Full download Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

Power of Logic 5th Edition
Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/power-of-logic-5th-edition-howard-snyder-solutions-m
anual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/power-of-logic-5th-edition-
howard-snyder-test-bank/
Programmable Logic Controllers 5th Edition Petruzella

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/programmable-logic-
controllers-5th-edition-petruzella-solutions-manual/
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals 5th Edition Mano

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/logic-and-computer-design-
fundamentals-5th-edition-mano-solutions-manual/
Fundamentals of Logic Design 7th Edition Roth Solutions

Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-logic-design-7th-
edition-roth-solutions-manual/
Power of Art 3rd Edition Lewis Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/power-of-art-3rd-edition-lewis-
solutions-manual/
U S Foreign Policy The Paradox of World Power 5th

Edition Hook Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/u-s-foreign-policy-the-paradox-
of-world-power-5th-edition-hook-solutions-manual/
Power System Analysis And Design 5th Edition Glover

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/power-system-analysis-and-
design-5th-edition-glover-solutions-manual/
Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers 6th

Edition Rafiquzzaman Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-digital-logic-
and-microcontrollers-6th-edition-rafiquzzaman-solutions-manual/
Programmable Logic Controllers 5th Edition Petruzella

Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/programmable-logic-
controllers-5th-edition-petruzella-test-bank/
Chapter 6 Categorical Logic: Syllogisms
CHAPTER 6
Categorical Logic: Syllogisms
The starred items are also contained in the Answer Key in the back of The Power of Logic.
Exercise 6.1
Part A: Standard Form
*1. 1. All novels are books.

2. Some works of art are books.
So, 3. Some works of art are novels.
2. Already in standard form
*4. 1. Some beautiful things are paintings.
2. All sculptures are beautiful things.
So, 3. Some sculptures are not paintings.
5. 1. All famous short stories are interesting stories.
2. Some short stories are not interesting stories.
So, 3. Some short stories are not famous short stories.
6. 1. No millionaires are poor persons.
2. Some artists are millionaires.
So, 3. Some artists are not poor persons.
*7. 1. All sadists are mean persons.
2. All art critics are mean persons.
So, 3. All art critics are sadists.
8. 1. All metaphors are words.
2. All metaphors are figures of speech.
So, 3. All figures of speech are words.
*10. Already in standard form
11. 1. Some comedians are prophets.
2. Some comedians are poets.
So, 3. Some poets are prophets.
12. 1. All novelists are authors.
2. All authors are insightful persons.
So, 3. All insightful persons are novelists.
Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 1
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
*13. 1. No aspiring actors are saints.

2. Some aspiring actors are not egoists.
So, 3. Some egoists are saints.
15. 1. No ancient Greek poets are persons who are alive.
2. All persons who are alive are artists.
So, 3. No artists are ancient Greek poets.
Part B: Mood and Figure
*1. Second figure: IAI (not valid)

2. Third figure: III (not valid)
3. Fourth figure: AEE (valid)
*4. Third figure: EOI (not valid)
5. First figure: EAE (valid)
6. Fourth figure: EAE (not valid)
*7. Second figure: AII (not valid)
8. Second figure: OOO (not valid)
9. Third figure: OAO (valid)
*10. First figure: IAO (not valid)
11. Second figure: AOO (valid)
12. First figure: EIO (valid)
*13. Second figure: AAA (not valid)
14. Third figure: AAA (not valid)
15. First figure: AII (valid)
Part C: Putting Syllogisms into Standard Form
*1. 1. All cowboys are persons who love horses.

2. Some farmers are not persons who love horses.
So, 3. Some farmers are not cowboys. Second figure: AOO (valid)
2. 1. All operas are events that include singers.
2. No rodeos are operas.
So, 3. No rodeos are events that include singers. First figure: AEE (invalid)
3. 1. No rock stars are rodeo stars.
2. Some rock stars are persons who love country music.
So, 3. Some persons who love country music are not rodeo stars.
Third figure: EIO (valid)
*4. 1. No cowards are bull riders.
2. Some bull riders are fools.
So, 3. Some fools are not cowards. Fourth figure: EIO (valid)
5. 1. All cowgirls are talented riders.
2. No cowgirls are city slickers.
So, 3. No city slickers are talented riders. Third figure: AEE (invalid)
6. 1. Some sheriffs are gunslingers.
2. All gunslingers are drifters.
So, 3. Some drifters are sheriffs. Fourth figure: IAI (valid)
*7. 1. No cattle rustlers are good guys.
2. All cowboys in white outfits are good guys.
So, 3. No cowboys in white outfits are cattle rustlers. Second figure: EAE (valid)
8. 1. All barkeeps who serve rotgut are bad guys.
2. Some barkeeps who serve rotgut are persons who will not live long.
So, 3. Some persons who will not live long are bad guys. Third figure: AII (valid)
9. 1. All good movies are westerns.
2. All movies worth seeing are good movies.
So, 3. All movies worth seeing are westerns. First figure: AAA (valid)
*10. 1. All bulls are animals that are hard to ride.
2. Some broncos are not bulls.
So, 3. Some broncos are not animals that are hard to ride. First figure: AOO (invalid)
11. 1. All cattle barons are wealthy landowners.
2. No wealthy landowners are buckaroos.
So, 3. No buckaroos are cattle barons. Fourth figure: AEE (valid)
12. 1. No bounty hunters are sodbusters.
2. Some outlaws are sodbusters.
So, 3. Some outlaws are not bounty hunters. Second figure: EIO (valid)
*13. 1. No trail bosses are hired hands.
2. Some ranchers are hired hands.
So, 3. Some ranchers are trail bosses. Second figure: EII (invalid)
14. 1. All horse thieves are persons who will be hanged.
2. Some bandits are not horse thieves.
So, 3. Some bandits are not persons who will be hanged. First figure: AOO (invalid)
15. 1. Some sheep ranchers are not fast guns.
2. All sheep ranchers are honest citizens.
So, 3. Some honest citizens are not fast guns. Third figure: OAO (valid)
Part D: Constructing Syllogisms
*1. 1. No ducks are geese.

2. Some birds are ducks.
So, 3. Some birds are not geese. Valid
2. 1. All men are humans.
2. No birds are humans.
So, 3. No birds are men. Valid
3. 1. Some birds are ducks.
2. All birds are living things.

So, 3. Some living things are ducks. Valid
*4. 1. No ducks are men.
2. All men are living things.
So, 3. No living things are ducks. Invalid
5. 1. All ducks are birds.
2. All pintails are ducks.
So, 3. No pintails are birds. Invalid
6. 1. No ducks are geese.
2. Some birds are geese.
So, 3. Some birds are not ducks. Valid
*7. 1. Some birds are not ducks.
2. All birds are living things.
So, 3. Some living things are not ducks. Valid
8. 1. Some birds are ducks.
2. All ducks are living things.
So, 3. Some living things are birds. Valid
9. 1. No geese are ducks.
2. No men are geese.
So, 3. All men are ducks. Invalid
*10. 1. All ducks are birds.
2. Some living things are not birds.
So, 3. Some living things are not ducks. Valid
Exercise 6.2
Part A: Venn Diagrams and Standard Form
*1. Some ancient philosophers are persons who believed in the unreality of change.
2. Some acts of killing are not acts of murder.
3. No divine beings are limited beings.
*4. All persons who deserve harsh treatment from the IRS are tax-dodgers.
5. Some current musical hits are not things that will be hits next year.
6. All persons who believe in reincarnation are persons who believe in life after death.
*7. No chlorofluorocarbons are things that are good for the ozone layer.
8. Some corporations are things that cheat the government.
9. All persons who should be incarcerated are violent offenders.
*10. No physical entities are spiritual entities.
Part B: Venn Diagrams and Arguments
*1. Some chairs are not thrones. So, some thrones are not chairs.
2. All scallops are mollusks. Hence, no scallops are nonmollusks.
3. All minds are brains. Therefore, all nonbrains are nonminds.
*4. Some married persons are persons who have attachment disorders. Thus, some persons
who have attachment disorders are married persons.
5. No laypersons are priests. It follows that all laypersons are nonpriests.
6. Some political philosophers are egalitarians. Accordingly, some nonegalitarians are

things that are not political philosophers.
*7. No elephants are beetles. Consequently, no nonbeetles are nonelephants.
Note regarding the diagram of the conclusion: The area of overlap between nonbeetles
and nonelephants is the area outside BOTH circles; hence, the area outside both circles
should be shaded in.
8. No Pickwickian interpretations are obvious interpretations. So, no obvious interpretations

are Pickwickian interpretations.
9. Some rays are devilfish. Hence, some devilfish are not nonrays.
*10. Some wines are not merlots. Therefore, some nonmerlots are not nonwines.
11. All acts of torture are immoral acts. It follows that all immoral acts are acts of torture.
12. Some vipers are not copperheads. Consequently, some vipers are noncopperheads.
*13. Some mammals are edentulous animals. Thus, all mammals are edentulous animals.
14. Some boring events are colloquia. Accordingly, some boring events are not colloquia.
15. Some theists are not predestinarians. Therefore, no theists are predestinarians.
Exercise 6.3
Part A: Argument Forms
*1. 1. All M are P. 2. 1. No P are M.

2. Some M are not S. 2. Some M are not S.
So, 3. Some S are not P. So, 3. Some S are P.
3. 1. No M are P. *4. 1. Some P are M.

2. Some M are S. 2. Some S are M.
So, 3. Some S are not P. So, 3. Some S are P.
5. 1. All P are M. 6. 1. All P are M.

2. Some M are not S. 2. Some S are not M.
So, 3. Some S are not P. So, 3. Some S are not P.
*7. 1. No P are M. 8. 1. All P are M.

2. Some M are S. 2. No S are M.
So, 3. Some S are P. So, 3. No S are P.
9. 1. No P are M. *10. 1. All M are P.

2. No S are M. 2. No S are M.
So, 3. No S are P. So, 3. No S are P.
Part B: Categorical Syllogisms
*1. 1. All Athenians are Greeks. 2. 1. All sentient things are rights-
2. Some humans are not Athenians. holders.
So, 3. Some humans are not Greeks. 2. All animals are sentient things.
So, 3. All animals are rights-holders.
3. 1. No evil things are good things. *4. 1. All liars are self-deceived persons.
2. All serial killers are evil things. 2. All liars are wicked persons.
So, 3. No serial killers are good things. So, 3. All wicked persons are self-
deceived persons.
5. 1. All persons without a conscience 6. 1. All persons who have faith are
are happy persons. virtuous persons.
2. Some criminals are persons 2. Some highly moral persons are not
without a conscience. persons who have faith.
So, 3. Some criminals are happy persons. So, 3. Some highly moral persons are not
virtuous persons.
*7. 1. No human beings are omniscient 8. 1. Some wars are things ordained by
beings. God.
2. Some divine beings are human 2. All great evils are wars.
beings. So, 3. Some great evils are things
So, 3. Some divine beings are not ordained by God.
omniscient beings.
9. 1. All acts worth doing are acts worth *10. 1. All brain events are physical
doing well. events.
2. Some hobbies are not acts worth 2. No mental events are physical
doing. events.
So, 3. Some hobbies are not acts worth So, 3. No mental events are brain events.
doing well.
11. 1. Some philosophical views are not 12. 1. No wicked persons are persons
views worth considering. utterly without a conscience.
2. All philosophical views are views 2. All wicked persons are deeply
that have been held by geniuses. confused individuals.
So, 3. Some views that have been held by So, 3. No deeply confused individuals are
geniuses are not views worth persons utterly without a
considering. conscience.
*13. 1. All similarity statements are 14. 1. All morally permissible acts are
metaphorical statements. acts that conform to the categorical
2. All statements are similarity imperative.
statements. 2. Some acts of suicide are acts that
So, 3. All statements are metaphorical conform to the categorical
statements. imperative.
So, 3. Some acts of suicide are morally
permissible acts.
15. 1. All obligatory acts are acts that *16. 1. No acts foreknown by God are free
maximize utility. acts.
2. Some acts that maximize utility are 2. Some acts are acts foreknown by
not prescribed by the Ten God.
Commandments. So, 3. Some acts are not free acts.

So, 3. Some acts prescribed by the Ten
Commandments are not obligatory
acts.
17. 1. All moral acts are acts approved of 18. 1. All divine beings are omnipotent
by God. beings.
2. Some acts of killing are acts 2. No human beings are omnipotent
approved of by God. beings.
So, 3. Some acts of killing are moral acts. So, 3. No human beings are divine
beings.
*19. 1. All unhappy persons are persons 20. 1. All persons who have walked over
who have inner conflicts. others to get to the top are evil
2. Some successful comedians are persons.
unhappy persons. 2. Some tycoons are persons who
So, 3. Some successful comedians are have walked over others to get to
persons who have inner conflicts. the top.
So, 3. Some tycoons are evil persons.
21. 1. Some trees are maples. 22. 1. No balalaikas are banjos.

2. Some trees are oaks. 2. Some balalaikas are beautiful
So, 3. Some oaks are maples. things.
So, 3. Some beautiful things are not

banjos.
23. 1. All tyrants are mendacious 24. 1. All aphorisms are apothegms.
persons. 2. All epigrams are aphorisms.
2. All tyrants are liars. So, 3. All epigrams are apothegms.
So, 3. All liars are mendacious persons.
25. 1. All Saint Bernards are large dogs.

2. Some large dogs are not brown
dogs.
So, 3. Some brown dogs are not Saint
Bernards.
Exercise 6.4
Part A: Argument Forms
1. 1. No M are P. 2. 1. All P are M.

2. All S are M. 2. No S are M.
So, 3. Some S are not P. So, 3. Some S are not P.
3. 1. All M are P *4. 1. All M are P.

2. All M are S. 2. All M are S.
So, 3. Some S are P. 3. At least one M exists.
So, 4. Some S are P.
5. 1. No M are P. 6. 1. No M are P.
2. All M are S. 2. All M are S.
So, 3. Some S are not P. 3. At least one M exists.
So, 4. Some S are not P.
*7. 1. No S are P. 8. 1. All P are M.

So, 2. Some non-P are not non-S. 2. No M are S.
So, 3. Some S are not P.
9. 1. All P are M. *10. 1. No S are P.

2. All M are S. 2. At least one S exists.
So, 3. Some S are P. So, 3. Some non-P are not non-S.
Part B: Testing Arguments
*1. 1. All persons who never make 2. 1. No plants are animals.

mistakes are admirable persons. 2. All weeds are plants.
2. All ideal humans are persons who So, 3. Some weeds are not animals.
never make mistakes.
So, 3. Some ideal humans are admirable
persons.
3. 1. No perfect circles are perfect *4. 1. All persons who advocate the use
squares. of overwhelming nuclear force are
2. Some perfect circles are objects of persons who lack moral sensibility.
beauty. 2. All persons who advocate the use
So, 3. Some objects of beauty are not of overwhelming nuclear force are
perfect squares. persons who should not serve as
world leaders.
3. At least one person who advocates
the use of overwhelming nuclear
force exists.
So, 4. Some persons who should not
serve as world leaders are persons
who lack moral sensibility.
5. 1. All lions are cats. 6. 1. No terrorists who use nuclear

2. All cats are mammals. weapons are good persons.
So, 3. Some mammals are lions. 2. All terrorists who use nuclear
weapons are persons who mean
well.
3. At least one terrorist who uses
nuclear weapons exists.
So, 4. Some persons who mean well are
not good persons.
*7. 1. All sycophants are flatterers. 8. 1. Some highly educated persons are
2. All flatterers are disgusting sybarites.
persons. 2. All sybarites are poor role models.
3. At least one flatterer exists. So, 3. Some poor role models are highly
So, 4. Some disgusting persons are educated persons.
sycophants.
9. 1. No oaks are elms. *10. 1. No members of the IRA are

2. All oaks are trees. members of the IRS.
3. At least one elm exists. So, 2. It is false that all members of the
So, 4. Some trees are not elms. IRA are members of the IRS.
11. 1. All great inventors are slightly odd 12. 1. No anarchists are Republicans.
persons. 2. At least one anarchist exists.
2. At least one great inventor exists. So, 3. Some non-Republicans are not
So, 3. Some slightly odd persons are nonanarchists.
great inventors.
*13. 1. All scarlet things are red things. 14. 1. No cities are nations.
So, 2. It is false that no scarlet things are 2. At least one city exists.
red things. So, 3. Some cities are not nations.
15. 1. All persons with perfect memories *16. 1. It is false that some Germans are
are persons who remember Zoroastrians.
everything. So, 2. Some Germans are not
So, 2. Some persons with perfect Zoroastrians.
memories are persons who
remember everything.
17. 1. It is false that some vampires are 18. 1. All persons who do not care about
living things. social justice are heartless persons.
2. At least one vampire exists. So, 2. It is false that no persons who do
So, 3. Some vampires are not living not care about social injustice are
things. heartless persons.
*19. 1. No kangaroos are karate experts. 20. 1. It is false that some tyrants are not
So, 2. Some kangaroos are not karate humans.
experts. 2. At least one tyrant exists.
So, 3. Some tyrants are humans.
Exercise 6.5
Part A: Enthymemes
*1. 1. No certainties are propositions that 2. 1. All virtues are beneficial traits.
should be rejected. 2. No vices are beneficial traits.
2. All self-evident propositions are So, 3. No vices are virtues.
certainties.
So, 3. No self-evident propositions are
propositions that should be
rejected.
3. 1. All humans are rational animals. *4. 1. All simple substances are
2. No ducks are rational animals. indestructible entities.
So, 3. No ducks are humans. 2. All atoms are simple substances.
So, 3. All atoms are indestructible
entities.
5. 1. All envious persons are persons 6. 1. No liars are praiseworthy

who want others to fail. individuals.
2. No good persons are persons who 2. Some liars are human beings.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Besides the pensions thus bestowed upon resident
mathematicians and astronomers, the governments of Europe have
wisely and usefully employed considerable sums upon expeditions
and travels undertaken by men of science for some appropriate
object. Thus Picard, in 1671, was sent to Uraniburg, the scene of
Tycho’s observations, to determine its latitude and its longitude. He
found that “the City of the Skies” had utterly disappeared from the
earth; and even its foundations were retraced with difficulty. With the
same object, that of accurately connecting the labors of the places
which had been at different periods the metropolis of astronomy,
Chazelles was sent, in 1693, to Alexandria. We have already
mentioned Richer’s astronomical expedition to Cayenne in 1672.
Varin and Deshayes 129 were sent a few years later into the same
regions for similar purposes. Halley’s expedition to St. 481 Helena in
1677, with the view of observing the southern stars, was at his own
expense; but at a later period (in 1698), he was appointed to the
command of a small vessel by King William the Third, in order that
he might make his magnetical observations in all parts of the world.
Lacaille was maintained by the French government four years at the
Cape of Good Hope (1750–4), for the purpose of observing the stars
of the southern hemisphere. The two transits of Venus in 1761 and
1769, occasioned expeditions to be sent to Kamtschatka and
Tobolsk by the Russians; to the Isle of France, and to Coromandel,
by the French; 130 to the isles of St. Helena and Otaheite by the
English; to Lapland and to Drontheim, by the Swedes and Danes. I
shall not here refer to the measures of degrees executed by various
nations, still less the innumerable surveys by land and sea; but I may
just notice the successive English expeditions of Captains Basil Hall,
Sabine, and Foster, for the purpose of determining the length of the
seconds’ pendulum in different latitudes; and the voyages of M. Biot
and others, sent by the French government for the same purpose.
Much has been done in this way, but not more than the progress of
astronomy absolutely required; and only a small portion of that which
the completion of the subject calls for.
129 Bailly, ii. 374.
130 Bailly, iii. 107.
Sect. 6.—Present State of Astronomy.
Astronomy, in its present condition, is not only much the most

advanced of the sciences, but is also in far more favorable
circumstances than any other science for making any future
advance, as soon as this is possible. The general methods and
conditions by which such an advantage is to be obtained for the
various sciences, we shall endeavor hereafter to throw some light
upon; but in the mean time, we may notice here some of the
circumstances in which this peculiar felicity of the present state of
astronomy may be traced.
The science is cultivated by a number of votaries, with an assiduity

and labor, and with an expenditure of private and public resources,
to which no other subject approaches; and the mode of its cultivation
in all public and most private observatories, has this character—that
it forms, at the same time, a constant process of verification of
existing discoveries, and a strict search for any new discoverable
laws. The observations made are immediately referred to the best
tables, and 482 corrected by the best formulæ which are known; and
if the result of such a reduction leaves any thing unaccounted for, the
astronomer is forthwith curious and anxious to trace this deviation
from the expected numbers to its rule and its origin; and till the first,
at least, of these things is performed, he is dissatisfied and unquiet.
The reference of observations to the state of the heavens as known
by previous researches, implies a great amount of calculation. The
exact places of the stars at some standard period are recorded in
Catalogues; their movements, according to the laws hitherto
detected, are arranged in Tables; and if these tables are applied to
predict the numbers which observation on each day ought to give,
they form Ephemerides. Thus the catalogues of fixed stars of
Flamsteed, of Piazzi, of Maskelyne, of the Astronomical Society, are
the basis of all observation. To these are applied the Corrections for
Refraction of Bradley or Bessel, and those for Aberration, for
Nutation, for Precession, of the best modern astronomers. The
observations so corrected enable the observer to satisfy himself of
the delicacy and fidelity of his measures of time and space; his
Clocks and his Arcs. But this being done, different stars so observed
can be compared with each other, and the astronomer can then
endeavor further to correct his fundamental Elements;—his
Catalogue, or his Tables of Corrections. In these Tables, though
previous discovery has ascertained the law, yet the exact quantity,
the constant or coefficient of the formula, can be exactly fixed only
by numerous observations and comparisons. This is a labor which is
still going on, and in which there are differences of opinion on almost
every point; but the amount of these differences is the strongest
evidence of the certainty and exactness of those doctrines in which
all agree. Thus Lindenau makes the coefficient of Nutation rather
less than nine seconds, which other astronomers give as about nine
seconds and three-tenths. The Tables of Refraction are still the
subject of much discussion, and of many attempts at improvement.
And after or amid these discussions, arise questions whether there
be not other corrections of which the law has not yet been assigned.
The most remarkable example of such questions is the controversy
concerning the existence of an Annual Parallax of the fixed stars,
which Brinkley asserted, and which Pond denied. Such a dispute
between two of the best modern observers, only proves that the
quantity in question, if it really exist, is of the same order as the
hitherto unsurmounted errors of instruments and corrections.
[2d Ed.] [The belief in an appreciable parallax of some of the fixed

483 stars appears to gain ground among astronomers. The parallax
of 61 Cygni, as determined by Bessel, is 0″·34; about one-third of a
second, or 1⁄10000 of a degree. That of α Centauri, as determined by
Maclear, is 0″·9, or 1⁄4000 of a degree.]
But besides the fixed stars and their corrections, the astronomer
has the motions of the planets for his field of action. The established
theories have given us tables of these, from which their daily places
are calculated and given in our Ephemerides, as the Berliner
Jahrbuch of Encke, or the Nautical Almanac, published by the
government of this country, the Connaissance des Tems which
appears at Paris, or the Effemeridi di Milano. The comparison of the
observed with the tabular place, gives us the means of correcting the
coefficients of the tables; and thus of obtaining greater exactness in
the constants of the solar system. But these constants depend upon
the mass and form of the bodies of which the system is composed;
and in this province, as well as in sidereal astronomy, different
determinations, obtained by different paths, may be compared; and
doubts may be raised and may be solved. In this way, the
perturbations produced by Jupiter on different planets gave rise to a
doubt whether his attraction be really proportional to his mass, as the
law of universal gravitation asserts. The doubt has been solved by
Nicolai and Encke in Germany, and by Airy in England. The mass of
Jupiter, as shown by the perturbations of Juno, of Vesta, and of
Encke’s Comet, and by the motion of his outermost Satellite, is found
to agree, though different from the mass previously received on the
authority of Laplace. Thus also Burckhardt, Littrow, and Airy, have
corrected the elements of the Solar Tables. In other cases, the
astronomer finds that no change of the coefficients will bring the
Tables and the observations to a coincidence;—that a new term in
the formula is wanting. He obtains, as far as he can, the law of this
unknown term; if possible, he traces it to some known or probable
cause. Thus Mr. Airy, in his examination of the Solar Tables, not only
found that a diminution of the received mass of Mars was necessary,
but perceived discordances which led him to suspect the existence
of a new inequality. Such an inequality was at length found to result
theoretically from the attraction of Venus. Encke, in his examination
of his comet, found a diminution of the periodic time in the
successive revolutions; from which he inferred the existence of a
resisting medium. Uranus still deviates from his tabular place, and
the cause remains yet to be discovered. (But see the Additions to
this volume.) 484
Thus it is impossible that an assertion, false to any amount which

the existing state of observation can easily detect, should have any
abiding prevalence in astronomy. Such errors may long keep their
ground in any science which is contained mainly in didactic works,
and studied in the closet, but not acted upon elsewhere;—which is
reasoned upon much, but brought to the test of experiment rarely or
never. Here, on the contrary, an error, if it arise, makes its way into
the Tables, into the Ephemeris, into the observer’s nightly List, or his
sheet of Reductions; the evidence of sense flies in its face in a
thousand observatories; the discrepancy is traced to its source, and
soon disappears forever.
In this favored branch of knowledge, the most recondite and

delicate discoveries can no more suffer doubt or contradiction, than
the most palpable facts of sense which the face of nature offers to
our notice. The last great discovery in astronomy—the motion of the
stars arising from Aberration—is as obvious to the vast population of
astronomical observers in all parts of the world, as the motion of the
stars about the pole is to the casual night wanderer. And this
immunity from the danger of any large error in the received
doctrines, is a firm platform on which the astronomer can stand and
exert himself to reach perpetually further and further into the region
of the unknown.
The same scrupulous care and diligence in recording all that has
hitherto been ascertained, has been extended to those departments
of astronomy in which we have as yet no general principles which
serve to bind together our acquired treasures. These records may be
considered as constituting a Descriptive Astronomy; such are, for
instance, Catalogues of Stars, and Maps of the Heavens, Maps of
the Moon, representations of the appearance of the Sun and Planets
as seen through powerful telescopes, pictures of Nebulæ, of
Comets, and the like. Thus, besides the Catalogue of Fundamental
Stars which may be considered as standard points of reference for
all observations of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, there exist many
large catalogues of smaller stars. Flamsteed’s Historia Celestis,
which much surpassed any previous catalogue, contained above
3000 stars. But in 1801, the French Histoire Céleste appeared,
comprising observations of 50,000 stars. Catalogues or charts of
other special portions of the sky have been published more recently;
and in 1825, the Berlin Academy proposed to the astronomers of
Europe to carry on this work by portioning out the heavens among
them.
[2d Ed.] [Before Flamsteed, the best Catalogue of the Stars was
485 Tycho Brahe’s, containing the places of about 1000 stars,
determined very roughly with the naked eye. On the occasion of a
project of finding the longitude, which was offered to Charles II., in
1674, Flamsteed represented that the method was quite useless, in
consequence, among other things, of the inaccuracy of Tycho’s
places of the stars. Flamsteed’s letters being shown King Charles,
he was startled at the assertion of the fixed stars’ places being false
in the Catalogue, and said, with some vehemence, “He must have
them anew observed, examined, and corrected for the use of his
seamen.” This was the immediate occasion of building Greenwich
Observatory, and placing Flamsteed there as an observer.
Flamsteed’s Historia Celestis contained above 3000 stars, observed
with telescopic sights. It has recently been republished with
important improvements by Mr. Baily. See Baily’s Flamsteed, p. 38.
The French Histoire Céleste was published in 1801 by Lalande,

containing 50,000 stars, simply as observed by himself and other
French astronomers. The reduction of the observations contained in
this Catalogue to the mean places at the beginning of the year 1800
may be effected by means of Tables published by Schumacher for
that purpose in 1825.
In 1807, Piazzi’s Catalogue of 6748 stars, founded on Maskelyne’s

Catalogue of 1700, was published; afterwards extended to 7646
stars in 1814. This is considered as the greatest work undertaken by
any modern astronomer; the observations being well made, reduced,
and compared with those of former astronomers. Piazzi’s Catalogue
is the standard and accurate Catalogue, as the Histoire Céleste is
the standard approximate Catalogue for small stars. But the new
planets were discovered mostly by a comparison of the heavens with
Bode’s (Berlin) Catalogue.
I may mention other Catalogues of Stars which have recently been
published. Pond’s Catalogue contains 1112 Northern stars;
Johnson’s, 606; Wrottesley’s, 1318 (in Right Ascension only); Airy’s
First Cambridge Catalogue, 726; his Greenwich Catalogue, 1439.
Pearson’s has 520 zodiacal stars; Groombridge’s, 4243 circumpolar
stars as far as 50 degrees of North Polar distance; Santini’s, a zone
18 degrees North of the equator. Besides these, Mr. Taylor has
published, by order of the Madras government, a Catalogue of
11,000 stars observed by him at Madras; and Rumker, who observed
in the Observatory established by Sir Thomas Brisbane at Paramatta
(in Australia), has commenced a Catalogue which is to contain
12,000. Mr. Baily 486 published two Standard Catalogues; that of the
Royal Astronomical Society, containing 2881 stars; and that of the
British Association, containing 8377 stars. I omit other Catalogues,
as those of Argelander, &c., and Catalogues of Southern Stars.
Of the Berlin Maps, fourteen hours in Right Ascension have been

published; and their value may be judged of by this circumstance,
that it was in a great measure by comparing the heavens with these
Maps that the new planet Astræa was discovered. The Zone
observations made at Königsberg, by the late illustrious astronomer
Bessel, deserve to be mentioned, as embracing a vast number of
stars.
The common mode of designating the Stars is founded upon the

ancient constellations as given by Ptolemy; to which Bayer, of
Augsburg, in his Uranometria, added the artifice of designating the
brightest stars in each constellation by the Greek letters, α, β, γ, &c.,
applied in order of brightness, and when these were exhausted, the
Latin letters. Flamsteed used numbers. As the number of observed
stars increased, various methods were employed for designating
them; and the confusion which has been thus introduced, both with
regard to the boundaries of the constellations and the nomenclature
of the stars in each, has been much complained of lately. Some
attempts have been made to remedy this variety and disorder. Mr.
Argelander has recently recorded stars, according to their
magnitudes as seen by the naked eye, in a Neue Uranometrie.
Among representations of the Moon I may mention Hevelius’s

Selenographia, a work of former times, and Beer and Madler’s Map
of the Moon, recently published.]
I have already said something of the observations of the two

Herschels on Double Stars, which have led to a knowledge of the
law of the revolution of such systems. But besides these, the same
illustrious astronomers have accumulated enormous treasures of
observations of Nebulæ; the materials, it may be, hereafter, of some
vast new generalization with respect to the history of the system of
the universe.
[2d Ed.] [A few measures of Double Stars are to be found in

previous astronomical records. But the epoch of the creation of this
part of the science of astronomy must be placed at the beginning of
the present century, when Sir William Herschel (in 1802) published in
the Phil. Trans. a Catalogue of 500 new Nebulæ of various classes,
and in the Phil. Trans. 1803, a paper “On the changes in the relative
situation of the Double Stars in 25 years.” In succeeding papers he
pursued the subject. In one in 1814 he noticed the breaking up of the
487 Milky Way in different places, apparently from some principle of
Attraction; and in this, and in one in 1817, he published those
remarkable views on the distribution of the stars in our own cluster
as forming a large stratum, and on the connection of stars and
nebulæ (the stars appearing sometimes to be accompanied by
nebulæ, sometimes to have absorbed a part of the nebula, and
sometimes to have been formed from nebulæ), which have been
accepted and propounded by others as the Nebular Theory. Sir
William Herschel’s last paper was a Catalogue of 145 new Double
Stars communicated to the Astronomical Society in 1822. In 1827 M.
Struve, of Dorpat (in Russia), published his Catalogus Novus,
containing the places of 3112 double stars. While this was going on,
Sir John Herschel and Sir James South published (in the Phil. Trans.
1824) accurate measures of 380 Double and Triple Stars, to which
Sir J. South afterwards added 458. Mr. Dunlop published measures
of 253 Southern Double Stars. Other Observations have been
published by Capt. Smyth, Mr. Dawes, &c. The great work of Struve,
Mensuræ Micrometricæ, &c., contains 3134 such objects, including
most of Sir W. Herschel’s Double Stars. Sir J. Herschel in 1826, 7,
and 8 presented to the Astronomical Society about 1000 measures
of Double Stars; and in 1830, good measures of 1236, made with his
20-feet reflector. His paper in vol. v. of the Ast. Soc. Mem., besides
measures of 364 such stars, exhibits all the most striking results, as
to the motion of Double Stars, which have yet been obtained. In
1835 he carried his 20-feet reflector to the Cape of Good Hope for
the purpose of completing the survey of Double Stars and Nebulæ in
the southern hemisphere with the same instruments which had
explored the northern skies. He returned from the Cape in 1838, and
is now (1846) about to give the world the results of his labors.
Besides the stars just mentioned, his work will contain from 1500 to
2000 additional double stars; making a gross number of above 8000;
in which of course are included a number of objects of no great
scientific interest, but in which also are contained the materials of the
most important discoveries which remain to be made by
astronomers. The publication of Sir John Herschel’s great work upon
Double Stars and Nebulæ is looked for with eager interest by
astronomers.
Of the observations of Nebulæ we may say what has just been

said of the observations of Double Stars;—that they probably contain
the materials of important future discoveries. It is impossible not to
regard these phenomena with reference to the Nebular Hypothesis,
which has been propounded by Laplace, and much more strongly
488 insisted upon by other persons;—namely, the hypothesis that
systems of revolving planets, of which the Solar System is an
example, arise from the gradual contraction and separation of vast
masses of nebulous matter. Yet it does not appear that any changes
have been observed in nebulæ which tend to confirm this
hypothesis; and the most powerful telescope in the world, recently
erected by the Earl of Rosse, has given results which militate against
the hypothesis; inasmuch as it has shown that what appeared a
diffused nebulous mass is, by a greater power of vision, resolved, in
all cases yet examined, into separate stars.
When astronomical phenomena are viewed with reference to the

Nebular Hypothesis, they do not belong so properly to Astronomy, in
the view here taken of it, as to Cosmogony. If such speculations
should acquire any scientific value, we shall have to arrange them
among those which I have called Palætiological Sciences; namely,
those Sciences which contemplate the universe, the earth, and its
inhabitants, with reference to their historical changes and the causes
of those changes.]
ADDITIONS TO THE THIRD EDITION.
INTRODUCTION.
T HERE is a difficulty in writing for popular readers a History of the

Inductive Sciences, arising from this;—that the sympathy of such
readers goes most readily and naturally along the course which
leads to false science and to failure. Men, in the outset of their
attempts at knowledge, are prone to rush from a few hasty
observations of facts to some wide and comprehensive principles;
and then, to frame a system on these principles. This is the opposite
of the method by which the Sciences have really and historically
been conducted; namely, the method of a gradual and cautious
ascent from observation to principles of limited generality, and from
them to others more general. This latter, the true Scientific Method,
is Induction, and has led to the Inductive Sciences. The other, the
spontaneous and delusive course, has been termed by Francis
Bacon, who first clearly pointed out the distinction, and warned men
of the error, Anticipation. The hopelessness of this course is the
great lesson of his philosophy; but by this course proceeded all the
earlier attempts of the Greek philosophers to obtain a knowledge of
the Universe.
Laborious observation, narrow and modest inference, caution,

slow and gradual advance, limited knowledge, are all unwelcome
efforts and restraints to the mind of man, when his speculative spirit
is once roused: yet these are the necessary conditions of all
advance in the Inductive Sciences. Hence, as I have said, it is
difficult to win the sympathy of popular readers to the true history of
these sciences. The career of bold systems and fanciful pretences of
knowledge is more entertaining and striking. Not only so, but the
bold guesses and fanciful reasonings of men unchecked by doubt or
fear of failure are often presented as the dictates of Common Sense;
—as the plain, unsophisticated, unforced reason of man, acting
according to no artificial rules, but following its own natural course.
Such Common Sense, while it 490 complacently plumes itself on its
clear-sightedness in rejecting arbitrary systems of others, is no less
arbitrary in its own arguments, and often no less fanciful in its
inventions, than those whom it condemns.
We cannot take a better representative of the Common Sense of

the ancient Greeks than Socrates: and we find that his Common
Sense, judging with such admirable sagacity and acuteness
respecting moral and practical matters, offered, when he applied it to
physical questions, examples of the unconscious assumptions and
fanciful reasonings which, as we have said, Common Sense on such
subjects commonly involves.
Socrates, Xenophon tells us (Memorabilia, iv. 7), recommended

his friends not to study astronomy, so as to pursue it into scientific
details. This was practical advice: but he proceeded further to speak
of the palpable mistakes made by those who had carried such
studies farthest. Anaxagoras, for instance, he said, held that the Sun
was a Fire:—he did not consider that men can look at a fire, but they
cannot look at the Sun; they become dark by the Sun shining upon
them, but not so by the fire. He did not consider that no plants can
grow well except they have sunshine, but if they are exposed to the
fire they are spoiled. Again, when he said that the Sun was a stone
red-hot, he did not consider that a stone heated by the fire is not
luminous, and soon cools, but the Sun is always luminous and
always hot.
We may easily conceive how a disciple of Anaxagoras would reply
to these arguments. He would say, for example, as we should
probably say at present, that if there were a mass of matter so large
and so hot as Anaxagoras supposed the Sun to be, its light might be
as great and its heat as permanent as the heat and light of the Sun
are, as yet, known to be. In this case the arguments of Socrates are
at any rate no better than the doctrine of Anaxagoras.
BOOK I.
THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY.

Full download Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Full download Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full download Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power of Logic 5th Edition

Howard-Snyder Solutions Manual

Power of Logic 5th Edition Howard-Snyder Test Bank

Programmable Logic Controllers 5th Edition Petruzella

Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals 5th Edition Mano

Fundamentals of Logic Design 7th Edition Roth Solutions

U S Foreign Policy The Paradox of World Power 5th

Power System Analysis And Design 5th Edition Glover

Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers 6th

Programmable Logic Controllers 5th Edition Petruzella

Categorical Logic: Syllogisms

*1. 1. All novels are books.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 1

*13. 1. No aspiring actors are saints.

Part B: Mood and Figure

*1. Second figure: IAI (not valid)

Part C: Putting Syllogisms into Standard Form

*1. 1. All cowboys are persons who love horses.

Part D: Constructing Syllogisms

*1. 1. No ducks are geese.

2. All birds are living things.

2. Some acts of killing are not acts of murder.

3. No divine beings are limited beings.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 4

8. Some corporations are things that cheat the government.

9. All persons who should be incarcerated are violent offenders.

*10. No physical entities are spiritual entities.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 5

Part B: Venn Diagrams and Arguments

2. All scallops are mollusks. Hence, no scallops are nonmollusks.

3. All minds are brains. Therefore, all nonbrains are nonminds.

5. No laypersons are priests. It follows that all laypersons are nonpriests.

6. Some political philosophers are egalitarians. Accordingly, some nonegalitarians are

*7. No elephants are beetles. Consequently, no nonbeetles are nonelephants.

8. No Pickwickian interpretations are obvious interpretations. So, no obvious interpretations

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 7

*1. 1. All M are P. 2. 1. No P are M.

3. 1. No M are P. *4. 1. Some P are M.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 8

5. 1. All P are M. 6. 1. All P are M.

*7. 1. No P are M. 8. 1. All P are M.

9. 1. No P are M. *10. 1. All M are P.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 9

Part B: Categorical Syllogisms

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 10

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 11

Commandments. So, 3. Some acts are not free acts.

21. 1. Some trees are maples. 22. 1. No balalaikas are banjos.

So, 3. Some beautiful things are not

25. 1. All Saint Bernards are large dogs.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 14

1. 1. No M are P. 2. 1. All P are M.

3. 1. All M are P *4. 1. All M are P.

*7. 1. No S are P. 8. 1. All P are M.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 15

9. 1. All P are M. *10. 1. No S are P.

Part B: Testing Arguments

*1. 1. All persons who never make 2. 1. No plants are animals.

Howard-Snyder: The Power of Logic, 5e Solution Manual–6 | 16