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CHAPTER 8—REGIONAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The European Union is primarily intended to permit:

a. Countries to adopt scientific tariffs on imports
b. An agricultural commodity cartel within the group
c. The adoption of export tariffs for revenue purposes
d. Free movement of resources and products among member nations
ANS: D PTS: 1

2. Which of the following represents the stage where economic integration is most complete?
a. Economic union
b. Customs union
c. Monetary union
d. Common market
ANS: C PTS: 1

3. Which of the following represents the stage where economic integration is least complete?
a. Free trade area
b. Monetary union
c. Common market
d. Customs union
ANS: A PTS: 1

4. Customs union theory reasons that the formation of a customs union will decrease members' real
welfare when the:
a. Trade diversion effect exceeds the trade creation effect
b. Trade production effect exceeds the trade consumption effect
c. Trade consumption effect exceeds the trade production effect
d. Trade creation effect exceeds the trade diversion effect
ANS: A PTS: 1

5. Which economic integration scheme is solely intended to abolish trade restrictions among member
countries, while setting up common tariffs against nonmembers?
a. Economic union
b. Common market
c. Free trade area
d. Customs union
ANS: D PTS: 1

6. By 1992 the European Union had become a full-fledged:

a. Economic union
b. Monetary union
c. Common market
d. Fiscal union
ANS: C PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 7. Which device has the European Union used to equalize farm-product import prices with politically
determined European Union prices, regardless of shifts in world prices?
a. Variable levies
b. Import quotas
c. Import subsidies
d. Domestic content regulations
ANS: A PTS: 1

8. Which trade instrument has the European Union used to insulate its producers and consumers of
agricultural goods from the impact of changing demand and supply conditions in the rest of the world?
a. Domestic content regulations
b. Variable import levies
c. Voluntary export quotas
d. Orderly marketing agreements
ANS: B PTS: 1

9. Assume that the formation of a customs union turns out to include the lowest-cost world producer of
the product in question. Which effect could not occur for the participating countries?
a. Trade creation-production effect
b. Trade creation-consumption effect
c. Trade diversion
d. Scale economies and competition
ANS: C PTS: 1

10. Which organization of nations permits free trade among its members in industrial goods, while each
member maintains freedom in its trade policies toward non-member countries?
a. European Union
b. Benelux
c. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
d. North American Free Trade Association
ANS: D PTS: 1

11. Which of the following organizations is considered a regional trading arrangement?

a. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
b. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
c. Benelux
d. International Tin Agreement
ANS: C PTS: 1

12. When products from high-cost suppliers within a customs union replace imports from a low-cost
nation that is not a member of the customs union, there exist(s):
a. Dynamic welfare losses
b. Dynamic welfare gains
c. Trade creation
d. Trade diversion
ANS: D PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
13. Which form of economic integration occurs when participating countries abolish tariffs on trade
among themselves, establish a common tariff on imports from nonmembers, and permit free
movement of capital and labor within the organization?
a. Free trade area
b. Economic union
c. Common market
d. Monetary union
ANS: C PTS: 1

14. A static welfare effect resulting from the formation of the European Union would be:
a. Economies of scale
b. Trade diversion
c. Investment incentives
d. Increased competition
ANS: B PTS: 1

15. A dynamic welfare gain resulting from the formation of the European Union would be:
a. Trade diversion
b. Trade creation
c. Diseconomies of scale
d. Economies of scale
ANS: D PTS: 1

16. Which organization was founded in 1957 whose objective was to create an economic union among its
members?
a. General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade
b. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
c. European Union
d. Latin American Free Trade Association
ANS: C PTS: 1

17. The common agriculture policy of the European Union has supported European farmers via:
a. Export tariffs and domestic content regulations
b. Variable levies and voluntary export agreements
c. Content regulations and export subsidies
d. Export subsidies and variable levies
ANS: D PTS: 1

18. Which nation is not a member of the North American Free Trade Association?
a. Canada
b. Greenland
c. Mexico
d. United States
ANS: B PTS: 1

19. Suppose a communist country agrees to pay for delivery of machinery with goods produced by the
machinery. This arrangement refers to:
a. Countertrade

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 b. International commodity agreements
c. Coproduction agreements
d. Trade diversion
ANS: A PTS: 1

20. NAFTA is a:
a. Monetary union
b. Free trade area
c. Common market
d. Customs union
ANS: B PTS: 1

21. Under the European Union's common agricultural policy, a variable import levy equals the:
a. Amount by which the EU's support price exceeds the world price
b. Amount by which the world price exceeds the EU's support price
c. Support price of the EU
d. World price
ANS: A PTS: 1

22. Members of the European Union find that "trade creation" is fostered when their economies are:
a. Highly competitive
b. Highly noncompetitive
c. Small in economic importance
d. Geographically distant
ANS: A PTS: 1

23. The European Union has achieved all of the following except:
a. Adopted a common fiscal policy for member nations
b. Established a common system of agricultural price supports
c. Disbanded all tariffs among its member countries
d. Levied common tariffs on products imported from nonmembers
ANS: A PTS: 1

24. When the United States, Canada, and Mexico form a free trade area, and Mexico begins importing a
product from Canada rather than from the lowest cost world producer.
a. Trade diversion occurs
b. Trade creation occurs
c. World welfare rises
d. World welfare falls to zero
ANS: A PTS: 1

25. When the formation of a free trade area results in the reduction of trade with nonmember nations in
favor of member countries, ____ occurs.
a. Trade devaluation
b. Trade revaluation
c. Trade creation

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 d. Trade diversion
ANS: D PTS: 1

26. Which country is not a member of the European Union?

a. Spain
b. Germany
c. France
d. Iceland
ANS: D PTS: 1

27. The implementation of the European Union has:

a. Made it harder for Americans to compete against the Germans in the British market
b. Made it easier for Americans to compete against the Germans in the British market
c. Made it harder for Americans to compete against the Japanese in the British market
d. Made it easier for Americans to compete against the Japanese in the British market
ANS: A PTS: 1

28. The common agricultural policy of the European Union has:

a. Increased American farm exports to the EU
b. Decreased American farm exports to the EU
c. Lowered the price of American farm exports to the EU
d. Not affected the price of American farm exports to the EU
ANS: B PTS: 1

29. The implementation of a common market involves all of the following except:
a. Elimination of trade restrictions among member countries
b. A common tax system and monetary union
c. Prohibition of restrictions on factor movements
d. A common tariff levied in imports from nonmembers
ANS: D PTS: 1

30. Under the common agricultural policy, exports of any surplus quantities of EU produce are encouraged
through the usage of:
a. Variable levies
b. Export subsidies
c. Import quotas
d. Countertrade
ANS: B PTS: 1

Figure 8.1 depicts the supply and demand schedules of calculators for Greece, a "small" country that
is unable to affect the world price. Greece's supply and demand schedules of calculators are
respectively depicted by SG and DG. Assume that Greece imports calculators from either Germany or
France. Suppose Germany is the world's low-cost producer who can supply calculators to Greece at
$20 per unit, while France can supply calculators at $30 per unit.

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Figure 8.1. Effects of a Customs Union

31. Consider Figure 8.1. With free trade, Greece imports:

a. 3 calculators from France
b. 5 calculators from France
c. 3 calculators from Germany
d. 5 calculators from Germany
ANS: D PTS: 1

32. Consider to Figure 8.1. Assume Greece levies a per-unit tariff of $20 on imports from both Germany
and France.

Greece will import:

a. 1 calculator from Germany
b. 1 calculator from France
c. 3 calculators from Germany
d. 3 calculators from France
ANS: A PTS: 1

33. Consider Figure 8.1. Assume Greece levies a per-unit tariff of $20 on imports from both Germany and
France.

As a result of the $20 tariff, Greece's consumer surplus falls by:

a. $90
b. $100
c. $110
d. $120
ANS: D PTS: 1

34. Consider Figure 8.1. Assume Greece levies a per-unit tariff of $20 on imports from both Germany and
France.

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 The deadweight welfare loss to Greece, resulting from the $20 tariff, equals:
a. $20
b. $40
c. $60
d. $80
ANS: B PTS: 1

35. Referring to Figure 8.1, suppose Greece forms a customs union with France. Greece will import:
a. 3 calculators at a per-unit price of $30
b. 3 calculators at a per-unit price of $40
c. 6 calculators at a per-unit price of $30
d. 6 calculators at a per-unit price of $40
ANS: A PTS: 1

36. Consider Figure 8.1. The value of the trade diversion effect, resulting from the Greece/France customs
union, equals:
a. $5
b. $10
c. $15
d. $20
ANS: B PTS: 1

37. Consider Figure 8.1. The value of the trade creation effect, resulting from the Greece/France customs
union, equals:
a. $5
b. $10
c. $15
d. $20
ANS: B PTS: 1

38. Consider Figure 8.1. Comparing the trade creation and trade diversion effects, the impact of the
Greece/France customs union on the welfare of Greece is:
a. A $5 increase in economic welfare
b. A $10 increase in economic welfare
c. A $5 decrease in economic welfare
d. No change in economic welfare
ANS: D PTS: 1

39. Consider Figure 8.1. Suppose Greece had formed a customs union with Germany, rather than France.
The value of the trade diversion effect would be:
a. Zero
b. $5
c. $10
d. $15
ANS: A PTS: 1

40. According to Figure 8.1, the formation of a Greece/Germany customs union would result in:

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 a. $20 of trade diversion
b. $40 of trade diversion
c. $20 of trade creation
d. $40 of trade creation
ANS: D PTS: 1

41. In 1989 Canada and the United States agreed to implement a (an) ____ over a ten year period.
a. Customs union
b. Common market
c. Free trade area
d. Economic union
ANS: C PTS: 1

42. In the United States, the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement was generally supported by:
a. Labor unions
b. Electronics firms
c. Environmentalists
d. Citrus producers
ANS: B PTS: 1

43. At the Maastricht Summit of 1991, European Union negotiators called for the pursuit of a:
a. Free trade area
b. Customs union
c. Common market
d. Monetary union
ANS: D PTS: 1

44. By removing discriminatory government procurement laws within the European Union, member
nations hoped to benefit from all of the following except:
a. EU governments could purchase from the cheapest foreign suppliers
b. Increased competition occurs as domestic firms compete with foreign firms previously
shut out of the domestic market
c. Industries are restructured which permits surviving firms to achieve economies of scale
d. Agricultural prices fall as more farmers are allowed to produce their commodities
ANS: D PTS: 1

45. Suppose that government procurement liberalization results in the U.K. government importing
automobiles from Germany, the low-cost EU manufacturer. Cost savings could result from all of the
following except:
a. Competition effect
b. Scale-economy effect
c. Protective effect
d. Trade effect
ANS: C PTS: 1

46. Suppose that steel from Japan faces a 20 percent tariff in France and a 25 percent tariff in Italy, while
France and Italy maintain free trade between each other. France and Italy are therefore part of a (an):
a. Free trade area

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 b. Customs union
c. Common market
d. Economic union
ANS: A PTS: 1

47. Suppose that Mexico and Canada form a free-trade area and Canada begins importing steel from
Mexico rather than from Germany. There occurs:
a. Trade diversion
b. Trade creation
c. Trade destruction
d. Trade exhaustion
ANS: A PTS: 1

48. Suppose that Mexico and Canada form a free-trade area. Mexicans then decrease auto manufacturing
and increase imports of autos from Canada, while the Canadians decrease computer production and
import more computers from Mexico. This is an example of:
a. Trade diversion
b. Trade creation
c. Trade destruction
d. Trade exhaustion
ANS: B PTS: 1

49. If the United States and Canada abolish all tariffs on each other's goods and implement a common
tariff on goods imported from other countries, there occurs a (an):
a. Free-trade area
b. Customs union
c. Common market
d. Economic union
ANS: B PTS: 1

50. Suppose that the United Kingdom and Italy abolish all tariffs on each other's goods and all restrictions
on movements of factors of production between them. They also implement a common protectionist
policy toward other countries. This is an example of a (an):
a. Free-trade area
b. Customs union
c. Common market
d. Economic union
ANS: C PTS: 1

51. The North American Free Trade Agreement was expected to benefit ____ the most.
a. Canada
b. Mexico
c. Greenland
d. United States
ANS: B PTS: 1

52. The North American Free-Trade Agreement was most strongly opposed by U.S.:
a. Electronics manufacturers

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 b. Labor unions
c. Commercial banks
d. Engineering companies
ANS: B PTS: 1

53. In the United States, which group was most likely to be hurt by the North American Free Trade
Agreement?
a. Unskilled labor
b. Skilled labor
c. Owners of capital equipment
d. Owners of financial capital
ANS: A PTS: 1

54. By joining NAFTA, the United States, Canada, and Mexico would find their short-run welfare
decreasing due to the:
a. Economies of scale effect
b. Business investment effect
c. Trade creation effect
d. Trade diversion effect
ANS: D PTS: 1

55. When Mexico became a part of NAFTA, along with Canada and the United States, it:
a. Eliminated tariffs against Canada and the United States but maintained them against
nonmembers
b. Eliminated tariffs against Canada, the United States, and all nonmember countries
c. Increased tariffs against Canada the United States, and all nonmember countries
d. Increased tariffs against Canada and the United States, but did not change them against
nonmember countries
ANS: A PTS: 1

56. In a centrally-planned economy:

a. Commercial decisions are made by independent buyers and sellers acting in their own
interest
b. Market-determined prices are used for allocating scarce resources
c. Prices play a rationing role so that the availability of goods is made consistent with buyer
preferences and income
d. Government controls prices and output of goods bought and sold, with minimal
recognition given to considerations of efficiency
ANS: D PTS: 1

57. The failure of the centrally-planned economies was exemplified by all of the following except:
a. Interest rates that were below free-market levels
b. Consumer and producer goods of inferior quality
c. Declining rates of economic growth

d. Shortages of essential goods and services

ANS: A PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
58. The transition of the former communist countries to market economies requires:
a. Implementation of governmental price controls
b. Privatization of public property
c. Transforming competitive industries into monopolies
d. The sale of private industries to the government
ANS: B PTS: 1

59. The transition of the former communist countries to market economies would likely result in:
a. The implementation of price ceilings
b. The implementation of price floors
c. Price inflation
d. Price deflation
ANS: C PTS: 1

60. In the former Soviet Union, major manufacturing firms were typically:
a. Owned and operated by employee labor unions
b. Owned and operated by the government
c. Privately owned, but operated by the government
d. Publically owned, but operated by the private sector
ANS: B PTS: 1

61. The transition of the former communist countries to market economies requires all of the following
except:
a. Removing domestic price controls
b. Opening economies to international competition
c. Establishing private property rights
d. Terminating the convertibility of their currencies
ANS: D PTS: 1

62. The former communist countries included all of the following except:
a. East Germany
b. Soviet Union
c. Austria
d. Poland
ANS: C PTS: 1

63. The regional trade block of the former communist countries, which lasted from 1949-1991, was known
as the:
a. Eastern European Economic Area
b. Nordic Preferential Trade Agreement
c. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
d. European Industrial Cooperation Union
ANS: C PTS: 1

64. The economic reforms of the early 1990s that occurred in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
resulted in:
a. The formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 b. Multinational firms refusing to operate in these nations
c. A movement from centrally-planned economies toward market economies
d. A movement from market economies toward centrally-planned economies
ANS: C PTS: 1

65. The transition from government-controlled prices to market-determined prices in the former
communist countries would be expected to result in:
a. Price stability
b. Price deflation
c. Price inflation
d. None of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1

66. Suppose that Canada has domestic firms that could supply its entire market for radios at a price of $50,
while U.S. firms could supply radios at $40 and Mexico at $30. Suppose that Canada initially has a 50
percent tariff on imports of radios and then forms a free trade area with the United States. As a result,
Canada realizes:
a. Trade creation, no trade diversion, and overall welfare gains
b. Trade creation, no trade diversion, and overall welfare losses
c. Trade diversion, no trade creation, and potential overall welfare losses
d. Trade diversion, trade creation, and potential overall welfare gains
ANS: D PTS: 1

67. Suppose that Canada has domestic firms that could supply its entire market for radios at a price of $50,
while U.S. firms could supply radios at $40 and Mexico at $30. Suppose that Canada initially has a 50
percent tariff on imports of radios and then forms a free trade area with Mexico. As a result, Canada
realizes:
a. Trade creation, no trade diversion, and overall welfare gains
b. Trade creation, no trade diversion, and overall welfare losses
c. Trade diversion, no trade creation, and potential overall welfare losses
d. Trade diversion, trade creation, and potential overall welfare gains
ANS: A PTS: 1

68. As of 2002, members of the European Monetary Union agreed to replace their currencies with the:
a. mark
b. dollar
c. franc
d. euro
ANS: D PTS: 1

69. The formation of the European Monetary Union is expected to entail benefits for member countries
which include all of the following except:
a. Greater certainty for investors within the EMU
b. Lower costs of transactions within the EMU
c. Independent monetary policies run by the central bank of each member country

d. Enhanced competition among companies in member countries

ANS: C PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 70. According to the theory of optimum currency areas, a currency area has the least chance for success
when:
a. Countries of the currency area have differing business cycles
b. Workers have a high degree of mobility across borders of the currency area
c. Prices and wages can be adjusted in response to economic disturbances
d. A single monetary policy affects all member countries in the same manner
ANS: A PTS: 1

71. A main disadvantage of the European Monetary Union is that:

a. Each member country loses the use of monetary policy as to tool to combat recession
b. There is a high degree of labor mobility among the member countries
c. Prices are highly flexible in response to changing economic conditions
d. Wages are highly flexible in response to changing economic conditions
ANS: A PTS: 1

72. World welfare under a customs union

a. Increases due to a trade creation effect
b. Decreases due to a trade diversion effect
c. Depends on the relative strength of the trade creation effect and the trade diversion effect
d. All of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1

73. A common market

a. Allows the imposition of common external trade barriers against non-members
b. Represents less economic integration than a free trade area
c. Does not permit free movement of goods among member nations
d. Does not allow free movement of factors of production among nations
ANS: A PTS: 1

74. The gains from having an optimum currency include

a. Price differentiation
b. Lower competition
c. Lower transaction costs
d. Both b and c
ANS: C PTS: 1

75. For decades, the Eastern European countries have suffered from
a. Widespread price controls
b. Excessive competition
c. Lack of enforceable property rights
d. Both a and c
ANS: D PTS: 1

TRUE/FALSE

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 The figure below depicts the steel market for Portugal, a small nation that is unable to affect the world
price. Assume that Germany and France can supply steel to Portugal at a price of $200 and $300
respectively.

Figure 8.2. Portugal's Steel Market

1. Consider Figure 8.2. With free trade, Portugal will import 25 tons of steel from Germany at a price of
$200 per ton.

ANS: T PTS: 1

2. Consider Figure 8.2. With free trade, Portugal produces 15 tons of steel, consumes 30 tons of steel,
and imports 15 tons of steel.

ANS: F PTS: 1

3. Consider Figure 8.2. If Portugal levies a 100 percent nondiscriminatory tariff on its steel imports, it
will purchase 5 tons of steel from France at a price of $500 per ton.

ANS: F PTS: 1

4. Consider Figure 8.2. If Portugal forms a customs union with France, the resulting trade-creation effect
equals $500.

ANS: T PTS: 1

5. Consider Figure 8.2. If Portugal forms a customs union with France, the resulting trade-diversion
effect equals $400.

ANS: F PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6. Consider Figure 8.2. As a result of a customs union formed with France, Portugal's overall welfare
rises by $900.

ANS: F PTS: 1

7. Consider Figure 8.2. If Portugal had formed a customs union with Germany, Portugal's welfare would
have decreased by $500.

ANS: F PTS: 1

8. The European Union protects its agricultural producers from import competition by the use of tariff
rates that vary directly with world prices.

ANS: F PTS: 1

9. Under the variable levy system of the European Union, EU farmers are protected against import
competition by tariffs that vary inversely with the world price.

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. Trade creation tends to more than offset trade diversion for a home country forming a customs union
with partner countries when: (1) the tariff rate in the home country is high prior to the formation of the
customs union; (2) there are a large number of countries forming the customs union.

ANS: T PTS: 1

11. If Chile and Mexico form a free-trade agreement, the welfare of the two countries will necessarily
increase.

ANS: F PTS: 1

12. If Chile and Mexico abolish all tariffs on each other's products while maintaining their own tariffs
against other countries, these two countries have formed a customs union.

ANS: F PTS: 1

13. With a preferential trading arrangement, a group of countries agrees to unilaterally reduce tariffs
applied to imports from all countries of the world.

ANS: F PTS: 1

14. Economic integration is the process of eliminating restrictions on international trade, payments, and
factor mobility.

ANS: T PTS: 1

15. When a group of countries establish a free-trade area, they achieve the highest stage of economic
integration.

ANS: F PTS: 1

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from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16. A free-trade area is an association of trading countries whose members agree to remove all trade
restrictions among themselves, while each member country imposes identical trade restrictions against
nonmember countries.

ANS: F PTS: 1

17. If the United Kingdom and Italy eliminate all tariffs on each other's goods and all restrictions to factor
movements between them, and implement a uniform system of import restrictions against the rest of
the world, these countries have formed a common market.

ANS: T PTS: 1

18. The highest stage of economic integration is a monetary union.

ANS: T PTS: 1

19. Trade creation would occur if Canada and the United States form a free-trade area, and Canadians then
import less steel from the United States while importing more steel from Japan.

ANS: F PTS: 1

20. Suppose that Mexico and Canada form a free-trade area. The Mexicans then decrease refrigerator
manufacturing and increase imports of refrigerators from Canada, while the Canadians decrease auto
manufacturing and import more autos from Mexico. This is an example of trade creation.

ANS: T PTS: 1

21. Trade creation and trade diversion refer to the short run (static) effects of economic integration while
economies of scale, stimulus to investment, and effects on competition refer to the long run (dynamic)
effects.

ANS: T PTS: 1

22. For countries forming a customs union, the trade-creation effect represents a welfare loss and the
trade-diversion effect represents a welfare gain.

ANS: F PTS: 1

23. In the short run, Mexico would realize overall welfare gains from becoming a member of the North
American Free Trade Agreement if the resulting diseconomies of scale effect more than offset the
competition effect.

ANS: F PTS: 1

24. Trade creation occurs when imports from a low-cost supplier outside of a customs union are replaced
by purchases from a higher-cost supplier within the union.

ANS: F PTS: 1

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different
from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
25. If a customs union includes the low-cost supplier of the world, there would be no adverse
trade-diversion effect that would counteract the positive trade-creation effect.

ANS: F PTS: 1

26. The potential for trade diversion is smaller when a custom union's external tariff is lower rather than
higher.

ANS: T PTS: 1

27. If a customs union included all of the countries in the world, there could exist only trade creation, not
trade diversion.

ANS: T PTS: 1

28. The larger the size and the greater the number of countries in a customs union, the greater will be the
trade-diversion effect.

ANS: F PTS: 1

29. Over the long run, the formation of a customs union may yield welfare gains due to economies of
scale, greater competition, and stimulus to investment.

ANS: T PTS: 1

30. By the mid-1990s, the European Union had essentially achieved the common market stage of
economic integration.

ANS: T PTS: 1

31. At the Maastricht Summit of 1991, members of the European Union expressed the goal of achieving
the common market stage of economic integration.

ANS: F PTS: 1

32. To protect its farmers from foreign competition, the European Union has utilized variable import
levies and export subsidies.

ANS: T PTS: 1

33. To protect its farmers from imports of agricultural goods, the European Union has implemented tariff
rates that vary directly with world prices.

ANS: F PTS: 1

34. As of 1992, the European Union had achieved the monetary union stage of economic integration.

ANS: F PTS: 1

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different
from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
35. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 established a blueprint for economic union and monetary union for
European Union members.

ANS: T PTS: 1

36. It is generally agreed that completing the common market stage of integration for the European Union
contributed to overall welfare losses due to trade diversion exceeding trade creation.

ANS: F PTS: 1

37. Government procurement liberalization permits a country to realize cost savings resulting from the
trade effect, competition effect, and economies-of-scale effect.

ANS: T PTS: 1

38. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States negotiated free-trade agreements with Israel, Mexico,
and Canada.

ANS: T PTS: 1

39. Forming a free-trade agreement with the United States provided Canadian producers a danger and an
opportunity. The danger was that U.S. producers might be more price competitive than Canadian
producers; the opportunity was that longer production runs for Canadian producers, made possible by a
free-trade agreement, would result in cost reductions due to economies of scale.

ANS: T PTS: 1

40. Some trade creation was expected to occur as a result of the U.S.-Canada free-trade agreement, since
Canadian exports to the United States and U.S. exports to Canada were expected to expand at the
expense of imports from Germany and Japan that faced trade restrictions.

ANS: T PTS: 1

41. Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement was relatively easy since it involved meshing
two large industrial countries with a developing country.

ANS: F PTS: 1

42. Critics of the North American Free Trade Agreement maintained that it would result in manufacturing
firms fleeing Mexico's stringent pollution-control policies and relocating in the United States and
Canada.

ANS: F PTS: 1

43. U.S. labor unions argued against the North American Free Trade Agreement on the grounds that it
would result in U.S. companies relocating in Mexico in order to take advantage of lower wage rates.

ANS: T PTS: 1

44. The North American Free Trade Agreement was expected to provide proportionately smaller benefits
to Mexico than to the United States or Canada.

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different
from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 ANS: F PTS: 1

45. In the former Soviet Union, production of capital goods was determined by the free market while
consumer-goods production was determined by central planning.

ANS: F PTS: 1

46. The former Soviet Union was characterized by central economic planning and public ownership of
manufacturing enterprises.

ANS: T PTS: 1

47. Pricing of consumer goods in the former Soviet Union was typically regulated by price ceilings which
led to shortages.

ANS: T PTS: 1

48. The transition of the former Soviet Union from a planned economy to a market economy would
require the elimination of price controls, the privatization of public property, and the promotion of
business competition.

ANS: T PTS: 1

49. From the 1940s to the 1980s, the former communist countries remained isolated from the world
economy, primarily due to different tariff systems among the former communist countries.

ANS: F PTS: 1

50. A political dilemma facing the former communist countries in the 1990s was that the transition from a
centrally-planned economy to a market economy would result in short-run costs but long-run benefits.

ANS: T PTS: 1

SHORT ANSWER

1. What is meant by economic integration?

ANS:
The term refers to the process of eliminating restrictions on international trade, payments, and factor
input mobility.

PTS: 1

2. What factors influence the extent of trade creation and trade diversion?

ANS:
Trade creation and diversion are influenced by the degree of competitiveness that member-nation
economies have prior to formation of the customs union, the number and size of its members, and the
size of its external tariff against non-members.

PTS: 1

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different
from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ESSAY

1. Explain the theory of optimum currency areas.

ANS:
Much of the analysis of the benefits and costs of Europe's common currency is based on the theory of
an optimum currency area. According to this theory, the gains to be had from sharing a currency across
countries' boundaries include more uniform prices; lower transaction costs, greater certainty for
investors, and enhanced competition. These gains must be compared against the loss of an independent
monetary policy and the option of changing the exchange rate.

PTS: 1

2. Concerning transition economies, what do the advocates of shock therapy propose?

ANS:
Advocates of shock therapy maintain that economies in transition should proceed immediately on all
fronts. That is, they should privatize, abandon price controls, liberalize trade, and develop market
institutions, and so on as quickly as possible. Although the initial economic pain may be severe, it will
subside as the transition to the market economy leads to rising living standards.

PTS: 1

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different
from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 KEEPING A COW IN A VILLAGE
STABLE.
BY ORANGE JUDD, FLUSHING, L. I.
A business man of New York, living in one of the neighboring
villages, being troubled to get good milk for young children in his
family, took our advice the latter part of the winter and, so to speak,
went into the dairy business on his own account. The result will be
instructive to tens of thousands of families in cities and villages. He
has no pasture grounds, the only convenience being a roomy stall in
a carriage barn, with opportunity for the cow to sun herself and take
limited exercise in a small area, say fifteen by twenty feet, at the side
of the barn, and this was seldom used. The stall is kept clean and
neat, with fresh straw litter, and the cow has remained in excellent
health and vigor. Chewing her cud and manufacturing milk seem to
give all the exercise needed. Her feed has been bale hay, cut in a
small hay-cutter, and mixed wet with corn-meal, bran, and shorts,
with some uncooked potato parings, cabbage leaves, left over rice,
oatmeal, etc., from the kitchen.
A laborer is paid one dollar a week to milk and feed and brush her
night and morning, and take care of the stable, and he is allowed any
excess of milk she gives over twelve quarts a day. He prepares a
mess for her noon feed, which is given by one of the boys at school
when he comes home to lunch. The cow is a grade, probably three-
fourths Jersey and one-fourth common blood. Her milk is rich, yields
abundant cream, and, as the owner’s family say, “Is worth fully
double any milk we ever got from the best milk dealers.” One
neighboring family gladly takes six quarts a day at seven cents a
quart, and would willingly pay much more if it were asked, and other
families would be happy to get some of it at ten cents a quart; but six
quarts are kept for home use, and it is valued far above seven cents
a quart, and worth more than that amount in the saving of butter in
cooking, making puddings, etc. So it is a very low estimate to call the
whole milk worth seven cents a quart. No one could deprive our
business friend or his family of their good, home produced milk, if it
cost ten or twelve cents a quart. An accurate account is kept of the
feed; the man in charge orders at the feed store anything he desires
for the cow, and it is all down on a “pass-book.” Here are the figures
for one hundred days past:

THE COW’S DEBIT AND CREDIT FOR ONE

HUNDRED DAYS.

Dr.
850 lbs. bale Hay, at $22 per ton $9.35
1,000 lbs. Corn Meal, at $1.35 per 100 lbs 13.50
400 lbs. Bran, at $1.30 per 100 lbs 5.20
200 lbs. Fine Feed, “Shorts,” at $1.55 per 100 lbs 3.10
20 bundles of bedding Straw, at 10c. 2.00
Paid man for care and milking, $1 per week 14.30
Total expenses for 100 days $47.45
Cr.
1,200 Quarts of best milk (12 quarts per day) at 7c. $84.00
Money profit in 100 days $36.55

Or, to put it in another way, the six hundred quarts sold actually
brought in forty-two dollars cash, and the entire six hundred quarts
used at home cost five dollars and forty-five cents. The cow cost,
say, sixty-five dollars. The entire care, which was not paid in the
surplus of milk above twelve quarts per day, is charged in the
expenses above. The manure produced, if sold, would more than
meet interest on the cost of cow, and any depreciation in value by
increasing age. Allow the above average to be kept up only two
hundred days in a year, and at the end of that time suppose the cow
is sold for half price (thirty-two dollars and fifty cents), and a fresh
one substituted, there would still be a gain of forty dollars and sixty
cents for two hundred days, or for a year a profit of seventy-four
dollars and ten cents.
With good feed the sixty-five dollar cow will keep up a full supply of
milk at least twenty-six weeks, and then be worth forty dollars for
continued milking and breeding. Sell her then and buy another fresh
cow for sixty-five dollars—a loss of fifty dollars a year. The above
liberal allowance of forty-seven dollars and forty-five cents for feed
and care one hundred days, amounts to one hundred and seventy-
three dollars and nineteen cents a year. Adding the loss of fifty
dollars for purchasing two fresh cows, makes the total annual
expense two hundred and twenty-three dollars and nineteen cents.
This would make the supply of milk, twelve quarts a day (four
thousand three hundred and eighty quarts), cost about five cents a
quart, or not quite fifty-one cents for ten quarts. This is not an
exaggerated estimate for a sixty-five dollar cow, renewed every
twenty-six weeks. The feed and care may be very much less than
the above forty-seven dollars and forty-five cents per hundred days,
by saving all waste foods suitable for a cow, and by securing
pasturage seven or eight months, and especially when a cow can be
cared for by members of the family, thus saving fifty-two dollars a
year. Taking the country as a whole, probably fifty dollars will
ordinarily buy a cow that will, on fair feed, average ten to twelve
quarts per day for the first six months after calving.
 PORTRAITS OF FAMOUS DAIRY
COWS.
I.—Jersey Cow “Eurotas,” 2454 (Frontispiece), owned by A. B.
Darling, Ramsey’s, N. J. She yielded during one week in June, 1879,
twenty-two pounds six ounces of butter.
II.—Ayrshire cow “Old Creamer” (page 23), owned by S. D.
Hungerford, Adams, N. Y. Weight one thousand and eighty pounds.
She has yielded one hundred and two-third pounds a day for three
days, and ninety-four pounds a day for the month.
III.—Jersey cow “Rosalee,” 1215 (page 34), owned by S. G.
Livermore, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. She has given twenty quarts of milk
a day. In ten days in June, 1874, she made twenty-five pounds three
ounces of butter.
IV.—Guernsey cow and heifer (page 51), owned by Mr. Rendle, of
Catel Parish, Island of Guernsey.
V.—Swiss cow “Geneva” (page 67), imported by D. G. Aldrich, of
Worcester, Mass. She gave from November first, 1877, to December
thirty-first, 1878, ten thousand nine hundred and five pounds of milk,
which yielded five hundred and seventy-three pounds of butter.
VI.—Dutch (Holstein) cow “Crown Princess” (page 85), imported
by Gerrit S. Miller, of Peterboro’, N. Y. She has yielded thirty-four
quarts of milk a day, and averaged twenty-three quarts a day for six
months.
VII.—Shorthorn dairy cow “Cold Cream 4th” (page 101), owned by
H. M. Queen Victoria. She is kept at the Shaw Farm, Windsor Home
Park.
VIII.—Jersey cow “Abbie” (page 123), owned by Mr. Harvey
Newton, of Southville, Mass. She yielded from April, 1876, to March,
1877, ten thousand seven hundred pounds of milk, from which four
hundred and eighty-six pounds of butter were made.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KEEPING ONE
COW ***

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