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Chapter 6
The Circular Functions and Their Graphs
96 4
Section 6.1 Radian Measure 96  72     radians
72 3
1. An angle with its vertex at the center of a 4 4 180
circle that intercepts an arc on the circle equal radian    240
3 3 
in length to the radius of the circle has
The measure of the central angle is 240º.
measure 1 radian.
2. 360  2 radians and 180   radians.    
11. 60  60  radian   radians
 180  3

3. Multiply a degree measure by 180
radian and
   
simplify to convert to radians. 12. 30  30  radian   radian
 180  6
180
4. Multiply a radian measure by and
    
simplify to convert to degrees. 13. 90  90  radian   radians
 180  2

5. r  4,      2
2 14. 120  120  radian   radians
 180  3
 
s  r  4    2
2
   5
15. 150  150  radian   radians
3  180  6
6. s  6 ,  
4
s 6 4    3
s  r  r   3  6  8 16. 270  270  radian   radians
 180  2
 4
3

7. s  20, r  10    5
17. 300  300  radian    radians
s 20  180  3
s  r     2
r 10
   7
18. 315  315  radian    radians
8. r  10, s  15  180  4
15 3
s  r  15  10        5
10 2 19. 450  450  radian   radians
1 2  180  2
Ꮽ r
2
1 2  3  1  3     8
Ꮽ  10    100    75 20. 480  480  radian   radians
 2  2  2   180  3
2

9. Ꮽ  8 sq units, r  4   
21. 1800  1800  radian   10 radians
 180 
1 2 1 2 1
Ꮽ r   8   4   8  16 
2 2 2   
8  8    1 radian 22. 3600  3600  radian 
 180 
10. Ꮽ  96 sq units, r = 12  20 radians
1 1
Ꮽ  r 2  96  12  
2
  
2 2 23. 0  0  radian   0 radians
1  180 
96  144
2

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 577

578 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

    180 
24. 180  180  radian    radians 41. 5  5   900
 180    

    180 
25. 900  900  radian  42. 15  15   2700
 180    
 5 radians
  
   43. 39  39  radian   0.681 radian
26. 1800  1800  radian   180 
 180 
 10 radians   
44. 74  74  radian   1.292 radians
 180 
   180 
27.     60
3 3     
45. 42.5  42.5  radian   0.742 radian
 180 
8 8  180 
28.    480
3 3     
46. 264.9  264.9  radian   4.623 radians
 180 
7 7  180 
29.    315
4 4   
47. 13910  139  10  
60

2 2  180    
30.   120  139.1666667  radian 

3 3    180 
 2.429 radians
11 11  180 
31.
6

6

 
 330 
48. 17450  174  50
60 
  
 174.8333333  radian 
15 15  180   180 
32.    675
4 4    3.051 radians

   180    
33.      30 49. 64.29  64.29  radian   1.122 radians
6 6    180 

8 8  180    
34.     288 50. 85.04  85.04  radian   1.484 radians
5 5    180 

35.
7 7

 180 
  126

51. 5625  56  25
60 
10 10     
 56.41666667  radian 
 180 
11 11  180   0.985 radian
36.    132
15 15  

4 4

52. 12237   122  37
60 
 180 
37.     48   
15 15    122.61666667 
 180
radian 

7 7  180   2.140 radians
38.     63
20 20     
53. 47.69  47.69  radian 
 180 
17 17  180 
39.    153  0.832 radian
20 20  
  
11 11  180  54. 23.01  23.01  radian 
40.   66  180 

30 30    0.402 radian

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 6.1 Radian Measure 579

 180  64. A central angle measuring 1 radian intercepts

55. 2 radians  2   114.591559
   an arc length equal to the radius of the circle.
It is approximately 60°.
 114  0.591559  60
65. Begin the calculation with the blank next to
 11435
30º, and then proceed counterclockwise from
 180  there.
56. 5 radians  5   286.4788976
    
30  30 
 
radian   radian
 180  6
 286  0.4788976  60
 28629    180 
radians     45
4 4  
 180 
57. 1.74 radians  1.74   99.69465635    
   60  60  radian   radians
 180  3
 99  0.69465635  60 2 2  180 
 9942 radians     120
3 3   
 180  3 3  180 
58. 3.06 radians  3.06   175.3250853 radians    135
   4

4   
 175  0.3250853  60    5
150  150  radian   radians
 17520  180  6

 180    
59. 0.3417 radian  .3417   19.57796786 180  180  radian    radians
    180 
   7
 19  0.57796786  60 210  210  radian   radians
 180  6
 1935
   5
 180  225  225  radian   radians
60. 9.84763 radian  9.84763   180  4
  
4 4  180 
 564.2276372 radians     240
3 3   
 564  0.2276372  60
5 5  180 
 56414 radians     300
3 3   
 180     7
61. 5.01095 radian  5.01095 
   315  315 
 180
radian  
 4
radians
 287.1062864    11
330  330  radian   radians
   287  0.1062864  60   180  6
 
 28706 2
   
66.      radian   radian
 180   180  180
62. 3.47189 radians  3.47189 
  
2
 198.9246439 67. r = 12.3 cm,   radians
3
  198  0.9246439  60   2 
  s  r  12.3   8.2  25.8 cm
 19855  3 
63. Without the degree symbol on the 30, it is 11
assumed that 30 is measured in radians. Thus, 68. r = 0.892 cm,   radians
10
the approximate value of sin 30 is −0.98803,
 11 
not 12 . s  r  0.892 
 10 
 0.9812 cm  3.08 cm

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

580 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

5 For Exercises 75−80, note that 6400 has two

69. r = 1.38 ft,   radians significant digits and the angles are given to the
6
nearest degree, so we can have only two significant
 5 
s  r  1.38   digits in the answers.
 6 
 1.15 ft  3.61 ft (rounded to three 75. 9° N, 40° N
significant digits)   
  40  9  31  31  radian 
 180 
7
70. r = 3.24 mi,   radians 31
6  radian
180
 7   31 
s  r  3.24   3.78 mi  11.9 mi s  r  6400 
 6   180 
 3500 km
(rounded to three significant digits)
76. 36° N, 49°N
71. r = 4.82 m,   60
  
Converting  to radians, we have   49  36  13  13  radian 
 180 
    13
  60  60  radian   radians.  radian
 180  3
180
Thus, the arc is  13 
s  r  6400   1500 km
   4.82
s  r  4.82     5.05 m.  180 
3 3
77. 41° N, 12° S
(rounded to three significant digits)
12° S = –12° N
72. r = 71.9 cm,   135   
Converting  to radians, we have   41  (12)  53  53  radian 
 180 
   3 53
  135  135  radian   radians.  radian
 180  4 180
Thus, the arc is  53 
s  r  6400   5900 km
 3  215.7  180 
s  r  71.9   cm  cm  169 cm.
 4  4
78. 45° N, 34° S
(rounded to three significant digits) 34° S = –34° N
73. r = 15.1 in.,   210   
  45  (34)  79  79  radian 
Converting  to radians, we have  180 
   7 79
  210  210  radian   radians.  radians
 180  6 180
Thus, the arc is  79 
s  r  6400    8800 km
 7  105.7  180
s  r  15.1    55.3 in.
 6  6 79. r = 6400 km, s = 1200 km
(rounded to three significant digits) 1200 3
s  r  1200  6400    
74. r = 12.4 ft,   330 6400 16
Converting  to radians, we have 3
Converting radian to degrees, we have
   11 16
  330  330  radian   radians.
 180  6 3  180 
    11. The north-south
Thus, the arc is 16   
 11  136.4 distance between the two cities is 11°.
s  r  12.4    71.4 ft
 6  6 Let x = the latitude of Madison.
x  33  11  x  44 N
(rounded to three significant digits)
The latitude of Madison is 44° N.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 6.1 Radian Measure 581

80. r = 6400 km, s = 1100 km 5.23

 8.16
1100 11 3
s  r  1100  6400    
6400 64 5.23 5.23  180 
 radian     38.5
11 24.48 24.48   
Converting radian to degrees we have
64 The larger wheel rotates through 38.5°.
11 180 84. A rotation of
   10. The north-south distance
64 
   5
between the two cities is 10°.   150  radian   radians on the
 180  6
Let x = the latitude of Toronto.
x  33  10  x  43 N smaller wheel moves through an arc length of
The latitude of Toronto is 43° N.  5 
s  r  6.84    5.7 cm.
81. The arc length on the smaller gear is  6 
    5  Both wheels move together, so the larger
s  r  3.7  300    3.7   wheel also moves 5.7 cm, which rotates it
 180   3 
through an angle  , where
18.5
 cm 5.7  12.46
3
5.7 5.7  180 
An arc with this length on the larger gear  radians     82.3
corresponds to an angle measure  where 12.46 12.46   
18.5 18.5 The larger wheel rotates through 82.3°.
s  r   7.1   
3 21.3 85. The arc length s represents the distance
18.5 180 traveled by a point on the rim of a wheel. The
    156
21.3  two wheels rotate together, so s will be the
The larger gear will rotate through same for both wheels. For the smaller wheel,
approximately 156º.    4
  80  80   radians and
82. The arc length on the smaller gear is  180  9
    7   4 
s  r  4.8  315    4.8   s  r  11.7   5.2 cm.
 180  4   9 
 8.4 in. For the larger wheel,
An arc with this length on the larger gear    5
corresponds to an angle measure  where   50  50  radian   radian.
 180  18
8.4
s  r  8.4  7.1    Thus, we can solve
7.1
8.4 180  5 
  s  r  5.2  r  
7.1 
  213  18 
The larger gear will rotate through 18
r  5.2   18.72
approximately 213º. 5
The radius of the larger wheel is 18.7 cm.
    (rounded to 3 significant digits)
83. A rotation of   60.0  radian  
 180  3
86. The arc length s represents the distance
radians on the smaller wheel moves through traveled by a point on the rim of a wheel. The
an arc length of two wheels rotate together, so s will be the
   5.23 same for both wheels.
s  r  5.23    cm (holding on
3 3 For the smaller wheel,
to more digits for the intermediate steps).    2
  120  120   radians and
Both wheels move together, so the larger  180  3
5.23
wheel also moves cm, which rotates it  2  29.2
3 s  r  14.6    in.
 3 3
through an angle  , where
(continued on next page)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

582 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

(continued) The small gear rotates through an angle as

For the larger wheel, s 4.72
follows.       3.42
r 1.38
   
  60  60  radian   radian. Thus,  for the wheel and  for the small gear are
 180  3
the same, or 3.42π. So, for the wheel, we have
we can solve s  r 
29.2  
r  s  r  r  13.6 3.42   146.12
3 3 The bicycle will move 146 in. (rounded to
29.2 3 three significant digits)
r   29.2
3  90. (a) In one hour, the car travels 55 mi. The
The radius of the larger wheel is 29.2 in. radius is given in inches, so convert 55 mi
(rounded to 3 significant digits) to inches:
87. (a) The number of inches lifted is the arc s  55 mi  55 5280 ft  290, 400 ft
length in a circle with r = 9.27 in. and  290, 400 12 in.  3,484,800 in.
  7150 . Solving for the radius, we have
   s  r  3, 484,800 in.  14 in. 

7150  71  5060  
 180  3, 484,800
s  r    248, 914.29 radians
14
  

s  9.27 71  50 
60 
 180 
 11.6221 Each rotation is 2π radians. Thus, we
 248, 914.29
have   39, 615.94
The weight will rise 11.6 in. (rounded to 2 2
three significant digits) Thus, the number of rotations is 39,616
(b) When the weight is raised 6 in., we have (rounded to the nearest whole rotation).
s  r  6  9.27  (b) Find s for the 16-in. wheel.
6 6  180  s  r 
 radian   
9.27 9.27    s  16 in. 248, 914.29  3, 982, 628.64 in.
 37.0846  37  0.0846 60   1ft   1mi 
3, 982, 628.64 in. 
 3705  12 in.   5280 ft 
The pulley must be rotated through
 62.9 mi
3705 . The car with the 16-in. tires has gone 62.9
88. To find the radius of the pulley, first convert mi in one hour, so its speed is 62.9 mph.
51.6° to radians. Yes, the driver deserves a ticket.
   51.6 30 1
  51.6  51.6   radians
 180  180 91. Because  rotation, we have
60 2
Now substitute this value of  and s = 11.4 1
cm into the equation s  r and solve for r.  2    . Thus, s  r  s  3 in.
2
 51.6 
s  r  11.4  r  
 180  92. Because
40 2
 rotation, we have
180 60 3
r  11.4   12.6584 2 4
51.6   2   . Thus,
The radius of the pulley is 12.7 cm. (rounded 3 3
to three significant digits)  4 
s  r  s  3   4 in.
89. A rotation of  3 
   93. Because   4.5  2   9 , we have
  180  radian    radians. The chain
 180 
s  r  s  3 9   27 in.
moves a distance equal to half the arc length
of the larger gear. So, for the large gear and
94. Because   6.5  2   13 , we have
pedal, s  r  4.72 . Thus, the chain
moves 4.72π in. s  r  s  3 13   39 in.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 6.1 Radian Measure 583

95. Let t = the length of the train. 98. Let r = the distance of the boat.
t is approximately the arc length subtended by The height of the mast, 11.0 m, is
3 20 . First convert   320 to radians. approximately the arc length subtended by
1 45 . First convert   1 45 to radians.

  320  3  60
20

  3 13 
1     10     
  1 45  1  60
45

  1.75
 33   radian     
   
radian 
    7  
180 3 180  1.75  radian      radian 
  180   4   180 
 radian
54 7
 radian
The length of the train is 720
  We must now find the radius, r.
t  r  t  3.5    0.20 km long. s
 54  s  r  r  
(rounded to two significant digits) 
11.0 720
96. Let t = the length of the train. r 7
 11.0   360.14
720
7
t is approximately the arc length subtended by
2 30 . First convert   230 to radians. The boat is about 360 m away. (rounded to
two significant digits)

  230  2  30
60
  2.5  In Exercises 99−106, we will be rounding to the
   5   nearest tenth.
  2.5  radian      radian 
 180   2   180  5
 99. r = 29.2 m,   radians 0.517.
 radian 6
72 The area of the sector is 1116.1 m2. (1120 m2
The length of the train is rounded to three significant digits)
  2
t  r  t  2.7    0.12 mi long.
 72  100. r = 59.8 km,   radians
3
(rounded to two significant digits) 1 2
Ꮽ r
97. Let r = the distance of the boat. 2
The height of the mast, 32.0 ft, is 1 2  2  1  2 
Ꮽ  59.8   3576.04 
approximately the arc length subtended by 2  3  2  3 
2 11 . First convert   211 to radians.  3744.8203

  211  2  11
60
  2 11
60 
 The area of the sector is 3744.8 km2. (3740
km2 rounded to three significant digits)
11     131   
 
 2 60 
 180
radian   
  60   180

radian 
 
101. r  30.0 ft,   radians
131 2
 radian
10800 1 2
Ꮽ r
We must now find the radius, r. 2
s 1 2   1  
s  r  r   Ꮽ  30.0    900    225
 2 2 2 2
32 10800  706.8583
r 131
 32   839.7549
10800
131 The area of the sector is 706.9 ft2. (707 ft2
rounded to three significant digits)
The boat is about 840 ft away. (rounded to two
significant digits)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

584 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

5 106. r  90.0 km,   270

102. r  90.0 yd,   radians
6 1
The formula Ꮽ  r 2 requires that  be
1 2 2
Ꮽ r
2 measured in radians. Converting 270° to
1 2  5  1  2  radians, we have
Ꮽ  90.0    8100 
2  6  2  3     3
  270  radian   radians.
 3375  10, 602.8752  180  2
The area of the sector is 10,602.9 yd2. 3 3
90.02    8100  
1 1
(10,600 yd2 rounded to three significant digits) Ꮽ
2 2 2 2
103. r = 12.7 cm,   81°  6075  19, 085.1754
1 The area of the sector is 19,085.2 km2. (19,100
The formula Ꮽ  r 2 requires that  be
2 km2 rounded to three significant digits)
measured in radians. Converting 81° to
radians, we have 107. Ꮽ  16 in.2 , r  3.0 in.
   9 1 2 1 2 9
  81  radian   radians. Ꮽ r   16  3   16   
 180  20 2 2 2
2 32
9 9   16    3.6 radians
12.72    161.29  
1 1
Ꮽ 9 9
2 20 2 20 (rounded to two significant digits)
 114.0092
The area of the sector is 114.0 cm2. (114 cm2 
108. Ꮽ  64 m 2 ,   radian
rounded to three significant digits) 6
104. r = 18.3 m,   125° 1 2 1   
Ꮽ r   64  r 2    64  r 2 
1 2 2 6 12
The formula Ꮽ  r 2 requires that  be
2 12 768 768
r 2  64   r 2  r  16 m
measured in radians. Converting 125° to   
radians, we have (rounded to two significant digits)
   25
  125  radian   radians. 1 2
 180  36 109. The formula Ꮽ  r  requires that  be
2
25  1  25 
18.32 
1
  334.89 
Ꮽ measured in radians. Converting 40.0° to

2 36  2 36  radians, we have
 365.3083    2
The area of the sector is 365.3 m2. (365 m2   40.0  radian   radians.
 180  9
rounded to three significant digits)
1 2 1 2  2  1  2 
105. r  40.0 mi,   135 Ꮽ r   152     23,104 
2 2  9  2  9 
1 23,104
The formula Ꮽ  r 2 requires that  be   8060 yd 2
2 9
measured in radians. Converting 135° to (rounded to three significant digits)
radians, we have
   3 
  135  radian   radians. 110. If 1  and r1 = 2r, then
 180  4 2
1 1 2  
3 3 Ꮽ 1  r121   2r   
40.02    1600  
1 1
Ꮽ 2 2 2
2 4 2 4
 
 600  1884.9556
The area of the sector is 1885.0 mi2. (1880 mi2
1
  1
 4r 2    r 2  2  r 2 
2 2 2


rounded to three significant digits) If the measure of the angle is halved and the
radius is doubled, then the new area is twice
the original area. This result holds in general
for any values of  and r.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 6.1 Radian Measure 585

111. Ꮽ  50 in.2 , r  5 in. 2

(d) Area of sector with r = 76 ft and  
First find  . 27
1 1 2 25 is as follows.
Ꮽ  r 2  50  5   50    1
2 2 2 Ꮽ  r 2 
  4 radians 2
2 1 2 5776
To find the arc length, apply the formula
s  r .
1
Ꮽ  762
2
   5776
27 2 27

27
s  5  4  20 in.  672.0681  672 ft 2

112. Ꮽ  16 cm 2 , s  6 cm 114. The area cleaned is the area of the sector

“wiped” by the total area and blade minus the
Using the formula s  r we have area “wiped” by the arm only. We must first
6 convert 95 to radians.
6  r  r  . Substituting into
    19
1 2 95  95  radian   radians
Ꮽ r  and solving for  gives  180  36
2 Because 10 – 7 = 3, the arm was 3 in. long.
1 Thus, we have
Ꮽ  r 2 
2 1 2  19  1  19 
Ꮽ arm only  3    9  
 36 
2
16 1 36 18 2  36  2
16       2    
2   2   19
  7.4613 in.2
18 9 9 180 405 8
  radians     64
16 8 8  2 1 2  19  1  19 
Ꮽ arm and blade  10   100 
2  36  2  36 
113. (a) The central angle in degrees measures
475
360   82.9031 in.2
 13 13 . Converting to radians, we 18
27
82.9031  7.4613  75.4418, so the area of the
have the following.
  region cleaned was about 75.4 in.2 .
 
13 13   13 13 
 180

radian 
 115. (a)
 
40   2
   radian   radian
 3   180  27

(b) C  2 r , and r = 76 ft, so

C  2 76  152  477.5221. The
circumference is about 478 ft. The triangle formed by the central angle
and the chord is isosceles. Therefore, the
2 bisector of the central angle is also the
(c) r  76 ft and   , so
27 perpendicular bisector of the chord.
 2  152 50 50
s  r  76    17.6860. sin 21  r  140 ft
 27  27 r sin 21
Thus, the length of the arc is 17.7 ft. 50
Note: If this measurement is (b) r  ;   42
sin 21
160 Converting  to radians, we have
approximated to be , then the
9    7
approximated value would be 17.8 ft, 42  radians   radians. Solving
 180  30
rounded to three significant digits.
for the arc length, we have
s  r 
50 7 35
s    102 ft
sin 21 30 3sin 21

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

586 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

(c) 117. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the

hypotenuse of the triangle, which is also the
radius of the sector of the circle.
r 2  302  402  r 2  900  1600 
r 2  2500  r  50
The area of the portion of the circle can
The total area of the lot is the sum of the areas
be found by subtracting the area of the
of the triangle and the sector.
triangle from the area of the sector. From
Converting   60 to radians, we have
the figure in part (a), we have
50 50    
tan 21  so h  . 60  radian   radians.
 180  3
h tan 21
1 1
1
Ꮽ sector  r 2  Ꮽ triangle  bh  30 40  600 yd 2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2  
1  50   7  2 Ꮽ sector  r   50  
Ꮽ sector       7135 ft 2 2 3
2  sin 21   30 
1    1250
and   2500    yd 2
1 2 3 3
Ꮽ triangle  bh 
2 Total area
1  50  1250
Ꮽ triangle  100   6513 ft 2 Ꮽ triangle  Ꮽ sector  600   1908.9969
2  tan 21  3
The area bounded by the arc and the chord or 1900 yd 2 , rounded to two significant digits.
is 7135 – 6513 = 622 ft 2 .
116. If the land area is circular, the area of a circle
118. Converting   1   601   to radians, we have
is Ꮽ   r 2 , and we have 950, 000   r 2  1    
 radian   radian. Solving
950, 000 60 180  10,800
r2  for the arc length, we have

950, 000  11
r  549.9040 s  r  s  3963    1.1519.
 10,800 30
Thus, the radius is 550 m. (rounded to two Thus, there are approximately 1.15 statute
significant digits) miles in 1 nautical mile (rounded to two
If the land area is a 35 º sector of a circle, find decimal places.)
the radius by first converting   35 to
Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and
   7 Circular Functions
radians, giving 35  radian   radian.
 180  36
1.
1
The area of a sector is Ꮽ  r 2 , so
2
1 2 1  7 
Ꮽ  r   950, 000  r 2  
2 2  36 
 7 
950, 000  r 2 
 72 
72 68, 400, 000
r 2  950, 000  
7 7
68, 400, 000
r  1763.6163
7
Thus, the radius is 1800 m. (rounded to two  2
2. cos 0  1 3. sin 
significant digits) 4 2

 3 
4. sin  5. tan 1
3 2 4

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 Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 587

1  16. An angle of s  3 radians intersects the unit

6. In quadrant I, if cos s  , then s  .
2 3 circle at the point 1, 0 .
7. The measure of how fast the position of point (a) sin s  y  0 (b) cos s  x  1
P is changing is the linear speed (or linear
velocity). y 0
(c) tan s   0
x 1
8. The measure of how fast angle POB is
changing is the angular speed (or angular 17. An angle of s   radians intersects the unit
velocity). circle at the point 1, 0 .
9. If the angular speed of point P is 1 radian per (a) sin s  y  0 (b) cos s  x  1
sec, then P will move around the entire unit
circle in 2 sec. y 0
(c) tan s   0
10. If the angular speed of point P is  radians x 1
per sec, then the linear speed is  unit(s) per 3
sec. 18. An angle of s   radians intersects the
2
11. An angular speed of 1 revolution per min on unit circle at the point 0,1 .
the unit circle is equivalent to an angular
(a) sin s  y  1 (b) cos s  x  0
speed,  , of 2 radians per min.
 y 1
12. If P is rotating with angular speed 2
radians (c) tan s   ; undefined
x 0
per sec, then the distance traveled by P in 10
sec is 5 units. For Exercises 19−34, use the following copy of
Figure 13 on page 579 of the text.

13. An angle of s  radians intersects the unit
2
circle at the point 0,1 .
(a) sin s  y  1

(b) cos s  x  0
y 1
(c) tan s   ; undefined
x 0
14. An angle of s   radians intersects the unit
circle at the point 1, 0 .
(a) sin s  y  0

(b) cos s  x  1 7
19. is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
y 0 6
(c) tan s   0 7 7 6 
x 1 is     . In quadrant III,
6 6 6 6
15. An angle of s  2 radians intersects the unit the sine is negative. Thus,
circle at the point 1, 0 . 7  1 7
sin   sin   . Converting to
(a) sin s  y  0 6 6 2 6
7 7
(b) cos s  x  1 degrees, we have  180  210.
6 6
y 0 The reference angle is 210  180  30.
(c) tan s   0 7 1
x 1 Thus, sin  sin 210   sin 30   .
6 2

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588 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

5 11
20. is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle is Converting to degrees, we have
3 6
5 6 5  11 11
2     . In quadrant IV, the  180  330. The reference angle
3 3 3 3 6 6
5  1 is 360° – 330° = 30°. Thus,
cosine is positive. Thus, cos  cos  .
3 3 2 11
csc  csc 330   csc 30  2.
5 6
Converting to degrees, we have
3 5
5 5 24. is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
 180  300. The reference angle is 6
3 3 5 6 5 
360  300  60. Thus,     . In quadrant II, the
6 6 6 6
5 1 cotangent is negative. Thus,
cos  cos 300  cos 60  .
3 2 5 
cot   cot   3.
3 6 6
21. is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
4 5
Converting to degrees, we have
3 4 3  6
    . In quadrant II, the
5 5
4 4 4 4  180  150. The reference angle is
tangent is negative. Thus, 6 6
3  3 180° – 150° = 30°. Thus,
tan   tan  1. Converting to
4 4 4 5
cot  cot150   cot 30   3.
3 3 6
degrees, we have  180  135. The
4 4 4
reference angle is 180° – 135° = 45°. Thus, 25.  is coterminal with
3
3
tan  tan135   tan 45  1. 4 4 6 2
4   2     .
3 3 3 3
2 2
22. is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
3 3
2 3 2  2 3 2 
    . In quadrant II, the     . In quadrant II, the
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
secant is negative. Thus, cosine is negative. Thus,
2   4  2  1
sec   sec  2. cos    cos   cos   .
3 3  3  3 3 2
2 2
Converting to degrees, we have Converting to degrees, we have
3 3
2 2 2 2
 180  120. The reference angle is  180  120. The reference angle is
3 3 3 3
180° – 120° = 60°. Thus, 180  120  60.
2 Thus,
sec  sec120   sec 60  2.
3  4  2
cos    cos  cos120
11  3  3
23. is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle 1
6   cos 60  
2
11 12 11 
is 2     . In quadrant
6 6 6 6
IV, the cosecant is negative. Thus,
11 
csc   csc  2.
6 6

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 Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 589

17 2
26.  is coterminal with is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
3 3
17 17 18  2 3 2 
  6     .     . In quadrant II, the
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
  sine is positive. Thus,
is in quadrant I, so is the reference
3 3  4  2  3
sin    sin  sin  .
angle. In quadrant I, the tangent is positive.  3  3 3 2
 17   2
Thus, tan    tan  3. Converting
 3  3 Converting
3
radians to degrees, we have
  1 2 2
to degrees, we have  180  60.  180  120. The reference angle is
3 3 3 3 3
 180  120  60. Thus,
Thus, tan  tan 60  3.
3  4  2 3
sin     sin  sin120  sin 60 
7  3 3 2
27. is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle
4 5
7 8 7  30.  is coterminal with
is 2     . In quadrant IV, 6
4 4 4 4 5 5 12 7
the cosine is positive. Thus,   2     .
6 6 6 6
7  2 7 7
cos  cos  . Converting to is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
4 4 2 4 6
7 7 7 7 6 
degrees, we have  180  315. The is     . In quadrant III,
4 4 6 6 6 6
reference angle is 360  315  45. Thus, the sine is negative. Thus,
7 2  5   7   1
cos  cos 315  cos 45  . sin     sin     sin   .
4 2  6   6  6 2
5 7
28. is in quadrant III, so the reference angle is Converting radians to degrees, we have
4 6
5 5 4  7 7
    . In quadrant III, the  180  210. The reference angle is
4 4 4 4 6 6
secant is negative. Thus, 210  180  30. Thus,
5   5  7
sec   sec   2. sin     sin  sin 210
4 4  6  6
5 1
Converting to degrees, we have   sin 30  
4 2
5 5
 180  225. The reference angle is 31.
23
is coterminal with
4 4 6
225  180  45. Thus,
23 23 12 11
5  2    .
sec  sec 225   sec 45   2. 6 6 6 6
4
11
is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle
4 6
29.  is coterminal with
3 11 12 11 
is 2     .
4 4 6 2 6 6 6 6
  2     .
3 3 3 3 In quadrant IV, the secant is positive. Thus,
23 11  2 3
sec  sec  sec  .
6 6 6 3

(continued on next page)

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590 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

(continued) For Exercises 35−46, 63−68, and 79−88, your

calculator must be set in radian mode. Keystroke
11 sequences may vary based on the type and/or model
Converting radians to degrees, we have
6 of calculator being used. As in Example 3, we will
11 11 set the calculator to show four decimal digits.
 180  330. The reference angle is
6 6
360  330  30. Thus,
23 11 2 3
sec  sec  sec 330  sec 30  .
6 6 3
13
32. is coterminal with
3
13 13 13 12 
 2  2    4    .
3 3 3 3 3 35. sin 0.6109  0.5736
 13  2 3 36. sin 0.8203  0.7314
is in quadrant I, so csc  csc  .
3 3 3 3
37. cos  1.1519  0.4068
 1
 180  60. Thus,
3 3 38. cos  5.2825  0.5397
 2 3
csc  csc 60  . 39. tan 4.0203  1.2065
3 3
5 40. tan 6.4752  0.1944
33. is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
6 41. csc  9.4946  14.3338
5 6 5 
    . In quadrant II, the
6 6 6 6
tangent is negative. Thus,
5  3
tan   tan   .
6 6 3
5
Converting radians to degrees, we have
6
5 5
 180  150. The reference angle is 42. csc1.3875  1.0170
6 6
180  150  30. Thus,
5 3
tan  tan150   tan 30   .
6 3
3
34. is in quadrant II, so the reference angle is
4
3 4 3 
    . In quadrant II, the
4 4 4 4
cosine is negative. Thus, 43. sec 2.8440  1.0460
3  2 3
cos   cos   . Converting to
4 4 2 4
3 3
degrees, we have  180  135.
4 4
The reference angle is 180  135  45.
3 2
Thus, tan  cos135   cos 45   .
4 2

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 Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 591

44. sec  8.3429  2.1291 58. sin (−1)

 
  1.57, so   1  0. Thus, an
2 2
angle of− 1 radian is in quadrant IV. Because
values of the sine function are negative in
quadrant IV, sin (−1) is negative.
59. sin 5
3 3
 4.71 and 2  6.28, so  5  2 .
2 2
45. cot 6.0301  3.8665 Thus, an angle of 5 radians is in quadrant IV.
(The figure for Exercises 35–44 also shows
that 5 radians is in quadrant IV.) Because
values of the sine function are negative in
quadrant IV, sin 5 is negative.
60. cos 6
3 3
 4.71 and so  6  2 . Thus, an
2 2
angle of 6 radians is in quadrant IV. (The
46. cot 3.8426  1.1848 figure for Exercises 35−44 also shows that 6
radians is in quadrant IV.) Because values of
the cosine function are positive in quadrant
IV, cos 6 is positive.
61. tan 6.29
2  6.28 and
 4  5
2      7.85, so
2 2 2 2
5
47. cos 0.8 ≈ 0.7 48. cos 0.6  0.8 2  6.29  .
2
49. sin 2  0.9 50. sin 5.4 ≈ –0.8 5
Notice that 2 is coterminal with 0 and
2
51. sin 3.8  0.6 52. cos 3.2  1.0

is coterminal with . Thus, an angle of 6.29
53. cos   0.65  x  0.65    2.3 radians 2
or   4 radians radians is in quadrant I. Because values of the
tangent function are positive in quadrant I, tan
54. sin   0.95  y  0.95    4.4 radians 6.29 is positive.
or   5.0 radians
62. tan (−6.29)
55. sin   0.7  y  0.7    0.8 radian or  4  5
2      7.85 and
  2.4 radians 2 2 2 2
5
56. cos   0.3  x  0.3    1.3 radians or 2  6.28, so   6.29  2 . Notice
2
  5.0 radians
5 3
57. cos 2 that is coterminal with and 2 is
2 2
  coterminal with 0. Thus, an angle of −6.29
 1.57 and   3.14, so  2   . Thus,
2 2 is in quadrant IV. Because values of the
an angle of 2 radians is in quadrant II. (The tangent function are negative in quadrant IV,
figure for Exercises 35−44 also shows that 2 tan (−6.29) is negative.
radians is in quadrant II.) Because values of
63. tan s  0.2126  s  0.2095
the cosine function are negative in quadrant II,
cos 2 is negative. 64. cos s  0.7826  s  0.6720

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592 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

65. sin s  0.9918  s  1.4426  3 

71.  , ; tan s  3
66. cot s  0.2994  s  1.2799  2 

Recall that tan  3 and in quadrant III,
3
tan s is positive. Therefore,
  4 4
tan      tan  3, so s  .
 3 3 3

 3  1
72.  , ; sin s  
 2  2
67. sec s  1.0806  s  0.3887  1
Recall that sin  and in quadrant III, sin
6 2
s is negative. Therefore,
  7 1 7
sin      sin   , so s  .
 6 6 2 6

 3 
73.  , 2  ; tan s  1
 2 
68. csc s  1.0219  s  1.3634

Recall that tan  1 and in quadrant IV, tan s
4
is negative. Therefore,
  7 7
tan  2    tan  1, so s  .
 4 4 4

 3  3
74.  , 2  ; cos s 
 2  2
 3
Recall that cos  and in quadrant IV,
  1 6 2
69.  ,   ; sin s 
2  2 cos s is positive. Therefore,
 1   11 3 11
Recall that sin  and in quadrant II, sin s cos  2    cos  , so s  .
6 2  6 6 2 6
is positive. Therefore,
3
 
sin      sin
5 1
 , so s 
5
. 75. 0, 2  ; sin s   2
 6  6 2 6
 3
Recall that sin , and that sin s is
  1 3 2
70.  ,   ; cos s  
2  2 negative in quadrants III and IV. Thus, the
 1 angles we are seeking have reference angle
Recall that cos  and in quadrant II, 
3 2 and are located in quadrants III and IV. In
cos s is negative. Therefore, 3
  2 1 2 4 
cos      cos   , so s  . quadrant III, s    
. In quadrant IV,
 3 3 2 3 3 3
 5 4
s  2   . Thus, the angles are
3 3 3
5
and .
3

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 Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 593

1 1
76. 0, 2  ; cos s   2 79.  2 ,   ; 3 tan 2 s  1  tan 2 s  3 
1  1 3
Recall that cos  , and that cos s is tan s   
3 2 3 3
negative in quadrants II and III. Thus, the We will split the interval into  2 , 0 and
angles we are seeking have reference angle
 0,   . First we will find the angles in the
and are located in quadrants II and III. In
3  3
interval  0,   . Recall that tan  , and
2  6 3
quadrant II, s     . In quadrant III,
3 3 that tan s is positive in quadrants I and III, and
 4 2 negative in quadrants II and IV. In quadrant II,
s   . Thus, the angles are  5
3 3 3 s   . In quadrant III,
4 6 6
and .  7
3 s   . In quadrant IV,
6 6
1 1 2  11
77. 0, 2  ; cos2 s  2  cos s   2

2
s  2   .
6 6
 2 To find the angles in the interval  2 , 0 ,
Recall that cos  , and that cos s is
4 2 
positive in quadrants I and IV, and negative in recall that moving around the unit circle in
6
quadrants II and III. Thus, the angles we are the positive direction yields the same ending
 11
seeking have reference angle . In quadrant point as moving units in the negative
4 6
 3 11
II, s     . In quadrant III, direction. So  is one of the angles.
4 4 6
 5 5
s   . In quadrant IV, Moving units in the positive direction is
4 4 6
 7  7
s  2   . Thus, the angles are , the same as moving units in the negative
4 4 4 6
3 5 7 7
, , and . direction, so  is another angle. Now we
4 4 4 6
must find the negative angles in quadrants III
78. 0, 2  ; tan 2 s  3  tan s   3
7
 and IV. Moving units in the positive
Recall that tan  3, and that tan s is 6
3 5
positive in quadrants I and III, and negative in direction is that same as moving units in
6
quadrants II and IV. In quadrant II,
 2 5
s   . In quadrant III, the negative direction, so  is another
3 3 6
 4 11
s   . In quadrant IV, angle. Finally, moving units in the
3 3 6
 5  
s  2   . Thus, the angles are , positive direction is the same as moving
3 3 3 6
units in the negative direction. Thus, the
2 4 5
, , and . 11 7
3 3 3 angles are  , ,
6 6
5   5
 ,  , , and .
6 6 6 6

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

594 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

1 1 2 
80.   ,   ; sin 2 s  2  sin s  2

2
83. r = 20 cm,  
12
radian per sec, t = 6 sec

We will split the interval into   , 0 and (a)  






 

radians
0,   . First we will find the angles in the t 12 6 2

 2 
interval  0,   . Recall that sin , and (b) s  r  s  20   10 cm
4 2 2
that sin s is positive in quadrants I and II, and 20  2 10 5
r
negative in quadrants III and IV. Thus, the (c) v  v   cm per
angles we are seeking have reference angle t 6 6 3
  3 sec
. In quadrant II, s     .
2 4 4 
84. r = 30 cm,   radian per sec, t = 4 sec
The interval  0,   is the same as the interval 10
  , 0  but with the terminal side of the
(a)  





 
4 2

angles moving in the negative direction. So, t 10 4 10 5
3   3 radians
the angles are  ,  , , and .
4 4 4 4 2
(b) s  r  s  30   12 cm
For exercises 81 and 82, refer to figures 18 and 19 on 5
page 584 in the text.
r 30  25 12
1 (c) v  v   3 cm per
81. (a) OQ  cos 60  t 4 4
2 sec
3 
(b) PQ  sin 60  85. r = 8 in.,   radian per min, t = 9 min
2 3
   9
(c) VR  tan 60  3 (a)        3
t 3 9 3
1 1 radians
(d) OV  sec 60   1 2
cos 60 2 (b) s  r  s  8  3  24 in.

1 1 2 2 3 r 8  3 8
(e) OU  csc 60     (c) v  v  in. per min
sin 60 3 3 3 t 9 3
2
86. r = 12 ft,   8 radian per min, t = 5 min
1 1 3  
(f) US  cot 60    (a)    8     40 radians
tan 60 3 3 t 5
82. (a) OQ  cos 38  0.7880 (b) s  r  s  12  40  480 ft
(b) PQ  sin 38  0.6157 r 12  40
(c) v  v  96 ft per min
t 5
(c) VR  tan 38  0.7813
2
1 87.   radians per sec, t = 3 sec
(d) OV  sec 38   1.269 3
cos 38
 2 
      2 radians
1 t 3 3
(e) OU  csc 38   1.624
sin 38

88.   radians per min, t = 5 min
1 4
(f) US  cot 38   1.280
tan 38    5
     radians
t 4 5 4

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 595

89.   0.91 radian per min, t  8.1 min 9

98. r = 8 m,   radians per sec
  5
  0.91  
t 8.1  9  72
  0.918.1  7.4 radians v  r  v  8 
 5 
 cm per sec
5
90.   4.3 radians per min, t  1.6 min 99. v = 9 m per sec, r = 5 m
  9
  4.3   v  r  9  5    radians per sec
t 1.6 5
  4.31.6  6.9 radians
100. v = 18 ft per sec, r = 3 ft
3 v  r  18  3    6 radians per sec
91.   radians, t = 8 sec
4
3
 3 1 3
3 101. v = 12 m per sec,   radians per sec
       4
radian per 2
t 8 4 8 32 3
sec v  r  12  r
2
2 2 8
92.   radians, t = 10 sec r  12   m
5 3 


2
2 1  102. v = 24.93 cm per sec,   0.3729 radian per
   5
   radian per sec
t 10 5 10 25
sec v  r  24.93  0.3729r 
24.93
93.   3.871 radians, t  21.47 sec r  66.85 cm
0.3729

 
t 103. r = 6 cm,   radians per sec, t = 9 sec
3.871 3
  0.1803 radian per sec
21.47  
s  r t  s  6    9  18 cm
94.   5.225 radians, t  2.515sec 3
 2
 104. r = 9 yd,   radians per sec, t = 12 sec
t 5
5.225
  2.078 radians per sec  2  216
2.515 s  r t  s  9 
 5 
12  yd
5
2 5
95.   radian,   radian per min 
9 27 105. s = 6π cm, r = 2 cm,   radian per sec

5
2
5 2 4
    9
     
t 27 t 27 9t s  r t  6  2   t  6    t 
54 6 4 2
45 t  54  t   min
45 5 2
t  6    12 sec
 
3 
96.   radians,   radian per min
8 24 12 3 2
3
106. s = m, r  m,   radians per
   3 5 2 5
   8
   sec
t 24
t 24 8t
72 12 3  2 
8 t  72  t   9 min s  r t 
  t 
8 5 2 5 
12 3 12 5
2  tt   4 sec
97. r = 12 m,   radians per sec 5 5 5 3
3
 2 
v  r  v  12   8 m per sec
 3 

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

596 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs

3 115. The flywheel making 42 rotations per min

107. s = km, r = 2 km, t = 4 sec
4 turns through an angle 42  2   84 radians
3 in 1 minute with r = 2 m. So,
s  r t   2  4 
4 r 2 84 
3 3 1 3 v v  168 m per min
 8      radian per sec t 1
4 4 8 32
116. The point on the tread of the tire is rotating 35
8 4 times per min. Each rotation is 2π radians.
108. s = m, r  m, t = 12 sec
9 3 Thus, we have
8 4   35 2   70 radians per min.
s  r t     12 
9 3 v  r  18 70   1260 cm per min.
8 8 1 
 16      radian per sec
9 9 16 18 117. At 500 rotations per min, the propeller turns
through an angle of   500(2π) = 1000π
109. The hour hand of a clock moves through an
angle of 2π radians (one complete revolution) 3
radians in 1 min with r   1.5 m, we have
in 12 hours, so 2
 2  r 1.5 1000 
   radian per hr. v v  1500 m per min.
t 12 6 t 1
110. The second hand makes one revolution per 118. The point on the edge of the gyroscope is
minute. Each revolution is 2π radians, so we rotating 680 times per min. Each rotation is 2π
have   2 1  2 radians per min . There radians.
  680 2   1360 radians per min, so
2 
are 60 seconds in 1 min, so    v  r 
60 30
radian per sec. v  83 1360   112,880 cm per min

111. The minute hand makes one revolution per 119. At 215 revolutions per minute, the bicycle tire
hour. Each revolution is 2π radians, so we is moving 215 (2π) = 430π radians per min.
have   2 1  2 radians per hr . There This is the angular velocity  . The linear
velocity of the bicycle is
2 
are 60 minutes in 1 hour, so    v  r  13.0  430   5590 in. per min.
60 30
radian per min. Convert this to miles per hour:
5590 in. 60 min 1 ft 1 mi
112. The line makes 300 revolutions per minute. v   
min hr 12 in. 5280 ft
Each revolution is 2π radians, so we have  16.6 mph
  2 300  600 radians per min
120. Mars will make one full rotation (of 2π
113. The minute hand of a clock moves through an radians) during the course of one day. Thus,
angle of 2π radians in 60 min, and at the tip of  1 hr 
2π radians   24.62 hr
the minute hand, r = 7 cm, so we have  0.2552 radian 
r 7  2  7
v v  cm per min
t 60 30 1 2
121. (a)   2   radian
365 365
114. The second hand makes one revolution per
minute. Each revolution is 2π radians, and at 2
the tip of the second hand, r = 28 mm, so we (b)   radian per day
365
have v  r  v  28  2  56 mm per 2 1
min. There are 60 seconds in 1 min, so   radian per hr
365 24
56 14 
v  mm per sec.  radian per hr
60 15 4380

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Dora Ferris’ testimony and that of Lena Peters would be damaging.
The testimony of the cashier, the cabman, and Brockey would be
sensational.
And the note which he had found in Darwin’s room in Dora’s flat
would tighten the coil.
But it was not enough.
“Every link in the chain of evidence must be complete,” Carter
muttered. What move ought he to make?
“Should he close in on Rich and his pals and take the chance of
discovering the needed evidence against them?”
“No, I won’t do that,” the detective muttered, as this question flashed
through his mind.
He turned and wended his way uptown.
It was seven o’clock when he halted in front of the Studio Building.
Some force seemed to impel him to enter. He did not go near the
elevator; but he walked upstairs to the top floor. He strolled along the
hall and stopped in front of the door of Rich’s room.
No light shone through the transom.
Were the conspirators out?
Carter knocked.
No one came to the door.
“They must have gone out,” he muttered.
At the same time he pulled a skeleton key out of his pocket and
inserted it in the lock of the door.
Two quick turns of the key and the bolt of the lock slipped back.
Carter entered the room, and struck a match.
As the flame flickered up, and after he had looked around, he uttered
an exclamation of surprise.
Around him were all the evidences of hasty flight.
The birds had flown.
Carter lit the gas.
Then he was able to make an inspection.
A look of chagrin rested upon his face as his eyes wandered around
the room.
The furniture belonging to the room of the building was not disturbed.
The floor was strewn with rubbish.
After the detective recovered from his surprise he commenced to
make a search of the apartment. He rooted among the scraps of
paper on the floor in the hope that he would find something of value.
He made no discovery.
Every bureau drawer was gone through.
Nothing.
At last Carter made a search of the two closets.
Result?
Nothing.
He stood in the center of the room thinking.
His eyes wandered around.
Was there any evidence in that room? He asked the question over
and over again.
He was confident that his search had been most thorough. But had it
been? Was there not some place about that room which contained
evidence, and which had escaped the eagle eyes of the visitor?
Carter suddenly started.
“The fireplace!” he ejaculated, and he sprang forward.
At that moment his eyes had fallen on some soot which covered the
carpet in front of the fireplace.
What did this indicate? He had not examined the fireplace!
Down upon his knees he fell in front of the grate.
Up into the chimney he thrust his hand and arm.
The next instant he pulled out a large bundle.
A cloud of soot fell down, and the detective was covered with it.
He paid no attention to it.
All of his thoughts were on that bundle, which he carried over to the
center of the room.
Slowly he unwound the wrapper.
Then a long ulster was disclosed.
Carter shook out the folds.
A black slouch hat and a false beard fell to the floor.
Was it any wonder that the detective’s hands shook as he gazed
upon and held this evidence?
He examined the ulster.
Down the front were a number of dark stains.
Upon the right sleeve was a large dark splash as large as a man’s
hand.
“Blood!” Carter ejaculated, as he inspected these stains.
He looked inside the ulster at the stamp on the strap.
“Made by Delaney,” he read.
“This was made to order,” he muttered.
“For whom?”
That was the question.
“I’ll find out!” he ejaculated, after a moment’s thought.
Down into the pockets of this ulster his hand was shoved.
One after the other was turned inside out.
Not a scrap of paper could he find.
All the outside pockets had been gone through.
Then Carter turned his attention to those inside.
“Nothing!” he muttered.
It was disappointing.
But the detective was not downcast. He picked up the slouch hat and
the beard, and examined them.
Inside the beard was stamped the word Dazian.
“That’s the name of the costumer,” Carter muttered, as he read that
name.
There were no marks inside the hat.
The lining had been torn out.
The ulster and the hat the detective tied up in a bundle, and the false
beard he put into his pocket.
For a few minutes longer he remained in the room searching, but he
made no further discovery.
Taking the evidence under his arm, he left the apartment.
It was an important discovery. He felt sure that he had in his
possession the ulster worn by the murderer when he committed the
crime.
In going down in the elevator the detective questioned the boy in
charge.
The boy said that Rich and Darwin had moved out just at dusk, and
they did not say where they were going.
Carter stopped at the office, and the clerk was not able to give him
any information.
When he left the Studio Building he was perfectly calm. He did not
seem to be disturbed about the sudden departure of the men.
The thought that they might have left the city did not enter his mind.
Carter crossed Broadway to the little park in front of the bank
building.
Here he moved about among the cabmen making inquiries.
All claimed that they had not taken any fares from the Studio
Building.
From Greeley Square the detective walked across to the opposite
corner, where a solitary express wagon was standing.
The man in charge was partly intoxicated.
“Did you cart away anything from the Studio Building this evening?”
Carter asked as he came up to the man.
“You may bet I did,” the man blurted out in thick tones. “I made a
good stake.”
“They were nice men?”
“You may bet they were.”
“Where did you leave the things?”
“In a flat at number two hundred and forty-one West Thirty-sixth
Street.”
“What name?”
“Lawrence.”
“Are you sure that was the name?”
“Of course I am. The tall fellow wrote it down on a slip of paper for
me.”
“Was he at the flat to receive the things?”
“No. The two ladies were there, though.”
“Only the two ladies?”
“That was all.”
Carter did not go direct to the address on West Thirty-sixth Street
after he left the expressman. He hurried down to Union Square and
entered Dazian’s musty-smelling establishment.
To the clerk in charge he showed the false beard.
“We made that,” the clerk said, after he had examined the disguise.
“Do you remember selling a beard like that lately?” the detective
asked.
“I remember selling this.”
“You do?”
“Yes.”
“When did you sell it?”
“The morning of the day before New Year’s.”
“To whom did you sell it?”
“A tall man.”
“Did you sell him anything else?”
“Yes.”
“What?”
“A Moorish dagger.”
“Anything else?”
“No.”
“Did he give you his name?”
“No. He paid for the things and he took them away with him.”
“What kind of a coat had he on?”
“An ulster.”
“What kind of a hat?”
“An old slouch.”
“Is this the color of the ulster?”
Carter untied the bundle while he was talking, and now he displayed
the ulster in front of the clerk.
“It was that color,” the young man ejaculated. “And that is the slouch
hat. I remember noticing that the rim was slightly torn.”
“Would you be able to identify that man?”
“I would.”
“Was he alone?”
“Yes.”
The detective next went to the tailoring establishment conducted by
Delaney. He showed the ulster to the manager.
“We made that garment six years ago,” the manager said, after he
had inspected the coat.
“Can you tell for whom?” Carter asked. “If you can tell me, I shall be
greatly obliged.”
“I can. Do you notice this number in indelible ink on the pocket flap?
Well, that is the number of the order. I will refer to our books.”
He walked back into the office and examined a large ledger.
In a few moments he returned to Carter and said:
“That coat was made for a gentleman named Simeon Rich.”
“Thank you,” Carter rejoined, and then he departed.
The coils around Rich were tightening, but the detective had not
found that weapon with which the crime had been committed.
Perhaps the murderer had thrown it away.
That was likely.
That the weapon was a Moorish dagger and the one purchased at
Dazian’s the detective was convinced.
On a mere whim, Nick took all his evidence down to police
headquarters and made a report to the chief inspector.
When he was through the chief said:
“I will send out men to fetch in all the witnesses.
“We will assemble them here in this room, and then, if we corral the
conspirators, we will bring them in. Mark my word. We will get a
confession from one of them.”
“I’ll make out a list of the witnesses.”
“Call them off and I’ll write them down.”
“The bartender at the Red Dragon Inn, Doctor Thompson, Peter
Wright, Brockey Gann, Lena Peters, Lem Samson, Dora Ferris,
Dazian’s clerk, the cashier of the safe deposit company, Delaney’s
manager, and the cabman, number one hundred and forty-seven.”
“I’ll send out men for them.”
“Very well.”
“What are you going to do?”
“Close in on Rich.”
“Do you need assistance?”
“Give me two men.”
The chief inspector called in two men and they went out with Carter.
They entered a taxicab and were driven to the address given to the
detective by the expressman.
The name of Lawrence was on the letter box belonging to the first
flat.
Carter entered the hall with his men.
One of them he sent back to guard the back door of the flat and
prevent escape by that exit. Then he knocked on the front door,
which was opened by a tall, comely, gray-haired woman.
Within he heard voices.
“What do you want?” the woman asked, as Carter and his aid
shoved past her.
The detective made no reply. He and his companion darted into the
parlor.
Rich and Darwin and three women were there.
All sprang to their feet.
The women screamed.
Carter covered the men with his revolver and exclaimed:
“Rich, there is no chance for you to escape. The house is
surrounded by my men. You may as well submit quietly.”
“What does this intrusion mean?” Rich demanded.
“It means that I arrest you for the murder of Alfred Lawrence, and
these others”—looking around the room at the others and pausing
for a moment—“I arrest them as your accomplices.”
In a short time the two men were manacled.
They offered no resistance, because they saw that it would be of no
avail.
The two detectives guarded the prisoners while Carter made a
search of the flat.
In a trunk belonging to Rich he found a Moorish dagger, the blade
and hilt of which were stained with blood. He also found an old
pocketbook with papers belonging to the murdered man in it.
On this were marks of bloody fingers.
The woman who admitted Carter was the wife of the murdered man,
and the third woman in the parlor was Lawrence’s daughter. She
was a beautiful young woman, but at a glance the detective saw that
she had been leading a life of dissipation.
The prisoners were taken to police headquarters.
When Rich was led into the chief inspector’s office and he beheld the
witnesses congregated there all his bravado fled.
“The game is up!” he ejaculated, and he sank into a chair, his
handsome face the color of death. “You cornered me, Mr. Carter. I
killed Lawrence. There is no use for me to deny anything. When I
learned that he was about to be released from Sing Sing I made up
my mind to kill him. I feared him, and so did his wife. I knew there
was evidence in existence to prove that we had conspired against
him.
“I suppose you have received statements from all these people and
there is no use for me to make a long confession.
“All I’ll say will be that I tracked Lawrence to the Red Dragon Inn,
and when the bartender’s back was turned I slipped upstairs and hid
in the parlor.
“Then I waited until the house was quiet, when I stole up to
Lawrence’s room and killed him.
“I escaped through the window and then down the ladder to the back
yard.
“I solemnly swear that Mrs. Lawrence and her daughter had nothing
to do with the crime.”
The mystery of the Red Dragon Inn was solved at last, and when the
newspapers published the facts in regard to the work done by Carter
a sensation was created. Nick had little time to bask in the glow of
journalistic applause, even had he cared to do so. He was soon
plunged in the case to which his assistants had been paving his way
by their investigations.
 CHAPTER XV.
MURDER IN HELL’S KITCHEN.

To understand the preliminaries of the case on which Chick Carter

and Patsy had been working for their chief, we must go back to a
time before Simeon Rich was tried and executed, before Darwin was
sent back to England, where he afterward died in prison.
To begin with, Old Mother Flintstone, well known in the neighborhood
of Hell’s Kitchen, was dead.
All people have to die, and the old woman had to follow the written
law of all mankind; but, what was queer, her death was a subject for
police investigation.
She had not lived the best of lives, this old hag, toothless and
decrepit in her hovel, where her couch was rags and the walls grimy
and almost black; she had been a fence and what not, and there
were stories about her that made people even in that delectable
quarter of Gotham shake their heads over them.
She had died in the night.
Death had come to the hovel in the wee sma’ hours of the darkness,
when the great city was supposed to sleep the sleep of the innocent
and righteous; but somehow or other there was a suspicion that a
human hand had helped Mother Flintstone out of the world.
She lived alone, but now and then she was visited by a boy—a waif
of the streets, little, but shrewd and wiry.
Mulberry Billy, as the boy was called, had a story to tell, and it was
his narrative which had set the police agog.
The boy had gone to Mother Flintstone’s just before day, crawling
into the old place, where he knew there was always a bed for him,
and had found the old lady lying on her face on the floor.
Billy tried to lift the body and bear it to the couch near by, but the lot
of bones slid from his hands.
Then he saw the distorted face, the wide, staring eyes and the
clenched hands.
Then he saw that his old benefactress was past all human aid, and
he stood stock-still and thought how kind she had been to him.
But this was not all Billy saw. He was attracted to the right by a noise
in the direction of the only window in the room, and there he saw the
outlines of a face.
It was not a rough face, as one would expect to see in that locality; it
was not the face of a hardened ruffian, seamed with sin and
desperate. It was a finely cut face, handsome, aristocratic, like those
Billy sometimes saw on Fifth Avenue or Broadway. It had good eyes,
white skin, a broad forehead, and well-chiseled lips. The mustache
did not entirely hide the latter, but it did not let the boy get a good
look at them.
If the face at the window had been wicked-looking or desperate the
boy would not have been astonished, for he would have thought that
the desperate murderer had come back to see if the victim had yet
been discovered.
Mother Flintstone was reputed rich; she was said to have
accumulated by her calling a good deal of wealth, which she had
concealed somewhere, but where even Billy, her one little confidant,
did not know.
The boy looked at the face till it seemed to be photographed on his
mind. He would know it among a thousand faces, he thought.
It should not escape him, and he would give a certain person a full
description of it.
In a moment, as it were, the face vanished.
Billy turned again to the dead woman, but looked now and then
toward the window. He saw that the old woman had been killed, for
the rent in her throat told where the dagger had found her life and
put an end to her varied career.
As yet the murder was his secret and the murderer’s.
Mulberry Billy remained in the little room some time, or until he had
composed his nerves.
One does not discover a terrible crime every day, not even in New
York. He wanted to think the matter over a little; he wanted to decide
just what to do.
“I’ll see Patsy again, that’s best,” he said aloud, though addressing
himself. “Patsy Garvan once befriended me, and he’ll tell Mr. Carter
about this, and I know Mr. Carter’s the man to take charge of this
matter and avenge Mother Flintstone.”
With this the street Arab slipped from the house and went out upon
the street again.
In a few minutes he ran up a flight of steps leading to Nick’s
downtown den, where he had captured Brockey, and knocked at a
door.
Footsteps crossed the room beyond and the door was opened.
“You, boy! Come in.”
Billy entered, looking at the person who had opened the door, and
who now stood in the middle of the room looking at him with a smile
on his face. He had expected to find Chick Carter or Patsy there, and
he was surprised to meet the great detective himself already on the
trail once more.
“What’s happened, boy?” asked Nick.
“They’ve got Mother Flintstone at last, sir.”
“Who have?”
“That’s for you to find out, Mr. Carter.”
“You don’t mean that the old lady’s dead, Billy?”
“Don’t I?”
“Where?”
“In the crib.”
“Do you know who saw her last?”
“Yes, sir; the man who did it.”
Carter smiled at the answer and took a seat at the table.
“Give me the story,” he said.
Billy did so. He omitted nothing, but he dwelt a long time on the face
at the window.
The famous detective seemed to think that face an important matter,
and he made the boy describe it half a dozen times.
Presently he arose and put on an overcoat, for the night was cold,
and perhaps he wanted to protect his face with the ample collar.
The pair left the room together, and Billy piloted the detective to the
scene of the crime.
“You can go now,” said Carter, when he had taken a survey of the
apartment. “I will need you to-morrow, Billy. Don’t go far. You can
take my lounge if you want a snooze till then.”
The urchin went away, leaving Carter in the hovel where Mother
Flintstone lay.
Nick went over the old place with his keen eyes and eager hands.
If he found anything that let some light upon the mystery he did not
divulge the secret, and just as day was breaking over the spires of
Gotham he came out of the place and walked away.
A few minutes later the police knew of the crime, and a sergeant
took possession of the old woman’s abode.
Hell’s Kitchen had a new sensation, and its inhabitants stood about
in groups and discussed it.
The sensation was too late for the morning papers, but it would do
for the afternoon journals; and as Mother Flintstone was a noted
character, half a dozen reporters came to the scene with ready
pencils and reportorial noses.
The papers in the afternoon told all there was to tell.
They dished up the past life of the old woman and colored it to suit
themselves.
Some had her a woman once respected and wealthy, the wayward
daughter of a money king; others said she was related to royalty;
none put her down as plain Mother Flintstone—that, you know, being
the unvarnished truth, would never do!
The wasted body was removed to the morgue and the surgeons
brought their skill to bear upon the case. All agreed that the old
creature had been foully killed by a dagger, and the coroner’s jury
added “by some person unknown,” and then turned the matter over
to the police.
The following night Carter, alone in his room, heard a rap on his
door, and he opened it to look into the face of a young woman. He
held the door open and the girl—she was no more than this in years
—glided into the room.
“Lock the door, please,” she said, with an appealing look at the
detective.
Carter did so and turned to her.
His visitor had taken a chair, and in the light he saw how frightened
she was and how she trembled.
“You haven’t any clew yet?” was her first question.
“Clew to what?”
“Why, to the murderer of Mother Flintstone.”
“Oh, you’re interested in that, are you?”
“I am.”
“What is your name?”
“Yes, I thought you’d want to know that and it’s no more than right
that I should tell you. You may call me Margie Marne.”
“But that’s not your name.”
The girl smiled.
“Perhaps not; don’t, for Heaven’s sake, rob me of the only secret I
have—my true identity.”
“I will not. You shall keep your name. That secret can belong to you
as long as you want it, or until you see best to disclose it.”
“The time may come when I can speak,” was the reply. “But you
haven’t answered my question yet.”
“About the clew? It’s a queer case.”
“And a dark one?”
“Yes.”
“No reward has been offered?”
“Not a dollar.”
“But you want to find out who killed Mother Flintstone, and why.”
“I do, and I will find out.”
“Thank God!” cried Margie Marne, rising from her chair and seizing
Carter’s hands. “That’s the best thing I ever heard a man say.”
“What was the old lady to you?”
“Don’t ask me. Only find the hand that slew her.”
“That’s my mission, as I’ve already told you.”
“I’ll reward you,” and she seemed to smile again. “I don’t look like a
person of wealth, but I can reward the man who solves this mystery
of the tenements. I’m not as poor as I look, not a female Lazarus by
any means.”
“You don’t look it, either.”
The girl would have replied if footsteps had not approached the
detective’s door, and he crossed the room.
Billy, the street Arab, bounded in the moment the door was opened.
“I’ve located him!” he cried the moment he caught sight of Carter. “I
can show you the face I saw at the window last night. Come! Let the
gal stay. We don’t want her. No gals in the case for Mulberry Billy is
my motto,” and the boy darted toward the door again.
 CHAPTER XVI.
THE MILLIONAIRE’S GUEST.

In another part of the city about the same time that witnessed these
events a scene was being enacted which is destined to have an
important bearing on Carter’s present case of mystery.
This time it was not in the heart of that tough locality called Hell’s
Kitchen, but in the haunts of the better classes, indeed, in what might
be called the abode of wealth.
Perry Lamont was a multimillionaire. He was a man of past fifty, but
with very few gray hairs and a florid complexion. He was not
engaged in any business, having retired from the “Street” some
years prior to the opening of our story, and now was resting at his
ease.
Surrounded with wealth of every description, this man was an envied
person and a man to be congratulated on the easy life he could lead
in his luxurious mansion.
Blessed with wife and children, the latter grown to manhood and
womanhood, he passed his days in luxury, his only fad being fast
horses, with which his stables were filled.
Perry Lamont sat in the splendid library of his home and smoked a
prime cigar. He was alone. His wife and daughter had gone to the
opera and his son was playing billiards at the club.
Therefore Lamont had the whole house to himself, for it was the
servants’ night off, and he had resolved to take his ease.
Suddenly the clear tones of the bell reverberated through the
mansion, but the millionaire did not rise. He did not want any visitors,
and he was not at all in the humor to be disturbed.
Again the bell rang, a little sharper than before, and he laid down the
cigar.
“Confound it all, why can’t a fellow get a little rest?” he growled,
crossing the room toward the hall.
“It’s a pity some people haven’t the slightest notion about propriety,
but must come when a man wants to throw off the cares of the world
and enjoy himself.”
For the third time the bell jangled, and the next moment Lamont
reached the door. He opened it with a growl on his lips, but all at
once a man rudely pushed past him into the hall.
“Good evening,” said the stranger, who was tall and decidedly good
looking from what the millionaire could see of his face, for he kept his
collar up. “Don’t think I’m an intruder. Of course, I came here on
business, and that overleaps every other consideration, you know.”
“Business? This way, then.”
Lamont led the way to the library, where he waved his caller to a
chair.
“You have a son, I believe?” said the visitor.
“I have. I guess that’s no disgrace,” smiled Perry Lamont, who was
inordinately proud of his son and heir.
“He’s at the club just now?”
“That’s his pleasure, I suppose.”
“Certainly. Is he your only son?”
“He is.”
“And you look to him to keep up the honor of the house of Lamont?”
“He’ll do that, never fear, Claude will.”
“That is, he will if the law will let him.”
The nabob started.
“Have a care, sir!” he cried, coloring. “This is my house, and a man’s
house is his castle.”
“That’s old, but good,” grinned the unwelcome and uncivil caller. “I’ve
often wondered where that saying originated, but never had time to
look it up.”
Lamont looked at the man amazed, for he never saw such coolness
in all his life.
“You’ve got a daughter, too,” continued the stranger.
“What’s that to you?”
“Not much, perhaps, but a good deal to you.”
“There you’re right; but you shall not make sport of my child. My
affection for her is too sacred for that.”
“She’s pretty and good. I know her.”
“You?” almost roared the millionaire, falling back in his chair and
staring at the other. “This is carrying a joke too far.”
“Just as you think; but let’s go back to Claude.”
“No, I won’t have another thing to do with you. You remember you
are not an invited guest——”
“That’s right—not an invited guest, but I don’t quit this house till I
care to go.”
“By Jove——”
“Come, come, keep your temper.”
“You won’t let me,” said Lamont, with a faint smile.
“Well, this boy of yours is a little wild. He’s the lion of the club, but he
don’t always keep within the bounds of the law.”
“How?”
“I don’t mean to insinuate anything, only to remind you that he is just
now harvesting his crop of wild oats.”
“Just as far too as many boys do.”
“But the yield is larger on some grounds than on others.”
“You don’t mean——”