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Full download Heat and Mass Transfer 2nd Edition Kurt Rolle Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Heat and Mass Transfer
Solutions Manual
Second Edition
This solutions manual sets down the answers and solutions for the Discussion Questions, Class
Quiz Questions, and Practice Problems. There will likely be variations of answers to the
discussion questions as well as the class quiz questions. For the practice problems there will
likely be some divergence of solutions, depending on the interpretation of the processes,
material behaviors, and rigor in the mathematics. It is the author’s responsibility to provide
accurate and clear answers. If you find errors please let the author know of them at
rolle@uwplatt.edu.
Chapter 6
Discussion Questions
Section 6-1
Section 6-2
219
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A black body is one which has surfaces that allow all potential photons or
packets of electromagnetic radiation to radiate orthogonally out from the
surface in a diffuse manner. It also allows all photons that arrive at the surface
to enter the body in an orthogonal fashion.
6. What is Wein’s displacement law?
Wein’s displacement law is the empirical fact that the maximum spectral
radiation occurs at a specific wavelength or frequency for a given temperature.
Wein’s displacement law is = 2897.8 ∙ .
7. At what temperatures is radiation emitted from a black body?
Thermal Radiation is emitted from any temperature above absolute zero.
Section 6-3
Section 6-4
220
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the other area, and then to the opposite but adjacent ends. Its utility is in long
trough type arrangements, or where the two areas are large enough to be
approximated by two-dimensional surfaces.
Section 6-5
1. Consider a black body emitting 0.2 W/m2 of thermal radiation between zero and 0.01
μm wavelengths and 1.2 W/m2 above 0.01 μm. What is the total radiation emitted per
unit area? What is emitted at exactly 0.01 μm?
The total radiation is the sum, or 1.4 W/m2. The amount of radiation emitted at
exactly 0.01 μm is, in the limit, zero.
2. A particular gray body surface has absorptivity of 0.35 and reflectivity of 0.45. What is
its emissivity and transmissivity?
From Kirchof’s law, the emissivity is the same as the absorptivity, or 0.35. The
sum of the absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity is identically one (1), so
that the transmissivity is 0.2.
3. How many steradians are in a sphere?
There are 4π steradians in a sphere or spherical surface.
4. For a solid angle of 0.2 steradians, what is the surface area enclosed at a distance of 4 m
from the source?
The solid angle is defined as = so that the surface area normal to the
vector r is = = 0.2 4 = 3.2
221
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Practice Problems
Section 6-1
1. If thermal radiation passes through an atmosphere such that its speed is decreased to
2.1 x 108 m/s, determine the wavelength bandwidth of the visible portion of the thermal
radiation. Assume that the frequency bandwidth remains unchanged from that of
radiation passing through a vacuum.
Solution
2.1 2.1
λlow = ( 0.4µ m ) = 0.28µ m λhigh = ( 0.7 ) = 0.49µ m
2.998 2.998 `
2. A small area of 1 cm2 is viewed from three locations: I, II, and III, as shown. Determine
the solid angle from each of these locations, subtended by the 1 cm2 area.
Solution
Assume that the small area is facing the locations II and III. Then, from location I the
following situation occurs:
222
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so that the solid angle from I is
An cos 45 (1cm )
0 2
3. Estimate the solid angle from area A1, subtended by area A2 as shown, as area A1 moves
from position i to position ii to position iii. That is, determine ω12,i , ω12,ii , and ω12,iii .
Solution
Assume that the area A1 is small enough compared to area A2 that it can be treated as a
point. When A1 is at position ii,
223
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
π ( 4 inch )
2
A
ω12,ii = 22n = = 0.503 steradians
(10 inches )
2
r
The positions i and iii are similar, situated 10 inches either side from position ii as shown
in the figure. The angle of the distance vector from A1 to A2 is 450 and thus the normal
area seen by A1 is A2cos450. The solid angles are then
75.086lbf 32.17 lbm ⋅ ft 2
F ( reading ) g c lbf ⋅ s = 473 lbm
ρ app = =
2 ( 0.1589 ft )
gV 32.17 ft 3 ft 3
s
Section 6-2
4. Determine the temperature associated with the radiation emitted from a black body
radiator such that its color appears to be (a) Red, (b) Blue, (c) Green, (d) Yellow, and (e)
Purple.
Solution
From a Physics book, handbook, or general knowledge, the wavelength associated with
red is 0.71 μm, for blue is 0.62 μm, for green is 0.52 μm, for yellow is 0.57 μm, and for
purple is 0.41 μm. Using Wein’s displacement law the temperature corresponding to the
maximum radiation is found. For red
2897.8 ∙
!" = = 4081
0.71
224
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5. Determine the black body radiation emitted in the bandwidth λ1 = 0.2 μm to λ2 = 5.0 μm
from a surface at a temperature of, (a) 1000C, (b) 10000C, and (c) 30000C.
Solution
(a) For a surface at 1000C or 373 K, using Figure 6-12 or Table 6-1,
/0123456
. = 74.6 ∙ ≈0 and
78 9
/01234;6
= 1865 ∙ ≈ 0.0505 so that
78 9
<0=ABC; 8 <0=ABC5 8
<0= = > ? @ − E = 5.669F10BG 373? 0.0505 − 0 = 55.4 H
> ? > ?
(b) For a surface at 10000C or 1273 K, again using Figure 6-12 or Table 6-1
/012345 6
. = 254.6 ∙ ≈0 and
78 9
/01234;6
= 6365 ∙ ≈ 0.77 so that
78 9
0 0
<0= = > ? I 78 9; − 78 95 J = 5.669F10BG 1273? 0.77 = 114.633 KH
/1234 6 /1234 6
/012345 6
. = 654.6 ∙ ≈ 0.75F10BL and
78 9
/01234; 6
= 16365 ∙ 78 9
= 0.975 so that
0
/1234 6 /1234 6 0
<0= = > ? I 78 9; − 78 95 J = 5.669F10BG 3273? 0.975 − 0.75F10BL =
6,343 KH
6. A certain window glass has spectral transmissivity as shown in the figure. Determine the
effective transmissivity from a source at 10000R.
225
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Solution
Section 6-3
7. A Plexiglas wall has reflectivity of 0.1. Estimate the transmissivity if its emissivity is 0.3.
Solution
τ r + ρ r + α r = 1.0 = τ r + ρ r + ε r we get
τ r = 1.0 − ρ r − ε r = 0.6
Solution
ρ r = 1.0 − ε r = 0.4
Solution
226
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10. If a dull metal surface is assumed to be nonreflecting and its absorptivity is 0.65,
determine its transmissivity.
Solution
Solution
227
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Section 6-4
12. Three surfaces are interacting with each other through thermal radiation. If the
following data apply: . = 2 P QRSF
= 3 P QRSF and
T = 4 P QRQS
Determine F1-3 and F2-3
Solution
Since . is convex
228
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Since A2 is convex
13. A polished aluminum plate 0.3 cm thick is used to partially shield against thermal
radiation. Determine the shape factor between one side of the plate and the opposite
side, if there are 1.2 cm diameter holes punched in the plate as shown in the figure.
Solution
For the plate with the hole pattern shown, the typical section is shown in the following
sketch.
The full area, AT , is 9 cm2 and this is made up of the hole area, A1 = π(0.36 cm2) and a
solid area AS. The hole area on the opposite side, A2 is the same as A1. Also
AT FT − 2 = A1 F12 + AS FS − 2 = A1 F12 because F is zero. That is, the front side, 1, cannot
S-2
see the back side, 2, except through the hole. Using Figure 6-23, L = 0.3 cm (the plate
thickness), and r1 = r2 = 0.6 cm. Then
229
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r1 r2
R1 = R2 = = = 2.0
L L With these parameters, from Figure 6-23 we have F12 ≈ 0.6
and
A1 0.36π
AT FT − 2 = F12 = ( 0.6 ) = 0.0754
AT 9
14. A large solar furnace reflects solar radiation from a parabolic dish to a collector. The dish
and collector are very long and have a configuration shown. Determine the shape factor,
or view factor, from the dish to the collector.
Solution
Since the collector and the trough are very long, we will treat them as two-dimensional.
If only the flat surface of the collector facing the dish is used, then by the cross-string
method and referring to Figure 6-26, we get that W. = 24 , W = 4 ,
WT = W? = √14 + 5 = 14.866 , WZ = WL = √10 + 5 = 11.18 , so that
1
FT − 2 = [ L3 + L4 − L5 − L6 ] = 0.1536
2 L1
If all four surfaces of the collector are considered, then the following sketch shows the
situation.
230
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W. = 24 , W = 4 + 4 m + 1 m+ 1 m = 10 m
WT = W? = 2 + 1 + √14 + 5 = 17.866 , WT = W? = 2 + √10 + 6 =
13.66 . Then
1
FT − 2 = [ L3 + L4 − L5 − L6 ] = 0.17525
2 L1
15. A 1 cm diameter thick shield is placed around a furnace. What diameter holes should be
put in the shield so that 50% of the incident radiation on the hole passes through?
Solution
This requires treating two parallel concentric disks spaced 1 cm apart so that the shape
factor, or view factor, is 0.5. Calling one of the disks A1 and the other one A2 then F12 =
0.5. Using Figure 6-23 where N. = .W = W = N , by visual
231
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inspection, N. = N. ≈ 1.15 so that
16. Determine the view factors F12 and F21 for the surfaces shown. Surfaces A1 and A2 are
flat and perpendicular to each other.
Solution
Calling the surface between A1 and A2 A3, the shape factor algebra gives
FT − 2 + F1−3 = F1− 2,3
or
determine
F1-3
NT = 40100 = 0.4 so that
FT − 2,3 = 0.262
and then
FT − 2 = 0.262 − 0.19 = 0.072 By reciprocity,
A
F2 −1 = 1 F1− 2 =
(100 )( 60 ) 0.072 = 0.0864
A2 (100 )( 50 )
17. Determine the shape factors between the three surfaces A1, A2, and A3 indicated in the
figure.
232
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Solution
Using Figure 6-20 with the parameter ℎN = 110 = 0.1 and noting that the curve
marked “sphere” is appropriate here, we read U.B ≈ 0.31 . Here in Figure 6-20 A1 is
the small sphere, A2 is the large sphere, and A3 is the surroundings. In Figure 6-48 A1 is
the small sphere and A2 is the large sphere. Thus, making the translation, using Figure 6-
48, we have UB. ≈ 0.31. Since both spheres are convex,
F2 −3 = 1 − F2−1 = 0.69
By reciprocity,
4π (.05m )
3
A
3 (
F1− 2 = 2 F2−1 = 0.31) = 0.125 x10−7 ( 0.31) ≈ 0
A1 4π (10m )
And
F1−3 = 1 − F1− 2 ≃ 1
The surroundings are very large so that
F3−1 ≃ F3−2 ≃ 0
18. Two flat rings each having outer diameter of 6 inches and inner diameter of 3 inches are
parallel and 4 inches apart as shown. Determine the shape factors, F1-2 and F2-1, which
are equal.
233
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Solution
For the two parallel and concentric annular surfaces, A1 and A2, we can use Figure 6-23
and note that
A2,4 F2,4 −1,3 = A4 F4 −1,3 + A2 F2−1,3
. Also, the areas are ,? = ]3 = 28.27431
? = ]1.5 = 7.0686 and = 21.206 . Also, note that A3 = A4 and A1 =
A2 . From Figure 6-23, for F2,4-1,3
3
R1 = R2 = = 0.75
4 so that
..Z
To determine F4-1,3 , N. = = 0.375 and N = 0.75 with
F2 , 4 −1,3 ≃ 0.28
?
1/N. = 2.667. From Figure 6-23,
F4 −1,3 ≃ 0.35
The shape factor of 2 to 1,3 is
1 1
F2 −1,3 = A2,4 F2,4−1,3 − A4 F4 −1,3 = [ 7.9168 − 2.474] = 0.25667
A2 21.206 by
summation
F2 −1,3 = F2−1 + F2 −3
To determine F2-3 note that
A2 F2 −3 + A4 F4−3 = A2,4 F2,4−3
. We still need to determine F4-3 and using Figure 6-23
1.5
R1 = R2 = = 0.375
4 with 1/N. = 2.667. gives that
T
2-4,3 N. = = 0.75 and N = 0.375 so that
F4 −3 ≃ 0.12 . Further, to determine F
?
F2,4 −3 ≃ 0.08
Then,
1 1
F2 −3 = A2,4 F2,4−1,3 − A4 F4 −3 = ( 28.27431)( 0.08 ) − ( 7.0686 )( 0.12 ) = 0.06667
A2 21.206
Thus, by summation
F2 −1 = F1− 2 = F2 −1,3 − F2−3 = 0.2566 − 0.06667 = 0.1899
19. Determine the shape factors F1-2, F1-3, F2-1, and F3-1 between the surfaces shown in the
figure.
234
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Solution
20. Determine the shape factor between the 4 x 4 inch square long rod and the 4 inch
diameter long rod shown in the figure.
235
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Solution
The use of the cross-string method will be made. Referring to Figure 6-26, the length
W. = 2] = 4] = 12.566 . The length
W = 4 4 = 16 . Referring to the sketch, the lengths L3 , L4 , L5 , and L6 can be
determine with either some advanced mathematics, equating the rod curvature to the
tangent connecting the square at the opposite corner, or carefully graphically drawing
the square and rod with the appropriate lengths. As the sketch indicates, the cross-
string lengths are at an angle of 450 with the square face and from the vertical on the
rod. Since this setting is symmetrical, we can set L3 = L4 and L5 = L6.
From the figures and using some mathematics we have that the distance from the point
of tangency of L3 with the rod and the vertical distance to the lower surface of the
square is
4.825in − 2in ( cos 450 ) = 3.410786in
The distance of the portion of L3 from its point
of tangency with the rod and the diagonal corner of the square is
1
3.410786in 0
= 4.82358in
cos 45
Then
236
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3
L3 = L4 = 2in + 4in + 4.82358in + π ( 2in ) = 15.536in
4 Again, referring to the
sketch,
1
L5 = L6 = 2in + 4in + 4.825in + π ( 2in ) = 13.9666in
2
The view factors are then, using the cross-string method
1
F1− 2 = [ L3 + L4 − L5 − L6 ] = 0.098
2 L1
And
1
F1− 2 = [ L3 + L4 − L5 − L6 ] = 0.125
2 L2
Section 6-5
21. A gray transparent surface has the spectral reflectivity shown. Determine the average
reflectivity and transmissivity at 500 K and at 850 K.
Solution
237
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i
EB 0 −λ1T
λ1T = 0 so =0
σT 4
i
EB 0 −λ2T
λ2T = 2500 µ m ⋅ K so ≃ 0.17
σT 4
i
EB 0 −λ3T
λ3T = 5000µ m ⋅ K so = 0.63371
σT 4 and
i
EB 0− λ4T
λ4T = 7500µ m ⋅ K so = 0.835
σT 4 The average reflectivity then, at 500 K is
i i
i i
i i
E B 0 − λ2T E B 0 − λ1T E B 0 − λ3T E B 0 − λ2T E B 0 − λ4T E B 0 − λ3T
ρ r ,ave = ρ r ,1− 2 − + ρ r ,2−3 − + ρ r ,3− 4 −
σT 4
σT 4 σT 4
σT 4 σT 4
σT 4
Making substitutions of the values here
ρ r , ave = ( 0.2 )( 0.17 ) + ( 0.4 )( 0.63371 − 0.17 ) + ( 0.8 )( 0.835 − 0.63371) = 0.3805
The average transmissivity is
τ r ,ave = ( 0.8)( 0.17 ) + ( 0.6 )( 0.63371 − 0.17 ) + ( 0.2 )( 0.835 − 0.63371) = 0.4545
For the surface at 850 K
i
E B 0 −λ2T
λ2T = 4250 µ m ⋅ K so ≃ 0.52
σT 4
i
E B 0− λ3T
λ3T = 8500µ m ⋅ K so ≃ 0.875
σT 4
i
E B 0 −λ4T
λ4T = 8500µ m ⋅ K so ≃ 0.953
σT 4 The average reflectivity and
transmissivity are then,
ρ r ,ave = ( 0.2 )( 0.52 ) + ( 0.4 )( 0.875 − 0.52 ) + ( 0.8 )( 0.935 − 0.875 ) = 0.3085
ρ r ,ave = ( 0.8 )( 0.52 ) + ( 0.6 )( 0.875 − 0.52 ) + ( 0.2 )( 0.935 − 0.875 ) = 0.6446
238
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