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Full download Calculus for Business Economics Life Sciences and Social Sciences 13th Edition Barnett Test Bank all chapter 2024 pdf
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
f(x)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
20
A) ∫ f(x)dx
1
3
B) ∫ f(x)dx
1
5
C) ∫ f(x)dx
0
3
D) ∫ f(x)dx
0
Answer: D
1
2) y = h(x)
h(x)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
7
A) ∫ h(x)dx
3
7
B) ∫ h(x)dx
0
2
C) ∫ h(x)dx
0
9
D) ∫ h(x)dx
0
Answer: C
2
3) y = g(x)
g(x)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
9
A) ∫ g(x)dx
0
2
B) ∫ g(x)dx
0
2
C) ∫ g(x)dx
1
7
D) ∫ g(x)dx
3
Answer: C
5) Find the area between the graph of f(x) = 50 + 3x2 and the x-axis over the interval [-2, 4].
A) 372
B) 92
C) 269
D) -92
Answer: A
3
6) Find the area bounded by f(x) = 3x2 - 4 and y = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
A) 2
B) 1
C) 6
D) 3
Answer: D
8) Find the area between the graph of f(x) = 100 - 4x2 and the x-axis over the interval [-5, 5]. (Round answer to
two decimal places.)
A) 66.67
B) 666.67
C) 333.33
D) 33.33
Answer: B
9) Find the area bounded by f(x) = x2 - 3x + 7and g(x) = 2x + 7. (Round answer to two decimal places.)
A) 32.65
B) 55.83
C) 20.83
D) 16.13
Answer: C
10) Find the area between the graph of f(x) = x2 - 4x and the x-axis over the interval -3 ≤ x ≤ 2. (Round answer to
two decimal places.)
A) 21.67
B) 5.33
C) 32.33
D) 27
Answer: C
11) Find the area (to three decimal places) bounded by f(x) = x2ex and q(x) = 4 - x2.
A) 7.555
B) 7.676
C) 7.333
D) 7.0
Answer: B
4
12) Find the area between the graph of f(x) = x2 and the x-axis over the interval [1, 3]. (Round answer to two
decimal places.)
A) 8
B) 8.67
C) - 8.67
D) 10
Answer: B
13) Find the area lying above the x-axis and under the parabola y = 4x - x2. (Round answers to three decimal
places.)
A) 11
B) 10.667
C) 32
D) - 10.667
Answer: B
14) Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x - x2 and y = x2 - 2x. (Round answer to three decimal places.)
A) 21.667
B) 21.333
C) 22
D) - 21.333
Answer: B
3 2 1
16) The Lorenz curve for the income distribution in a certain country is given by f(x) = x + x.
4 4
I) Find the Gini index of income concentration.
II) Use the answer found in I) to determine if the income of this country is more equally distributed, less
equally distributed, or distributed the same as a second country having an index of income concentration of 0.2.
A) I) 0.33
II) less equally distributed
B) I) 0.33
II) more equally distributed
C) I) 0.25
II) more equally distributed
D) I) 0.25
II) less equally distributed
Answer: D
5
17) The Lorenz curve for the income distribution in a small country is given by the function f(x) = x3.8. Find the
Gini index of income concentration. Round the answer to three decimal places.
A) -0.584
B) 0.584
C) 0.684
D) 0.292
Answer: B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
18) The Lorenz curve for the income distribution in a certain country is given by the function f(x) = x3.2 . Find the
Gini index of income concentration. Round the answer to three decimal places and interpret the results.
Answer: 0.524, income is distributed more unequally than equally
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
5
20) ∫ e3(2 - t) dt
1
A) 400.71
B) 145.69
C) 27.29
D) 6.70
Answer: D
18
21) ∫ e0.06t e0.14(15 - t)dt
0
A) 70.04
B) 77.89
C) 23.19
D) 53.64
Answer: B
6
Solve the problem.
22) The length of telephone calls (in minutes) in a public telephone booth has the probability density function:
1 -t/6
e t≥0
f(t) = 6
0 otherwise
Determine the probability that a call selected at random will last between 2 and 6 minutes. (Round answer to
two decimal places.)
A) 0.70
B) 0.35
C) 0.65
D) 0.95
Answer: B
23) The length of telephone calls (in minutes) in a public telephone booth has the probability density function:
1 -t/6
e t≥0
f(t) = 6
0 otherwise
Determine the probability that a call selected at random will last longer than seven minutes. (Round answer to
two decimal places.)
A) 0.39
B) 0.54
C) 0.42
D) 0.31
Answer: D
24) The life expectancy (in years) of a certain type of computer chip is a continuous random variable with
probability density function:
4
x≥0
f(x) = (x + 4)2
0 otherwise
Find the probability that a randomly selected chip will last from three to seven years. (Round answer to two
decimal places.)
A) 0.36
B) 0.21
C) 0.57
D) 0.33
Answer: B
7
1
25) The rate of flow of a continuous income stream (in thousands of dollars per day) is given by f(t) = . Find the
t+ 1
total income produced during the first ten days of operation.
A) $2397.90
B) $2843.18
C) $58,874.14
D) $239.79
Answer: A
1
26) The rate of flow of a continuous income stream (in thousands of dollars per day) is given by f(t) = . Find the
t+ 1
total income produced during the first thirty days of operation.
A) $34,339.87
B) $34.34
C) $3433.99
D) $343.40
Answer: C
27) Find the total income produced by a continuous income stream in the first nine years if the rate of flow is
f(t) = 3300.
A) $9900
B) $18,000
C) $29,700
D) $27,000
Answer: C
28) Find the total income produced by a continuous income stream in the first nine years if the rate of flow is
f(t) =5000.
A) $4500
B) $22.500
C) $45,000
D) $90,000
Answer: C
29) Find the total income produced by a continuous income stream in the first four years if the rate of flow is
f(t) = 500e0.03t. (Round answer to the nearest dollar.)
A) $564
B) $18,792
C) $2486
D) $2125
Answer: D
30) Find the future value at 8% interest compounded continuously for five years for the continuous income stream
with rate of flow f(t) = 560. (Round answer to the nearest dollar.)
A) $2750
B) $3443
C) $835
D) $2308
Answer: B
8
31) Find the future value at 9% interest compounded continuously for five years for the continuous income stream
with rate of flow f(t) = 750. (Round answer to the nearest dollar.)
A) $47,359
B) $750
C) $474
D) $4736
Answer: D
32) The rate of flow of income from a continuous income stream is given by f(t) = 500e0.045t. Find the future value
of this income stream at 8% compounded continuously for six years. (Round answer to the nearest dollar.)
A) $2706
B) $14,286
C) $2743
D) $4375
Answer: C
33) Find the interest earned at 5% compounded continuously for two years by a continuous income stream with
rate flow of f(t) = 1250. (Round answer to the nearest dollar.)
A) $2629
B) $22,621
C) $2379
D) $129
Answer: D
Find the consumer's surplus for the following demand function at the given point.
3
35) D(x) = (x - 3)2; x =
2
A) $4.50
B) $7.28
C) $3.25
D) $4.33
Answer: A
36) Find the consumers' surplus at a price level of p = $7 for the price-demand equation
p = D(x) = 25 - 0.4x.
A) $4050
B) $29,250
C) $405
D) $720
Answer: C
9
Find the producer's surplus for the following supply function at the given point.
37) S(x) = x2 + 1; x = 1
A) $1
B) -$0.33
C) -$1
D) $0.67
Answer: D
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
38) Find the producers' surplus at a price level of p = $30 for the price-supply equation
p = S(x) = 14 + 0.0004x2 .
Answer: $2133
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1
40) Find the equilibrium quantity if the price-demand equation is p = D(x) = 23 - x, and the price-supply
20
1
equation is p = S(x) = 8 + x2 .
8,000
A) -600, 200
B) -600
C) 200
D) 13
Answer: C
1 1
41) Find the equilibrium price and quantity,producers' surplus for p = D(x) = 71 - x and p = S(x) = 35 + x.
10 20
A) p = 47
q = 288
B) p = 47
q = 240
C) p = 47
q = 180
D) p = 50
q = 240
Answer: B
10
1 1
42) Find the consumers' surplus and producers' surplus for p = D(x) = 71 - x and p = S(x) = 35 + x.
10 20
A) CS = $15,160
PS = $1440
B) CS = $2880
PS = $1440
C) CS = $2880
PS = $1660
D) CS = $14,160
PS = $1440
Answer: B
43) ∫x2 ln 3x dx
1 3 1 4
A) x ln 3x - x +C
3 12
1 3 1
B) x ln 3x - x3 + C
3 9
1 3 1
C) x ln 3x + x3 + C
3 9
1 3
D) ln 3x - x +C
3
Answer: B
44) ∫5xex dx
A) 5xex - 5ex + C
B) 5ex - ex + C
C) 5ex - 5xex + C
D) xex - 5ex + C
Answer: A
45) ∫x 3 - x dx
2 2
A) - x(3 - x)3/2 - (3 - x)5/2 + C
3 5
2 4
B) - x(3 - x)3/2 + (3 - x)5/2 + C
3 15
2 4
C) x(3 - x)3/2 + (3 - x)5/2 + C
3 15
2 4
D) - x(3 - x)3/2 - (3 - x)5/2 + C
3 15
Answer: D
11
46) ∫x2 ln 4x dx
1 3 1
A) ln 4x - x3 + C
3 3
1 3 1
B) ln 4x - x3 + C
3 9
4 3 1
C) ln 4x - x3 + C
3 9
4 3 1
D) ln 4x - x3 + C
3 3
Answer: B
47) ∫(x + 4) ln x dx
1 2 1
A) x ln x - x2 - 4x + C
2 4
1 2 1
B) x ln x - x2 + C
2 4
1 2 1
C) x ln x - x2 +4x + C
2 4
1 2
D) ln x - x - 4x + C
4
Answer: A
48) ∫xe8x dx
A) xe8x + C
e8x
B) xe8x - +C
8
xe8x e8x
C) - +C
8 64
D) e8x(8x - 1) + C
Answer: C
49) ∫xe2x dx
1 2x 2x
A) xe + e + C
2
1 2x 1 2x
B) xe - e + C
2 2
1 2x 1 2x
C) xe + e + C
2 2
1 2x 1 2x
D) xe - e + C
2 4
Answer: D
12
50) ∫x x + 3 dx
2 3/2 4 5/2
A) x(x + 3) - (x + 3) +C
3 15
3/2 3/2
B) 2x(x + 3) - 4(x + 3) +C
2 3/2 4 3/2
C) x(x + 3) - (x + 3) +C
5 5
2 1/2 4 1/2
D) x(x + 3) - (x + 3) +C
5 5
Answer: C
4
52) ∫ ln 5x dx
3
A) 14.2939
B) 1.4597
C) 5.0213
D) 2.8588
Answer: D
4
53) ∫ 6x ln x dx
2
A) 6.70
B) 9.48
C) 55.2
D) 40.2
Answer: D
13
1
x
54) ∫ x+1
dx
0
A) -2.27
B) -1.33
C) 0.39
D) 0.94
Answer: C
Illustrate the integral graphically and describe what the integral represents in terms of areas.
1
55) ∫ (x - 5)exdx
0
y
56
42
28
14
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-14
-28
-42
-56
42
28
14
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-14
-28
-42
-56
14
B) The integral represents the negative of the
area between the graph of y = (x - 5)ex and
the x axis from x = 0 to x = 1.
y
56
42
28
14
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-14
-28
-42
-56
28
14
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-14
-28
-42
-56
42
28
14
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-14
-28
-42
-56
Answer: A
15
4
56) ∫ ln 2x dx
2
y
8
6
4
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
16
C) The integral represents the area
between the graph of y = ln 2x and
the x axis from x = 2 to x = 4.
y
8
6
4
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
Answer: D
Use a graphing calculator to graph the equation over the indicated interval and find the area between the curve and the x
axis over that interval. Find the answer to two decimal places.
57) y = x - 4 - ln x; 1 ≤ x ≤ 8
A) 2.14
B) 10.42
C) -6.14
D) 8.28
Answer: B
58) y = 2 - xex, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
A) -36.22
B) 1.05
C) 37.27
D) -35.17
Answer: C
17
Solve the problem.
59) After a person takes a pill, the drug contained in the pill is assimilated into the bloodstream. The rate of
assimilation minutes after taking the pill is R(t) = te-0.4t. Find the total amount of the drug that is assimilated
into the bloodstream during the first 15 minutes after the pill is taken. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
A) 0.23
B) 6.25
C) 6.14
D) 0.38
Answer: C
60) The rate of water usage for a business, in gallons per day, is given by W(t) = 697te-t, where t = the number of
hours since midnight. Approximately how many gallons of water does the business use in the first 6 hours of
the day?
A) 688 gallons
B) 12 gallons
C) 709 gallons
D) 685 gallons
Answer: D
Use the Trapezoidal Rule to approximate the integral using the indicated value of n.
3
61) ∫ (6x + 3) dx ; n = 4, Write answer as a whole number or reduced fraction.
1
A) 60
B) 30
75
C)
4
D) 15
Answer: B
2
62) ∫ 4x2 dx ; n = 4, Write answer as a whole number or reduced fraction.
0
A) 11
B) 22
C) 15
32
D)
3
Answer: A
1
63) ∫ 1 + x3 dx; n = 4, Round to two decimal places.
0
A) 1.62
B) 1.42
C) 1.02
D) 1.12
Answer: D
18
3
64) ∫ x2 + 2 dx ; n = 4, Round to three decimal places.
1
A) 4.954
B) 9.908
C) 2.477
D) 3.108
Answer: A
Use Simpson's rule to approximate the integral using the indicated value of n (so there are 2n subintervals).
6
1
65) ∫ x2 + 2
dx ; n = 4, Round to three decimal places.
2
A) 0.904
B) 1.106
C) 1.006
D) 1.059
Answer: C
3
1
66) ∫ x
dx; n = 4, Round to two decimal places.
1
A) 1.10
B) 0.89
C) 1.24
D) 1.33
Answer: A
4
1
67) ∫ 2
x +1
dx; n = 2, Round to two decimal places.
0
A) 1.20
B) 1.33
C) 1.29
D) 1.46,
Answer: C
1
68) ∫ 1 + x3 dx; n = 4, Round to two decimal places.
0
A) 1.03
B) 1.21
C) 1.13
D) 1.11
Answer: D
19
1
69) ∫ x4 dx; n = 4, Round to two decimal places.
0
A) 0.20
B) 0.34
C) 0.24
D) 0.30
Answer: A
3
70) ∫ (8x + 2) dx ; n = 4, Write answer as whole number or reduced fraction.
1
A) 18
B) 72
C) 30
D) 36
Answer: D
2
71) ∫ (x4 + 6) dx ; n = 4, Write answer as whole number or reduced fraction.
0
221
A)
12
361
B)
24
221
C)
24
305
D)
16
Answer: A
72) ∫ 25x2 + 75 dx
1
A) x 25x2 + 75 + 75 ln x + 25x2 + 75 + C
2
5
B) x x2 + 3 + 3 ln x + x2 + 3 + C
2
1
C) x x2 + 3 + 3 ln x + x2 + 3 + C
2
5
D) x x2 + 75 + 75 ln x + x2 + 75 + C
2
Answer: B
20
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Mercian bishopric from Lichfield, now described as “a little town in
the woodland, with a rivulet flowing by it, far away from the throng of
cities,”[104] to Chester, whence, however, it was soon removed again
to the great abbey of Coventry.[105] The same reason, too, caused
Norwich to succeed Thetford as the seat of the bishopric of East-
Anglia. It was but very recently that Lincoln had outstripped Norwich
as the chief city of eastern England. The mouth of the Yare, which
had a tideway navigation quite up to the point where the Wensum
falls into it, was no less conveniently placed than that of the Witham
for intercourse with northern Europe; and the Scandinavian traders
and settlers in the first half of the eleventh century had raised
Norwich to such a pitch of prosperity that at the coming of the
Norman it contained twenty-four churches, and its burghers seem to
have been more numerous than those of any town in the realm
except London and York.[106] Twenty years later their number was
indeed greatly diminished; the consequences of Earl Ralf’s rebellion
had wrought havoc in the city. But if its native population had
decreased, a colony of Norman burghers was growing up and
flourishing in a “new borough,” now represented by the parishes of
S. Peter Mancroft and S. Giles; the number of churches and chapels
had risen to forty-four,[107] and in the Red King’s last years the
foundations of the cathedral were laid by Bishop Herbert Lozinga,
whose grave may still be seen before its high altar.[108] Once in the
next reign Norwich supplanted Gloucester as the scene of the
Midwinter Council; King Henry kept Christmas there in 1121.[109] It
may have been on this occasion that the citizens won from him their
first charter; but the charter itself is lost, and we only learn the bare
fact of its existence from the words of Henry II., confirming to the
burghers of Norwich “all the customs, liberties and acquittances
which they had in the time of my grandfather.”[110]
[119] Will. Malm. Gesta Pontif., l. iv. c. 178 (Hamilton, pp. 315,
316). Dugdale, Monast. Angl., vol. ii. pp. 143, 144. The
Augustinians came there in 1111, according to the chronicle of
Tynemouth, quoted in Monast. (as above), p. 143; but the local
record in p. 144 gives 1121.
[125] “Ad Pascha fuit rex apud Oxineford in novâ aulâ.” Rob. of
Torigni, a. 1133.
Plan V.
[130] Stow, London (Thoms, p. 121). For the rights and duties
of the lord of Castle Baynard, see ib. p. 24.
[134] The only body of Jews who appear in the Pipe Roll of 31
Hen. I are those of London.
[137] Ib. p. 6.
[138] Ib. p. 3.
[141] Ib. p. 4.
[142] Ibid.
[143] Ib. p. 8.
[150] Will. Fitz-Steph. (ib. vol. iii. p. 14) calls him vicecomes,
which in relation to London at this period can only mean port-
reeve; and a constant tradition of later days pointed to the father
of S. Thomas as the most venerated predecessor of the mayor.
[153] E. Grim (ib. vol. ii.), p. 359. Anon. I. (ib. vol. iv.), p. 6.
Garnier, Vie de S. Thomas (Hippeau), p. 3.
The Norman settlers were not the only new element in the
population of the English towns. Flanders, the border-land of
Normandy, France and the Empire, the immediate neighbour of the
Norman dukes, the ally of the English kings, had been for ages
associated with the destinies of England. The relation between the
two countries was primarily a political one; but kindred blood, kindred
speech and kindred temper drew Fleming and Englishman together
in the bonds of a natural sympathy which grew with the growth of
both nations. The merchants of Bruges were even more familiar
visitors in London than those of Rouen and Caen. The trade with
Flanders was the most important part of the trade of eastern
England. Not only was the estuary of the Scheld a high-way of
communication with the more distant regions of central Europe, but
Flanders herself was the head-quarters of a flourishing industry for
which the raw material was in great part furnished by England. The
cloth which all Europe flocked to buy at the great yearly fairs of
Bruges and Ghent was made chiefly from the wool of English sheep.
Dover was the chief mart for this export; in the itinerary of the canons
of Laon we see Flemish merchants dispersing to buy wool all over
the country and bringing it up to Dover in great bales, which were
deposited in a warehouse built for that special purpose till they could
be shipped over sea.[154] As yet the Flemings had almost a
monopoly of this weaving trade, although the appearance of
weavers’ gilds at Huntingdon, Lincoln, Oxford and London may show
that Englishmen were already beginning to emulate their example; it
may, on the other hand, point to a Flemish element in the population
of these towns. In the time of William the Conqueror some fellow-
countrymen of his Flemish queen had come not merely to traffic but
to dwell in England; in the time of Henry I. they seem to have
become numerous and prosperous enough to excite the jealousy of
both Normans and English. It may have been partly to allay this
jealousy, but it was surely, nevertheless, a marked testimony to their
character as active and trustworthy members of the state, that in
1111 Henry, casting about for a means of holding in check the
turbulent Welsh whose restlessness was the one remaining element
of disturbance in his realm, planted a colony of these Flemings in the
extremity of South Wales, the southern part of our Pembrokeshire.
[155] The experiment was a daring one; cut off as they were from all
direct communication with England, there must have seemed little
chance that these colonists could hold their own against the Welsh.
The success of the experiment is matter not of history but of present
fact; South Pembrokeshire remains to this day a Teutonic land, a
“little England beyond Wales.” But the true significance of the
Flemish settlements under Henry I. is for England rather than for
Wales. They are the first links of a social and industrial, as
distinguished from a merely political, connexion between England
and the Low Countries, which in later days was to exercise an
important influence on the life of both peoples. They are the
forerunners of two greater settlements—one under Edward III. and
one under Elizabeth—which were to work a revolution in English
industry.
[156] Will. Malm. Gesta Reg., l. iv. c. 317 (Hardy, p. 500, note).
Outside this little separate world of the Jewry the general manner
of life was much the same in all ranks of society. The domestic
arrangements of the castle or manor-house differed little from those
of the citizen’s dwelling. In both the accommodation usually
consisted merely of a hall, a “solar” or upper chamber raised on a
substructure of cellars, and a kitchen with its appendant offices.[157]
The hall was the general living, eating, and sleeping-apartment for
the whole household. Its floor was of wood, strewn with hay or
rushes;[158] a fire blazed upon a great stone hearth in its centre, or in
a wide recess at one end; and round the fire were ranged in due
order the tables and benches at which the family, guests and
servants all assembled for meals. In the higher ranks of society the
king’s friend Count Robert of Meulan had set a fashion of taking but
one daily repast—the mid-day dinner—and those who wished to ape
courtly manners followed his example; the practice, however, found
little favour with the mass of the people, who attributed it to
aristocratic stinginess, and preferred their four meals a day
according to ancient English custom.[159] It was in the hall that noble
or merchant transacted his business or conversed with his friends;
and it was in the hall too that at nightfall, when the tables were
cleared and the wooden shutters which closed the unglazed
windows safely barred,[160] guests and servants, divided at most by
a curtain drawn across the room, lay down to sleep in the glow of the
dying fire.[161] The solar was used at once as bedroom and private
sitting-room by the master and mistress of the house;[162] a
curtainless bed and an oaken chest,[163] serving as a wardrobe and
fastened with lock and hinges often of elaborate ironwork,[164] made
up its ordinary furniture; in the story of S. Thomas we catch a
glimpse, too, of the cradle in which a burgher-mother rocked her
baby to sleep, wrapped in a dainty silken coverlet.[165] The whole
house, whether in town or country, was commonly of wood.[166] With
open hearths and chimneys ill-constructed, or more probably
altogether lacking, the natural consequence was that fires in towns
were of constant occurrence and disastrous extent; Gilbert Becket’s
house was burnt over his head several times, and in each case a
large part of London shared in the destruction.[167] But the buildings
thus easily destroyed were as easily replaced; while the cost of a
stone house was beyond the means of any but the great nobles,
unless it were here and there some exceptionally wealthy Jew; and
there was no other building material to be had except wood or
rubble, for the nearest approach to a brick which had yet come into
general use was a tile;[168] and although these were sometimes
used for roofing, the majority of houses, even in great cities like
London, were covered with thatch.[169] All the architectural energy of
the time spent itself in two channels—military and ecclesiastical; and
even the castle was as yet a very simple edifice. The various
buildings which occupied its outer ward were mere huts of wood or
rubble; and the stone wall of the keep itself, though of enormous
thickness and solidity, was often nothing more than a shell, the
space inside it being divided by wooden partitions into rooms
covered with lean-to roofs of thatch. Even where the keep was
entirely of stone, all thought of accommodation or elegance was
completely subordinated to the one simple, all-important purpose of
defence. It is this stern simplicity which gives to the remains of our
early castles a grandeur of their own, and strikes the imagination far
more impressively than the elaborate fortifications of later times. But
it left no scope to the finer fancies of the architect. His feeling for
artistic decoration, his love of beauty, of harmonious light and shade,
had free play only in his work for the Church; while the more general
taste for personal luxury and elegance had to find expression chiefly
in minor matters, and especially in dress. During the last reign the
extravagance of attire among the nobles had been carried to a pitch
which called forth the energetic remonstrances of serious men;
prelate after prelate thundered against the unseemly fashions—the
long hair curled and scented like a woman’s, the feminine
ornaments, the long pointed shoes and loose flowing garments
which rendered all manly exercises impossible.[170] After the Red
King’s death a reforming party, headed by the new sovereign and his
friend Robert of Meulan,[171] succeeded in effecting a return to the
more rational attire of the ordinary Norman knighthood; a close-fitting
tunic with a long cloak, reaching almost to the feet, thrown over it for
riding or walking.[172] The English townsfolk, then as now,
endeavoured to copy the dress of their neighbours from beyond the
Channel. Among the rural population, however, foreign fashions
were slow to penetrate; and the English countryman went on tilling
his fields clad in the linen smock-frock which had once been the
ordinary costume of all classes of men among his forefathers, and
which has scarcely yet gone out of use among his descendants.
[162] Ib. p. 5.
[165] Ed. Grim (Robertson, Becket, vol. ii.), p. 357. Anon. I. (ib.
vol. iv.), p. 4.