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Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e
Chapter 7
Question 1
Type: MCSA
What is a set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way?
1. Concept.
2. Theory.
3. Construct.
4. Proposition.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: A concept is a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon.
Rationale 2: Theory is correct because a theory is a set of related statements that describes or explains
phenomena in a systematic way.
Rationale 3: A construct is the term used to indicate a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed but must be
inferred by certain concrete or less abstract indicators of the phenomenon.
Rationale 4: A proposition is a statement or assertion of the relationship between concepts.
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Remembering

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
Learning Outcome: LO 01. Define theory, concept, construct, proposition, empirical generalization, model, and
conceptual models.
Question 2
Type: MCSA
A nurse is caring for a client who has just been transferred from the intensive care unit after having open heart
surgery. The nurse wants to use a nursing model, focusing on the person as a total being, as opposed to a medical
model, which focuses on the client’s disease process. Which nursing model theorist should the nurse reference?
1. Orem.

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Rogers.
3. Roy.
4. Neuman.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Concepts in the Orem model are self-care, self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit,
nursing agency, and nursing system.
Rationale 2: Rogers’ model is unique in that the person is viewed as a unified whole. No parts or subsystems are
separated out.
Rationale 3: Roy has pointed out that nursing focuses on the person as a total being, whereas medicine focuses on
the patient’s disease process.
Rationale 4: Neuman has proposed a model that focuses on the total person. The person or client system
(individual, group, community) is subject to environmental stressors that are intrapersonal, interpersonal, and
extrapersonal in nature.
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Analyzing

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 02. Discuss four nursing conceptual models.
Question 3
Type: MCSA
A nursing student is learning the difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Which statement, if
made by the student, indicates the need for further teaching?
1. A theoretical framework presents a broad, general explanation of the relationships between the concepts of
interest in a research study.
2. A conceptual framework helps to explain the relationship between concepts.
3. A conceptual framework is a less well-developed structure than a theoretical framework but may serve as the
impetus for the formulation of a theory.
4. A theoretical framework is based on many existing theories.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: This is a correct description of a theoretical framework; therefore, it demonstrates that the student
has knowledge of the topic.
Rationale 4: A theoretical framework is based on one existing theory, and not many. A conceptual framework
helps to explain the relationship between concepts. Rather than being based on one theory, this type of framework
links concepts selected from several theories, from previous research results, or from the researcher’s own
experiences.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 03. Distinguish between theoretical and conceptual frameworks.
Question 4
Type: MCSA
The researcher is planning the work associated with a new project. In which stage of the project should the
researcher consider the theoretical or conceptual framework?
1. In the early stages.
2. In the middle stages.
3. In the late stages.
4. In the post study analysis phase.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: In the early stages of a research project, the researcher should consider the theoretical or conceptual
framework for the study. This framework is usually determined after a thorough review of the literature. The
framework helps organize the study and provides a context for the interpretation of the study findings.
Rationale 2: Since this framework provides the foundation for the study, it should be considered in the early
stages of the work.

stages of the work.
stages of the work.
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Applying

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 03. Distinguish between theoretical and conceptual frameworks.
Question 5
Type: MCSA
The nurse researcher is conducting research on the effect of homelessness on how often a woman performs self-
breast examinations. Which theory would be of greatest interest to this nurse?
1. Pender’s Health Promotion Theory.
2. Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory.
3. Melzack’s Gate Control Theory of Pain.
4. Benner’s model on novice to expert.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: Health practices of 137 homeless women in shelters were studied by Wilson (2005) using Pender’s
Health Promotion Model as the theoretical framework.
Rationale 2: This theory deals with illness, not health practices.
Rationale 3: This theory describes a possible process for transmission of pain and does not address health
practices.
Rationale 4: This model deals with the development of a nurse from novice to expert and does not address health
practices.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 05. Identify theories used in nursing.
Question 6
Type: SEQ
Place the steps of using the research process to test theory in the correct order.
Standard Text: Click and drag the options below to move them up or down.
Choice 1. Determine implications for nursing based on the explanatory power of the theory.
Choice 2. Select a theory to be tested in the study.
Choice 3. Choose study instruments that are congruent with the theory.
Choice 4. Relate study conclusions to the theory.
Choice 5. Define study variables using the selected theory as the basis of the theoretical definitions.
Choice 6. Make recommendations for future research concerning the designated theory.
Correct Answer: 2,5,3,4,1,6
Rationale 1: The findings of the study are not meaningful until the implications for nursing are identified.
Rationale 2: After reviewing many theories, the researcher must choose one to test.
Rationale 3: The researcher must choose an instrument that will test the hypothesis or research question that is
also congruent with the theory being tested.
Rationale 4: The findings of the study should be described in light of the explanations provided by the theory
Rationale 5: The chosen theory should be used to define the study variable.
Rationale 6: Most studies result in additional questions or the need for replication of the study in order to support
study findings.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 06. Identify the steps used in testing a theory.
Question 7
Type: MCSA
The nurse researcher is considering the relationship between the two variables in a study. What predicts this
relationship?
1. A theory.
2. A concept.
3. A proposition.
4. A hypothesis.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: A theory is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a
systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and
predicting the phenomena.
Rationale 2: A concept is a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon.
Rationale 3: A proposition is a statement or assertion of the relationship between concepts, not variables.
Rationale 4: A hypothesis is written to predict the relationship between the variables in the study.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
conceptual models.
Question 8
Type: MCSA
Which statement, made by a research student, indicates understanding of the use of theoretical or conceptual
frameworks in nursing research?
1. “A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting qualitative research.”
2. “Theoretical and conceptual frameworks are not necessary for nursing research unless it is clinical research.”
3. “A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting quantitative research.”
4. “A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting either quantitative or qualitative
research.”

Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Qualitative research often does not include a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Rationale 2: Quantitative research should always include a theoretical framework whether or not the study
pertains to clinical research.
Rationale 3: A framework for a research study helps to organize the study and provides a context for the
interpretation of the study findings. Either a theoretical or a conceptual framework should be used in all
quantitative studies.
Rationale 4: Although theoretical or conceptual frameworks are necessary for quantitative research, they are
often not used in qualitative research.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
conceptual models.
Question 9
Type: MCSA
The nurse’s research focuses on how a person defends himself or herself from daily stressors. Which theorist’s
work would likely be fundamental to this researcher’s work?
1. Roy.
2. Neuman.
3. Rogers.
4. Orem.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: In Roy’s theory, humans are considered to be biopsychosocial beings in constant interaction with the
changing environment. People are viewed as adaptive systems with cognator and regulator coping mechanisms
that act to maintain adaptation in four response modes: physiological, self-concept, role function, and
interdependence.

Rationale 2: Neuman has proposed a model that focuses on the total person. The person or client system
(individual, group, community) is subject to environmental stressors that are intrapersonal, interpersonal, and
extrapersonal in nature. The client is protected from stressors by a flexible line of defense that is dynamic.
Rationale 3: In Rogers’ model, humans and their environment are viewed as two energy fields that are always
open to each other. Each human field is unique, and change is always toward increasing complexity and diversity.
Rationale 4: Concepts in the Orem model are self-care, self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit,
nursing agency, and nursing system.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 02. Discuss four nursing conceptual models.
Question 10
Type: MCSA
The nurse’s research is testing Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings. The researcher has chosen to
study the growing diversity in the individual field pattern of older adults moving to an assisted living center. The
study predicts that, if these patterns follow Rogers’ theory and are indeed becoming more diverse, the subjects
have a greater chance of adapting well to the move. What kind of reasoning is this nurse using?
1. Deductive.
2. Inductive.
3. Propositional.
4. Grand theory reasoning.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general (Rogers’ theory) to specific (older adults adapting
well to moving).
Rationale 2: Inductive processing involves data that are gathered from a real-life situation and the researcher
making a general explanation of that behavior.
Rationale 3: The term propositional statement is used in research to assert the relationship between concepts, not
to describe a type of reasoning.

Rationale 4: Grand theories address a broad range of phenomenon in the environment. This is not a type of
reasoning.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 04. Describe deductive and inductive reasoning process in theory generation and
development.
Question 11
Type: MCSA
The staff nurse notices that newly admitted patients appear calmer after the nurse has completed their admission
interview and physical assessment and has discussed their plan of care. The nurse wonders if this is related to
alleviation of fear of the unknown. What kind of thinking is this nurse pursuing?
1. Extension.
2. Inductive.
3. Review.
4. Deductive.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Extension is not a type of thinking.
Rationale 2: Inductive reasoning proceeds from the specific situation (patients appearing calmer) to general
(alleviation of fear of the unknown.)
Rationale 3: Review is not a type of thinking.
Rationale 4: Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to specific. In this case, the nurse is thinking from
specific (patients appearing calmer) to general (alleviation of fear of the unknown.)
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 04. Describe deductive and inductive reasoning processes in theory generation and
development.
Question 12
Type: MCSA
Which issue is of concern to nursing?
1. The grand theories of nursing often do not take environment into consideration.
2. The level of theory that drives much research in nursing is generally from other disciplines.
3. The majority of nursing research is guided by grand theories.
4. There are no middle-range nursing theories.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Nursing theorists consider health, environment, person, and nursing.
Rationale 2: Middle-range theories have been shown to be more valuable to nursing research than grand theories.
The majority of middle-range theories used in nursing research are from other disciplines.
Rationale 3: Middle-range theories have been shown to be more valuable to nursing research than grand theories.
Rationale 4: Middle-range theories do exist in nursing.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 05. Identify theories used in nursing.
Question 13
Type: MCSA
A nurse is reading a research study that is based upon Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Being model. The nurse
notices that Rogers is not listed in the article references. How should the nurse interpret this finding?
1. This is likely a simple error of omission in the reference.
2. The researcher erroneously identified Martha Rogers as the developer of that model.
3. The researcher used secondary sources to learn about Rogers’ theory.
4. Since Martha Rogers is no longer living, it is not necessary to include her in the reference list.

Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: This would be a huge mistake in a reference list and is likely not what happened.
Rationale 2: Martha Rogers is the developer of the model.
Rationale 3: Martha Rogers’ theory is well integrated and well-known in nursing research. It is likely this
researcher used secondary sources to learn about the model.
Rationale 4: The researcher should reference all works used, whether the author is living or dead.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Learning Outcome: LO 07. Critique the study framework section of research reports.
Question 14
Type: SEQ
The nurse wishes to critique the conceptual framework of a recently published study. Place the steps of this
process in correct order.
Standard Text: Click and drag the options below to move them up or down.
Choice 1. Determine if the theory is from nursing or from another discipline.
Choice 2. Determine if there is a clear explanation of the relationship between the concepts presented in the study.
Choice 3. Determine if the study findings support the study framework.
Choice 4. Determine if a framework for the study was identified.
Choice 5. Determine if the theory is appropriate for the study.
Choice 6. Determine if the theoretical concepts presented have operational definitions outlined in the study.
Correct Answer: 4,1,5,2,6,3
Rationale 1: After identifying the theory, it is important to know if it is a nursing theory or a theory borrowed by
nursing.
Rationale 2: The concepts should be clearly presented and their relationship should be clearly described.

Rationale 3: The last step in this critique is determining if the findings of the study support the framework
chosen.
Rationale 4: The first step of this critique is identifying the framework if it exists.
Rationale 5: Appropriateness of the theory for the study is the next step.
Rationale 6: Once the concepts are identified and their relationship described, the researcher should offer
operational definitions for the concepts.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:
Question 15
Type: MCSA
What is true regarding testing of theory in a nursing research study?
1. This is not a purpose of nursing research.
2. Studies generally test several theories at one time.
3. An entire theory is rarely tested in a single research study.
4. Theories are only tested in qualitative studies.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Nursing research is often done for the purpose of testing a theory.
Rationale 2: Each study should test only one theory.
Rationale 3: This is a true statement. Theories are often broken down into parts, with the parts being tested in
different studies.
Rationale 4: Theories are tested in qualitative and quantitative studies.
Global Rationale:

Client Need:
Client Need Sub:

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Rationale 1: A concept is a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon.

Rationale 4: A proposition is a statement or assertion of the relationship between concepts.

Cognitive Level: Remembering

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

2. A conceptual framework helps to explain the relationship between concepts.

4. A theoretical framework is based on many existing theories.

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

1. In the early stages.

2. In the middle stages.

3. In the late stages.

4. In the post study analysis phase.

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Cognitive Level: Applying

1. Pender’s Health Promotion Theory.

2. Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory.

3. Melzack’s Gate Control Theory of Pain.

4. Benner’s model on novice to expert.

Rationale 2: This theory deals with illness, not health practices.

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

Choice 2. Select a theory to be tested in the study.

Choice 4. Relate study conclusions to the theory.

Correct Answer: 2,5,3,4,1,6

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

Rationale 2: A concept is a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon.

Cognitive Level: Applying

1. “A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting qualitative research.”

3. “A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting quantitative research.”

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Cognitive Level: Applying

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

4. Grand theory reasoning.

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

Rationale 1: Extension is not a type of thinking.

Rationale 3: Review is not a type of thinking.

Cognitive Level: Applying

Which issue is of concern to nursing?

3. The majority of nursing research is guided by grand theories.

4. There are no middle-range nursing theories.

Rationale 1: Nursing theorists consider health, environment, person, and nursing.

Rationale 4: Middle-range theories do exist in nursing.

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

1. This is likely a simple error of omission in the reference.

3. The researcher used secondary sources to learn about Rogers’ theory.

Nieswiadomy, Foundations of Nursing Research, 6/e

Rationale 2: Martha Rogers is the developer of the model.

Cognitive Level: Analyzing

Choice 1. Determine if the theory is from nursing or from another discipline.

Choice 3. Determine if the study findings support the study framework.

Choice 4. Determine if a framework for the study was identified.

Choice 5. Determine if the theory is appropriate for the study.

Correct Answer: 4,1,5,2,6,3