SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS

MODEL 1
IT IS (NOT) NECESSARY TO + V  S + DON’T HAVE TO / NEED TO + V
Example:
It isn’t necessary to shout
 You don’t have to shout.
1.It isn’t necessary for you to wear uniform on Sunday.
=> You don’t ……………………………………………..
2.It isn’t necessary for you to book the tickets.
=>You don’t ………………………………………………
3.There was no need for you to have gone to all the trouble.
=>You don’t ……………………………………………….
4.It is a waste of time reading that novel.
=>You needn’t ……………………………………………..
5.It is essential to meet your aunt at the airport?
=>Does your aunt ……………………………………………
6.It is impossible for roses to be grown in such poor ground.
=>Roses can’t ………………………………………………..

MODEL 2
HAVE + SO + DO
GET + SO + TO DO
HAVE / GET + STH + DONE
Example:
Mr.Bryan mended the washing machine for me.
 I had/ get the washing machine mended by Mr.Bryan / I had Mr.Bryan mend the washing
machine.
1.The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon.
=> I am ……………………………………………………
2.I have had my car cleaned
=>I have ………………………………………………….
3.Someone has just washed our car.
=>We have …………………………………………………
4.I employed my neighbor to clean my car
=>I had ……………………………………………………..
5.My suits needs to be cleaned before the interview.
=>I must …………………………………………………….
6.He had someone paint his house last month.
=> He …………………………………………………………
7.The hurrican blew the roof off the house.
=>The house had ……………………………………………..

MODEL 3

SAY
SOMEONE THINK IT + BE + V3/ V-ed + THAT + S2 + V ….
PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT 
THEY RUMOUR S2 + BE + V3/ V-ed + (1) TO + V
EXPECT (2) TO HAVE + V3/ V-ed
REPORT

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Dùng (1) khi V1 = V2 ( the same tense)
Dùng (2) khi : V2 xãy ra trước V1
Example:
a/ People say that he beats his wife
V1 V2
V1 ( say ) : present => The same tense V1 = V2
V2 ( beats ) : present
 He is said to beat his wife.
b/ People thought that he had died in battle.
V1 V2
V1 ( thought) : past => V2 xãy ra trước V1
V2 (had died) : past perfect
 He was thought to have died in battle.
1.People said that he had gone to Italy.
=> He ………………………………………………
2.They say that he escaped to an Africa country.
=> He ………………………………………………
3.People say that Nam is living with his uncle ia America.
=> Nam ……………………………………………………
4.People believe that there exists ghost.
=> It is ……………………………………………………….
5.They all say that he speaks very good English.
=> He ………………………………………………………..
6.People used to think that he was shefish.
=> He used ……………………………………………………
7.They say that football is the best game to play.
=> Football …………………………………………………..
8.People used to believe that the earth was flat.
=> It used …………………………………………………….
9.People believe that he was killed by teriorists.
=> He …………………………………………………………

MODEL 4
S + BE/ GET USED TO + NOUN / V-ing
Example:
Getting up early is not a problem to me.
 I am/ get used to getting up early.
1.I don’t find it difficult to study late at night.
=> I am …………………………………………………
2.It is not a habit of mine to sleep in the afternoon.
=> I am not ……………………………………………….
3.She feels strange when she drives on the left.
=> She is not ………………………………………………..
4.She doesn’t usually stay up late.
=>She is not ………………………………………………….
5.He gets up early in the morning and he’s used to it.
=>He’s used to ………………………………………………..

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MODEL 5
ADJ / ADV + ER THAN ….  THE ADJ / ADV + EST
MORE + ADJ / ADV MOST + ADJ / ADV
NOT + SO/ AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS  ADJ / ADV + ER THAN
 MORE + ADJ / ADV
Example:
a/ Hang is the fattest girl in my class.
 No girl in my class are fatter than Hang.
b/ Susan isn’t as good at chemistry as Sarah.
 Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan.
1.You are the worst chess player in the world.
=> No one in the world ……………………………
2.Tom is the best programmer in his company
=> No one in Tom’s company ……………………………..
3.They say that Nam is the brightest in our school.
=>No other students ………………………………………..
4.Gary is the best guitarist in the class.
=>No one else in our ………………………………………….
5.Have you got a cheaper carpet than this?
=>Is this the ………………………………………………………
6.This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read
=>This is the …………………………………………………………………..
7.I don’t play the guitar as well as he does.
=>He plays …………………………………………………………………
8.Geopor is not nearly as energetic as he used to be.
=>He used to be …………………………………………………………….
9.It’s not cheap as it was
=>It’s more ………………………………………………………………..
10.My mother cooks better than my father does.
=>My father cooks …………………………………………………….

MODEL 6

S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3/ V-ed …  -S + LAST + V2/ V-ed

SINCE / FOR  ….WHEN …
-THE LAST TIME + S + ……
WAS..
Example:
a/ I haven’t heard him since August.
 The last time I heard him was in August.
b/ I haven’t seen him since I was a student.
 I last saw him when I was a student.
1.I haven’t played football since 1970.
=>The last time ………………………………….
2.We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol.
=>We last …………………………………………..
3.It hasn’t rained for a fortnight.
=>The last time ……………………………………..
=>It last ……………………………………………..
4.Lucy hasn’t worn that dress since Barbara’s wedding.
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=>The last time …………………………………………
5.My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for 2 years.
=>The last time ………………………………………….

MODEL 7

S + V2/ v-ED  -S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed + SINCE

…………..AGO  (FOR)
-S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ing +
SINCE/FOR
Example:
a/ He started working for this factory a year ago.
 He has worked/ has been working for this factory for a year.
b/ My sister has studied English for a year
 My sister began to study English a year ago.
1.It’s a long time since we became close friends.
=>We have …………………………………………….
2.Minh last wrote to his pen pal five months ago.
=>Minh hasn’t ………………………………………….
3.The last time I met Mai was in 1999.
=>I haven’t ………………………………………………
4.We haven’t seen one another for a long time.
=>We stopped …………………………………………….
5.My father started to give up smoking last year
=>My father has ……………………………………………
6.This is her six appearance on stage in our city this year.
=>She has …………………………………………………..

MODEL 8

S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed  IT IS + TIME ….+ SINCE + S +

….+ TIME  (last) V2/ V-ed
Example:
a/ I haven’t seen my father for one month.
 It’s one month SINCE I last saw my father.
b/ Tom and Daisy have been married for two years.
 It is two years SINCE Tom and Daisy got married
1.I haven’t seen Henry for two years.
=>It is …………………………………………………
2.Tim has not had his hair cut for over 3 month.
=>It is …………………………………………………
3.I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
=>It is ………………………………………………….
4.I haven’t eaten this kind of food for 5 years
=>It is ………………………………………………….
5.It is five years since I last met David.
=>I haven’t ………………………………………………

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MODEL 9

S + HAVE/ HAS NOT + V3/ V-ed …..  …..FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/ HAS +
+ BEFORE  V3/ V-ed
Example:
a/ I haven’t seen that man here before.
-> It’s the first time I have seen that man here.
b/ I have never read this book before.
-> This is the first time I have read this book.
1.My father hasn’t driven a car before.
=>This is ………………………………………….
2.I’ve never met such a famous singer before.
=>It’s ……………………………………………….
3.She has never been to the ballet before.
=>It’s ………………………………………………..
4.She hasn’t drunk Coca Cola before.
=>This is ……………………………………………..
5.my grandfather hasn’t been in hospital before.
=>This is ………………………………………………

MODEL 10

PRESENT PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

WISH + PAST SITUATION  WISH + PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
FUTURE WOULD + V (bare –inf )
Example:
a/ I am not a millionair
-> I wish I were a millionair.
b/ She won’t visit me a tomorrow.
-> I wish she would visit me the following day/ the day after.
c/ What a pity you failed in your exam.
 I wish you hadn’t failed in your exam.
1.It is a pity I can’t come to your birthday party.
=>I wish ………………………………………………….
2.I would love to study in Britain for a year.
=>I wish …………………………………………………..
3.I didn’t borrow her some money yesterday.
=>If only ………………………………………………….
4.It would be nice to have a swimming pool in our garden.
=>I wish …………………………………………………….
5.I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework
=>I wish ……………………………………………………
6.I regret not going to the airport to say goodbuy to him
=>I wish …………………………………………………….
7.I’m sorry now that I didn’t tell you the truth
=>I wish ……………………………………………………
8.It’s a pity he doesn’t take the doctor’s advice
=>I wish …………………………………………………….

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MODEL 11
BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( S + V )  BECAUSE OF + (ADJ ) +NOUN/ V-ING .

Example:
She went to bed early because she was/ felt sick
-> She went to bed early because of her sickness.
1.I went to bed early because I felt tired.
->I went to bed early because of my tiredness/ feeling tired
2.I can’t play basketball because of my height.
-> I can’t play basketball because ………………………..
3.She must stay in bed because of her illness.
->She must stay in bed because ……………………………
4.We can’t swim in this part of the river because of highly polluted water.
-> We can’t swim in this part of the river because …………………………
5.We couldn’t go on clearing the beach because of heavy rain.
->We couln’t go on clearing the beach because …………………………….
6.He likes her because she is very beautiful
->He likes her because of …………………………………………………..
7.He couldn’t go to school because he was very poor.
->He couldn’t go to school because of …………………………………..
8.He failed the exam because because he didn’t learn the lesson carefully.
->He failed the exam because of …………………………………………
9.I can’t buy that house because I don’t have enough money.
->I can’t buy that house because of ………………………………………

MODEL 12

ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH +CLAUSE (S + V )  INSPITE OF / DESPITE + N / V-ing

 HOWEVER + ADJ + S + V
Example:
Despite her like for coffee, she drank it
=> Although she didn’t like coffee, she drank it.

1.Mike will not go with Mariam even though he likes her.

-Mike will not go with Mariam in spite of ………………………………
2.In spite of their mother’s unhappiness, they held a party.
-Though ……………………………………………………………..
3.We took many photographs even thought the sky was dark.
-We took may photographs despite ………………………………………
4.Despite her madness, he wanted to make friends with her.
-Though…………………………………………………………………….
5.In spite of her poor memory, she tried to recount what happened to the police.
-Although…………………………………………………………………
6.He passed the test even though he was frequently absent from class.
-He passed the test in spite of…………………………………………………
7.She still fat even though she is on a diet.
-She still fat despite ……………………………………………………………..
8.Even though she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire.
-In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………
9.He went to bed even though he didn’t finish his lessons.
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-He went to bed dsepite ………………………………………………………………
10.Although the water is cold, I will swim.
-However ………………………………………………………………………………..
11.Even though you say anything, I won’t change my opinions.
-Whatever ……………………………………………………………………………….
12.Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
-Much ………………………………………………………………………………..

MODEL 13

PRESENT UNREAL  PAST SUBJUNTIVE ( S + V2/V-ed )

SENTENCE IN IF +
PAST UNREAL  PAST PERFECT ( S + HAD + V3/ V-ed )

- WITHOUT/ BUT FOR + NOUN

- IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR + NOUN
- HAD + S + V3/ V-ED
IF …NOT UNLESS + ( affirmative verb )

Example:
a/ I can’t see the play because it is sold out.
 If the play were not sold out, I cound see it. ( type 2 )
b/ We didn’t go because it rained.
 If it had not rained, we could have gone.( type 3 )
c/ If you don’t phone immediately you won’t get any information.
-> Unless you phone immediately you won’t get any imformation.
1.He failed in his exam because he was very lazy.
=> If ……………………………………………………………..
2.I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t buy that laptop
=> If ……………………………………………………………….
3.I don’t have enough money, I can’t buy that expensive dictionary.
=> If …………………………………………………………………..
4.We must do our homework well or the teacher will get angry with us.
=> Unless …………………………………………………………………..
5.You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry.
=> Unless ………………………………………………………………….
6.She didn’t know you were in hospital, so she didn’t visit you.
=> If ………………………………………………………………………
7.Unless you water these plants everyday, they will die
=> If ……………………………………………………………………….
8.If the police had found out him, he would have been in trouble.
=>Had ……………………………………………………………………
9.We couldn’t have got the prize if our father hadn’t encouraged us.
=> If it …………………………………………………………………….
10.Without Nam’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to solve this difficulty.
=> If Nam ……………………………………………………………………..
11.John is fat because he eats so many chips
=> If …………………………………………………………………………….
12.Thanks to Laura’s support, I was able to finish the project.
=>Had Laura …………………………………………………………….
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13.With a lot of luck, you may get your novel published.
=> If you …………………………………………………………………..
14.My advice is that Mary should apply for that job.
=> If I ………………………………………………………………………..
15.We can’t survive when there is no air.
=>Without ……………………………………………………………………
16.Your warning helped prevent my failure in the test.
=> Had it ………………………………………………………………………
17.They will go swimming if it is sunny.
=> Unless ………………………………………………………………………
18.We could have lost that match if there hadn’t been efforts from everyone of us.
=>Without efforts …………………………………………………………………

MODEL 14

PASSIVE FORM : S + BE + V3/ V-ed

Example:
Nobody told me about it.
 I was not told about it.
1.My father made me study hard for my exams.
=>I ………………………………………………………………………..
2.Thay won’t allow you to go in the house.
=> You ………………………………………………………………….
3.Nobody finished their exercises on time.
=>Their exercises …………………………………………………………
4.Nobody has ever asked me that curious question. ( not …ever = never )
=>I ……………………………………………………………………….
5.They hardly finish their work on time.
=>Their work …………………………………………………………..
6.They paid no attention to Mr.Van’s lecture.
=>Mr.Van’s lecture …………………………………………………..
7.It’s vital that this work is finished by Monday
=>This work ……………………………………………………………
8.Temperature is measured by a thermometer.
=>A thermometer ……………………………………………………..
9.No one has lived in this house for years
=>This house …………………………………………………………..
10.We should do something about it
=>Something …………………………………………………………….
11.They will have to change the date of the meeting again.
=>The date of the meeting ………………………………………………
12.Can they control the city traffic?
=> Can ………………………………………………………….
13.Lock the door carefully before going to bed.
=> The door must ………………………………………………
14.I hear them singing a nice English song.
=> They …………………………………………………………..
15.She expected us to offer her the job
=> She ……………………………………………………………
16.Nobody knows anything about his family.
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=> Nothing ………………………………………………………
17.They are pulling down the old theater.
=> The old theater ……………………………………………….
18.People all the world speak English
=> English ………………………………………………………..

MODEL 15

SO + ADJ + THAT  SUCH + ( A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT

( quá … đến nỗi ) 
Example:
a/ The film was so good that I saw it three times.
 IT WAS such a good film that I saw it many times.
b/ It is such a bad book that nobody reads it.
 THE BOOK is so bad that nobody read it.
1.The stamps are so beautiful that all of us want to buy them.
=>They are such ………………………………………………
2.It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it.
=>The tea was …………………………………………………
3.It was such dirty beach that we decided not to stay.
=>The beach ……………………………………………………..
4.The program was so interesting that none of us wanted to turn the TV off.
=>It was such ……………………………………………………………………
5.The news was so good that she smiled happily.
=>It was …………………………………………………………………………….
6.Her handwriting is so bad that I can’t read.
=>She writes so …………………………………………………………………
7.It rained so heavily that they dicided to cancel the match.( cấu trúc đảo ngữ )
=>So ……………………………………………………………………………..
8.He bought such a lot of books that he couldn’t read them all.
=>So ………………………………………………………………………………
9.The children were so excited that they talked about the show all night long.
=>Such …………………………………………………………………………..

MODEL 16:

SO + ADJ + THAT …  TOO + ADJ + FOR … + TO + V ( quá …không thể )

SUCH + (A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT ….  ( NOT ) + ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR … + TO + V (đủ ..để )
Lưu ý : trong cấu trúc: “ too ..to / enough ...to” nếu chủ ngữ và tân ngữ cùng nói về một người hay
một vật thì khi viết câu ta nhớ bỏ tân ngữ.
+Nếu viết cấu trúc “ enough ..to” => S + be + not + tính từ trái nghĩa + enough …for …to
Example:
a/ This raincoat is so small that she can’t wear it
 THIS RAINCOAT is too small for her to wear. ( mang nghĩa phủ định )
b/ It was such an intersting novel that I read it many times.
 THE NOVEL was interesting enough for me to read many times.
c/ He is too short to reach the shelf.
-> He is not tall enough to reach the shelf.
1.It was such good weather that we went swimming.
=>The weather …………………………………………
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2.The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it.
=>The water was not ……………………………………………
3.It was such a long dress that my sister could not wear it.
=>The dress was not ……………………………………………..
4.The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it.
=>The furniture was ………………………………………………
5.The switch was too high for him to reach.
=>He was not ………………………………………………………
6.I tried to eat the cake, but it was too sweet.
=>The cake was ……………………………………………………..
7.The furniture was too old to keep.
=>It was such ……………………………………………………….

MODEL 17

…WOULD RATHER + S + V2/ V-ed ( present meaning )

IT’S HIGH/ ABOUT TIME + S + V2/ V-ed
Example:
We’d prefer you not to smoke.
 W’d rather you didn’t smoke.
1.We’s better buy a new cooker.
=>It’s time ……………………………….
2.I really think you ought to acquire a few manners.
=>It’s high time ……………………………………..
3.Would you mind not smoking here?
=>I’d rather …………………………………………..
4.I had better get back to work.
=>It’s …………………………………………………..
5.You really should be able to dress yourself by now.
=>It’s high ……………………………………………..
6.It’s a pity you wrote that letter
=>I’d rather ………………………………………….

MODEL 18

S + V + V-ing
S + V + preposition + V-ing
S + V + O + preposition + V-ing
 Example:
a/ “ I’m sorry that I broke the glass” said Peter
 Peter apologised for breaking the glass.
b/ “ You were cheating” said to Carol to June
 Carol accused June of cheating .
c/ “ I did not steal the car” he said “ I just borrow it”
 He denied stealing the car but admitted borrowing it.
1.She admitted that she had taken the necklace.
=>She admitted to …………………………………………….
2. “ You stole the jewels” the inspector said to him.
=>The inspector accused ……………………………………….
3. “ I must see the manager” he cried
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=>He insisted …………………………………………………….
4.May I borrow your pen?
=>Would you mind ………………………………………………
5.Arthur said he was sorry he hurt her feelings.
=>Arthur apologised ………………………………………………..
6.You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed.
=>There is no point in ………………………………………………….
7.She didn’t say a word as she left the room.
=>She left the room …………………………………………………….
8.It is quite pointless to complain.
=>There is no ……………………………………………………….
9.John failed to find the source of the River Nile.
=>John didn’t succeed ………………………………………………..
10.I dislike it people criticise me unfairly.
=>I object ……………………………………………………………..

MODEL 19

WHY DON’T YOU + V ..?/  WHAT/ HOW ABOUT + V-ing ….?

LET’S + V .. S + SUGGESTED + THAT + S + SHOULD + V
IF I WERE YOU I SHOULD ..  S + ADVISED + O + (NOT) + TO + V
S + HAD BETTER + V …

 Example:
“ Why don’t you complain to the company , Tom ?” said Mary.
 Mary suggested that Tom should complain/ complain to the company.
1.“ Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann?” said Sue
=>Sue suggested …………………………………………….
=>Sue advised …………………………………………………
2. “ Why don’t you go to Paris to study French?” Mary asked Peter.
=>Mary suggested …………………………………………………..
=>Mary advised …………………………………………………….
3.If I were you I’d look for another job.
=> I suggested ………………………………………………………..
=>I advised ………………………………………………………….
4.If I were you I would stop smoking cigarettes
=>He suggested ………………………………………………………..
=>He advised ……………………………………………………………
5. “ You’d better not lend that man any more money, Mary” said John
=>John advised ………………………………………………………….
6.Let’s buy some vegetable for dinner.
=>How ………………………………………………………………….
7.What about using energy-saving appliances?
=>We should …………………………………………………………..
8.I advise you you to put money in the bank
=>You’d ………………………………………………………………

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MODEL 20
REPORTED SPEECH
1.Statements in reported speech : câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp

S1 + SAID / TOLD ( THAT ) + S2 + V

 Example:
a/ Tom said, “ I’m happy to see you”
 Tom said he was happy to see you.
c/ Cousin Mai said, “ I will go to Hue tomorrow”
 Cousin Mai said she would go to Hue the following day/ the next day.
b/ Bill said to her “ I didn’t love you any more”
 Bill said he hadn’t loved her any more.

2.Wh – question in indirect question: từ hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp

S + ASKED + O + QUESTION WORD + S + V

 Example:
a/ Tom asked me “ What is her name?”
-> Tom asked me what her name was
b/ “ Where did you go last night , John?” said Mrs. Clark.
 Mrs. Clark asked John where he had gone the night before.

3.Yes – No questions : câu hỏi “ có … không” trong lời nói gián tiếp

S + ASKED/ WONDER/ WANT TO KNOW … + O + IF/ WHETHER + S + V

 Example:
a/ She said “ Are you hungry, Tom?”
-> She asked Tom if / whether he was hungry.
b/ He said “ Can you speak any foreign language?”
 He asked me if / whether I could speak any foreign languages.
c/ “ Did you go to the party yesterday evening?” she said to me
 She asked me if/ whether I had gone to the party yesterday evening.

4.Commands, requests, offers, …: mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, đề nghị trong câu gián tiếp

S + ASKED/ TOLD/ ORDERED/ REQUESTED/ REMINDED/ WARNED …+ O + (NOT) + TO + V

 Example:
a/ He said to the servant, “ Please bring me some hot water
 He told the servant to bring him some hot water.
b/ The office gave the order: “ Fire!”
 The officer ordered the soldier to fire.
c/ “ Don’t be late tomorrow”. He said to them
 He told them not to be late the following day.

5.Exclamations:lời nói cảm thán

 Example:
a/ Peter said, “ What a lovely girl!”
 Peter exclaimed/ said that the girl was lovely.
b/ She said, “ How beautiful your dress is !”
 She exclaimed ( remarked ) that my dress was beautiful.
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1. “ I am happy to see you” Aunt Xuan said
 Aunt Xuan said ………………………………
2. “ This birthday cake is delicious” Uncle Hung said
 Uncle said ………………..………………………
3. “ I love these roses” Miss Nga said
 Miss Nga said . ……………………………………
4. “ I must leave now” Mr Quang said
 Mr Quang said he ………………………………………….
5. “ Do you like pop music? She said to me
 She asked me ……………………………
6. “ Is your school near you’re here? She said to me
 She asked me ……………………………………….
7. “ Do you go to school by bike? Lan told Nga
 Lan asked Nga ……………………………………..
8. “ Can you use a computer? Hoa said to Huy
 Hoa asked Huy ……………………………………….
9. “ How old are you?” He said to me
 He asked me how old ………………………………………..
10. “ Why do you want this job?” Peter told Maryan
 Peter asked Maryan ……………………………………..
11. “ Where do you live?” I said to him
 I asked him …………………………………………………
12. She said, “ I once spent a summer here in this village.
 ………………………………………………………………
13. “ Have you finished reading the book yet? My friend asked me
 ……………………………………………………………….
14. “ Why didn’t you come to my party last night? He said to her
 …………………………………………………………………
15. He said to me “ If I were you I should put all money in the bank”
 …………………………………………………………………..
 …………………………………………………………………..
16. “ Will you keep silent , Peter.” She shouted
 …………………………………………………………………..
 ………………………………………………………………….
17. “ Let’s go” She said
 …………………………………………………………………..
 ………………………………………………………………….
19.She said “ What a lovely dress!”
-> …………………………………………………………………
20.He said to me “ Hello! Where are you going?”
-> ……………………………………………………………………
21.He said to her, “ How beautifully you have sung today!”
-> …………………………………………………………………..
22.I said to her, “ Good night.”
-> …………………………………………………………………..

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MODEL 21

RELATIVE CLAUSE
Who : làm chủ ngữ ( subject ) hay tân ngữ ( object ) thay cho danh từ chỉ người.
Ex: Jake is the boy. He plays the guitar.
->Jake is the boy who plays the guitar.

Whom: dùng lam tân ngữ thay cho Who ( Whom dùng trong lối nói trang trọng )
The boy is Tom. We are looking for him.
->The boy whom we are looking for is Tom.

Which: dùng làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật hoặc sự việc
Ex: My sister works for a company. The company makes washing machine.
->My sister works for a company which makes washing machine.

That: được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật. That có thể thay thế cho who, whom,
which trong mệnh đề hạn định. ( restrictive clause )
Ex: The man is very friendly. He lives next door.
->The man who / that lives next door is very friendly.
->I don’t like the stories which / that have unhappy endings.
=> THAT luôn được dùng sau cụm danh từ gồm cả người lẫn vật, sau các đại từ: everything,
anything, something, all, little, much, any, nothing, nobody, none và dạng so sánh nhất : the first/
last/ only..
Ex: I met the people, cattle and vehicles that went to market.
She is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met.

Whose: dùng để chỉ sự sở hữu thay cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đứng trước
Ex: I know the man. His house is big
->I know the man whose house is big
The house is not far from my house. The roof of the house is green
->The house whose roof is green is not far from my house.

Where: dùng thay thế cho từ, cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn ( = in / of / at which )
Ex: I love Hue. I was born in Hue.
I love Hue where I was born.
This is the house. I was born in this house.
->This is the house where I was born.

When: dùng thay thế cho từ, cụm từ chỉ thời gian ( = in / on / at which )
Ex: I can’t forget the year 2000. I celebrate millenium in 2000
I can’t forget the year 2000 when I celebrate millenium.
I can’t forget the day. I was born on that day.
I can’t forget the day when I was born.

Why: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ lý do

Ex: You didn’t come to the party. Tell me the reson.
->Tell me the reason why you don’t come to my party.

1.This is the woman. She can help you with your homework.
-……………………………………………………………………….
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2.I am talking to Russ. His land is in this region.
-………………………………………………………………………..
3.That is the cottage. My grandparents lived there all their life.
-…………………………………………………………………………
4.I will never forget that rain day. He came to see me for the last time on that day.
-………………………………………………………………………………………
5.You didn’t come to the party. Tell me the reason.
-………………………………………………………………………..
6.We needs to meet those students. Their exam results are not good.
-……………………………………………………………………………
7.One of my neighboors is horrible. He has a non-stop barking dog.
-……………………………………………………………………………..
8.I will show you my favorite place. I often go there on weeekeds.
-……………………………………………………………………………
9.How can I forget that day? You told me you had to leave me alone on that day.
-……………………………………………………………………………………..
10.She left without saying a word. I don’t know the reason.
-………………………………………………………………………………….
11.The girl has left the city. You want to talk to her.
-……………………………………………………………………………………
12.Here is the book. You asked me to lend you it.
-………………………………………………………………………………………
13.Mr.Tan is an English teacher. He has taught English for 20 years.
-………………………………………………………………………………………
14.The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.
-……………………………………………………………………………………….
15.All the children like the full-moon very much. The festival is celebrated in the midfall.
-………………………………………………………………………………………………
16.The explorer was Christopher Columbus and he discovered America.
-The explorer …………………………………………………………………………………
17.Tornadoes can suck up anything. Anything is in their path.
-…………………………………………………………………………………………………
18.One of our neighbors is horrible. His dog barks at night.
-………………………………………………………………………………………………….
19.I saw a lot of people and horses. They went to the market this morning.
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20.I know this reporter’s background well and he’s 100% honest.
-This reporter, …………………………………………………………………………………
21.I’ve forgotten that commentator’s name but he’s very well-known.
-That commentator, …………………………………………………………………………….

MODEL 22

CLAUSE 1 + CLAUSE 2

THE + COMPARATIVE …. + THE COMPARATIVE ….

THE MORE + S + V THE MORE + S + V
LESS LESS
Example:
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a/ As he grows older, he becomes increasingly cheerful
 The older he grows, the more cheearful he becomes.
b/ As I het older, I want to travel.
 The older I get, the less I want to travel.
1.We sit near to the stage, we can see clearly.
=> The nearer ……………………………………………….
2.I feel miserable when It is hot.
=> The hotter ……………………………………………………
3.He eats much. He feels thirsty.
=> The more …………………………………………………….
4.We live far from our house, we miss it very much.
=> The farther …………………………………………………..
5.As TV programes becomes more popular, they seem to get worse.
=>The more ………………………………………………………
6.They are big, they fall hard.
=> The bigger ………………………………………..
7.If you study much, you will become smart.
=> The more ………………………………………………..
8.You take your medicine soon, you will feel good.
=> The sooner ……………………………………………….

MODEL 23

HARDLY/ SCARELY + AUXILIARY + S + V .. …….WHEN + CLAUSE ( ngay khi ….thì )

NO SOONER + AUXILIARY + S + V …. THAN + CLAUSE
NOT UNTIL + S + V ………..+ AUXILIARY + S + V ….. ( đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề chính )
Lưu ý: sau hardly ..when/ no sooner ….than .vv.ta dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành ( had + v3/ V-ed )
Example:
a/ He had hardly seen me when he ran away.
-> Hardly had he seem me when he ran away
-> No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
b/ I got into the bed when the telephone rang.
 Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang
 No sooner had I got into bed than the telephone rang
c/He forgot about the gun until he go home.
->Not until he got home did he remember about the gun.
1.He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.
=>Hardly …………………………………………………………….
=>No sooner ……………………………………………………………
2.When I got outside, it began to rain
=>Hardly ………………………………………………………………..
=>No sooner …………………………………………………………….
3.After he had arrived home, he began to make trouble.
=> Hardly ………………………………………………………………..
=>No sooner …………………………………………………………….
4.The soldier leaped into the water as soon as the ship touched the shore.
=>No sooner …………………………………………………………….
5.Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another.
=>Hardly ……………………………………………………………………
6.The teacher started to write the lesson right after he returned home.
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=>Hardly …………………………………………………………………….
7.Just when he arrived at the station, the train was starting to move.
=>Hardly ……………………………………………………………………
8.Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong.
=>Hardly …………………………………………………………………
9.Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill.
=>No sooner ………………………………………………………………
10.I only recognized him when he came into light
=>Not until ………………………………………………………………..
11.John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing.
=>Not until ………………………………………………………………….

MODEL 24

S + V ….. + TIME  IT + TAKES ( TOOK ) + O + TIME + TO -V

Example:
a/She typed the letter in 20 minutes.
 It took her 20 minutes to type the letter.
b/I walked to my office in 10 minutes
 It took me 10 minutes to walk to my office
1.We spent five hours getting to London
=>It took ……………………………………….
2.It is a six hour drive from London to Edinbugh
=>It takes ………………………………………
3.The flight to Moscow lasted three hours and a half.
=>It took …………………………………………………
4.My mother spent three hours making a dress.
=>It took …………………………………………………
5.It took him an hour to travel to Paris by train.
=>He spent ………………………………………………

MODEL 25

VERB  ( EQUIVALENT) NOUN ( danh từ tương đương )

Example:
a/ I don’t intend to apologise to either of them
 I have no intention of apologising/ to apologise to either of them.
b/ The cost of living has gone up considerably in the last few years.
 There has been a considerable increase in the cost of living in the last few years.
1.The managing director refuses to resign.
=>The managing director has ………………………………….
2.I applied for the job but was turned down.
=>My …………………………………………………………….
3.Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway.
=>There was ………………………………………………………………….
4.Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed.
=>We haven’t received …………………………………………………………
5.House prices have risen dramatically this year.
=>There has been ………………………………………………………………
6.The value of sterling has fallen considerably in the past week.
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=>There has been ……………………………………………………….
7.The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office.
=>The Prime Minister had ………………………………………………
8.I never intended to go to te meeting
=>I never had ………………………………………………………………
9.I’m certainly not going to give you any more money.
=>I have no …………………………………………………………………..

MODEL 26

S + V + NOT ….UNTIL  IT WAS NOT UNTIL …….THAT ( mãi ..đến khi )

Example:
a/ Tom didn’t begin to read until he was eight.
 It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read
b/ The doctor was not out until 2 o’clock in the afternoon.
 It was not until 2 o’clock in the afternoon that the doctor was out.
1.I couldn’t speak English until the third year.
=> It was not until …………………………………………………
2.The noise next door did not stop until midnight.
=>It was not until …………………………………………………..
3.The carpenter didn’t finish his work until Monday.
=>It was not until …………………………………………………….
4.Regular radio broadcast didn’t begin until 1920
=>It was not until ……………………………………………………..
5.I didn’t know how to use a computer until I was ten.
=>It was not until …………………………………………………….

MODEL 27

S + V + ……….  AUXILIARY ( trợ từ ) + S + V ………

Notes: là hình thức đảo trợ từ hay muợn trợ từ đưa ra đứng trước chủ ngữ ( chú ý thì động từ )
Example:
a/ He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended.
 Not until the war ended did he return to his native village
b/ You seldom find traffic wardens who are kind and helpful.
 Seldom do you find traffic wardens whoe are kind and helpful.
1.He had spent all his money before arriving in New York. He had lost all his clothes.
=>Not only ………………………………………………………………………………..
2.The refugees continued to feel homeless until they had come home.
=>Not until ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.We only send you books after receiving the money.
=>Only after ……………………………………………………….
4.We shouldn’t be impolite to our parents in any circumstances
=>In no circumstances ……………………………………………………
5.There was no precedent for the King’s resignation.
=>Never before ……………………………………………………………..
6.I have never seen such a mess in my life
=>Never in ………………………………………………………………….

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MODEL 28

TO – V + BE + ADJ  -IT + BE + ADJ + TO – V

V-ing + BE + ADJ  -IT + BE + ADJ + V-ing
Example:
a/ To sit here with you is so nice
->It is so nice to sit/ sitting here with you.
b/ Following your direction is very difficult
->It is difficult to follow your direction.
1.To listen to music all day is wonderful
=>It’s ………………………………………………
2.Going swimming in the river is interesting
=>It’s ……………………………………………….
3.He doesn’t think it is beneficial to be able to speak English
=>He doesn’t think …………………………………………….
4.I believe doing morning exercises is good for our health.
=>I believe ……………………………………………………..
5.He believes that having a vegertarian diet is good for our health.
=>He believes ……………………………………………………….

MODEL 29

S + CAN/ COULD NOT + V  S + PREVENT/ STOP + O + FROM + V –ing

Example:
Because of the rough sea, the ferry couldn’t sail.
 The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing.
1.I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise
=>The noise …………………………………………….
2.The trains couldn’t run because of the great flood.
=>The great flood ………………………………………..
3.He tried to escape but the police stopped him
=>The police prevented …………………………………..
4.The train couldn’t run because of the snow.
=>The snow ………………………………………………..
5.We couldn’t drive because the fog.
=>The fog …………………………………………………..

MODEL 30

V ( past )  V-ing
S+ HAD + V (pp) HAVING + V (pp)
DIDN’T + V NOT + V -ing
Note: là đưa động từ về dạng nguyên mẫu rồi mới thêm “ ING” ( 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
Example:
a/David arrived home and went to bed immediately
->Arriving home, David went to bed immediately
Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again.
->Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again
1.Since we had nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk.
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=>Having …………………………………………………………..
2.The strange woman opened the door and entered the room.
=>Opening …………………………………………………………..
3.The mother smiled happily. She took the baby in her arms.
=>Smiling ……………………………………………………………
4.Because she didn’t know the language she found it hard to get work.
=>Not ………………………………………………………………….
5.It was a big difficulty to get into work this morning
=>Getting …………………………………………………………..

MODEL 31

S + BE + ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR sb) + TO - V  S + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + S + V

IT + BE + ( A/ AN ) + SUCH + NOUN + THAT + S + V
Example:
a/ The weather was good enough for us to go swimming.
 The weather was so good that we went swimming
 It was such good weather that we went swimming.
1.The box was light enough for him to carry.
=>The box …………………………………………………….
2.The work is hard enough for him to ask his friends for some help.
=>The work …………………………………………………………
3.This song is simple enough for her to sing.
=>It is ……………………………………………………………….
=>The song ………………………………………………………….
4.The film was interesting enough for us to see twice.
=>It was …………………………………………………………….
=>The film was ……………………………………………………..

MODEL 32

TO – V …………+ BE + ADJ  S + V + IT + ADJ/ NOUN + TO -V

Example:
a/ To live on my salary must be hard
->I find it hard to live my salary.
b/To be accurate is a good think.
-I think it a good thing to be accurate.
1.To finish that work is hard
=>I find ………………………………………
2.To spend all that money was a shame
=>We considered ………………………………
3.It’s extremely difficult for us to make ends meet these days.
=>We find …………………………………………………….
4. Getting a suitable job is not easy.
=>I think ……………………………………………………..

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