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 Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 15. sin −1 ( −1)

1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2
Range: { y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} whose sine equals −1 .
π π
2. { x | x ≥ 1} or { x | x ≤ 1} sin θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤
2 2
π
3. [3, ∞ ) θ =−
2
π
4. True sin −1 ( −1) = −
2
3
5. 1;
2 16. cos −1 ( −1)
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
1 cosine equals −1 .
6. − ; −1
2 cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
7. x = sin y θ =π
cos −1 ( −1) = π
8. 0 ≤ x ≤ π

9. −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 17. tan −1 0
π π
10. False. The domain of y = sin −1 x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2
tangent equals 0.
11. True π π
tan θ = 0, − <θ <
12. True 2 2
θ =0
13. sin −1 0 −1
tan 0 = 0
π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 18. tan −1 ( −1)
sine equals 0.
π π π π
sin θ = 0, − ≤ θ ≤ We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 2 2
tangent equals −1 .
θ =0
π π
sin −1 0 = 0 tan θ = −1, − <θ <
2 2
π
14. cos −1 1 θ =−
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose 4
cosine equals 1. π
tan −1 (−1) = −
cos θ = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 4
θ =0
cos −1 1 = 0

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

2  3
19. sin −1 22. sin −1  − 
2  2 
π π π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals − .
2 2
2 π π 3 π π
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
θ= θ =−
4 3
2 π  3  π
sin −1 = sin −1  −
2 4 2  = − 3
 
3
20. tan −1  3
3 23. cos −1  − 
π π  2 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals − .
3 2
3 π π 3
tan θ = , − <θ < cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
3 2 2 2
π 5π
θ= θ=
6 6
3 π  3  5 π
tan −1 = cos −1  −  =
3 6  2  6

21. tan −1 3  2
π π 24. sin −1  − 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose  2 
2 2
π π
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2
π π
tan θ = 3, − < θ < 2
2 2 sine equals − .
π 2
θ= 2 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
−1 π 2 2 2
tan 3= π
3 θ =−
4
 2 π
sin −1  −  = −
 2  4

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

39. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  8 
26. cos −1 0.6 ≈ 0.93

−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . Since
27. tan 5 ≈ 1.37 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
28. tan −1 0.2 ≈ 0.20
8  2 2
the equation directly and get
7   3π   3π
29. cos −1 ≈ 0.51 tan −1  tan  −   = − .
8   8  8
1
30. sin −1 ≈ 0.13   3π
8 
40. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
31. tan −1 (− 0.4) ≈ − 0.38   7 

−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
32. tan (− 3) ≈ −1.25 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
7  2 2
33. sin −1 (− 0.12) ≈ − 0.12
the equation directly and get
  3π   3π
34. cos −1 (− 0.44) ≈ 2.03 sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  7  7
2
35. cos −1 ≈ 1.08
3   9π 
41. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
36. sin −1 ≈ 0.35
5 ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
 4π  9π
37. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4π  π π
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
5
is in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 4π  4π  2 2
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 5  5 9π 9π
sin = sin θ . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
  π  9π
38. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8
π
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
8
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV so sine

π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
10  2 2 9π  π π
sin = sin  −  . Since − is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
  π  π  π π
sin −1  sin  −   = − .  − 2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9π  −1   π  π
get sin −1  sin  = sin  sin  −   = − .
 8    8  8

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

  5π    2π 
42. cos −1  cos  −   follows the form of the 44. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  3    3 
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x , but ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . but we
5π 2π
we cannot use the formula directly since − is cannot use the formula directly since − is not
3 3
not in the interval 0, π  . We need to find an  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an angle
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which  2 2
 π π
 5π  5π θ in the interval  − ,  for which
cos  −  = cos θ . The angle − is in  2 2
 3  3
 2π  2π
5π π tan  −  = tan θ . The angle − is in
quadrant I so the reference angle of − is .  3  3
3 3
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference
 5π  π π
Thus, we have cos  −  = cos . Since is 2π π
 3  3 3 angle of − is and we want θ to be in
3 3
in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
above and get  2π  π  π
we have tan  −  = tan   . Since is in the
  5π   −1  π π  3  3
  3
cos −1  cos  −   = cos  cos  = .
  3   3 3  π π
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  4π   
43. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the above and get tan −1  tan  − 2π   = tan −1  tan π  = π .
  3 
  5     3 3

( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x , but
 1
4π 45. sin  sin −1  follows the form of the equation
we cannot use the formula directly since is  4
5
 π π
not in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since
1
4
is in
 2 2 the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
 π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which  1 1
 2 2 directly and get sin  sin −1  = .
 4 4
 4π  4π
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5   2 
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of 46. cos  cos −1  −   follows the form of the
  3 
4π π
5
is
5
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
( ) (
equation f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . )
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have 2
 4π   π π Since − is in the interval  −1,1 , we can
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the 3
 5   5  5 apply the equation directly and get
 π π   2  2
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation cos  cos −1  −   = − .
 2 2   3  3
above and get
  4π   −1   π  π
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  5    5  5

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

( )
47. tan tan −1 4 follows the form of the equation we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x−2
function is and that it must lie in the
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 4 is a ) 5
real number, we can apply the equation directly interval  −1,1 . That is,

(
and get tan tan −1 4 = 4 . ) −1 ≤
x−2
≤1
5
( )
48. tan tan −1 ( −2 ) follows the form of the equation −5 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 5
−3 ≤ x ≤ 7
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since −2 is a ) The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 7} , or
real number, we can apply the equation directly  −3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
(
and get tan tan −1 ( −2 ) = −2 . ) domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the
49. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = 1.2 , domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
the quantity cos −1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, also  −3, 7  .
( )
cos cos −1 1.2 is not defined.
54. f ( x ) = 2 tan x − 3
50. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −2 , y = 2 tan x − 3
the quantity sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined. Thus, x = 2 tan y − 3
2 tan y = x + 3
( )
sin sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined.
tan y =
x+3
2
( )
51. tan tan −1 π follows the form of the equation
y = tan −1
x+3
= f −1 ( x )
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since π is a ) 2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of f −1 ( x)
real number, we can apply the equation directly
π π  π π
(
and get tan tan −1 π = π . ) and is −
2
<x<
2
or  − ,  in interval
 2 2
52. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −1.5 , notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
the quantity sin −1 ( −1.5) is not defined. Thus, that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
( )
sin sin −1 ( −1.5 ) is not defined.
f −1 ( x ) is all real numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
53. f ( x ) = 5sin x + 2
function equals the range of its inverse and the
y = 5sin x + 2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x = 5sin y + 2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
5sin y = x − 2
55. f ( x ) = −2 cos ( 3 x )
x−2
sin y = y = −2 cos ( 3 x )
5
x−2
y = sin −1= f −1 ( x )
5
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
π π  π π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ or  − ,  in
2 2  2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

x x
cos ( 3 y ) = − −1 ≤ ≤ 1
2 3
 x −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 y = cos −1  − 
 2 The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or
1  x
y = cos −1  −  = f −1 ( x )  −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the
3  2 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
π  π  −3,3 .
f −1 ( x ) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ , or 0, 3  in interval
3  
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note 57. f ( x ) = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

is
−x
and that it must lie in the interval  −1,1 . x = − tan ( y + 1) − 3
2
That is, tan ( y + 1) = − x − 3
x
−1 ≤ − ≤ 1 y + 1 = tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2
y = −1 + tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2 ≥ x ≥ −2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 − tan −1 ( x + 3) = f −1 ( x )
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or (note here we used the fact that y = tan −1 x is an
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the π π
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f −1 ( x) and is −1 − ≤x≤ − 1 , or
2 2
 −2, 2  .  π π 
 −1 − 2 , 2 − 1 in interval notation. To find the
56. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x )  
domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
y = 3sin ( 2 x )
the inverse tangent function can be any real
x = 3sin ( 2 y ) number. Thus, the domain of f −1 ( x ) is all real
x
sin ( 2 y ) = numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in interval notation. Recall
3
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y = sin −1 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
3
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
1 x
y = sin −1 = f −1 ( x ) ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 3
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of 58. f ( x ) = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
π π  π π y = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
f −1 ( x) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
4 4  4 4 x = cos ( y + 2 ) + 1
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
cos ( y + 2 ) = x − 1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y + 2 = cos −1 ( x − 1)
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y = cos −1 ( x − 1) − 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 −3,3 .
f −1 ( x) and is −2 ≤ x ≤ π − 2 , or  −2, π − 2  in
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) 60. f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 3 x + 2 )

we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

function is x − 1 and that it must lie in the
x = 2 cos ( 3 y + 2 )
interval  −1,1 . That is, −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1
x
0≤ x≤2 cos ( 3 y + 2 ) =
2
The domain of f ( x ) is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
−1
x
3 y + 2 = cos −1  
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the 2
domain of a function equals the range of its x
inverse and the range of a function equals the 3 y = cos −1   − 2
2
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
1 x 2
0, 2  . y = cos −1   − = f −1 ( x )
3 2 3
59. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x + 1)
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
y = 3sin ( 2 x + 1) 2 2 π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
x = 3sin ( 2 y + 1) 3 3 3
x  2 2 π
sin ( 2 y + 1) =  − 3 , − 3 + 3  in interval notation. To find the
3  
x domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
2 y + 1 = sin −1
3 x
x the inverse cosine function is and that it must
2 y = sin −1   − 1 2
3 lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
1  x 1
y = sin −1   − = f −1 ( x ) x
2 3 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 π 1 π The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
f −1 ( x) and is − − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
2 4 2 4  −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 1 π 1 π domain of a function equals the range of its
 − 2 − 4 , − 2 + 4  in interval notation. To find
  inverse and the range of a function equals the
the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is

x  −2, 2  .
of the inverse sine function is and that it must
3
lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
61. 4sin −1 x = π
x π
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 sin −1 x =
3 4
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 π 2
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or x = sin
4 2
=

 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

The solution set is   .
domain of a function equals the range of its  2 
inverse and the range of a function equals the

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

π 2 cos −1 x − 2π = 0
cos −1 x =
2 2 cos −1 x = 2π
π
x = cos=0 cos −1 x = π
2
The solution set is {0} . x = cos π = −1
The solution set is {−1} .
63. 3cos −1 ( 2 x ) = 2π
68. 5sin −1 x − 2π = 2sin −1 x − 3π
2π
cos ( 2 x ) =
−1
3sin −1 x = −π
3
2π π
2 x = cos sin −1 x = −
3 3
1  π 3
2x = − x = sin  −  = −
2  3 2

x=−
1  3 
The solution set is − .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is −  .
 4 69. Note that θ = 29°45′ = 29.75° .
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
64. −6sin −1 ( 3x ) = π a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 π 
π
sin −1 ( 3x ) = − ≈ 13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
 π  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 x = sin  −  b. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 6  π 
1 ≈ 12 hours
3x = −
2
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
1 c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
x=− π
6  
 1 ≈ 13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is −  .
 6
70. Note that θ = 40°45′ = 40.75° .
−1
65. 3 tan x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x =  
3 ≈ 14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes
π
x = tan = 3  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
 
The solution set is { 3} . 
π

≈ 12 hours

66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x = −  
4 ≈ 14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 π
x = tan  −  = −1
 4
The solution set is {−1} .

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
−1 π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  

π 

a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
  ≈ 12 hours
≈ 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −  π 
 π   
 
≈ 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
≈ 12 hours

 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − winter solstice is 24 − 24 = 0 hours. That is,
 π 
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
≈ 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 66°30 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
72. Note that θ = 61°10′ ≈ 61.167° . daylight at all.
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 75. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
 π 
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
≈ 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 − y
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − s
 π  θ
  22710 x
C 71 0 mi
≈ 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0,0)

 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
73. a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
−1
( tan ( 0 ⋅ ) tan ( 0 ⋅ ) ) 
π
180
π
180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
 π  length of segment PD is
 
≈ 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft ⋅ ≈ 0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) )  point D( x, y ) = (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π  radius r = 2710.29 miles. We now have
 
≈ 12 hours x 2710
cos θ = =
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
θ = cos −1   ≈ 0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
74. Note that θ = 66°30′ = 66.5° . Finally, s = rθ = 2710(0.01463) ≈ 39.64 miles ,
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅  1 − 2π (2710) 39.64
 π  and = , so
  24 t
≈ 24 hours 24(39.64)
t= ≈ 0.05587 hours ≈ 3.35 minutes
2π (2710)

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.

 34  6
76. θ ( x ) = tan −1   − tan −1   .
 x x 0 50
 34   6 0°
a. θ (10 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.6°
 10   10  The maximum viewing angle will occur
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the when x ≈ 14.3 feet.
viewing angle is about 42.6° .
 34   6 77. a. a = 0 ; b = 3 ; The area is:
θ (15 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 44.4° tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 3 − tan −1 0
 15   15 
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the π
= −0
viewing angle is about 44.4° . 3
 34   6  π
θ ( 20 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.8° = square units
 20   20  3
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8° . 3
b. a=− ; b = 1 ; The area is:
3
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),  3
tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 1 − tan −1  − 
we see that the maximum viewing angle  3 
occurs when the distance from the screen is
π  π
about 14.3 feet. Thus, = −− 
5 + 3(r − 1) = 14.3 4  6
5 + 3r − 3 = 14.3 5π
= square units
3r = 12.3 12
r = 4.1 3
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the 78. a. a = 0; b = ; The area is:
2
largest viewing angle.
 3
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1  −1
 − sin 0
 2 
 34  6
and let Y1 = tan −1   − tan −1   : π
 x  x = −0
90° 3
π
= square units
3

0 50
0°
Use MAXIMUM:

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

1 1 point.
b. a = − ; b = ; The area is:
2 2
1  1
sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1   − sin −1  − 
2  2
π  π
= −− 
6  6
π
=
square units
3
79. Here we have α1 = 41°50 ' , β1 = −87°37 ' ,
α 2 = 21°18' , and β 2 = −157°50 ' .
Converting minutes to degrees gives
( ) (
α1 = 41 56 ° , β1 = −87 37
60 )
° , α 2 = 21.3° , and 83. f ( x) = 1 + 2 x
β2 = ( −157 ) ° . Substituting these values, and
5
6
y = 1 + 2x
x = 1+ 2y
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 4250
miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is x −1 = 2y
about 4250 miles. log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 2 y
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
log 2 ( x − 1) = y log 2 2
80. Here we have α1 = 21°18' , β1 = −157°50 ' , log 2 ( x − 1) = y
α 2 = −37°47 ' , and β 2 = 144°58' . f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1)
Converting minutes to degrees gives α1 = 21.3° ,
( ) ( )
− 12 − 12 − 32 1
β1 = −157 56 ° , α 2 = −37 47 ° , and 84. (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) − ( x 2 + 3) ⋅ x(2 x + 1) 2
60
− 12 −3
= (144 ) ° . Substituting these values, and = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
2
β2 29
30
− 12 − 32
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 5518 = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
Section 6.2
81. 3x − 2 + 5 ≤ 9
 π
3x − 2 ≤ 4 1. Domain:  x x ≠ odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
2
− ≤ 3x ≤ 2 Range: { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
3
2
So the solution is: − , 2 2. True
3
1 5
82. The function f is one-to-one because every 3. =
5 5
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
4. x = sec y , ≥ 1 , 0 , π

5. cosine

6. False

7. True

8. True

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 2   1 
9. cos  sin −1  12. tan sin −1  −  
 2    2 
π π π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 2 2
2 1
equals . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
2 π π sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ 2 2 2
2 2 2
π
π θ =−
θ= 6
4
  1   π 3
 2  π 2 tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = −
cos  sin −1  = cos =   2   6  3
 2  4 2
 1
 1 13. sec  cos −1 
10. sin  cos −1   2
 2 Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
1
1 equals .
equals . 2
2 1
1 cos θ = , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
cos θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
2 π
θ=
π 3
θ=
3 π
 1
 −1 1  π 3 sec  cos −1  = sec = 2
sin  cos  = sin =  2  3
 2 3 2
  1 
 14. cot sin −1  −  
 3    2 
11. tan cos −1  −  
  2   π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine 2 2
3 1
equals − . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π 2 2 2
2
π
5π θ =−
θ= 6
6
 −1  1    π
 −1  3   5π 3 cot sin  −   = cot  −  = − 3
tan cos  −   = tan =−   2   6
  2   6 3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

(
15. csc tan −1 1 )   1 
19. sec sin −1  −  
π π   2 
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2 π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
equals 1. 2 2
π π 1
tan θ = 1, − <θ < equals − .
2 2 2
π 1 π π
θ= sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
4 2 2 2
π π
( )
csc tan −1 1 = csc
4
= 2 θ =−
6
  1   π 2 3
(
16. sec tan −1 3 ) sec sin −1  −   = sec  −  =
  2   6 3
π π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2   3 
20. csc  cos −1  −  
equals 3.
  2  
π π
tan θ = 3, − <θ < Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
2 2
π 3
θ= equals − .
3 2
π 3
(
sec tan −1 3 = sec) 3
=2 cos θ = −
2
0 ≤θ ≤ π

5π
17. sin  tan −1 (−1) 
θ=
6
π π   3  5π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent csc  cos −1  −   = csc =2
2 2   2   6
equals −1 .
π π
tan θ = −1, − <θ <  5π   2
2 2 21. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  − 
π  4   2 
θ =− Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
4
 π 2 2
sin  tan −1 (−1)  = sin  −  = − equals − .
 4 2 2
2
  3  cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
18. cos sin −1  −   2
  2   3π
θ=
π π 4
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine 5π  3π
2 2 −1 
cos  sin  =
3  4  4
equals − .
2
3 π π
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
π
θ =−
3
  3   π 1
cos sin −1  −   = cos  −  =
  2    3 2

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 2π   1   1
22. tan −1  cot  = tan −1  −  25. tan  sin −1 
 3   3   3
π π 1 1
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
2 2 3 3
1 π π
equals − . − ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
3 2 2
y = 1 and r = 3 .
1 π π
tan θ = − , − <θ < Solve for x:
3 2 2
x2 + 1 = 9
π
θ =− x2 = 8
6
 2π  π x = ± 8 = ±2 2
tan −1  cot =−
 3  6 Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 2 .
 1 y 1 2 2
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = = ⋅ =
  7π    3  3 x 2 2 2 4
23. sin −1 cos  −   = sin −1  − 
  6   2 
 1
π π 26. tan  cos −1 
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine  3
2 2
1 1
3 Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
equals − . 3 3
2
θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 1 and r = 3 .
3 π π Solve for y:
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 1 + y2 = 9
π
θ =− y2 = 8
3
  7π   π y = ± 8 = ±2 2
sin −1 cos  −  = −
  6  3 Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 2 2 .
 1 y 2 2
  π  tan  cos −1  = tan θ = = =2 2
24. cos  tan  −   = cos −1 ( −1)
−1  3  x 1
  3 
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine  1
27. sec  tan −1 
equals −1 .  2
cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
π 2 2
θ=
3 π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
  π   2 2
cos −1  tan  −   = π x = 2 and y = 1 .
  3 
Solve for r:
22 + 1 = r 2
r2 = 5
r= 5
θ is in quadrant I.
 1 r 5
sec  tan −1  = sec θ = =
 2 x 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

28. cos  sin −1 
 3  Let θ = tan −1 (−3) . Since tan θ = −3 and
2 2 π π
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and − < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
3 3 2 2
π π x = 1 and y = −3 .
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2 Solve for r:
y = 2 and r = 3 . 1+ 9 = r2
Solve for x: r 2 = 10
x2 + 2 = 9 r = ± 10
2
x =7 Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 10 .
x=± 7 y
sin  tan −1 (−3)  = sin θ =
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 7 . r
 2 x 7 −3 10 3 10
cos  sin −1  = cos θ = = = ⋅ =−
3 r 3 10 10 10
 
  2    3 
29. cot sin −1  −   32. cot  cos −1  −
  3    
  3  
 2 2  3 3
Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
 3  3  3  3
π π 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x = − 3 and r = 3 .
y = − 2 and r = 3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3 + y2 = 9
x2 + 2 = 9 y2 = 6
x2 = 7 y=± 6
x=± 7 Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 6 .
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 7 .   3  x
 cot cos −1  −   = cot θ =
 2  x 7 2 14
cot sin −1  −   = cot θ = = ⋅ =−   3   y
  3   y − 2 2 2
− 3 −1 2 2
= = ⋅ =−
30. csc  tan −1 (− 2)  6 2 2 2
Let θ = tan −1 ( − 2) . Since tan θ = − 2 and
 2 5
π π 33. sec  sin −1 
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x = 1 and y = − 2 . 2 5 2 5
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
Solve for r: 5 5
1+ 4 = r2 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2
r =5 2 2
y = 2 5 and r = 5 .
r=± 5
Solve for x:
Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 5 .
r 5 5
csc  tan −1 (− 2)  = csc θ = = =−
y −2 2

722
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

x2 = 5 π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
x=± 5 2 2
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals −1 .
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
π π
 2 5 r 5 csc θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
sec  sin −1  = sec θ = = = 5 2 2
 5  x 5 π
θ =−
2
 1 π
34. csc  tan −1  −1
csc (−1) = −
 2 2
1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
2 2 40. csc −1 2
π π π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2 2 2
x = 2 and y = 1 . θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals 2 .
Solve for r: π π
csc θ = 2, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
22 + 1 = r 2 2 2
r2 = 5 π
θ=
r= 5 4
π
θ is in quadrant I. csc −1
2=
4
 1 r 5
csc  tan −1  = csc θ = = = 5
 2  y 1 2 3
41. sec −1
3
 3π   2 π
35. sin −1  cos  = sin −1  −  = − π
 4  We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
 2  4
2
 7π   1  2π 2 3
36. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  −  = whose secant equals .
 6   2 3 3
2 3 π
sec θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
37. cot −1 3 3 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
θ=
cotangent equals 3. 6
cot θ = 3, 0 <θ < π 2 3 π
sec −1 =
π 3 6
θ=
6
π 42. sec −1 ( − 2 )
−1
cot 3=
6 π
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
2
38. cot −1 1 whose secant equals −2 .
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
sec θ = − 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
cotangent equals 1. 2
cot θ = 1, 0 < θ < π 2π
θ=
π 3
θ= 2 π
4 sec −1 ( − 2 ) =
−1 π 3
cot 1 =
4
723
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3 1
43. cot −1  −  46. csc −1 5 = sin −1
5
 3 
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2
3
cotangent equals − . 1 1
3 equals . Now sin θ = , so θ lies in
5 5
3 1
cot θ = − , 0 <θ < π quadrant I. The calculator yields sin −1 ≈ 0.20 ,
3 5
2π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ=
3 csc−1 5 ≈ 0.20 .
 3  2π
cot −1  −  =
 3  3

 2 3
44. csc −1  − 
 3  1
47. cot −1 2 = tan −1
π π 2
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ ,
2 2 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
2 3 1 1
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals − . equals . Now tan θ = , so θ lies in
3 2 2
2 3 π π 1
csc θ = − , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0 quadrant I. The calculator yields an −1 ≈ 0.46 ,
3 2 2 2
π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ =− cot −1 ( 2 ) ≈ 0.46 .
3
 2 3 π
csc −1  −  = −
 3  3

1
45. sec −1 4 = cos −1
4  1
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine 48. sec −1 (−3) = cos −1  − 
 3
1 1 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in quadrant
4 4 1 1
1 equals − . Now cos θ = − , θ lies in
I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.32 , which is 3 3
4 quadrant II. The calculator yields
an angle in quadrant I, so sec−1 ( 4 ) ≈ 1.32 .  1
cos −1  −  ≈ 1.91 , which is an angle in
 3
quadrant II, so sec−1 ( − 3) ≈ 1.91 .

724
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 1  1 
49. csc −1 ( −3) = sin −1  −  52. cot −1 ( −8.1) = tan −1  − 
 3  8.1 
π π We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in
1 1 8.1 8.1
equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ lies in
3 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields
quadrant IV. The calculator yields  1 
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.12 , which is an angle in
 1  8.1 
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.34 , which is an angle in
 3 quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
quadrant IV, so csc−1 ( −3) ≈ −0.34 . θ ≈ −0.12 + π ≈ 3.02 . Thus, cot −1 ( −8.1) ≈ 3.02 .

 1  3  2
50. cot −1  −  = tan −1 (− 2) 53. csc −1  −  = sin −1  − 
 2  2  3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠0,
equals −2 . Now tan θ = −2 , so θ lies in 2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2 2
whose sine equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ
tan −1 ( − 2 ) ≈ −1.11 , which is an angle in 3 3
quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II, lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
θ ≈ −1.11 + π ≈ 2.03 . Therefore,  2
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.73 , which is an angle in
 1  3
cot −1  −  ≈ 2.03 .
 2  3
quadrant IV, so csc−1  −  ≈ −0.73 .
 2

 1 
( )
51. cot −1 − 5 = tan −1  −
 5

 4  3
54. sec −1  −  = cos −1  − 
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent  3  4
1 1 π
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
5 5 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 3 3
whose cosine equals − . Now cos θ = − , so
 1  4 4
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.42 , which is an angle in θ lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 5
 3
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42 , which is an angle in
θ ≈ −0.42 + π ≈ 2.72 . Therefore,  4

( )
cot −1 − 5 ≈ 2.72 .  4
quadrant II, so sec −1  −  ≈ 2.42 .
 3

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3  2 π π
55. cot −1  −  = tan −1  −  59. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
 2   3 2 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
tangent equals −
2 2
. Now tan θ = − , so θ ( )
tan sin −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
3 3
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields sin θ sin θ
= =
2
 2 cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.59 , which is an angle in
 3 u
=
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, 1− u2
 3
θ ≈ −0.59 + π ≈ 2.55 . Thus, cot −1  −  ≈ 2.55 .
 2 60. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
( )
tan cos −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= =
 1  cos θ cos θ
( )
56. cot −1 − 10 = tan −1  −
 10 

1− u2
=
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose u
1 1
tangent equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ 61. Let θ = sec −1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
10 10
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then,
 1  2
tan −1  −
 10 
 ≈ −0.306 , which is an angle in
( )
sin sec −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
1 sec 2 θ − 1
(
θ ≈ −0.306 + π ≈ 2.84 . So, cot −1 − 10 ≈ 2.84 . ) = 1−
sec θ2
=
sec 2 θ
u2 −1
=
u

62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

−1 π π −∞ < u < ∞ . Then,
57. Let θ = tan u so that tan θ = u , − <θ < ,
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then, ( )
sin cot −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ =
1
csc2 θ
1 1
( −1
)
cos tan u = cos θ =
sec θ
= 1 1
sec 2 θ = =
2
1 1 1 + cot θ 1+ u2
= =
2
1 + tan θ 1+ u2

58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
( )
sin cos −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ

= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − u 2

726
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

π π Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
63. Let θ = csc−1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2   12    12  x 5
g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  = cos θ = =
u ≥ 1 . Then,   13    13  r 13
sin θ
( )
cos csc−1 u = cos θ = cos θ ⋅
sin θ
= cot θ sin θ
68.
  5   5
f  g −1    = sin  cos −1 
  13    13 
cot θ cot 2 θ csc 2 θ − 1
= = = 5 5
csc θ csc θ csc θ Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and
13 13
u2 −1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 5
=
u and r = 13 . Solve for y:
52 + y 2 = 132
64. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
25 + y 2 = 169
π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then, y 2 = 144
2

( )
cos sec −1 u = cos θ =
1
=
sec θ u
1 y = ± 144 = ±12
Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 12 .
  5   5 y 12
65. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π , f  g −1    = sin  cos −1  = sin θ = =
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then,   13    13  r 13

(
tan cot −1 u = tan θ =) 1
=
cot θ u
1

69. g −1 
 7π   −1  7π 
f   = cos  sin 
  4   4 
66. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and  2  3π
π = cos −1  −  =
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Note that sin θ ≥ 0 . Then,  2  4
2
( )
tan sec −1 u = tan θ = sin θ sec θ   5π
f −1  g 
 −1  5π 
70.   = sin  cos 
= sec θ 1 − cos 2 θ   6   6 
 3 π
1 u2 −1 = sin −1  −  = − 3
= u 1− =u  2 
u2 u2

The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

71. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
positive or negative.   5    5 
  12    12   3 3
67. g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
13 13   5  5
   
12 12 π π
− , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and 2 2
13 13
y = −3 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
≤θ ≤ x 2 + (−3) 2 = 52
2 2
y = 12 and r = 13 . Solve for x: x 2 + 9 = 25
x 2 + 122 = 132 x 2 = 16
x 2 + 144 = 169 x = ± 16 = ±4
x = 25  x = ± 25 = ±5
2

727
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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