SITE ANALYSIS • Topography – the topography of the land TOPOGRAPHY
can greatly affect the urban pattern’s • The preliminary site analysis aims to gather circulation system, building form and • The art or practice of graphic or exact data for preliminary planning and evaluate texture, utility systems, size and shape, etc. delineation in minute detail, usually on maps the site for compatibility with the proposed or charts of the physical features of any (hilly; flat) project. place or region especially in relation to their • Relationship with Nature – landscaping, • The value of a site analysis is its clear and bodies of water, nature in general, and its exact position and elevation. complete identification of issues and the relationship with the urban fabric are • Topographic elevations are indicated along character of the site relating to the significant features of a city. (Cities within given contour lines. proposed project. Nature; Cities in hand with Nature; Nature • Topographic maps are printed in 5 colors: within Cities) o Black – cultural features such as roads, SITE CHARACTERIZATION railroads, and civil boundaries • A more detailed site investigation is usually TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES o Blue - water bodies undertaken after some degree of o Green – woodlands • Slope Form – or slope profile or a silhouette preliminary site planning. o Red – developed urban areas of a slope drawn to known proportions with • It includes a geotechnical analysis of o Brown – contour lines distance on the horizontal axis and elevation subsurface conditions such as depth to on the vertical axis. The vertical axis is often • Topographic map labels: bedrock, depth to groundwater, seasonal exaggerated to ease construction and o Summit – closed concentric rings high-water table, and soil makeup. accentuate topographic details. o Valley – contours pointing uphill o Ridge - contours pointing downhill LOCATION • Four basic slope forms are detectable on o Gradual slope contour maps: • It refers to the project’s relationship to the o Steep slope o Straight community. o Spot – elevation of a depression o S-shape • Concerned with visibility, site access, and o Concave SLOPE ANALYSIS traffic. o Convex • Problem to consider • Knowing what material comprises the slope • Useful for making decisions about the o Street infrastructure adequate for the interpret accurately the meaning of different distribution of land use anticipated traffic? inclinations. For any earth material, there is • Different angles of slope have different o Is the site accessible from the street? the maximum angle, called the angle of implications for development o On-site improvements repose, at which it can be safely inclined and o Bldg. cost (structural) o Zoning classification beyond which it will fail. o Land development cost (earth o Utilities nearby o Lose clay (saturated) - 15°-25° shifting) o How far from other facilities such as o Sand (well drained) - 33° SLOPE school, hospitals, etc. o Boulders and cobbles - 35°45° o Bedrock - 65°-90° 𝑽𝑬𝑹𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑳 𝑫𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑪𝑬 PERCENTAGE OF SLOPE = 𝑯𝑶𝑹𝑰𝒁𝑶𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑫𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑪𝑬 o Loam - 35°-45° o Loess (well drained) - 50°-90° SLOPE MAP THE ESSENCE OF LAND PLANNING FOR ANY 7. Keep the fronts even (this looks neat) PROJECT: 8. Hold to a minimum side yard • The algorithm is based on the formula: slope 9. Throw on some lawn seed equals rise over run 1. Seek the most suitable site • GIS – Geographic Information System 2. Let the site suggest plan forms SLOPE & LAND USE 3. Extract the full site potential • <1% - do not drain well • <4% - usable for all kinds of activities • 4% - 10% - suitable for movement and informal activity • >10% - can be actively used only for hill sports or free play • 17% - approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can climb, for any sustained period AESTHETIC ULITARIAN FUNCTIONS • 20% -25% - normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to stairs • > 50% - may require terracing or cribbing
LAYING OUT BLDGS. RELATIVE TO CONTOUR
Difficult street patter: a mixture of meandering and curvilinear could be used. FUNDAMENTALS
1. Clear the land
2. Strip the topsoil 3. Provide a “workable” land profile (that is, as flat as possible) 4. Conduct all water to storm sewers (or else to the edge of the lot) 5. Build a good wide road – inexpensive but wide 6. Set the house well back for a big front yard SLOPE STABILIZATION METHODS •
• > 50% slope – cannot be protected from
erosion in a humid climate, except by terracing, cribbing or other slope stabilization methods
THE NAME OF SLOPE STABILIZATION
• Mulch – knitting the soil surface by seeding
or the application of a mulch such as wood chips on shredded bark. The prior cross- raking of the slope face is recommended procedure • Planting – selected trees, shrubs, and vines (indigenous preferred). Plant roots and LEVEL SITE detritus knit and hold the surface soil layers. • Mortar bags – treated bags filled with dry • It offers the planner the best and easiest sand-cement mortar solution to site development. • Rip-rap – facing of dry grouted units of • Advantages: o Economical in site development stone or cast concrete. o Adaptable to a great variety of planning • Piling – interlocking sections of steel or pre- forms (grouping of bldgs.) cast concrete o Adequate to all types of street patterns • Dry-stone wall – cut or un-cut stone laid up • Disadvantages: with open joints o Grouping of bldgs. Should be carefully • Cribbing – a laid-up “crib” of interlocking studied to create a satisfactory system of wood, metal, or concrete member filled drainage. with rock ballast o Surfaces or recreation area and yards • require some pitch for discharging water to surface inlets SLOPING TERRAIN
• This provides planner with a variety of
building types and grouping. Different street patterns can be employed. • Advantages: o Variety of bldg. types and bldg. groupings o Drainage problems are simpler. Water structure, therefore, exhibit similar • Maps – topographic maps, geologic maps, flows to lowest level characteristics as to: mineral resources maps, soil maps o Adaptable to a great variety of street • Bearing capacity patterns • Drainage GEOPHYSICAL METHODS • Agricultural value • Geophysical exploration methods – seismic, ROLLING TERRAIN GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS electrical resistivity, sonic, electrical logging, • More difficult to manage but creates a far magnetic and gravity methods more interesting land development 2 Main Ways in which geology influences the • Advantages: site planning decision-making process: • Subsurface borings – probing, wash borings, o More interesting land development core drilling, calyx drilling, borehole 1. The soil bearing capacity limiting what photography, churn drilling, jack and could attract high-end buyers can be built on the site hammer drilling o Economies of first cost in sewer and 2. The presence of geological features drainage lines • Test pits, trenches, tunnels which restrict the options of o The practice of bldg. parallel to contours development because of varying SOIL SURVEYS will reduce costly construction, grading, degrees of hazard to life. and filling • Soil samples – taken from small pits or by o On very steep sites, the bldg. itself could FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES earth augers or boring tubes at many points serve as the retaining wall • Engineering characteristics – soil stability, where construction is to occur. • Disadvantages: drainage, bearing capacity o Very steep sites could cost excessive • Systematic borings must be taken for heavy development cost • Determine the exact composition of a construction, and the soil and rock samples o Adaptability to terrain is imperative particular soil body through laboratory tests must be tested in specialized laboratories o Drainage problems though posing on field specimens difficulties may require a workable • Borings: 15 m. (50ft.) interval to depths at LANDSCAPING least 6 m. (20ft.) below the bottom of the system of channeling from one area to another • Topsoil – critical medium for plants proposed foundation, or to bedrock. o Less variety of street patter • Features: • Others: Aerial photographs, geological o Less variety of bldg. type o Drainage reports, studying old reports, examining o Content of humus previous structures and excavations, etc. SOIL CLASSIFICATION o Relative acidity (pH) • Series – each one has an identifying place o Presence of available nutrients, SOIL BEARING LOAD TEST name and further divided according to particularly potassium, phosphorus, and Test should be made and interpreted so as to texture of the surface soil, i.e., Marikina cay nitrogen take into account all significant factors, such as: loam GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS o Texture of surface soil – refers to • The presence of soft underlying strata relative percentage of sand, silt and clay • Made to determine the geologic conditions • Variations in size of footings on the surface layers that affect the design, safety, effectiveness • Compressibility of the soil encountered o Series Name – groups soils of similar and cost of a proposed project history, constituents, depth, and GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONS o 50-year floodplain o 100-year • Springs • Existing wells • Boreholes • Observation wells
SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF AQUIFERS
• Aquifers – are underground “reservoir” of
water. The water is not usually held in ponds of water but in the pores between individual particles which make up the rock, or in the fissures of the rock. WATER TABLE
• Low water table – problem for water supply
and for vegetation • Fluctuating water table – will cause heavy clay soil alternatively to shrink and swell • High water table – difficulties in excavation, cause flooding in basements, flood utilities and unstable foundations • Underground water course – critical and no structure should be sited over them. • Floodplains – soil is likely to be deep and uniform perhaps with alternating layers of fine and coarse material o 10-year floodplain