-170
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 287
Topic: Decision Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices
Skill: Factual
38) The new field of __________ attempts to bring scientific evidence into the business
world to help organizations prosper through sound decision making and avoiding
bias.
a. neuroeconomics
b. decision management
c. psychoheuristics
d. business reasoning
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-163
Difficulty: 2
39) Imagine that you see an advertisement for a new cell phone that gives you coverage
across 80 percent of Canada. However, if you reword the offer, you realize that you
would have no cellular coverage in 20 percent of Canada. This example highlights how
__________ influence(s) our decision making.
a. mental set
b. heuristics
c. framing
d. algorithms
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-170
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 288
Topic: Decision Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
40) Understanding how the brain works while individuals make financial decisions is
referred to as
a. neuroeconomics.
b. decision management.
c. psychoheuristics.
d. business reasoning.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-163
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 288
Topic: Decision Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices
Skill: Factual
41) Tom is baking banana bread, and the recipe calls for half a cup of margarine. When
he realizes that he does not have any margarine, he gives up baking rather than using
a substitute. His method of thinking reflects
a. an algorithm.
b. mental set.
c. surface salience.
d. functional fixedness.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-177
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 288–289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
42) __________ are step-by-step learned procedures that are useful for problem solving
but are not flexible to adaptation.
a. Algorithms
b. Mental sets
c. Frames
d. Schemas
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-178
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 288–289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Factual
43) Charles is a mechanic, and he thinks through a series of procedures he must complete
in order to change the radiator on his client’s car. This method of thinking reflects
a. mental set.
b. surface salience.
c. an algorithm.
d. functional fixedness.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-178
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 288–289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
44) Breaking down tasks into more manageable bits refers to using __________ to solve
a problem.
a. mental sets
b. subproblems
c. algorithms
d. heuristics
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-178
Difficulty: 1
45) Cassandra has five chapters to read for her upcoming midterm, and she finds the
thought of sitting down and reading hundreds of pages at once overwhelming. She
decides to use the breaks in between her classes to read and take notes from 15
pages at a time to make the task seem more manageable. Cassandra is using what
approach to solve her problem?
a. Mental sets
b. Subproblems
c. Algorithms
d. Heuristics
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-178
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
46) When attempting to solve a problem, we are often distracted by __________ rather
than focusing on the underlying reasoning needed to solve the problem.
a. the hindsight bias
b. thin slicing
c. mental sets
d. the salience of surface properties
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-172
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Factual
47) Tessa is writing an algebra exam and tries to solve two separate questions in the same
way given that both involve calculations concerning the speed of a jet plane. The
second problem, however, requires a different form of reasoning to solve the
problem. Tessa is experiencing which obstacle to problem solving?
a. Functional fixedness
b. The salience of surface properties
c. A mental set
d. The hindsight bias
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-172
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 289
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
48) If I am given 10 math problems, and I can and do solve the first nine in the same way,
I may struggle with the tenth problem if it requires a different method to solve it.
This best illustrates the concept of
a. the salience of surface properties.
b. mental sets.
c. thin slicing.
d. hindsight bias.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-173
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 289–290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
49) The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked
in the past is called
a. the salience of surface properties.
b. mental sets.
c. thin slicing.
d. hindsight bias.
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-174
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 289–290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-171
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Factual
51) Research has found that brain activation in the __________ has been linked to the
ability to break free of a mental set.
a. frontal and parietal lobes
b. orbitofrontal cortex
c. temporal lobe
d. limbic system
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-174
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Factual
52) Brain activation in the frontal and parietal lobes may help us to break free of mental
sets because these regions help us to
a. remember problem-solving techniques we have used in the past and apply them to
a new problem.
b. coordinate our visual and sensory inputs to “see” problems in a new light.
c. alter our conscious awareness such that the solution can be generated in an
unburdened mind.
d. inhibit previous responses and allow us to generate new strategies.
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-174
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
53) My exposure to the typical use of objects in my culture may render me less able to
find novel solutions to problems. This is referred to as
a. availability heuristic.
b. mental sets.
c. functional fixedness.
d. salience of surface characteristics.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-175
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
54) Susan’s car gets stuck in the snow, and no matter what she tries, her tires just keep
spinning as she can’t get any traction underneath her tires. She looks at the items in
her trunk (crackers, her school books, some windshield washer fluid, and some kitty
litter) and is frustrated because she doesn’t seem to have anything to help her out of
her situation. Susan is displaying __________ as she did not think of using kitty
litter to sprinkle under her tires to help with traction.
a. a mental set
b. functional fixedness
c. the availability heuristic
d. the hindsight bias
Answer: b
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-176
Difficulty: 3
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
55) Up until recently, the most widely used analogy for our mind’s ability to process
information, fill in gaps, and draw inferences has been the
a. wax seal model.
b. subterranean cavern model.
c. language acquisition device.
d. computer model.
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-179
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 290
Topic: Models of the Mind
Skill: Factual
56) According to __________, our knowledge is organized and accessed in a manner that
enables us to simulate our actual experiences.
a. artificial intelligence models
b. schema models
c. general cognitive processing models
d. embodiment models
Answer: d
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-181
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 291
Topic: Models of the Mind
Skill: Factual
57) Newspaper headlines such as “Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 Years”
may strike us as funny. From the perspective of language, this is because the phrase or
headline
a. lacks subject–verb agreement.
b. has no literal interpretation.
c. has ambiguous syntax.
d. is impossible to interpret.
Answer: c
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-3
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 292
Topic: How Does Language Work?
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Answer: a
Type: MC
Question ID: Lil 3ce 8.1-4
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 292
Topic: How Does Language Work?
Skill: Factual
59) Language is
a. a communication system that requires little implicit processing.
b. rarely ambiguous.
c. a symbol system of communication.
d. a communication system that includes words but not gestures.
46. Cfr. Cohen, Monnaies rom., II, Anton., nn. 572, 777, 778. La Scizia è qui
forse una nuova provincia sul Danubio.
48. Sulle deduzioni dei barbari sul territorio romano si può consultare
Huschke, Ueber den Census und die Steuerverfassung der früheren
Römischen Kaiserzeit, Berlin, 1847, pag. 149 sg.
51. Studi e testi, VIII (Roma, 1902): Atti di S. Giustino, 4, 8; cfr. Euseb. H.
E., 5, 1, 47; Athenag. Legatio pro Christian., 1 sg.
54. Cfr. [Hist. A.] Pertin., II, 9; C. I, L. V, 5050, l. 31; VI, 2375 a sg.; Dion.
Cass. 74, 2; R. Cagnat, Praetoriae Cohortes in Daremberg et Saglio,
Dict. Antiq. Graecques et romaines, IV, pag. 635.
CAPITOLO SESTO
I PRINCIPII DELLA MONARCHIA ASSOLUTA
SETTIMIO SEVERO
(193-211)
55. Dion. Cass., 76, 9; Cohen, Monnaies, IV, Sept. Severus, nn. 123-126,
128 (a. 195); 129-132 (a. 196).
56. [Hist. Aug.], Clod. Alb., 8, attribuisce invece l’iniziativa di questa guerra a
Settimio Severo, ma con un racconto di insidie così romanzesco che
non inspira nessuna fiducia. La concatenazione degli eventi mostra
invece che l’iniziativa partì da Clodio Albino, dietro il quale si
nascondeva un partito, forte in senato.
62. Una delle cose migliori, scritte su Settimio Severo, sono i due capitoli del
Duruy, Histoire des Romains, Paris, 1883, VI, pagg. 1-143.
CAPITOLO SETTIMO
IL CAOS DEL TERZO SECOLO
(211-284)