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6.1 BASIC IDENTITIES 347
30. Since α is p
in Quadrant II, √ ±1
37. Note, by Exercise 26, cos(x) = q .
cos α = − 1 − (3/4)2 = − 7/4, tan2 (x) + 1
√ 3/4 √
sec α = −4/ 7, tan α = √ = −3/ 7, Since arctan x is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4,
√ − 7/4
and cosine is positive in both quadrants 1
cot α = − 7/3, and csc α = 4/3.
and 4, we get
q √
31. Since sin α = − 1 − (− 3/5)2 = 1 1
p √ √ cos(arctan x) = q =√ .
− 1 − 3/25 = − 22/5, csc √α = −5/ 22, tan2 (arctanx) + 1 x2 + 1
√ − 22/5 √ √
sec α = −5/ 3, tan α = √ = 22/ 3,
− 3/5 √
√ √ 38. Note, tan x = ± sec2 x − 1. Then
and cot α = 3/ 22.
√ √
q
5 5 5 5 √ tan(arccos x) = ± sec2 (arccos x) − 1
32. cos α = √ ·√ =− = − 5/4,
−20
q
−4 5 5 = ± 1/x2 − 1
q √ √ √
sin α = 1 − (− 5/4)2 = 11/4 1 − x2
√ = ± .
11/4 √ √ x
Also, tan α = √ = − 11/ 5 =
− 5/4
√ √ Observe that tan(arccos x) is positive exactly
− 55/5, cot√ α = −5/ 55, and when x > 0, and tan(arccos x) is negative
csc α = 4/ 11. exactly when x < 0.
√
33. Since α ispin Quadrant IV, we 1 − x2
√ get Thus, tan(arccos x) = .
csc α = − 1 + (−1/3)2 =q− 10/3, x
√ √ √
sin α = −3/ 10, cos α = 1 − (−3/ 10)2 = 39. Note, tan x = ±√ sec2 x − 1 and
√ √
cos(arcsin x) = 1 − x2 . Then
p
1 − 9/10 = 1/ 10, sec α = 10,
and tan α = −3. q
√ tan(arcsin x) = ± sec2 (arcsin x) − 1
34. Since sin α = 1/ 3, we obtain s
q √ √ √ 1
2
cos(α) = 1 − (1/ 3)2 = 2/ 3, = ± √ −1
√ 1 − x2
√ √ 1/ 3 √
sec(α) = 3/ 2, tan(α) = √ √ = 1/ 2,
s
2/ 3 1
√ = ± −1
and cot(α) = 2. 1 − x2
s
35. Let θ = arccos x. Then cos θ = x and θ lies in x2
= ±
quadrant 1 or 2. Since sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − x2
√
1√− x2 , we obtain sin(arccos x) = sin θ = x2
= ±√
± 1 − x2 . Since sine is positive in both 1 − x2
quadrants 1 and 2, we have sin(arccos x) =
√ ±x
1 − x2 . = ±√
1 − x2
x
36. Let θ = arcsin x. Then sin θ = x and θ lies in = ±√ .
1 − x2
quadrant 1 or 4. Since cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ =
1√− x2 , we obtain cos(arcsin x) = cos θ = Note, tan(arcsin x) is positive exactly when
± 1 − x2 . Since cosine is positive in both x > 0, and tan(arcsin x) is negative exactly
quadrants 1 and 4, we have cos(arcsin x) = x
√ when x < 0. Thus, tan(arcsin x) = √ .
1 − x2 . 1 − x2
82. e, since csc2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x) cos w(sin2 w + cos2 w) cos(w) · 1
96. = = cos2 w
sec w sec w
83. It is not an identity. If γ =√π/3 then
(sin(π/3) + cos(π/3)) 2 2 (1 − cos2 w) − cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
√ √ = ( 3/2 + 1/2) = 97. = =1
( 3 + 1) 2 4+2 3 1 − 2 cos2 w 1 − 2 cos2 w
= 6= 1 =
4 4 − sin3 θ − sin2 θ
sin2 (π/3) + cos2 (π/3). 98. 2 = 2
= tan2 θ
sin θ(sin θ − 1) (− cos θ)
84. It is not an identity. If x = π/4
tan x(tan2 x − sec2 x) tan x(−1)
then tan2 (π/4)√ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 and 99. = = tan2 x
sec2 (π/4) = ( 2)2 = 2. − cot x − cot x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
85. It is not an identity. If β = π/6 then 100. = = csc x
sin x sin x
(1 + sin(π/6))2 = (1 + 1/2)2 = (3/2)2 = 9/4
and 1 + sin2 (π/6) = 1 + (1/2)2 = 5/4. 101.
1 cos2 (x)/ sin2 (x) 1 cos2 (x)
3 − = 3 − =
86. It is not an identity. If α = π/6
√ sin x sin x sin x sin3 x
then sin(2π/6) = sin(π/3) =√ 3/2 and√ 1 − cos2 x sin2 x 1
sin(π/6) cos(π/6) = (1/2) · ( 3/2) = 3/4. 3 = 3 = = csc x
sin x sin x sin x
87. It is not an identity. p
If α = 7π/6 then 102.
sin(7π/6) = −1/2 while 1 − cos2 (7π/6) is a 1/ cos2 x 1 cos2 x
1− = 1 − · =
positive number. sin2 x/ cos2 x cos2 x sin2 x
1
88. It is not an identity. Ifp
α = 3π/4 then 1− = 1 − csc2 x = − cot2 x
sin2 x
tan(3π/4) = −1 while sec2 (3π/4) − 1 is a
positive number. 103. (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(1) = sin2 x − cos2 x
89. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then
sin(π/6) = 1/2 and sin(−π/6) = −1/2. 104. (csc2 x + cot2 x)(csc2 x − cot2 x) =
(csc2 x + cot2 x)(1) = csc2 x + cot2 x
90. It is not an identity. If y = π/3 then p
105. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − (1/3)2 =
p
cos(−π/3) = 1/2 and − cos(π/3) = −1/2.
r √
p 8 2 2
91. It is not an identity. If y = π/6 then ± 1 − 1/9 = ± =±
cos 2 − sin2 (π/6) = 9 3
√ (π/6)
( 3/2) − (1/2)2 = 3/4 − 1/4
2
√ = 1/2 5
106. Note sec θ = .
and sin(2 · π/6) = sin π/3 = 3/2. 4
√
Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
92. It is not an identity. If x = π/6 then p p
cos(2 · π/6) = cos π/3 =√1/2 and ± (5/4)2 − 1 = ± 25/16 − 1 =
√
2 cos(π/6) sin(π/6) = 2( 3/2)(1/2) = 3/2.
r
9 3
± =± .
1 16 4
93. 1 − = 1 − sec2 (x) = − tan2 (x) √
cos2 (x)
p
107. cos θ = ± 1 − sin2 θ = ± 1 − u2
sin2 x(sin2 x − 1) 1
94. = sin2 x(− cos2 x) · cos x = 108. Note sec θ = .
1/ cos x u
√
− sin2 (x) cos3 (x) Then tan θ = ± sec2 θ − 1 =
s s √
−(tan2 t + 1) − sec2 t 1 2 1 − u2 1 − u2
95. = = −1 ± −1=± = ± √ =
2
sec t sec2 t u u2 u2
√ √
±
1 − u2
=±
1 − u2
.
Thinking Outside the Box LII
±u u
sin x Let r be the radius of the small circle, and let x be
109. Note, tan x = is not valid if cos x = 0. the distance from the center of the small circle to
cos x
π the point of tangency of any two circles with radius
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = + kπ
2 1.
where k is an integer. By the Pythagorean theorem, we find
cos x
110. Note, cot x = is not valid if sin x = 0. 1 + (x + r)2 = (1 + r)2
sin x
Thus, the identity is not valid if x = kπ where
and
k is an integer.
1 + (1 + 2r + x)2 = 22 .
113. Let h be the height of the building. Using
The second equation may be written as
right triangle trigonometry, we find
1 + (r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (r + x)2 = 4.
h = 2000 tan 30◦ ≈ 1155 ft.
Using the first equation, the above equation sim-
114. Let α be the central angle. Using the formula plifies to
s = rα, we obtain
(r + 1)2 + 2(r + 1)(r + x) + (1 + r)2 = 4
5 = 60α
5
radians = α or
60 (r + 1)2 + (r + 1)(r + x) = 2.
5 180 ◦
· degrees = α
60 π Since (from first equation, again)
4.8◦ = α q
x+r = (1 + r)2 − 1
115. The amplitude is 5.
2π 2π we obtain
Since B = 2, the period is = = π.
B 2 q
π
π (r + 1)2 + (r + 1) (1 + r)2 − 1 = 2.
Since 2x − π = 2 x − , phase shift is .
2 2
The range is the interval [−5+3, 5+3] = [−2, 8] Solving for r, we find
√
116. The period and frequency are reciprocals of 2 3−3
r= .
each other. Then the frequency is 3
1
= 8 cycles/sec 6.1 Pop Quiz
0.125
4. Note, arcsin(w) is an angle in quadrant 1 or 4. The distance, d, from the gun to the point
Since cosine is positiveqin quadrant 1 or 4, we where the projectile lands is given by
find cos(arcsin(w)) = 1 − sin2 (arcsin(w)) = d = x = vo t cos θ = vo A cos θ =
√
1 − w2 .
vo sin θ
v2
vo cos θ = o sin θ cos θ,
2 2
2 2
16 16
5. + = 2 cos α + sin α =
1/ cos2 α 1/ sin2 α v2
i.e., d = o sin θ cos θ.
2(1) = 2 16
6. False, if x = π/4 then 13. csc2 x+2 csc x sin x+sin2 x = csc2 x+2+sin2 x
sin(π/4) √
sec(π/4) + = 2 + 1 and 14. 4 cos2 x − 4 cos x sec x + sec2 x =
cos(π/4) 4 cos2 x − 4 + sec2 x
√ √
1 + sin(π/4) cos(π/4) 1 + ( 2/2)( 2/2)
= √ = 15. 4 sin2 θ − 1 16. 9 sec2 θ − 4
cos(π/4) 2/2
1 + (1/2) √ √ 17. 9 sin2 θ+12 sin θ+4 18. 9 cos2 θ−12 cos θ+4
√ = (3/2)(2/ 2) = 3/ 2.
2/2
19. 4 sin4 y − 4 sin2 y csc2 y + csc4 y =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x 4 sin4 y − 4 + csc4 y
7. True, 2 = =
1 − sin x (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
1 20. tan4 y + 2 tan2 y cot2 y + cot4 y =
. tan4 y + 2 + cot4 y
1 − sin x
1 21. Note the factorization of a difference of two
8. True, since tan x · cot x = tan x · = 1.
tan x squares: (1 − sin α)(1 + sin α) = 1 − sin2 α =
cos2 α.
9. False, if x = π/3 then (1 − cos(π/3))2 =
(1 − 1/2)2 = (1/2)
√
2 = 1/4 and
22. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin2 (π/3) = ( 3/2)2 = 3/4. squares: (1 − cos α)(1 + cos α) = 1 − cos2 α =
sin2 α.
10. False, if x = π/6 then
(1 − csc(π/6))(1 + csc(π/6))
√ = (1 − 2)(1 + 2) = 23. Note the factorization of a difference of two
−3 and cot2 (π/6) = ( 3)2 = 3. squares: (csc α − 1)(csc α + 1) = csc2 α − 1 =
cot2 α.
6.2 Exercises
sin x 24. Note the factorization of a difference of two
1. D, cos x tan x = cos x · = sin x . squares: (sec α − 1)(sec α + 1) = sec2 α − 1 =
cos x
tan2 α.
1 cos x 1
2. I, sec x cot x = · = = csc x .
cos x sin x sin x 25. Note the factorization of a difference of two
3. A, csc2 x − cot2 x = 1 . squares: (tan α − sec α)(tan α + sec α) =
tan2 α − sec2 α = −1.
sin x cos x
4. J, + = 1 + cot x . 26. Note the factorization of a difference of two
sin x sin x
squares: (cot α − csc α)(cot α + csc α) =
5. B, 1 − sec2 x = − tan2 x .
cot2 α − csc2 α = −1.
6. C, csc2 x − 1 = cot2 x .
27. (2 sin γ + 1) (sin γ − 3)
csc x sin x
7. H, − = 1 − sin2 x = cos2 x . 28. (cos γ − 3) (cos γ + 2)
csc x csc x
cos x sec x 29. (tan α − 4) (tan α − 2)
8. E, − = cos2 x − 1 = − sin2 x .
sec x sec x
30. (2 cot α + 3) (cot α − 1)
9. G, csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x .
sin2 x + cos2 x 1 31. (2 sec β + 1)2 32. (3 csc θ − 2)2
10. F, = .
cos x sin x cos x sin x 33. (tan α − sec β) (tan α + sec β)
11. 2 cos2 β − cos β − 1
34. sin2 y − cos2 x sin2 y + cos2 x =
40. sin θ (2 sin θ + 1) − cos θ (2 sin θ + 1) = 53. Note, sin(−x) = − sin(x). Factoring, we
(sin θ − cos θ) (2 sin θ + 1) sin2 x + sin x sin x(sin x + 1)
obtain = =
1 + sin x 1 + sin x
1 − cos2 x sin2 x sin x.
41. Combining, we get = .
a a
54. Note, cos(−x) = cos(x). Factoring, we obtain
1 − sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x − cos x cos x(cos x − 1)
42. Combining, we get = = = =
cos x cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x
cos x.
cos x(cos x − 1)
sin(2x) 2 sin(2x) 3 sin(2x) = − cos x.
43. We obtain + = . −(cos x − 1)
2 2 2
55.
2 cos(2x) cos(2x) cos(2x)
44. We obtain − = .
2 2 2 sin x cot x =
2 tan x 3 tan x cos x
45. Since 6 is the LCD, we get + = sin x =
6 6 sin x
5 tan x
. cos x
6
3 sin x sin x 56.
46. Since 3b is the LCD, we get + =
3b 3b
4 sin x cos2 x tan2 x =
.
3b sin2 x
cos2 x =
47. Separating the fraction, we obtain cos2 x
sin x sin2 x sin2 x
− = 1 − sin x.
sin x sin x
57.
cos x(cos2 x − 1)
48. Factoring, we get =
− cos x 1 − sec x cos3 x =
2
cos x(− sin x) 1
= sin2 x. 1− cos3 x =
− cos x cos x
(sin x − cos x)(sin x + cos x) 1 − cos2 x =
49. Factoring:
sin x − cos x
= sin x + cos x. sin2 x
58. 63.
1 − csc x sin3 x = sin x cos x
+ =
1 csc x sec x
1− sin3 x =
sin x sin x cos x
+ =
2 1/ sin x 1/cosx
1 − sin x =
sin2 x + cos2 x =
cos2 x
1
59.
1 + sec2 x sin2 x = 64.
1
1+ sin2 x = sin3 x csc x + cos3 x sec x =
cos2 x
1 1
1 + tan2 x = sin3 + cos3 x =
sin x cos x
sec2 x
sin2 x + cos2 x =
60.
1
2 2
1 + csc x cos x =
1 65.
1+ cos2 x =
sin2 x 1 sin θ
· =
1 + cot2 x = csc θ − cot θ sin θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
csc2 x · =
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
61. sin θ(1 + cos θ)
=
1 − cos2 θ
sin3 x + sin x cos2 x
= sin θ(1 + cos θ)
cos x =
2
sin2 θ
sin x(sin x + cos2 x)
= 1 + cos θ
cos x
sin θ
(sin x)(1)
= 66.
cos x
tan x −1 cos θ
· =
tan θ − sec θ cos θ
62.
− cos(θ) sin θ + 1
cos x sin2 x + cos3 x · =
= sin(θ) − 1 sin θ + 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
cos x(sin2 x + cos2 x) =
= sin2 θ − 1
sin x
(− cos θ)(sin θ + 1)
=
(cos x)(1) − cos2 θ
=
sin x 1 + sin(θ)
cot x cos θ
67. 72.
sec x − cos x
sec2 z − csc2 z 1 − cos2 z
=
sec x =
cos x cot2 z
1− = sec2 z − csc2 z sin2 z
sec x =
1 − cos2 x = cot2 z
sin2 x sec2 z − 1
=
cot2 z
68. tan2 z
=
sec x − cos x cot2 z
=
cos x tan4 z
sec x
−1 =
cos x
73.
sec2 x − 1 =
cos x + csc x
tan2 x =
cos x
69. cos x csc x
= +
cos x cos x
1 − (− sin x)2
= 1 + csc x sec x
1 + sin x
1 − sin2 x 74.
=
1 + sin x
− sin x
(1 − sin x)(1 + sin x) tan2 (−x) − =
= sin x
1 + sin x
1 − sin(x) tan2 x + 1 =
sec2 x
70.
1 − 1 + sin2 (x) 75. Rewrite the left side of the equation.
=
cos2 (x)
2
tan(x) cos(x) + csc(x) sin2 (x) =
sin (x)
= sin x + sin x =
cos2 (x)
2 sin x
tan2 (x)
71. 76.
1 − cot2 w 1 − cos2 w
= cot(x) sin(x) − cos2 (x) sec(x) =
csc2 w cos x − cos x =
1 − cot2 w sin2 w 0
=
csc2 w
1 − cos2 w 77.
=
csc2 w
sin2 w (1 + sin α)2 + cos2 α =
=
csc2 w 1 + 2 sin α + sin2 α + cos2 α =
sin4 w 2 + 2 sin α
78. 83.
sin x cos x
1 + 2 cot α + cot2 α − 2 cot α = + =
cos x sin x
1 + cot2 α = sin2 x + cos2 x
2
csc α = =
sin(x) cos(x)
1 1
= =
sin2 α sin(x) cos(x)
1
= sec(x) csc(x)
1 − cos2 α
1
84.
(1 − cos α)(1 + cos α)
csc x cot x
− =
79. cot x csc x
csc2 x − cot2 x
sin2 β + sin β − 2 =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2 sin β − 2
1
(sin β + 2)(sin β − 1) =
= cot(x) csc(x)
2(sin β − 1)
tan x
sin β + 2 csc x
2
85.
80. sec(x) tan(x)
− =
4 sec2 β+ 4 sec β + 1 tan(x) sec(x)
=
2 sec β + 1 sec2 (x) − tan2 (x)
=
(2 sec β + 1)2 tan(x) sec(x)
=
sec β + 1 1
=
2 sec β + 1 = tan(x) sec(x)
2 cot(x) cos(x)
+1
cos β
86.
81. (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
=
1 − sin x
2 − csc(β) sin(β) =
1 + sin(x) =
2−1 =
csc x 1
1 = + =
csc x csc x
2 2
sin (β) + cos (β) csc x + 1
csc x
82.
87. Rewrite the right side of the equation.
2 2
1 − sin β 1 + sin β = csc x sin x
= ·
csc x − sin x sin x
cos2 (β) 2 − cos2 (β) =
1
2 cos2 β − cos4 β =
1 − sin2 x
1 ln(sin θ) − ln(cos θ) =
=
cos2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln((cos θ)−1 ) =
sec2 x
ln(sin θ) + ln(sec θ)
88.
93.
csc x − 1
= sec α − tan α
cot2 x ln (sec α + tan α) · =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
csc2 x − 1 sec2 α − tan2 α
ln =
csc x − 1 sec α − tan α
=
(csc x − 1)(csc x + 1) 1
1 sin x ln =
= · sec α − tan α
csc x + 1 sin x − ln |sec α − tan α|
sin x
sin x + 1 94.
91.
ln(sec θ) = 2
ln((cos θ)−1 ) = x
Pi/2 Pi
− ln(cos θ) -2
92.
x
Pi/2 Pi
-2 2
x
Pi/2 Pi
-2
97. It is not an identity since the graphs of
y = (sin x + csc x)2 and y = sin2 x + csc2 x
do not coincide as shown.
y 100. It is an identity. To see this, factor the
left-hand side as follows
2
2
1 − cos2 x =
2
x sin2 x =
Pi/2 Pi
4
-2 sin x.
x
Pi/2 Pi
101. It is not an identity since the graphs of
-2
sin x cos x 2 cos2 x − 1
y= − and y =
cos x sin x sin x cos x
are not the same as shown.
y
99. It is an identity. Re-arranging the numerator
of the right-hand side one finds
1
1 − cos2 x + cos x x
= Pi 2Pi
sin x -1
2
sin x + cos x
=
sin x
2
sin x cos x
= +
sin x sin x
sin x + cot x.
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
1
108. − tan2 x = sec2 x − tan2 x = −1
2 cos2 x
csc x 1/ sin x cos x
x 109. = = = cot x
Pi 2Pi sec x 1/ cos x sin x
-1
1 2
v sin 2(33◦ ) = 200
32 0
s
200(32)
v0 = ft/sec
sin 66◦
s
200(32) 5280 6.2 Linking Concepts
v0 = · mph
sin 66◦ 3600
a) Assume the circle is given by x2 + y 2 = r2 and
v0 ≈ 57.1 mph. w
, r − h is a point on the circle
2
(corresponding to the upper right hand corner
Thinking Outside the Box LIII of the rectangular window). Substituting this
point into the equation of the circle, we obtain
The amplitude of the sine wave is 1/2 since the
w2
height of the sine wave is 1. We use a coordinate + (r − h)2 = r2
system such that the sine wave begins at the origin 4
w2
and extends to the right side and the first quadrant. + (r2 − 2rh + h2 ) = r2
Note, the period of the sine wave is π, which is the 4
diameter of the tube. Then the highest point on w2
− 2rh + h2 = 0
the sine wave is (π/2, 1). Thus, an equation of the 4
sine wave is w2 + 4h2
2rh =
4
1 1 w + 4h2
2
y = − cos(2x) + . r = .
2 2 8h
If w = 36 and h = 10, then the radius of the
6.2 Pop Quiz
362 + 4(10)2
circle is r = = 21.2 inches.
1. 2 sin2 x − sin x − 1 80
b) Consider the righttriangle with vertices at the
2. (2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) w
point A(0, 0), B , r − h , and C(0, r − h).
1 sin2 x 1 − sin2 x 2
3. − = = Let θ be the angle at point A. Then
cos x cos x cos x
cos2 x w/2
= cos x tan θ =
cos x r−h
w
4. tan θ =
2(r − h)
w
cos(−x) − sec(−x) θ = tan −1
.
= 2(r − h)
sec(x)
cos x − sec x If w = 36 and h = 10, then the
=
sec x length of the circular arc is L = 2rθ =
cos x − sec x cos x 36
· = 2(21.2) tan−1 ≈ 43.0 in.
sec x cos x 2(21.2 − 10)
cos2 x − 1 w2 + 4h2
= c) r = as derived in part a)
1 8h
w
− sin2 x d) In part b), we obtained θ = tan−1 .
= 2(r − h)
1
A formula for the arclength L is given by
− sin2 x
L = 2rθ
w2 + 4h2 w
= tan−1 .
4h 2(r − h)
8. True, since the cofunction identity for tangent 12. Since csc(90◦ − 17◦ ) = sec(17◦ ), the answer is
is applied to 90◦ − 68◦ 290 55” = 21◦ 300 5” . 17◦ .
π π π
16. sin(45◦ − 120◦ ) = 27. cos + = cos =0
sin(45◦ ) cos(120◦ ) − cos(45◦ ) sin(120◦ ) = 6 3 2
√ √ √ √ √
2 −1 2 3 − 2− 6
7π π
π
√
· − · = 28. cos − = cos = 2/2
2 2 2 2 4 12 3 4
π π π
3π π tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
17. tan + = = 29. tan + = tan =1
4 3 1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) 12 6 4
√ √ √ √
−1 + 3 3−1 3−1 3−1 5π
π
π √
√ =√ =√ ·√ = 30. tan − = tan = 3
1 − (−1)( 3) 3+1 3+1 3−1 12 12 3
√
4−2 3 √ 31. sin(2k + k) = sin(3k)
=2− 3
2
32. cos(3y + y) = cos(4y)
π π tan(π/4) + tan(π/3)
18. tan + = = 33. 30◦ + 45◦ 34. 45◦ − 30◦
4 3 1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ √
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 35. 120◦ + 45◦ 36. 150◦ + 45◦
√ = √ = √ · √ =
1 − (1)( 3) 1− 3 1− 3 1+ 3
√ 37. cos(2π/3 − π/4) =
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3 cos(2π/3) cos(π/4) + sin(2π/3) sin(π/4) =
−2 √ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 6− 2
19. tan(210◦ − 45◦ ) = − · + · =
2 2 2 2 4
tan(210◦ ) − tan(45◦ )
= 38. cos(π/3 + π/4) =
1 + tan(210◦ ) tan(45◦ ) cos(π/3) cos(π/4) − sin(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
3/3 − 1 3/3 − 1 3 1 2 3 2 2− 6
√ = √ · =
1 + ( 3/3)(1) 1 + ( 3/3)(1) 3 · − · =
√ √ √ √ 2 2 2 2 4
3−3 3−3 3− 3 −12 + 6 3 39. sin(π/3 + π/4) =
√ = √ · √ = =
3+ 3 3+ 3 3− 3 6 sin(π/3) cos(π/4) + cos(π/3) sin(π/4) =
√ √ √ √ √ √
3−2 3 2 1 2 6+ 2
· + · =
20. tan(45◦ − 150◦ ) = 2 2 2 2 4
√
−12 + 6 3 √ 51. cos(π/2) cos(π/5) + sin(π/2) sin(π/5) =
= −2 + 3
9−3
π π
cos − = cos(3π/10)
43. sin(30◦ − 45◦ ) = 2 5
sin(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − cos(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = 52. cos(12◦ ) cos(3◦ ) + sin(12◦ ) sin(3◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
1 2 3 2 2− 6 cos (12◦ − 3◦ ) = cos(9◦ )
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 tan(π/7) + tan(π/6) π π
53. = tan + =
44. sin(120◦ + 45◦ ) = 1 − tan(π/7) tan(π/6) 7 6
sin(120◦ ) cos(45◦ ) + cos(120◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = tan(13π/42)
√ √ √ √ √
3 2 −1 2 6− 2
· · tan(π/3) − tan(π/6) π π
+ =
2 2 2 2 4 54. = tan − =
1 + tan(π/3) tan(π/6) 3 6
45. cos(135◦ + 60◦ ) = √
tan(π/6) = 3/3
cos(135◦ ) cos(60◦ )
− sin(135◦ ) sin(60◦ ) =
√ √ √ √ √
− 2 1 2 3 − 2− 6 55. sin(14◦ ) cos(35◦ ) + cos(14◦ ) sin(35◦ ) =
· − · = sin(14◦ + 35◦ ) = sin(49◦ )
2 2 2 2 4
46. cos(−75◦ ) = cos(75◦ ) = cos(30◦ + 45◦ ) = 56. cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − cos(80◦ ) sin(20◦ ) =
cos(30◦ ) cos(45◦ ) − sin(30◦ ) sin(45◦ ) = cos(10◦ ) cos(20◦ ) − sin(10◦ ) sin(20
√
◦) =
√ √ √ √ √ ◦ ◦ ◦
cos(10 + 20 ) = cos(30 ) = 3/2
3 2 1 2 6− 2
· − · =
2 2 2 2 4 57. G, cos(44◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 44◦ ) = sin(46◦ )
47. tan(−13π/12) = − tan(13π/12) =
58. B, − sin(46◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 46◦ ) = − cos(44◦ )
3π π
− tan + =
4 3 59. H, cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
tan(3π/4) + tan(π/3)
− = 60. H, sin(136◦ ) = cos(90◦ − 136◦ ) = cos(−46◦ )
1 − tan(3π/4) tan(π/3) = cos(46◦ ) = sin(90◦ − 46◦ ) = sin(44◦ )
√ √ √
−1 + 3 1− 3 1− 3
√ = √ · √ = π π−2
−
1 − (−1) 3 1+ 3 1− 3 61. F, sec(1) = csc − 1 = csc
√ 2 2
4−2 3 √
π π π 5π
= −2 + 3
−2 62. D, tan = cot − = cot
7 2 7 14
π π
48. tan(7π/12) = tan + = 63. A, csc(π/2) = 1 = cos(0)
4 3
tan(π/4) + tan(π/3) 64. E, − sin(44◦ ) = − cos(90◦ − 44◦ ) = − cos(46◦ )
=
1 − tan(π/4) tan(π/3)
√ √ √ 65. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 s 2
√ = √ · √ = 3
1−1· 3 1− 3 1+ 3 quadrant I, cos α = − 1 − =
√ 5
4+2 3 √
= −2 − 3
r r
9 16 4
−2 − 1− =− = − and cos β =
25 25 5
49. sin(3◦ ) cos(−87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = s 2 r r
5 25 144 12
sin(3◦ ) cos(87◦ ) + cos(3◦ ) sin(87◦ ) = 1− = 1− = = .
sin(3◦ + 87◦ ) = sin(90◦ ) = 1 13 169 169 13
So sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
50. sin(34◦ ) cos(13◦ ) − cos(34◦ ) sin(13◦ ) = 3 12 −4 5 16
sin(34◦ − 13◦ ) = sin(21◦ ) · + · = .
5 13 5 13 65
s 2
66. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in −8 15
and sin β = 1− = .
quadrant IV, we obtain 17 17
Then sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β =
s 2 r
−4 16
cos α = − 1 − =− 1− = −24 −8 −7 15 297
5 25 · − · = .
r s 2 25 17 25 17 425
9 3 12
− = − and sin β = − 1 − = 70. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
25 5 13
r r quadrant III, we find
144 25 5
− 1− =− =− . s 2
7 24
169 169 13
cos α = − 1 − =−
So sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = 25 25
−4 12 −3 −5 63
s 2
−8 15
· − · =− . and cos β = − 1 − =− .
5 13 5 13 65 17 17
67. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in Then sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
quadrant III, we obtain 7 −15 −24 −8 87
s · + · = .
2
2
r
4 25 17 25 17 425
cos α = 1− = 1− =
3 9 71. Since α is in quadrant II and β is in
√ s 2 quadrant IV, we find
r
5 5 −1
= and cos β = − 1 − = s
9 3 2
24
2
7
√ cos α = − 1 − =−
25 25
r r
1 3 3
− 1− =− =− .
4 4 2
s 2
8 15
So cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β = and sin β = − 1 − =− .
√ √ √ 17 17
5 − 3 2 −1 2 − 15 Then cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β =
· − · = .
3 2 3 2 6
−7 8 24 −15 416
68. Since α is in quadrant I and β is in · + · =− .
25 17 25 17 425
quadrant II, we find 72. Since α is in quadrant IV and β is in
v
√ !2 r
quadrant II, we find
u
u 3 3
sin α = 1 −
t = 1− = s
4 16
−7
2
24
cos α = 1− =
r √ v
u √ !2 25 25
13 13 u − 2
= and sin β = t1 − =
s 2
8 15
16 4 3 and cos β = − 1 − =− .
r r √ 17 17
2 7 7
1− = = . Then cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β =
9 9 3
24 −15 −7 8 304
So cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β = · − · =− .
√ √ √ √ √ √ 25 17 25 17 425
3 − 2 13 7 − 6 + 91
· + · = 73. cos(π/2 − (−α)) = sin(−α) = − sin α
4 3 4 3 12
69. Since α is in quadrant III and β is in 74. sin α cos π − cos α sin π =
quadrant II, we find sin α · (−1) − cos α · 0 = − sin α
s
75. cos 180◦ cos α + sin 180◦ sin α =
2
−24 7
cos α = − 1 − =− (−1) · cos α + 0 · sin α = − cos α
25 25
76. sin 180◦ cos α − cos 180◦ sin α = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
0 · cos α − (−1) · sin α = sin α sin x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
77. The period is 360◦ , so sin(360◦ − α) = + =
sin x cos y sin x cos y
sin(−α) = − sin α
1 + cot x tan y
78. cos α cos π + sin α sin π =
cos α · (−1) + sin α · 0 = − cos α 85. Substitute the sum and difference sine
identities into the left-hand side to get
79. sin(90◦ − (−α)) = cos(−α) = cos α
a difference of two squares.
80. The period is 360◦ , so cos(360◦ − α) =
sin(α + β) sin(α − β) =
cos(−α) = cos α
(sin α cos β)2 − (cos α sin β)2 =
81. sin2 α(1 − sin2 β) − (1 − sin2 α) sin2 β =
sin(180◦ − α) = sin2 α − sin2 α sin2 β − sin2 β + sin2 α sin2 β =
sin(180◦ ) cos α − cos(180◦ ) sin α = sin2 α − sin2 β
sin α =
86. Substitute the sum and difference cosine
sin2 α identities into the left-hand side to get
=
sin α a difference of two squares.
1 − cos2 α cos(α + β) cos(α − β) =
sin α (cos α cos β)2 − (sin α sin β)2 =
82. We rewrite both sides: (1 − sin2 α) cos2 β − sin2 α(1 − cos2 β) =
cos2 β − sin2 α cos2 β − sin2 α + sin2 α cos2 β =
cos(x − π/2) =
cos2 β − sin2 α
cos x cos(π/2) + sin x sin(π/2) =
sin x = 87. Using the sum identity for cosine, we obtain
sin x cos(x + x) =
cos x · =
cos x
cos x cos x − sin x sin x =
cos x tan x cos2 x − sin2 x
Y acaba:
146. Cid (Poema del). Ed. R. Menéndez Pidal, Cantar de Mio Cid:
texto, gramática y vocabulario, Madrid, 1908-1911 [ed. paleográfica,
t. III, págs. 907-1016; ed. t. III, págs. 1017-1164]; ed. Archer M.
Huntington, New York, 1894-1903, 3 vols. (con trad. inglesa); ed.
popular, New York, 1909, 3 vols.; ed. V. E. Sidforss, en Acta
Universitatis Lundensis, Lund, 1895-1896, t. XXXI y XXXII; ed. K.
Vollmöller, Halle, 1879; ed. J.-S.-A. Damas-Hinard [con trad.
francesa], París, 1858; ed. A. Bello, Obras completas de Don A. B.,
Santiago de Chile, 1881, t. II; ed. F. Janer, Bib. de Aut. Esp., t. LVII;
edic. Men. Pidal, "La Lectura", Madrid, 1913, cuya ortografía está
mudada sin razón alguna, y aun otras cosas más que la ortografía.
Consúltense: R. Dozy, Recherches, etc., Leyden, 1882, 2 vols.; J.
Adam, Uebersetzung und Glossar des altspanischen Poema del Cid,
Breslau, 1911; J. Cornu, Études sur le Poème du Cid, en Romania
(1881), t. X, páginas 75-79; J. Cornu, Études sur le Poème du Cid,
en Études romanes dédiées à Gaston Paris, París, 1891, págs. 419-
455; J. Cornu, Revision des Études sur le Poème du Cid, en
Romania (1893), t. XXII, páginas 531-536; J. Cornu,
Verbesserungsvorschläge, etc., en Symbolae Pragenses, Prag.,
1893, págs. 17-23; J. Cornu, Beiträge zu einer künftigen Ausgabe
des Poema del Cid, en Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (1897), t.
XXI, págs. 461-528; F. Koerbs, Untersuchung der sprachlichen
Eigentümlichkeiten des altspanischen Poema del Cid, Bonn, 1893;
A. Restori, Osservazioni sul metro, sulle assonanze e sul testo del
Poema del Cid, Bologna, 1887; A. Restori, La Gesta del Cid, Milano,
1890; F. Araujo Gómez, Gramática del Poema del Cid, Madrid, 1897;
P. Roca, Rectificación de algunas lecciones del "Poema del Cid", en
Revista de Archivos, etc. (1897), t. I, págs. 262-265; R. Menéndez
Pidal, El Poema del Cid y las Crónicas generales, en Revue
hispanique (1898), t. V, págs. 435-469; E. de Hinojosa, El derecho
en el Poema del Cid, en Homenaje á Menéndez y Pelayo, Madrid,
1899, t. I, págs. 551-581; M. Menéndez y Pelayo, Tratado de los
romances viejos, en Antología de poetas líricos, etc., t. XI, págs.
290-322; A. Coester, Compression in The "Poema del Cid", en
Revue hispanique (1906), t. XV, págs. 98-211; E. Baret, Du poème
du Cid dans ses analogies avec la Chanson de Roland, París, 1863;
J. Ormsby, The Poem of the Cid [trad. inglesa incompleta, con
prefacio importante], London, 1879; L. de Monge, Études morales et
littéraires, Bruxelles-París, 1889, t. I, págs. 202-283.
147. Los rastros de más viejos cantares de gesta parecen ser los de
la Pérdida de España, esto es, del rey Rodrigo, que alude á los
acontecimientos del año 711 y los de Bernardo del Carpio y de
Mainete, que tocan á la venida de Carlomagno á España. Hállanse
estos rastros en la Primera Crónica de España, reinados de Fruela I,
y en la Primera Crónica general, reinados de Alfonso II el Casto y de
Alfonso III el Magno. Sobre Carlomagno y todo á lo á él tocante, el
libro más conocido fué la Crónica latina del seudo Turpin, hecha en
gran parte en Santiago de Galicia y conocida por un códice dado
hacia 1140 á la iglesia de Santiago de Compostela por el francés
Aimeric Picaud (De Pseudo-Turpino, tesis latina de Gastón Paris,
París, Franck, 1865; Dozy, Le Faux Turpin, en el t. II, 3.ª ed. de
Recherches, 1887, páginas 372-431 y xcviii y cviii). No hay que
atribuir esta obra al Arzobispo de Reims, Turpin, muerto hacia el año
800, sino á dos falsarios muy posteriores. Parece que fué francés y
clérigo ó monje el autor de los primeros capítulos, de los que
residían en Compostela; desde el capítulo VI, donde predomina la
épica francesa, es de otro francés, y probablemente lo escribió
también en Santiago, donde se ha conservado su libro formando
parte del célebre Códice Calixtino. Este libro propaló la epopeya
carolingia entre los clérigos españoles. La mejor edición es la de M.
Castets. Debió de escribirse poco antes de 1140. Más antigua es la
Chanson de Rolland, del siglo xi, y, según Rajna, debió componerla
algún juglar francés que, yendo á Santiago ó volviendo de allí, pasó
por Roncesvalles. Hubo de conocerse en España en el mismo siglo
xi. Sobre la leyenda de Bernardo, véase M. Pelayo (Antol., t. XI, pág.
176).