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9-1
Solutions Manual
for
Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid Sciences
5th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2017
Chapter 9
POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
This Manual is the proprietary property of McGraw-Hill Education and protected by copyright and
other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following
restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly
returned unopened to McGraw-Hill Education: This Manual is being provided only to authorized
professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No
other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not
be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be
reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If
you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-2
Actual and Ideal Cycles, Carnot cycle, Air-Standard Assumptions, Reciprocating Engines
9-1C The air standard assumptions are: (1) the working fluid is air which behaves as an ideal gas, (2) all the processes are
internally reversible, (3) the combustion process is replaced by the heat addition process, and (4) the exhaust process is
replaced by the heat rejection process which returns the working fluid to its original state.
9-2C The cold air standard assumptions involves the additional assumption that air can be treated as an ideal gas with
constant specific heats at room temperature.
9-3C It is less than the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle.
9-4C It represents the net work on both diagrams.
9-5C It is the ratio of the maximum to minimum volumes in the cylinder.
9-6C The MEP is the fictitious pressure which, if acted on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the
same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.
9-7C Yes.
9-8C Assuming no accumulation of carbon deposits on the piston face, the compression ratio will remain the same
(otherwise it will increase). The mean effective pressure, on the other hand, will decrease as a car gets older as a result of
wear and tear.
9-9C The SI and CI engines differ from each other in the way combustion is initiated; by a spark in SI engines, and by
compressing the air above the self-ignition temperature of the fuel in CI engines.
9-10C Stroke is the distance between the TDC and the BDC, bore is the diameter of the cylinder, TDC is the position of the
piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder, and clearance volume is the minimum volume formed in the
cylinder.
9-11E The maximum possible thermal efficiency of a gas power cycle with specified reservoirs is to be determined.
Analysis The maximum efficiency this cycle can have is
TL (80  460) R
 th,Carnot  1  1  0.654  65.4%
TH (1100  460) R
9-3
9-12 The three processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on the P-v and T-s diagrams, and
the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given as R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4.
Analysis (a) The P-v and T-s diagrams of the cycle are shown in the figures.
(b) The temperature at state 2 is
P2 700 kPa
T2  T1  (300 K)  2100 K
P1 100 kPa
T3  T2  2100 K
During process 1-3, we have
1
P

w31,in   Pdv   P1 (V1  V 3 )   R(T1  T3 )
3
 (0.287 kJ/kg  K)(300  2100)K  516.6 kJ/kg 2
During process 2-3, we have
3 3
V3 7V 3
 V
RT
w23,out  Pdv  dv  RT ln  RT ln 2  RT ln 7 1
V2 V2 v
2 2
 (0.287 kJ/kg  K)(2100)Kln7  1172.8 kJ/kg v
The back work ratio is then
w31,in T
516.6 kJ/kg
rbw    0.440
w23,out 1172.8 kJ/kg
2 3
Heat input is determined from an energy balance on the cycle during
process 1-3,
q13,in  w23,out  u13
q13,in   u13  w23,out 1
s
 c v (T3  T1 )  w23,out
 (0.718 kJ/kg  K)(2100  300)  1172.8 kJ/kg
 2465 kJ/kg
The net work output is
wnet  w23,out  w31,in  1172.8  516.6  656.2 kJ/kg
(c) The thermal efficiency is then
wnet 656.2 kJ
 th    0.266  26.6%
qin 2465 kJ
9-4
9-13 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the
net work output and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-21.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are
P
h1  295.17 kJ/kg 3
T1  295 K 
Pr1  1.3068 qin
u  352.29 kJ/kg
Pr2 
P2
Pr1 
600 kPa
1.3068  7.841  2 2
P1 100 kPa T2  490.3 K
u 3  1205.41 kJ/kg 1 qout 4
T3  1500 K 
 v
Pr3  601.9
P3v 3 P2v 2
 
T
 P3  3 P2 
1500 K
600 kPa   1835.6 kPa
T3 T2 T2 490.3 K
T
P
Pr4  4 Pr3 
100 kPa
601.9  32.79  h4  739.71 kJ/kg 3
P3 1835.6 kPa qin
From energy balances, 2
q in  u 3  u 2  1205.41  352.29  853.1 kJ/kg 4
1 qout
q out  h4  h1  739.71  295.17  444.5 kJ/kg s
wnet,out  q in  q out  853.1  444.5  408.6 kJ/kg

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes
wnet,out 408.6 kJ/kg
 th    0.479  47.9%
qin 853.1kJ/kg
9-5
9-14 Problem 9-13 is reconsidered. The effect of the maximum temperature of the cycle on the net work output and
thermal efficiency is to be investigated. Also, T-s and P-v diagrams for the cycle are to be plotted.
Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows:
"Input Data"
T[1]=295 [K]
P[1]=100 [kPa]
P[2] = 600 [kPa]
T[3]=1500 [K]
P[4] = 100 [kPa]
"Process 1-2 is isentropic compression"

s[1]=entropy(air,T=T[1],P=P[1])
s[2]=s[1]
T[2]=temperature(air, s=s[2], P=P[2])
P[2]*v[2]/T[2]=P[1]*v[1]/T[1]
P[1]*v[1]=R*T[1]
R=0.287 [kJ/kg-K]
"Conservation of energy for process 1 to 2"
q_12 -w_12 = DELTAu_12
q_12 =0"isentropic process"
DELTAu_12=intenergy(air,T=T[2])-intenergy(air,T=T[1])
"Process 2-3 is constant volume heat addition"

s[3]=entropy(air, T=T[3], P=P[3])
{P[3]*v[3]/T[3]=P[2]*v[2]/T[2]}
P[3]*v[3]=R*T[3]
v[3]=v[2]
q_23 -w_23 = DELTAu_23
w_23 =0"constant volume process"
"Process 3-4 is isentropic expansion"
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]*v[4]/T[4]=P[3]*v[3]/T[3]
{P[4]*v[4]=0.287*T[4]}
q_34 -w_34 = DELTAu_34
"Process 4-1 is constant pressure heat rejection"

{P[4]*v[4]/T[4]=P[1]*v[1]/T[1]}
q_41 -w_41 = DELTAu_41
w_41 =P[1]*(v[1]-v[4]) "constant pressure process"
q_in_total=q_23
w_net = w_12+w_23+w_34+w_41
Eta_th=w_net/q_in_total*100 "Thermal efficiency, in percent"
9-6
T3 th qin,total Wnet
[K] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg]
1500 47.91 852.9 408.6
1600 48.31 945.7 456.9
1700 48.68 1040 506.1
1800 49.03 1134 556
1900 49.35 1229 606.7
2000 49.66 1325 658.1
2100 49.95 1422 710.5
2200 50.22 1519 763
2300 50.48 1617 816.1
2400 50.72 1715 869.8
2500 50.95 1813 924
51
50.5
50
49.5
 th
49
48.5
48
47.5
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
T[3] [K]
1900
1680
qin,total [kJ/kg]
1460
1240
1020
800
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
T[3] [K]
9-7
1000
900
800
wnet [kJ/kg]
700
600
500
400
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
T[3] [K]
Air
2000
600 kPa
3
1500
100 kPa
T [K]
1000
2 4
500
1
0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
s [kJ/kg-K]
Air
104
3
3
10
2
P [kPa]
102 4
1
1500 K
295 K
101
10-2 10-1 100 101 102
v [m3/kg]
9-8
9-15 The three processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the
heat rejected and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-
2).
Analysis (b) The temperature at state 2 and the heat input are
k 1 / k 0.4/1.4 P
P   1000 kPa 
T2  T1  2   300 K    579.2 K
 P1   100 kPa  qin
2 3
Qin  mh3  h2   mc p T3  T2 
qout
416 kJ  0.5 kg 1.005 kJ/kg  K T3  579.2   T3  1407.1 K
Process 3-1 is a straight line on the P-v diagram, thus the w31 is simply 1
the area under the process curve, v
P  P1  RT1 RT3  v
w31  area  3 v 1  v 3   P3  P1 
 P  P 

2 2  1 3  T
 1000  100 kPa  300 K 1407.1 K 
0.287 kJ/kg  K 
qin 3
  
 2  100 kPa 1000 kPa  2
 251.4 kJ/kg
Energy balance for process 3-1 gives
qout
1
E in  E out  E system 
 Q31,out  W31,out  m(u1  u 3 ) s

Q31,out  mw31,out  mcv (T1  T3 )  m w31,out  cv T1  T3  
 0.5 kg 251.4  0.718 kJ/kg  K 300 - 1407.1K 
 271.7 kJ
(c) The thermal efficiency is then
Qout 271.7 kJ
 th  1  1  0.347  34.7%
Qin 416 kJ
9-9
9-16E The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the
total heat input and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-21E.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are P
T1  540 R 
u1  92.04 Btu/lbm, h1  129.06 Btu/lbm q23
3
2
u 2  u1  q in,12  92.04  300  392.04 Btu/lbm
q in,12  u 2  u1 

T2  2116R , h2  537.1 Btu/lbm q12
P2v 2 P1v 1 T 1 4
 
 P2  2 P1 
2116 R
14.7 psia   57.6 psia qout v
T2 T1 T1 540 R
h3  849.48 Btu/lbm
T3  3200 R 
 T
Pr3  1242
q23 3
P
Pr 4  4 Pr3 
14.7 psia
1242  317.0  h4  593.22 Btu/lbm q12
2
P3 57.6 psia 4
From energy balance,
qout
q 23,in  h3  h2  849.48  537.1  312.38 Btu/lbm 1
s
q in  q12,in  q 23,in  300  312.38  612.38 Btu/lbm
q out  h4  h1  593.22  129.06  464.16 Btu/lbm
(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes
q out 464.16Btu/lbm
 th  1   1  24.2%
q in 612.38Btu/lbm
9-10
9-17E The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the
total heat input and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm.R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm.R, and k = 1.4 (Table
A-2E). P
Analysis (b) The temperature at state 2 and the heat input are
q in,12  u 2  u1  cv T2  T1  q23
3
2
300 Btu/lbm  0.171 Btu/lbm.R T2  540R
T2  2294 R q12
P2v 2 P1v 1 T 4
 
 P2  2 P1 
2294 R
14.7 psia   62.46 psia 1
qout
T2 T1 T1 540 R v
q in,23  h3  h2  c P T3  T2   0.24 Btu/lbm  R 3200  2294R  217.4 Btu/lbm
v
Process 3-4 is isentropic:

k 1 / k 0.4/1.4
P   14.7 psia  T
T4  T3  4   3200 R    2117 R
 P3   62.46 psia  q23 3
2
q in  q in,12  q in,23  300  217.4  517.4 Btu/lbm q12 4
q out  h4  h1  c p T4  T1   0.240 Btu/lbm.R 2117  540  378.5 Btu/lbm
qout
(c) The thermal efficiency is then 1
q out s
378.5 Btu/lbm
 th  1   1  26.8%
q in 517.4 Btu/lbm
9-11
9-18 A Carnot cycle with specified temperature limits is considered. The maximum pressure in the cycle, the heat transfer to
the working fluid, and the mass of the working fluid are to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis (a) In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure occurs at the beginning of the expansion process, which is state 1.
T1  1200 K 
 Pr1  238
(Table A-21)
T4  350 K 
 Pr 4  2.379
T Qin
Pr1
P1  P4 
238
300 kPa   30,013 kPa  30.0 MPa  Pmax 1200 1 2
Pr4 2.379
(b) The heat input is determined from Wnet = 0.5 kJ

TL 350 K
 th  1   1  70.83% 350 4 3
TH 1200 K Qout
Qin  W net,out /  th  0.5 kJ / 0.7083  0.706 kJ
s
(c) The mass of air is

s 4  s 3  s 4  s 3 
0
 Rln
P4
P3
 0.287 kJ/kg  K ln
300 kPa
150 kPa
 0.199 kJ/kg  K  s1  s 2
wnet,out  s 2  s1 T H  T L   0.199kJ/kg  K 1200  350K  169.15kJ/kg
W net,out 0.5 kJ
m   0.00296 kg
9-12
9-19 A Carnot cycle with specified temperature limits is considered. The maximum pressure in the cycle, the heat transfer
to the working fluid, and the mass of the working fluid are to be determined.
Assumptions Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of helium at room temperature are R = 2.0769 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.667 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure occurs at the beginning of the expansion process, which is state 1.
k 1 / k
T1  P1 
 
T4  P4 
or,
k / k 1 1.667/0.667
T
T   1200 K 
P1  P4  1   300 kPa    6524 kPa Qin
 T4   350 K  1200 1 2
(b) The heat input is determined from
Wnet = 0.5 kJ
TL 350 K
 th  1   1  70.83%
TH 1200 K 350 4 3
Qin  W net,out /  th  0.5 kJ / 0.7083  0.706 kJ s
(c) The mass of helium is determined from

0
T4 P4
 2.0769 kJ/kg  K ln
300 kPa
s 4  s 3  c p ln  Rln
T3 P3 150 kPa
 1.4396 kJ/kg  K  s1  s 2
wnet,out  s 2  s1 T H  T L   1.4396 kJ/kg  K 1200  350K  1223.7 kJ/kg
W net,out 0.5 kJ
m   0.000409 kg
9-13
9-20 A Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work output per cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, and
k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P3 and the maximum pressure is P1. Then,
k 1 / k
T2  P2 
  T
T3  P3 
qin
1100 1 2
or
k / k 1 1.4/0.4
T   1100 K 
P2  P3  2 
  20 kPa    1888 kPa
 T3   300 K 
300 4 3
The heat input is determined from qout
s
T2 0
 Rln 2  0.287 kJ/kg  K ln
P 1888 kPa
s 2  s1  c p ln  0.1329 kJ/kg  K
T1 P1 3000 kPa
Qin  mT H s 2  s1   0.6 kg 1100 K 0.1329 kJ/kg  K   87.73 kJ
Then,
TL 300 K
 th  1  1  0.7273  72.7%
TH 1100 K
Wnet,out   th Qin  0.727387.73 kJ   63.8 kJ
9-14
Otto Cycle
9-21C The four processes that make up the Otto cycle are (1) isentropic compression, (2) v = constant heat addition, (3)
isentropic expansion, and (4) v = constant heat rejection.
9-22C They are analyzed as closed system processes because no mass crosses the system boundaries during any of the
processes.
9-23C The ideal Otto cycle involves external irreversibilities, and thus it has a lower thermal efficiency.
9-24C It increases with both of them.
9-25C For actual four-stroke engines, the rpm is twice the number of thermodynamic cycles; for two-stroke engines, it is
equal to the number of thermodynamic cycles.
9-26C Because high compression ratios cause engine knock.
9-27C The thermal efficiency will be the highest for argon because it has the highest specific heat ratio, k = 1.667.
9-28C The fuel is injected into the cylinder in both engines, but it is ignited with a spark plug in gasoline engines.
9-15
9-29 An ideal Otto cycle is considered. The thermal efficiency and the rate of heat input are to be determined.
2a).
Analysis The definition of cycle thermal efficiency reduces to P
3
1 1
 th  1  k 1  1   0.6096  61.0%
r 10.51.41
qin 4
The rate of heat addition is then
2 qout
W 90 kW 1
Q in  net
  148 kW
 th 0.6096
v
v
9-30 An ideal Otto cycle is considered. The thermal efficiency and the rate of heat input are to be determined.
2a).
Analysis The definition of cycle thermal efficiency reduces to P
3
1 1
 th  1  k 1  1  1.41  0.5752  57.5%
r 8.5 qin 4
The rate of heat addition is then qout
2
 W net 90 kW 1
Qin    157 kW
 th 0.5752
v
v
9-16
9-31 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at the end
of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to
be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given in Table A-21.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
u1  214.07kJ/kg P
T1  300K 

v r1  621.2
3
v2 T2  673.1K
v r1  v r1  621.2  77.65 
1 1
v r2  
v1 r 8 u 2  491.2 kJ/kg 750 kJ/kg 4
2
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T  673.1 K 
  P2  1 2 P1  8
 95 kPa   1705 kPa 1
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300 K  v
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition. v
T3  1539 K
q 23,in  u 3  u 2 
 u 3  u 2  q 23,in  491.2  750  1241.2 kJ/kg 

v r3  6.588
P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1539 K 

  P3  3 P2  
 1705 kPa   3898 kPa
T3 T2 T2  673.1 K 
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v1 T  774.5 K
v r4  v r3  rv r3  86.588  52.70 
 4
v2 u 4  571.69 kJ/kg
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
qout  u4  u1  571.69  214.07  357.62 kJ / kg
wnet,out  q in  q out  750  357.62  392.4 kJ/kg
(c)  th    52.3%
q in 750 kJ/kg
(d) v1 
RT1


0.287kPa  m 3 /kg  K 300K  
 0.906m 3 /kg  v max
P1 95kPa
v max
v min  v 2 
r
wnet,out wnet,out 392.4 kJ/kg  kPa  m 3 
MEP       495.0 kPa
v1 v 2 v 1 (1  1 / r )  
0.906 m 3 /kg 1  1/8  kJ 

9-17
9-32 Problem 9-31 is reconsidered. The effect of the compression ratio on the net work output and thermal efficiency
is to be investigated. Also, T-s and P-v diagrams for the cycle are to be plotted.
Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows:
"Input Data"
T[1]=300 [K]
P[1]=95 [kPa]
q_23 = 750 [kJ/kg]
{r_comp = 8}
"Process 1-2 is isentropic compression"

s[2]=s[1]
T[2]=temperature(air, s=s[2], P=P[2])
P[2]*v[2]/T[2]=P[1]*v[1]/T[1]
P[1]*v[1]=R*T[1]
R=0.287 [kJ/kg-K]
V[2] = V[1]/ r_comp
q_12 - w_12 = DELTAu_12
"Process 2-3 is constant volume heat addition"
v[3]=v[2]
s[3]=entropy(air, T=T[3], P=P[3])
P[3]*v[3]=R*T[3]
q_23 - w_23 = DELTAu_23
w_23 =0"constant volume process"
"Process 3-4 is isentropic expansion"
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]*v[4]=R*T[4]
q_34 -w_34 = DELTAu_34
"Process 4-1 is constant volume heat rejection"
V[4] = V[1]
q_41 - w_41 = DELTAu_41
w_41 =0 "constant volume process"
q_in_total=q_23
q_out_total = -q_41
w_net = w_12+w_23+w_34+w_41
Eta_th=w_net/q_in_total*100 "Thermal efficiency, in percent"
"The mean effective pressure is:"
MEP = w_net/(V[1]-V[2])"[kPa]"
9-18
rcomp th MEP [kPa] wnet [kJ/kg]
5 43.78 452.9 328.4
6 47.29 469.6 354.7
7 50.08 483.5 375.6
8 52.36 495.2 392.7
9 54.28 505.3 407.1
10 55.93 514.2 419.5
Air
1600
3
1400
0. 9
1200
a
kP
1000
T [K]
95
800
4
a 2
600 kP
00
39 kg
3/
400 m
11
0. 1
200
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
s [kJ/kg-K]
Air
104
2
s4 = 33 = 6.424 kJ/kg-K
103
300 K
P [kPa]
102
s2 = s1 = 5.716 kJ/kg-K
1 1500 K
101
10-2 10-1 100 101 102
v [m3/kg]
9-19
420
400
wnet [kJ/kg]
380
360
340
320
5 6 7 8 9 10
r comp
520
510
500
MEP [kPa]
490
480
470
460
450
5 6 7 8 9 10
r comp
56
Thermal efficiency (%)
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
5 6 7 8 9 10
r comp
9-20
9-33 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at the end
of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to
be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and
k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
k 1
v  P
T2  T1  1   300K 80.4  689 K
v 2  3
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T  689 K 
  P2  1 2 P1  8
 95 kPa   1745 kPa
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300 K  750 kJ/kg 4
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition. 2
1
q 23,in  u 3  u 2  c v T3  T2 
v
750 kJ/kg  0.718 kJ/kg  K T3  689K v
T3  1734 K
P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1734 K 

  P3  3 P2  
 1745 kPa   4392 kPa
T3 T2 T2  689 K 
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
k 1
v 
0.4
1
T4  T3  3   1734 K    755 K
v 4  8
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out  u 4  u1  cv T4  T1   0.718 kJ/kg  K 755  300K  327 kJ/kg
wnet,out  q in  q out  750  327  423 kJ/kg
wnet,out 423kJ/kg
(c)  th    56.4%
q in 750kJ/kg
(d) v1 
RT1


0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K 300 K  
 0.906 m 3 /kg  v max
P1 95 kPa
v max
v min  v 2 
r
wnet,out wnet,out 423 kJ/kg  kPa  m 3 
MEP       534 kPa
v1 v 2 v 1 (1  1 / r )  
0.906 m 3 /kg 1  1/8  kJ 

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The Cabot-Endicott-Low House
THE CABOT-ENDICOTT-LOW HOUSE
Distinctive among Salem residences is the Cabot-Endicott-Low

house at 365 Essex Street. It is clapboarded, but possesses white
corner-boards which simulate the marble quoins used later in brick
houses, which did not begin to appear in Salem until about 1800.
This house was built in 1748 by Joseph Cabot, the architect being
unknown, though tradition attributes to his hand a number of other
famous dwellings in Salem. It is universally considered to be a
typical example of the best in Colonial architecture at the time when
commercial prosperity was at its height. Unlike most of the large
square houses of the period, it stands at some distance back from
the street, this lending it through proper spacing additional charm. Its
rooms are crowded with rare furniture and china, the latter brought
home by famous Salem clippers from foreign parts over a century
ago; and its garden is the finest in Salem. Once the home of six
hundred to seven hundred varieties of tulips imported from Holland
by its original owner, the garden is now largely given up to peonies,
of which a thousand have been counted in bloom at one time.
The doorway of the Cabot house is a later addition, and its effect
is marred by the presence of inappropriate doors. It possesses Doric
pilasters, and the pediment is ornate with carving.
The Cabot house has many historic associations. Its original
owner, Joseph S. Cabot, was Mayor of the town from 1843 to 1845.
The Honorable William C. Endicott, Secretary of War under
President Cleveland, and a Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme
Court from 1873 to 1882, lived here for thirty years. Through this
doorway entered as a guest the Right Honorable Joseph
Chamberlain, who afterward married the daughter of his host. In
1890 General W. T. Sherman was entertained here. Later the house
was bought by Daniel Low, the well-known silversmith, who occupied
it until his death.
The Pickering House
PORCH OPENING ON OLD-FASHIONED GARDENS ON THE

PICKERING ESTATE
This ancient dwelling is said by many to be the oldest of all Salem

houses. One of the first Colonists, John Pickering, built it in 1660.
The Essex Institute shows an iron fire-back taken from the old house
which bears this date.
The averting of bloodshed at North Bridge in February, 1775, has
been mentioned above. Colonel Timothy Pickering, born in this
house in 1745, was at that time on service with Continental troops,
and remained actively engaged until after Yorktown. He achieved
honorable distinction, first as Colonel, and later as Adjutant-General
of the army. Returning from military service, he entered the doorway
of this ancient house, soon to pass from it again as Representative
and Senator. In Washington’s Cabinet he held office in three different
capacities, and in all of them acquitted himself with credit—as
Secretary of War, Secretary of State, and Postmaster-General. This
record is hardly surpassed in American annals.
Colonel Pickering was interested also in other issues. He it was
who led the schism which founded the North Church in Salem, as
the result of differences in the Tabernacle Church. One imagines that
he was versed in the classics as well, for John Pickering, his son,
afterward became the well-known linguist and Greek lexicographer.
The Poynton House
THE POYNTON HOUSE, KNOWN AS THE ‘PINEAPPLE HOUSE’

Built in 1750
In an old painting in the Essex Institute is shown the famous

Governor Bradstreet mansion, with its numerous gables, its batten
door flanked by curious latticed towers, and its lozenged windows. At
the tip of each gable and tower perches a carved ornament in the
shape of a pineapple, the ancient symbol of hospitality. Over the
doorway of the Thomas Poynton house at 7 Brown Street Court, on
a pedestal between the members of a broken arch pediment, was
once to be seen a similar pineapple, most elaborately and delicately
carved, and resplendent in its appropriate tints of red and green.
Captain Poynton was a merchant, and some foreign port may have
supplied this famous ornament, which for years lent its name to the
‘Pineapple House.’ The illustration shows the doorway in its original
condition, though the door itself is modern. Note the cutting-out of
the blinds, made necessary by the height of the pineapple.
Now removed for safe-keeping to the Essex Institute, this beautiful
entrance has always attracted the attention of architects and
connoisseurs. The simplicity of the fluted Doric pilasters leads the
eye upward to a sudden surprise, albeit an agreeable one, in the
unusual character of the decorations above. Altogether the effect is
unique and charming, and is well brought out against the gray walls
of the house itself.
The Eden-Brown House
THE EDEN-BROWN HOUSE
In 1762, Thomas Eden built a house at 40 Summer Street. In 1804

the original doorway was replaced by one designed and executed by
the famous McIntire, possessing one unusual feature, the elliptical
fanlight unaccompanied by other glasswork. The doorway is of
simple design, showing plain Doric pilasters, over each of which
appears a carved rosette or floret, with festooned drapery between.
Once more, the use of modern doors lends an unpardonably
discordant note to this otherwise artistic composition.
Much interesting history centers in the Eden-Brown house.
Thomas Eden was the first signer of the roll of the famous Salem
Marine Society, founded in 1766, membership in which was
conditioned upon a man’s having sailed his ship at least around the
Cape of Good Hope. The quality of Salem ship-masters is seen in
the fact that eighteen charter members were thus enrolled at the first
meeting. Robert Hooper, of Marblehead, was a partner of Eden in his
commercial ventures, and was familiarly spoken of as ‘King’ Hooper
because of his Royalist leanings.
How many vigorous and adventurous figures must have passed
through the Eden-Brown doorway! ‘King’ Hooper himself, owner of a
house at Marblehead and another at Danvers, the well-known
‘Lindens,’ occupied as a summer home by the Royal Governor
Gage, the year before Lexington. Many a wealthy captain, perhaps,
and trader to the East, who in the spirit of the bold motto on the
Salem official seal, ‘Unto the utmost bounds of wealthy Ind,’ had
driven his fifty-ton schooner across the mysterious ocean, returning
laden with silks, rugs, and shawls, mulls and muslins, jade, crystal,
spices, and if not, like the far-famed navies of Solomon, with ‘ivory,
apes, and peacocks,’ at least with many a comical monkey and
gaudy parrot—the latter commonly past-master in the use of a
certain deep-sea vocabulary not to be repeated here.
Such cargoes made Salem owners wealthy, and paved the way for
the erection of the spacious and dignified residences, with their
noble pillars and pediments, so many of which are still standing to-
day as a memorial of by-gone greatness.
‘The Lindens’
‘THE LINDENS’
‘King’ Hooper, partner of Thomas Eden, as just stated above,

beside his Marblehead home, had a fine residence at Danvers, once
a part of Salem, which is one of the most pretentious of the time.
Now called ‘The Lindens,’ it was built in 1754, the siding scored and
beveled so as to present the appearance of granite blocks, a
resemblance still further carried out in the gray paint of the surface
and the white of the beveling. The doorway is of special dignity and
beauty, two Corinthian columns supporting a large gable containing
a window, which rises to the deck of the roof. Of similar appearance
was the John Hancock house on Beacon Street, Boston, now
destroyed.
At the time of his governorship of the Province in 1774, this
handsome house was used by General Gage as a summer home.
Colonel Leslie, commanding officer of the 64th Regulars opposed at
North Bridge by the Salem citizens in February of the following year,
pitched the tents of his regiment across the road. One may imagine
how gay were the goings-on, as scarlet uniforms, rich with gold lace,
passed in and out of the stately portal, through which might be heard
the hum of conversation and the strains of music—for the British
officers were good entertainers, and made the most of what society
they had in a hostile environment.
It was perhaps during some such festivity that an indignant patriot
fired a shot from his musket through the panel of the door—the hole
being still visible where his messenger of protest made its entrance.
‘The Lindens’ was lately the home of Francis Peabody. It is now
owned by Ward Thoran.
The Pierce-Johonnot-Nichols House
THE PIERCE-JOHONNOT-NICHOLS HOUSE
At 80 Federal Street, Salem, stands this fine old residence,

frequently referred to as the best specimen of its kind now existing. It
is the work of Samuel McIntire, the master-craftsman of Salem, and
represents possibly the first of his efforts, as it is surely one of his
best, although he was at the time only twenty-five years of age.
The house is square in shape, close to the sidewalk, with an L and
stable in the rear. The front porch is of simple classic design, the
architect having freely combined the Tuscan and the Doric, with
unique effect. The door itself possesses the rare number of eight
panels, with a graceful fanlight above. The approach to the steps is
flanked by handsome gate-posts of the Tuscan order, surmounted by
ornamental urns carved from a single block of wood.
At the side of the house, and serving as a carriage entrance, is an
enclosed porch, similar in type to that at the front, and admirable in
its effect upon the eye. This enclosed porch as a side-entrance is
indeed characteristic of Old Salem houses—the particular one in
question being of exceptional attractiveness. Oval side-windows
afford light, and the door itself is of the correct ancient pattern.
Although dating from 1782, this old mansion is of no particular
historical interest. It possesses, however, human interest of a
genuine sort, drawn from the vicissitudes and disappointments, as
well as the joys, of its successive tenants.
Jerathmiel Pierce, the original owner, was a wealthy merchant,
successful in his ventures in foreign trade. To the wharf at the rear of
his house came his returning ships, to discharge their cargoes at his
warehouse, reached by a path through the garden. Financial
reverses, however, came upon him; and in 1827 the property was
acquired by George Johonnot. From the handsome doorway of his
beloved home, where he had spent forty years of a happy life, went
forth the broken old man to find shelter with George Nichols, his son-
in-law, who had also suffered business reverses; and after a brief
time he died.
THE FRONT DOOR OF THE PIERCE-JOHONNOT-NICHOLS
HOUSE FROM THE INSIDE
At the death of the Johonnots, twelve years after, George Nichols

and his wife inherited, under a deed of trust, the famous old
mansion. At the age of seventy, Nichols retired from business and
spent his declining years in tending the famous old garden which he
loved. In 1917 the property was bought by the Essex Institute, as a
memorial of the old days when Salem was known for her prosperity
due to foreign trade.
The Hosmer-Townsend-Waters House
Chimneys on Salem houses were customarily built to rise from the
center of the roof—huge structures of brick, containing many flues
from the fireplaces opening from the rooms arranged about them on
all sides. In later periods they were placed wherever convenience
dictated. A fine example of the former style is seen on the Hosmer-
Townsend-Waters house at 80 Washington Square, Salem. This
building dates from 1795, designed by McIntire, for Captain Joseph
Hosmer. Near it, at 82 Washington Square, East, is the Boardman
house, where Washington was entertained when in Salem in 1789,
and which elicited from him an exclamation of wonder that the
people of Salem could build such handsome residences.
In Virginia, the Colonial type was also in vogue, but with a
difference. The General’s surprise was apparently at the fact that in
towns, as well as upon the great estates of the South to which he
had been accustomed, so large a degree of taste and comfort could
prevail.
The side-door of the Hosmer dwelling has an attractive enclosed
porch, almost hidden by a huge wistaria which clothes it in a tangle
of leafage and bloom. It resembles that already described in the
Johonnot house in the presence of oval side-lights, although differing
somewhat in architectural features. The front entrance of the Hosmer
house closely corresponds with that at the side in design, and both
possess the correct six-panel door, relieved by brass latch and
knocker.
Historical interest attaches to the Hosmer-Waters house in that it
was once the home of Henry Fitz-Gilbert Waters, whose
genealogical researches and writings are well-known. These include
‘John Harvard and his Ancestry,’ ‘An Examination into the English
Ancestry of George Washington,’ ‘Genealogical Gleanings in
England.’ Connoisseurs have stated that Mr. Waters’s collection of
antique furniture was surpassed by none in New England.
Assembly Hall
ASSEMBLY HALL
Not long after the Revolution, the Federal Party in Salem desired a
meeting-place, and Samuel McIntire was commissioned to design for
this purpose the Assembly Hall. In 1782 the building was erected at
138 Federal Street. Not to be outdone, the Democrats also, though
somewhat later, built Washington Hall, likewise the work of McIntire.
Social festivities of all sorts immediately found their center in the
Assembly Hall. In 1789, when Washington, for whose personal use
the Boardman house had been designated during his stay, paid a
visit to Salem, a ball was arranged in his honor, and this took place
in Assembly Hall, where he opened the festivities with Miss Abbot,
daughter of General Abbot, his host of the occasion. Washington,
however, turned his fair partner over to General Knox when the
dancing began, asserting that this was out of his line. At Assembly
Hall a banquet was tendered Lafayette on his first tour of America
some years earlier.
Curiously enough, and contrary to the usual order of things, after a
brief period of only thirteen years, Assembly Hall became a private
residence, in the year 1795.
Instead of being clapboarded, the front of this building is laid flat,
giving a rather bare effect. This impression is somewhat relieved by
the elaborate decorations—four handsome Ionic pilasters rising
above the roof of the porch nearly to the eaves, while a gable or
pediment extends across almost the full width of the façade. The
porch itself is of generous breadth, Ionic pillars with a beautifully
ornamented frieze, representing grape leaves and clusters, forming
a fitting frame for the hospitable entrance just behind. Probably the
porch is of more recent date than the building itself, although this is a
matter of conjecture. The sides and back of the house differ from the
façade in being clapboarded instead of flat. Elaborate iron railings on
either side guard the ascent from the sidewalk.
The Boardman House
THE BOARDMAN HOUSE
Reference has already been made to the Boardman house at 82

Washington Square, East, as offered to Washington on his Salem
visit in 1789. The porch is of the enclosed type, of the Tuscan order,
with fluted pilasters, oval side-lights and a picket fence with tall gate-
posts surmounted by the familiar urns. A light and homely touch is
added in the trellises with their climbing vines which are set close
against the house upon either side.
‘Oak Hill’
‘OAK HILL’
The present town of Danvers was originally part of Old Salem, and
after its separation in 1752, Danvers included the present town of
Peabody, which was set off in 1855. In the year 1800, while McIntire
was producing his most beautiful and finished work, ‘Oak Hill,’ now in
Peabody, was erected from his designs. It is now the summer
residence of Mrs. J. C. Rogers, and contains throughout as complete
and elaborate a wealth of detail from the wood-carver’s hand as can
anywhere be found.
Reference has been made to the fact that craftsmen from the
shipyards of Salem, skilled in the carving of figureheads and cabin
decorations, sometimes found employment ashore in the service of
architects and builders. The year when ‘Oak Hill’ was built marked
the climax of Salem’s maritime importance. Carvings suggesting the
familiar rope mouldings of ships’ cabins are found upon the
balusters.
The porch of this beautiful house, with the exception of the modern
doors, is a most complete and graceful composition. Fluted Ionic
columns, four in number, support in pairs the front edge of the roof,
while its rear rests upon pilasters grouped in the same way. The
columns, as often in McIntire’s work, are slender for their height; but
instead of appearing spindling, they seem to assume an airy grace
which lightens and relieves the whole. A spider-web fanlight
surmounts the door, and the leaded glass in the side-lights is heart-
shaped—a unique and charming feature.
The Kimball House
THE KIMBALL HOUSE
Another of McIntire’s porches, placed in 1800 upon the Kimball

house at 14 Pickman Street, is interesting, as illustrating the
architect’s characteristic freedom in the combination without discord
of the various orders. The columns are Ionic—the entablature is
Corinthian style, although incomplete. Side-lights flank the six-
paneled door, but the usual fanlight is missing, paneling taking its
place. Door-frame and side-lights are decorated by a border of
garlands, which are of composition applied to the surface of the
wood—although the capitals of the columns are painstakingly carved
by hand.

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Full download Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid Sciences 5th Edition Cengel Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

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Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid

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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

9-3C It is less than the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle.

9-4C It represents the net work on both diagrams.

9-5C It is the ratio of the maximum to minimum volumes in the cylinder.

wnet,out  q in  q out  853.1  444.5  408.6 kJ/kg

"Process 1-2 is isentropic compression"

"Process 2-3 is constant volume heat addition"

"Process 4-1 is constant pressure heat rejection"

Process 3-4 is isentropic:

(b) The heat input is determined from Wnet = 0.5 kJ

(c) The mass of air is

(c) The mass of helium is determined from

9-24C It increases with both of them.

9-26C Because high compression ratios cause engine knock.

P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1539 K 

"Process 1-2 is isentropic compression"

P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1734 K 

THE CABOT-ENDICOTT-LOW HOUSE

Distinctive among Salem residences is the Cabot-Endicott-Low

PORCH OPENING ON OLD-FASHIONED GARDENS ON THE

This ancient dwelling is said by many to be the oldest of all Salem

THE POYNTON HOUSE, KNOWN AS THE ‘PINEAPPLE HOUSE’

In an old painting in the Essex Institute is shown the famous

THE EDEN-BROWN HOUSE

In 1762, Thomas Eden built a house at 40 Summer Street. In 1804

‘King’ Hooper, partner of Thomas Eden, as just stated above,

THE PIERCE-JOHONNOT-NICHOLS HOUSE

At 80 Federal Street, Salem, stands this fine old residence,

At the death of the Johonnots, twelve years after, George Nichols

THE BOARDMAN HOUSE

Reference has already been made to the Boardman house at 82

THE KIMBALL HOUSE

Another of McIntire’s porches, placed in 1800 upon the Kimball

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