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Full download Calculus Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Calculus Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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C H A P T E R 9
Infinite Series
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 9
Infinite Series
Section 9.1 Sequences
1. an = 3n n +1 ⎛ 2 ⎞
5. an = ( −1) ⎜ ⎟
1
a1 = 3 = 3 ⎝n⎠
2
a2 = 32 = 9 a1 = = 2
1
a3 = 33 = 27
2
a2 = − = −1
a4 = 34 = 81 2
a5 = 35 = 243 2
a3 =
3
( )
n
2. an = − 52 2 1
a4 = − = −
4 2
= ( − 52 )
1
a1 = − 52 2
a5 =
5
= ( − 52 )
2
a2 = 4
25
2 1
= ( − 52 )
3
8 6. an = 2 + − 2
a3 = − 125 n n
a1 = 2 + 2 − 1 = 3
= ( − 52 )
4
16
a4 = 625 1 11
a2 = 2 + 1 − =
= ( − 52 )
5
a5 = 32
− 3125 4 4
2 1 23
a3 = 2 + − =
nπ 3 9 9
3. an = sin 2 1 39
2 a4 = 2 + − =
π 4 16 16
a1 = sin =1 2 1 59
2 a5 = 2 + − =
a2 = sin π = 0 5 25 25
3π
a3 = sin = −1 7. a1 = 3, ak + 1 = 2( ak − 1)
2
a4 = sin 2π = 0 a2 = 2( a1 − 1)
5π = 2(3 − 1) = 4
a5 = sin =1
2 a3 = 2( a2 − 1)
3n = 2( 4 − 1) = 6
4. an =
n + 4 a4 = 2( a3 − 1)
3(1) 3 = 2(6 − 1) = 10
a1 = =
1+ 4 5 a5 = 2( a4 − 1)
3( 2) 6
a2 = = =1 = 2(10 − 1) = 18
2 + 4 6
3(3) 9 1a 2
a3 = = 8. a1 = 6, ak + 1 = 3 k
3+ 4 7
a4 =
3( 4)
=
12
=
3 a2 = 1a 2
3 1
= 1
3 (62 ) = 12
3(
4 + 4 8 2 a3 = 1 2
a
3 2
= 1
122 ) = 48
3(5) 15 5
3( )
a5 = = = a4 = 1a 2 = 1 482 = 768
5+ 4 9 3 3 3
(768)
1a 2 1 2
a5 = 3 4
= 3
= 196,608
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 859
860 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
10 10 10 5n 2
9. an = , a1 = = 5, a2 = 21. lim = 5
n +1 1+1 3 n→∞ n + 2
2
Matches (c). ⎛ 2⎞
22. lim ⎜ 6 + 2 ⎟ = 6 + 0 = 6
n → ∞⎝ n ⎠
10n 10 20
10. an = , a1 = = 5, a2 =
n +1 2 3 2n 2 2
23. lim = lim = = 2
1 + (1 n )
Matches (a). n→∞
n +1
2 n→∞ 2 1
⎛ 2⎞
Matches (d). 24. lim cos⎜ ⎟ = 1
n→∞ ⎝n⎠
12. an =
(−1)n , a =
−1 1
= −1, a2 = .
25. 7
1
n 1 2
Matches (b).
13. an = 3n − 1 0 11
a5 = 3(5) − 1 = 14
0
a6 = 3 + 5(6) = 33 26. 2
a7 = 3 + 5(7) = 38
Add 5 to preceding term. −1 12
15. an + 1 = 2an , a1 = 5 −1
16. an = − 13 an −1 , a1 = 6
27. 2
( ) 272
a5 = − 13 − 92 =
= − 13 ( 27
2
) = − 812 0 11
a6
19.
(2n − 1)! =
(2n − 1)! =
1
(2n + 1)! ( 2n − 1)!( 2n)( 2n + 1) 2n( 2n + 1)
20.
(2n + 2)! =
(2n)!(2n + 1)( 2n + 2)
(2n)! (2n)!
= ( 2n + 1)( 2n + 2)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.1 Sequences 861
28. 3 1
40. an = n sin
n
1
−1
Let f ( x) = x sin .
12
x
−1
1 sin (1 x)
lim x sin = lim
The graph seems to indicate that the sequence converges x →∞ x x →∞ 1x
to 2. Analytically,
= lim
(−1 x 2 ) cos(1 x)
⎛ 1⎞ x →∞ −1 x 2
lim an = lim ⎜ 2 − n ⎟ = 2 − 0 = 2.
n→∞ n→∞ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1
= lim cos = cos 0
5
x →∞ x
29. lim = 0, converges = 1 (L'Hôpital's Rule)
n→∞ n + 2
or,
⎛ 5⎞ sin (1 x) sin ( y )
30. lim ⎜ 8 + ⎟ = 8 + 0 = 8, converges
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠ lim = lim = 1. Therefore,
x→∞ 1x y → 0+ y
n⎛ n ⎞ 1
31. lim ( −1) ⎜ ⎟ lim n sin = 1, converges.
n→∞ ⎝ + 1⎠
n n→∞ n
does not exist (oscillates between −1 and 1), diverges.
41. lim 21 n = 20 = 1, converges
n→∞
1 + ( −1)
n
32. lim = 0, converges −1
n→∞ n2 42. lim − 3− n = lim = 0, converges
n→∞ n→∞ 3n
10n 2 + 3n + 7 10 + 3 n + 7 n 2 sin n 1
33. lim = lim 43. lim = lim (sin n) = 0,
n→∞ 2n − 6
2 n→∞ 2 − 6 n2 n→∞ n n→∞ n
10
= = 5, converges converges (because (sin n) is bounded)
2
cos π n
3
n 44. lim = 0, converges
34. lim = 1, converges n→∞ n2
n→∞ 3 n +1
45. an = − 4 + 6n
ln ( n3 ) 3 ln ( n)
35. lim = lim
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2 n 1
46. an =
3⎛1⎞ n!
= lim ⎜ ⎟ = 0, converges
n→∞ 2 ⎝ n ⎠
47. an = n 2 − 3
(L’Hôpital’s Rule)
5n ⎛5⎞
n
48. an =
(−1)n −1
36. lim n = lim ⎜ ⎟ = ∞, diverges n2
n→∞ 3 n→∞ ⎝ 3 ⎠
n +1
(n + 1)!
= lim ( n + 1) = ∞, diverges
49. an =
37. lim n + 2
n →∞ n! n →∞
50. an = ( 2n)!, n = 1, 2, 3, …
38. lim
(n − 2)!
= lim
1
= 0, converges
n→∞ n! n→∞ n( n − 1)
1 n +1
51. an = 1 + =
n n
np
39. lim = 0, converges
n→∞ en n
52. an =
(p > 0, n ≥ 2) (n + 1)( n + 2)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
862 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
( 23 ) ( 23 )
1 1 n n +1
53. an = 4 − < 4− = an + 1 , 57. an = > = an + 1
n n +1
Monotonic; an ≤ 2, bounded
Monotonic; an < 4, bounded 3
( 32 ) ( 32 )
n n +1
3x 6 58. an = < = an + 1
54. Let f ( x) = . Then f ′( x) = .
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
Monotonic; lim an = ∞, not bounded
So, f is increasing which implies {an} is increasing.
n→∞
an < 3, bounded ⎛ nπ ⎞
59. an = sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
55. an = ne−n 2 a1 = 0.500
a1 = 0.6065 a2 = 0.8660
a2 = 0.7358 a3 = 1.000
a3 = 0.6694 a4 = 0.8660
cos n
( )
n
56. an = − 23 60. an =
n
a1 = − 23 a1 = 0.5403
a2 = 4 a2 = −0.2081
9
8
a3 = −0.3230
a3 = − 27
a4 = −0.1634
2
Not monotonic; an ≤ , bounded Not monotonic; an ≤ 1, bounded
3
1
61. (a) an = 7 + (b) 10
n
1
7 + ≤ 8 ⇒ {an}, bounded
n
1 1
an = 7 + > 7 + = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic 0 11
n +1
0
n
⎛ 1⎞
Therefore, {an} converges.
lim ⎜ 7 + ⎟ = 7
n → ∞⎝ n⎠
2
62. (a) an = 5 − (b) 5
n
2
5− ≤ 5 ⇒ {an}, bounded
n
2 2
an = 5 − < 5− = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic
0 11
0
n n +1
⎛ 2⎞
lim ⎜ 5 − ⎟ = 5 − 0 = 5
Therefore, {an} converges. n → ∞⎝ n⎠
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.1 Sequences 863
1⎛ 1⎞
63. (a) an = ⎜1 − n ⎟ (b) 0.4
3⎝ 3 ⎠
1⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎜1 − n ⎟ < ⇒ {an}, bounded
3⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 −1 12
1⎛ 1⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ −0.1
an = ⎜1 − n ⎟ < ⎜1 − n + 1 ⎟
3⎝ 3 ⎠ 3⎝ 3 ⎠
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1
= an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic lim ⎢ ⎜1 − n ⎟⎥ =
n→∞
⎣3⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 3
Therefore, {an} converges.
1
64. (a) an = 2 +
5n
1
2+ < 3 ⇒ {an}, bounded
5n
1 1
an = 2 + > 2 + n + 1 = an + 1 ⇒ {an}, monotonic
5n 5
Therefore, {an} converges.
(b) 5
0 11
0
⎛ 1⎞
lim ⎜ 2 + n ⎟ = 2 + 0 = 2
n → ∞⎝ 5 ⎠
65. {an} has a limit because it is a bounded, monotonic ⎛ r ⎞
n
67. An = P⎜1 + ⎟
sequence. The limit is less than or equal to 4, and greater ⎝ 12 ⎠
than or equal to 2. ⎛ r ⎞
(a) Because P > 0 and ⎜1 + ⎟ > 1, the sequence
2 ≤ lim an ≤ 4 ⎝ 12 ⎠
n→∞
diverges. lim An = ∞
66. The sequence {an} could converge or diverge. If {an} is n→∞
n
increasing, then it converges to a limit less than or equal ⎛ 0.055 ⎞
(b) P = 10,000, r = 0.055, An = 10,000⎜1 + ⎟
to 1. If {an} is decreasing, then it could converge ⎝ 12 ⎠
A0 = 10,000
(example: an = 1 n) or diverge (example: an = − n).
A1 = 10,045.83
A2 = 10,091.88
A3 = 10,138.13
A4 = 10,184.60
A5 = 10,231.28
A6 = 10,278.17
A7 = 10,325.28
A8 = 10,372.60
A9 = 10,420.14
A10 = 10,467.90
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
864 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
A0 = 0 P1 = $26,125.00
A1 = 100.25 P2 = $27,300.63
A2 = 200.75 P3 = $28,529.15
A3 = 301.50 P4 = $29,812.97
A4 = 402.51 P5 = $31,154.55
A5 = 503.76
75. an = n
n = n1 n
A6 = 605.27
(b) A60 = 6480.83 a1 = 11 1 = 1
n
1 ⎛ 1⎞
71. (a) an = 10 − 76. an = ⎜1 + ⎟
n ⎝ n⎠
(b) Impossible. The sequence converges by Theorem a1 = 2.0000
9.5. a2 = 2.2500
3n a3 ≈ 2.3704
(c) an =
4n + 1
a4 ≈ 2.4414
(d) Impossible. An unbounded sequence diverges.
a5 ≈ 2.4883
72. The graph on the left represents a sequence with a6 ≈ 2.5216
alternating signs because the terms alternate from n
⎛ 1⎞
being above the x-axis to being below the x-axis. lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e
n→∞ ⎝ n⎠
73. (a) An = (0.8) 4,500,000,000
n
77. Because
(b) A1 = $3,600,000,000 lim sn = L > 0,
n→∞
A2 = $2,880,000,000
there exists for each ε > 0,
A3 = $2,304,000,000
A4 = $1,843,200,000 an integer N such that sn − L < ε for every n > N .
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.1 Sequences 865
78. (a) an = 0.072n 2 + 0.02n + 5.8 (b) For 2020, n = 20: a20 = $35 trillion
20
0 12
0
converges to 0.
83. an + 2 = an + an + 1
1 1
(a) a1 = 1 a7 = 8 + 5 = 13 (c) 1 + =1+
bn −1 an an − 1
a2 = 1 a8 = 13 + 8 = 21
an − 1 a + an −1 a
a3 = 1 + 1 = 2 a9 = 21 + 13 = 34 =1+ = n = n +1 = bn
an an an
a4 = 2 + 1 = 3 a10 = 34 + 21 = 55
a5 = 3 + 2 = 5 a11 = 55 + 34 = 89
⎛ 1 ⎞
a6 = 5 + 3 = 8 a12 = 89 + 55 = 144 (d) If lim bn = ρ , then lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = ρ.
n→∞ n→∞
⎝ bn −1 ⎠
an + 1 Because lim bn = lim bn −1 , you have
(b) bn = ,n ≥ 1 n→∞ n→∞
an
1 13 1 + (1 ρ ) = ρ .
b1 = =1 b6 = = 1.625
1 8 ρ + 1 = ρ2
2 21
b2 = = 2 b7 = ≈ 1.6154 0 = ρ2 − ρ − 1
1 13
3 34 1± 1+ 4 1± 5
b3 = = 1.5 b8 = ≈ 1.6190 ρ = =
2 21 2 2
5 55 Because an , and therefore bn , is positive,
b4 = ≈ 1.6667 b9 = ≈ 1.6176
3 34 1+ 5
8 89 ρ = ≈ 1.6180.
b5 = = 1.6 b10 = ≈ 1.6182 2
5 55
84. Let f ( x) = sin (π x)
a3 = 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9616
a4 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9904
a5 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 ≈ 1.9976
(b) an = 2 + an −1 , n ≥ 2, a1 = 2
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
866 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
(c) First use mathematical induction to show that an ≤ 2; clearly a1 ≤ 2. So assume ak ≤ 2. Then
ak + 2 ≤ 4
ak + 2 ≤ 2
ak + 1 ≤ 2.
Now show that {an} is an increasing sequence. Because an ≥ 0 and an ≤ 2,
( an − 2)( an + 1) ≤ 0
an2 − an − 2 ≤ 0
an2 ≤ an + 2
an ≤ an + 2
an ≤ an + 1 .
Because {an} is a bounding increasing sequence, it converges to some number L, by Theorem 9.5.
lim an = L ⇒ 2 + L = L ⇒ 2 + L = L2 ⇒ L2 − L − 2 = 0
n→∞
⇒ ( L − 2)( L + 1) = 0 ⇒ L = 2 (L ≠ −1)
1 + 4k 1+ 1 + 4k
a1 = k ≤ ≤ .
2 2
Before proceeding to the induction step, note that
2 + 2 1 + 4k + 4k = 2 + 2 1 + 4k + 4 k
1+ 1 + 4k 1 + 2 1 + 4 k + 1 + 4k
+ k =
2 4
2
1+ 1 + 4k ⎡1 + 1 + 4k ⎤
+ k = ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥
1+ 1 + 4k 1+ 1 + 4k
+ k = .
2 2
1+ 1 + 4k
So assume an ≤ . Then
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + k ≤ + k
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + k ≤ + k
2
1+ 1 + 4k
an + 1 ≤ .
2
{an} is increasing because
⎛ 1+ 1 + 4k ⎞⎛ 1− 1 + 4k ⎞
⎜⎜ an − ⎟⎜ an −
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 0
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
an2 − an − k ≤ 0
an2 ≤ an + k
an ≤ an + k
an ≤ an + 1.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.1 Sequences 867
L = k + L ⇒ L2 = k + L
⇒ L2 − L − k = 0
1 ± 1 + 4k
⇒ L = .
2
1+ 1 + 4k
Because L > 0, L = .
2
87. (a) y
(n + 1) n +1
nn
(d) n −1
< n! <
2.0 y = lnx
e en
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
1.5 n
n
1.0 < n
n! <
0.5
e1 − (1 n) e
1 + (1 n)
2 3 4 ... n
x 1
<
n
n!
<
(n + 1)
e1 − (1 n) n ne
1 1
n lim =
∫1 ln x dx < ln 2 + ln 3 + + ln n n→∞ e1 − (1 n) e
1 + (1 n)
= ln (1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 n) = ln ( n!) lim
(n + 1)
= lim
(n + 1) ( n + 1)
1n
n→∞ ne n→∞ n e
(b) y
1
2.0 y = lnx = (1)
e
1.5
1
1.0 =
e
0.5
n
n! 1
2 3 4 ... n+1
x
By the Squeeze Theorem, lim = .
n→∞ n e
20
20!
n +1
(e) n = 20: ≈ 0.4152
∫1 ln x dx > ln 2 + ln 3 + + ln n = ln ( n!) 20
50
50!
n = 50: ≈ 0.3897
(c) ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C 50
100
n 100!
∫ 1 ln x dx = n ln n − n + 1 = ln n n − n + 1 n = 100:
100
≈ 0.3799
= ln ( n + 1)
n +1
−n
> n!
en
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
868 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
88. For a given ε > 0, you must find M > 0 such that 90. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
an − L =
1
< ε {an} = {(−1) } = {−1, 1, −1, 1, …} diverges
n
n3
whenever n > M . That is,
{a2 n } = {( −1) } = {1, 1, 1, 1, …} converges
2n
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 869
93. Tn = n! + 2n
Use mathematical induction to verify the formula.
T0 = 1 + 1 = 2
T1 = 1 + 2 = 3
T2 = 2 + 4 = 6
Assume Tk = k! + 2k . Then
2. S1 = 1 ≈ 0.1667 6. S1 = 1
6
S2 = 1 − 1 = 0.5
S2 = 1 + 1 ≈ 0.3333 2
6 6
S3 = 1 − 1 + 1 ≈ 0.6667
1 1 3
S3 = 6
+ 6
+ 20
≈ 0.4833 2 6
S4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 ≈ 0.6250
1 1 3 2
S4 = 6
+ 6
+ 20
+ 15
≈ 0.6167 2 6 24
1 1 1 1
S5 = 1 + 1 + 3
+ 2 + 5
≈ 0.7357 S5 = 1 − 2
+ 6
− 24
+ 120
≈ 0.6333
6 6 20 15 42
∞
∑ ( 76 )
n
3. S1 = 3 7.
9 n=0
S2 = 3 − 2
= −1.5
9 27
Geometric series
S3 = 3 − 2
+ 4
= 5.25
7
r = 6
>1
9 27 81
S4 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
= −4.875
Diverges by Theorem 9.6
9 27 81 243
S5 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
+ 16
= 10.3125
∞
∑ 4(−1.05)
n
8.
4. S1 = 1 n=0
1 3
S2 = 1 + 2
= 2 Geometric series
S3 = 1 + 1
+ 1
= 7 r = −1.05 = 1.05 > 1
2 4 4
1 1 1 23 Diverges by Theorem 9.6
S4 = 1 + 2
+ 4
+ 6
= 12
1 1 1 1 49
S5 = 1 + 2
+ 4
+ 6
+ 8
= 24
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
870 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
∞ ∞
n n!
9. ∑ n +1
14. ∑ 2n
n =1 n =1
n n!
lim =1≠ 0 lim = ∞
n→∞ n +1 n→∞ 2n
Diverges by Theorem 9.9 Diverges by Theorem 9.9
∞ ∞
∑ ( 56 )
n n
10. ∑ 2n + 3
15.
n =1 n=0
∞
1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
20. ∑ n(n + 2) = ∑ ⎜⎜ 2n − ⎟⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟ +
2( n + 2) ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ ⎝ 6 10 ⎠ ⎝ 8 12 ⎠ ⎝ 10 14 ⎠
n =1 n =1 ⎝
∞
1 ⎡1 1 1 1 ⎤ 1 1 3
∑ n(n + 2) = lim S n = lim ⎢ + −
n→∞ n→∞ ⎢2 4 2( n + 1)
−
2( n + 2
⎥ =
) ⎥⎦ 2
+
4
=
4
n =1 ⎣
∞ ∞
6 ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎤
21. (a) ∑ n(n + 3) = 2∑ ⎜ −
⎝ n n + 3
⎟ = 2 ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +
⎠ ⎣⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2 5⎠ ⎝3 6⎠ ⎝ 4 7⎠ ⎥
⎦
n =1 n =1
⎛ ⎡ 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 11
⎜ Sn = 2 ⎢1 + + − ⎜ + + ⎟⎥ ⎟ = 2⎜1 + + ⎟ = ≈ 3.667
⎝ ⎣ 2 3 ⎝ n + 1 n + 2 n + 3 ⎠⎦ ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 3
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 2.7976 3.1643 3.3936 3.5513 3.6078
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 871
5
(c)
0 11
0
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude slowly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum slowly.
∞ ∞
4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
22. (a) ∑ n(n + 4) = ∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟
n + 4⎠
n =1 n =1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ +
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 7 ⎠ ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ ⎝ 5 9 ⎠ ⎝ 6 10 ⎠
1 1 1 25
=1+ + + = ≈ 2.0833
2 3 4 12
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 1.5377 1.7607 1.9051 2.0071 2.0443
(c) 3
0 11
0
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude slowly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum slowly.
∞ ∞
2
∑ 2(0.9) ∑ 2(0.9)
n −1 n
23. (a) = = = 20
n =1 n=0 1 − 0.9
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
Sn 8.1902 13.0264 17.5685 19.8969 19.9995
(c) 22
0 11
0
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude slowly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum slowly.
∞ n −1 ∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 10
24. (a) ∑ 10⎜⎝ − 4 ⎟⎠ = ∑ 10⎜⎝ − 4 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( −1 4)
= 8
n =1 n=0
(b)
n 5 10 20 50 100
(c) 11
0 11
7
(d) The terms of the series decrease in magnitude rapidly. So, the sequence of partial sums approaches the sum rapidly.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
872 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
∞ n
⎛ 2⎞ 5
25. ∑ 5⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( 2 3)
= 15
n=0
∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ 1 5
26. ∑ ⎜⎝ − 5 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( −1 5)
=
6
n=0
∞ ∞
4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
27. ∑ n ( n + 2) = 2∑ ⎜ − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1 n =1 ⎝ n
⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
S n = 2 ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 2⎜1 + − − ⎟
⎣⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ ⎝ n − 1 n + 1 ⎠ ⎝ n n + 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 n + 1 n + 2⎠
∞
4 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
∑ n ( n + 2) = lim Sn = lim 2⎜1 + −
n →∞ n →∞ ⎝
− ⎟ = 3
2 n + 1 n + 2⎠
n =1
∞
1 1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
28. ∑ (2n + 1)(2n + 3) = ∑⎜ − ⎟
2 n = 1 ⎝ 2 n + 1 2n + 3 ⎠
n =1
1 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Sn = ⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+ +⎜ − ⎟⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎢⎣⎝ 3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 9 ⎠ ⎝ 2 n + 1 2 n + 3 ⎠⎦ 2 ⎝ 3 2n + 3 ⎠
∞
1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
∑ (2n + 1)(2n + 3) = lim S n = lim
n →∞ n →∞
⎜ − ⎟ =
2 ⎝ 3 2n + 3 ⎠ 6
n =1
∞ n ∞ ∞ n∞ n
⎛ 3⎞ 8 ⎛3⎞ ⎛8⎞
29. ∑ 8⎜ ⎟ = 1 − (3 4) = 32 32. ∑ ⎡(0.3)n + (0.8)n ⎤ =
⎣ ⎦ ∑ ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ + ∑ ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
n=0 ⎝ 4 ⎠ n=0 n=0 n=0
1 1
= +
1 − (3 10) 1 − (8 10)
∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ 9 27
30. ∑ 9⎜ − ⎟ =
⎝ 3⎠ 1 − ( −1 3)
=
4
n=0 10 45
= +5 =
7 7
∞ ∞ n ∞ n
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
31. ∑ ⎜⎝ 2n − ⎟ =
3n ⎠
∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ − ∑ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ∞
∑ ⎣⎡sin(1)⎦⎤
n
n=0 n=0 n=0 33. Note that sin (1) ≈ 0.8415 < 1. The series
1 1 3 1 n =1
= − = 2− =
1 − (1 2) 1 − (1 3) 2 2 is geometric with r = sin (1) < 1. So,
∞ ∞
sin (1)
∑ ⎡⎣sin(1)⎤⎦ = sin (1) ∑ ⎡⎣sin (1)⎤⎦ =
n n
≈ 5.3080.
n =1 n=0 1 − sin (1)
n n
1 1
34. S n = ∑ 9k 2 + 3k − 2
= ∑ (3k − 1)(3k + 2)
k =1 k =1
n
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 n ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ∑⎢ − ⎥ = ∑⎢ −
k =1 ⎣ 9 k − 3 9 k + 6⎦ 3 k =1 ⎣ 3k − 1 3k + 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟+ +⎜ − ⎟⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
3 ⎢⎣⎝ 2 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 11 ⎠ ⎝ 3n − 1 3n + 2 ⎠⎦ 3 ⎝ 2 3n + 2⎠
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
lim Sn = lim ⎜ − ⎟ =
n→∞ n→∞ 3 ⎝ 2 3n + 2 ⎠ 6
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 873
∞ n ∞ n
4⎛1⎞ 1 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
35. (a) 0.4 = ∑ 10 ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ 40. (a) 0.215 =
5
+ ∑ 200 ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
n=0 n=0
4 1 3 1
(b) Geometric series with a = and r = (b) Geometric series with a = and r =
10 10 200 100
a 4 10 4 1 a 1 3 200 71
S = = = S = + = + =
1− r 1 − (1 10) 9 5 1− r 5 99 100 330
n ∞
∞
36 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∑ (1.075)
n
36. (a) 0.36 = ∑ ⎜ ⎟
100 ⎝ 100 ⎠
41.
n=0
n=0
a 81 100 81 9 n + 10 1
S = = = = lim = ≠ 0
1− r 1 − (1 100) 99 11 n→∞ 10n + 1 10
Diverges by Theorem 9.9
∞ n ∞ n
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
38. (a) 0.01 = ∑ ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ = ∑⎜ ⎟
100 n = 0 ⎝ 100 ⎠ 44.
∞
4n + 1
∑ 3n − 1
n =1
n =1
1 1 1 100 1
(b) 0.01 = ⋅ = ⋅ = 4n + 1 4
100 1 − (1 100) 100 99 99 lim = ≠ 0
n→∞ 3n − 1 3
∞ n Diverges by Theorem 9.9
3⎛ 1 ⎞
39. (a) 0.075 = ∑ 40 ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
n=0
3 1
(b) Geometric series with a = and r =
40 100
a 3 40 5
S = = =
1− r 99 100 66
∞
⎛1 1 ⎞
45. ∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1 1 1
S n = ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟+⎜ − ⎟ = 1+ − −
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ ⎝ n − 1 n + 1⎠ ⎝ n n + 2 ⎠ 2 n +1 n + 2
∞
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3
∑ ⎜⎝ n − ⎟ = nlim
n + 2⎠ →∞
S n = lim ⎜1 + −
n→∞ ⎝ 2
− ⎟ = , converges
n + 1 n + 2⎠ 2
n =1
∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
46. ∑ ⎜⎝ n + 1 − ⎟
n + 2⎠
n =1
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 1
Sn = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + +⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3 4⎠ ⎝ n + 1 n + 2⎠ 2 n+ 2
∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
∑ ⎜⎝ n + 1 − ⎟ = nlim
n + 2⎠ →∞
Sn = lim ⎜ −
n→∞ ⎝ 2
⎟ = , converges
n + 2⎠ 2
n =1
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
874 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
∞
3n n
⎛ k + 1⎞
47. ∑ n3 54. S n = ∑ ln⎜⎝ k ⎠
⎟
n =1 k =1
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ n + 1⎞
3n (ln 2)3n = ln⎜ ⎟ + ln⎜ ⎟ + + ln⎜ ⎟
lim = lim ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
3
n 3n 2
+ (ln(n + 1) − ln n)
n→∞ n→∞
= (ln 2 − ln1) + (ln 3 − ln 2) +
(ln 2)2 3n (ln n)3 3n
= lim = lim = ∞ = ln(n + 1) − ln(1) = ln(n + 1)
n→∞ 6n n→∞ 6
(by L’Hôpital’s Rule); diverges by Theorem 9.9 Diverges
∞ r ≥ 1.
⎛1⎞
Because lim Sn diverges,
n→∞
∑ ln⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ diverges.
n =1 ∞
58. If lim an ≠ 0, then
n→∞
∑ an diverges.
51. For k ≠ 0, n =1
k ∞
⎛ k⎞
n
⎡⎛ k⎞ ⎤
nk
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = lim ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
n→∞ ⎝
59. (a) ∑ an = a1 + a2 + a3 +
n⎠ n→∞ ⎝
⎢⎣ n ⎠ ⎥⎦ n =1
∞
= e k ≠ 0. (b) ∑ ak = a1 + a2 + a3 +
For k = 0, lim (1 + 0) = 1 ≠ 0.
n k =1
n→∞
These are the same. The third series is different,
∞
⎡ k⎤
n
unless a1 = a2 = = a is constant.
So, ∑ ⎢⎣1 + n ⎥⎦
diverges.
∞
n =1
(c) ∑ ak = ak + ak +
n =1
∞ ∞ n
⎛1⎞
52. ∑ e− n = ∑ ⎜⎝ e ⎟⎠ converges because it is geometric
60. (a) Yes, the new series will still diverge.
n =1 n =1
with (b) Yes, the new series will converge.
1 ∞ ∞
r = < 1.
∑ (3 x ) = (3 x ) ∑ (3 x )
n n
e 61.
n =1 n=0
π 1
53. lim arctan n = ≠ 0 Geometric series: converges for 3 x < 1 ⇒ x <
n→∞ 2 3
∞ ∞
1 3x 1
So, ∑ arctan n diverges. f ( x ) = (3 x ) ∑ (3 x ) = (3 x )
n
= , x <
n =1 n=0 1 − 3 x 1 − 3 x 3
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 875
∞ n
⎛ 2⎞
62. ∑ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
n=0
∞ ∞
∑ ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) ∑ ( x − 1)
n n
63.
n =1 n=0
n=0
1 x −1
= ( x − 1) = , 0 < x < 2
1 − ( x − 1) 2− x
∞
⎛ x − 2⎞
n 67. (a) x is the common ratio.
64. ∑ 5⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎟ ∞
1
n=0 (b) 1 + x + x 2 + = ∑ xn =
1− x
, x <1
n=0
Geometric series: converges for
1
x − 2 (c) y1 =
< 1 ⇒ x − 2 < 3 ⇒ −1 < x < 5 1− x
3
y 2 = S3 = 1 + x + x 2
∞ n
⎛ x − 2⎞ y3 = S5 = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x 4
f ( x) = ∑ 5⎜⎝
3 ⎠
⎟
n=0 Answers will vary.
5 5
= = 3
1−⎜
⎛ x − 2 ⎞ (3 − x + 2) 3 f S5
⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ S3
15
= , −1 < x < 5
5− x − 1.5 1.5
0
∞ ∞
∑ (−1) ∑ (− x)
n n
65. xn =
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
∑ (− x 2 )
n
∑ (−1)
n
66. x2n =
n=0 n=0
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
876 Chapter 9 Infinite Series
2
= , x < 2
2+ x ∞
∑ 200(0.75)
i
73. = 800 million dollars
2
(c) y1 = i=0
2+ x
∞
x x2
∑ 200(0.60)
i
y 2 = S3 = 1 − + 74. = 500 million dollars
2 4 i=0
x x2 x3 x4
y3 = S5 = 1 − + − + 75. D1 = 16
2 4 8 16
Answers will vary. D2 = 0.81(16) + 0.81(16) = 32(0.81)
5 up down
f
D3 = 16(0.81) + 16(0.81) = 32(0.81)
S5 2 2 2
S3
−5 5
D = 16 + 32(0.81) + 32(0.81) +
2
−5
∞
32
∑ 32(0.81)
n
= −16 + = −16 +
1 1 − 0.81
69. < 0.0001 n=0
n( n + 1) ≈ 152.42 feet
10,000 < n 2 + n
76. The ball in Exercise 75 takes the following times for
0 < n 2 + n − 10,000
each fall.
−1 ± 12 − 4(1)( −10,000) s1 = −16t 2 + 16
n = s1 = 0 if t = 1
2 s2 = −16t + 16(0.81)
2
s2 = 0 if t = 0.9
Choosing the positive value for n you have
s3 = −16t + 16(0.81) s3 = 0 if t = (0.9)
2 2 2
n ≈ 99.5012. The first term that is less than 0.0001 is
n = 100.
sn = −16t 2 + 16(0.81) sn = 0 if t = (0.9)
n n −1 n −1
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ < 0.0001
⎝8⎠ Beginning with s2 , the ball takes the same amount of
10,000 < 8n time to bounce up as it takes to fall. The total elapsed
This inequality is true when n = 5. This series time before the ball comes to rest is
converges at a faster rate. ∞ ∞
t = 1 + 2∑ (0.9) = −1 + 2 ∑ (0.9)
n n
n =1 n=0
1
70. < 0.0001 2
2n = −1 + = 19 seconds.
1 − 0.9
10,000 < 2n
This inequality is true when n = 14.
(0.01)
n
< 0.0001
10,000 < 10n
This inequality is true when n = 5. This series
converges at a faster rate.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 9.2 Series and Convergence 877
n n
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1⎛ 2 ⎞
77. P( n) = ⎜ ⎟ 78. P( n) = ⎜ ⎟
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 3⎝ 3 ⎠
2 2
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 4
P ( 2) = ⎜ ⎟ = P ( 2) = ⎜ ⎟ =
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 3⎝ 3 ⎠ 27
∞ n ∞ n
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 12 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 13
∑ 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ =
1 − (1 2)
=1 ∑ 3⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ =
1 − ( 2 3)
=1
n=0 n=0
∞ n ∞ n
⎛1⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
79. (a) ∑ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 2 (1 − (1 2)) = 1
n =1 n=0 2⎝ 2 ⎠
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 4
80. Person 1: + 4 + 7 +
2 2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ =
2 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 2 1 − (1 8)
=
7
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 2
Person 2:
22
+ 5 + 8 +
2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 4 1 − (1 8) = 7
4 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠
n
1 1 1 1 ∞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 1
Person 3:
23
+ 6 + 9 +
2 2
= ∑ ⎜ ⎟ = 8 1 − (1 8) = 7
8 n=0 ⎝ 8 ⎠
4 2 1
Sum: + + =1
7 7 7
16 in.
16 in.
Yy1
82. (a) sin θ = ⇒ Yy1 = z sin θ
z
x1 y1
sin θ = ⇒ x1 y1 = Yy1 sin θ = z sin 2 θ
Yy1
x1 y2
sin θ = ⇒ x1 y2 = x1 y1 sin θ = z sin 3 θ
x1 y1
sin θ
Total: z sin θ + z sin 2 θ + z sin 3 θ + = z
1 − sin θ
π 12
(b) If z = 1 and θ = , then total = = 1.
6 1 − (1 2)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Tuolla heijastuu jo aamuruskon
Ruusunpuna yli vuorien."
Meri.
"Souda, souda kohti rantaa
Lapsi kulta luokse mun!
Kaikki tahdon anteeks antaa,
Sylihini nostan sun.
Anna aallon venhos kantaa
Kohti rantaa."
"Kotilaaksossasi näätkö,
Monta tulta tuikkivi?
Karkeloista kauvas jäätkö?
Tullos sinne sinäki.
Anna aallon venhos kantaa
Kohti rantaa."
***
Tuuli huokaa tuskiansa,
Aalto itkee rauhaton;
Vaan he helmihaudassansa
Uinuu luona Vellamon.
Runebergille.
Matkamuistelmia.
1. Hyvästi.
2. Tukholma.
3. Tervehdys Upsalalle.
Katsellessani, katsellessani
Harso haljeten jakaantui,
Silloin puoliksi, silloin puoliksi
Miekka välkkyvä paljastui.
Katkelmia.
Charlottelle.
Marialle.
Lauralle.
Vastasyntyneelle.
Morsian.
Eräs yö.
Tyttö.
Kööri (Maistereille).
Soolo.
Kööri.
Finale.
Ylioppilaslaulu.
J. L. Runebergin malja.