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Chapter 6
The Need to Justify Our Actions
Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)
Question
Topic Fact Concept Application
Type
Multiple 1
Introduction Choice
Essay
The Theory of Multiple 2, 3, 8, 16, 18, 19, 6, 10, 22, 26, 32, 34, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13,
Cognitive Choice 21, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24,
Dissonance 36, 46, 52, 57, 69, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 25, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41,
70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 55, 60, 63, 67, 75, 81, 44, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61,
77, 78, 80, 84 82, 83, 85 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71,
79
Essay 183, 187, 189 184, 185, 186, 188
Self- Multiple 87, 88, 98, 99, 101, 86, 89, 91, 95, 96, 100, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97,
Justification in Choice 102, 105, 110, 113, 103, 107, 108, 109, 104, 106, 112, 120,
Everyday Life 115, 117, 118, 125, 111, 114, 116, 119, 124, 127, 128, 129,
131, 135, 138, 142, 121, 122, 123, 126, 130, 133, 134, 136,
146, 156, 157, 166, 132, 139, 140, 141, 137, 144, 148, 149,
168, 169, 177, 180 143, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 158, 159,
153, 154, 155, 160, 171, 181
161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 167, 170, 172,
173, 174, 175, 176,
178, 179, 182
Essay 192 190, 193, 195, 197 191, 194, 196
1
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 6 THE NEED TO JUSTIFY OUR ACTIONS:
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF
DISSONANCE REDUCTION
________________________________________________________________________________
Multiple Choice
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Members of the Heaven’s Gate cult, who “knew” there was a spaceship following the Hale-Bopp comet,
returned a perfectly good telescope they had purchased because they failed to see the spaceship they “knew”
was there. Such behaviors demonstrate that
a. cult leaders go to great lengths to brainwash their members.
b. people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs.
c. pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults.
d. scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome aspects of life.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page(s) in Text: 158
Topic: Introduction
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
2. According to the authors of your text, one of the most powerful determinants of human behavior stems from our
need to
a. acquire as much social power as possible.
b. forge strong connections with other people.
c. preserve and maintain a relatively favorable view of ourselves.
d. behave in rational, logical, reasonable ways.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 6.1 What is cognitive dissonance, and how do people avoid dissonance to maintain a positive self-image?
3. When people act contrary to their self-perceptions as reasonable and sensible people, they experience a feeling
known as ________.
a. defensive attribution
b. low self-esteem
c. affective ambivalence
d. cognitive dissonance
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: FACTUAL
4. Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years because he believes they will reduce his risk
of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of
Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. self-affirmation.
c. the rationalization trap.
d. self-discrepancy.
2
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
5. George thinks of himself as an honest person until his brother reminds him that he’s been known to keep extra
change given to him by a cashier and to stock his home office for a sideline business with supplies taken from
his job. George is now probably feeling a sense of discomfort known as
a. misattribution of arousal.
b. self-serving bias.
c. cognitive dissonance.
d. anxiety.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
6. Cognitive dissonance always

a. leads to a change in behavior.
b. produces discomfort.
c. leads to the rationalization trap.
d. makes people produce new cognitions.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
7. Susan carefully rinses her mouth with an unpleasant-tasting mouthwash every day. One day, Susan reads an
article reporting credible dental research that suggests that mouthwash is completely ineffective and that
mouthwash may even be related to tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan experiences in response to this
article is called
a. insufficient justification.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. self-discrepancy.
d. self-justification.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
8. Of the following, how are individuals most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance?
a. By pretending they did not perform a particular behavior.
b. By reducing their total number of cognitions.
c. By adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior.
d. By decreasing their arousal.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
3
9. “Live fast and die young, that’s what I always say,” Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding-
Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and
harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is
a. changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions.
b. changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior.
c. adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior.
d. engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
10. The most typical ways of reducing dissonance include all of the following EXCEPT
a. forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior.
b. changing our behavior to bring it into line with dissonant cognitions.
c. justifying our behavior by changing dissonant cognitions.
d. justifying our behavior by adding new cognitions.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
11. You’ve recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance
you experience after reading this news, you would most likely
a. question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists.
b. consume a larger quantity of avocados.
c. tell all of your friends about the findings.
d. reread the article more carefully.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
12. A tobacco grower says, “I’m not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there.” Assuming that
the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for
people’s health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by
a. changing his behavior.
b. changing his cognitions.
c. adding new cognitions.
d. self-affirmation in an unrelated domain.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
13. “There’s no way I’d give up drinking! I’d just be stressed out all the time,” says Lilly, as she sips her third
martini of the evening. Lilly’s comments about her drinking habit are an example of using ________ to reduce
cognitive dissonance.
a. minimized shift
b. justification
4
c. behavior change
d. cognitive change
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
14. Talia loves animals but still eats meat. When she experiences dissonance about the contradiction, she tells
herself that she also volunteers her time at an animal shelter. This manner of reducing dissonance involves
a. self-affirmation.
b. priming.
c. self-handicapping.
d. growth mindset.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
15. Emile just ditched a friend at a party to spend time with a pretty woman. Emile feels uncomfortable but he tells
himself it’s because the woman is so hot and not because he treated his friend badly. The way he’s feeling is
dissonance, but he tells himself it’s sexual attraction. This describes which of the following?
a. self-affirmation
b. self-esteem
c. misattribution of arousal
d. priming
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
16. When people try to maintain their self-esteem and reduce cognitive dissonance, they may resort to maladaptive
thinking known as
a. heuristics.
b. schemas.
c. norms.
d. rationalizing.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: FACTUAL
17. Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even
though Scott is diabetic, and thus should be using sugar substitutes, he often opts for sugar-laden foods and
drinks to avoid saccharine. “I’ll just exercise more later; the sugar isn’t a big deal. I’m really being healthier by
avoiding saccharine,” he thinks to himself. Scott’s behavior and thoughts are examples of ________ in the face
of cognitive dissonance.
a. harmonizing
b. rationalizing
c. patronizing
d. denial
Answer: B
5
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
18. When people receive bad news—perhaps that they did not get a dream job they applied and interviewed for—
what tends to happen?
a. People usually feel worse than they expect they were going to.
b. People tend to feel about as bad as they thought they would.
c. People realize they really weren’t qualified for the job anyway.
d. People usually put a spin on the news that makes them feel better.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
19. The authors of your text explain that people tend to overestimate how bad they will feel if a negative event were
to happen to them. This tendency is called
a. the rationalization trap.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. self-affirmation.
d. the impact bias.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: FACTUAL
20. Rudy thinks that if he ever got kicked off the football team he would be depressed for months, and that his life
would lose all meaning. In actuality, his response would probably not be this severe or prolonged. What is Rudy
demonstrating?
a. the impact bias
b. self-affirmation
c. lowballing
d. effort justification
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
21. People tend to fall subject to the impact bias (and not understand that they will usually successfully reduce
cognitive dissonance) because reducing cognitive dissonance is
a. a painful process.
b. controlled and conscious.
c. largely unconscious.
d. quick and effortful.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
6
22. Because dissonance reduction processes are mostly unconscious, people
a. tend to use them as coping strategies.
b. often will overestimate how badly negative feedback may affect them.
c. usually will put a lot of effort into reducing cognitive dissonance.
d. must change their behaviors, not their thoughts, to reduce feelings of dissonance.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
23. Jay just found out that he was not accepted into his dream college. Based on information from the authors of
your text about impact bias, which of the following best reflects how Jay will react?
a. He will become severely depressed.
b. He will not go to college at all unless he can get admitted into his dream school.
c. He will get over it rather quickly.
d. It actually will not bother him in the least.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
24. Imagine you really enjoy lying out in the sun to get a deep, dark tan. If you heard arguments both for and
against tanning, you would probably remember ________ arguments for tanning, and ________ arguments
against tanning.
a. long; short
b. short; long
c. plausible; implausible
d. implausible; plausible
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
25. Who would be LEAST likely to remember sound and well-founded arguments against smoking?
a. a person who has finally quit smoking after repeated attempts
b. a person who keeps trying to quit smoking without success
c. a person who has no desire to quit smoking
d. a person who has never smoked
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
26. In a classic experiment, researchers (Aronson & Mettee, 1968) gave positive false feedback to some students,
negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing whether a
boost to self-esteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. In this experiment, what is the independent
variable?
a. type of feedback
b. cheating
c. self-esteem
d. the students
7
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing how self-
esteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. What was the result of their experiment?
a. Students who had gotten the positive feedback were least likely to cheat.
b. Students who had gotten the negative feedback were least likely to cheat.
c. Students who had gotten no feedback were least likely to cheat.
d. Students who had gotten the negative and no feedback were least likely to cheat.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
negative false feedback to some students, and no feedback to others. They were interested in seeing how self-
esteem would affect the likelihood of cheating. What was the result of their experiment?
a. Students who had gotten the positive feedback were most likely to cheat.
b. Students who had gotten the negative feedback were most likely to cheat.
c. Students who had gotten no feedback were least most to cheat.
d. Students who had gotten the negative and no feedback were most likely to cheat.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
29. Misaki feels terrible after just failing an exam in Spanish class. Now, in chemistry class, her lab partner just left
the answers to the homework open on her desk while she steps into the hall to take a phone call. How is Misaki
likely to behave?
a. She’s likely to look at the answers and copy them down for herself.
b. She’s likely to look away from the answers and do her own work.
c. She’s likely to point out one of her partner’s math mistakes.
d. She’s likely to tell the instructor that the answers are available.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
30. Social psychologists had African American students do carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments
regarding their good qualities outside of school. If this approach was to work for you with a group of students
who were in danger of being academically dismissed, how would it affect them?
a. They would have higher self-esteem but no improvement to academic performance.
b. They would have higher self-esteem and improvement in their academic performance.
c. They would have lower self-esteem but no improvement to academic performance.
d. They would have lower self-esteem and improvement in their academic performance.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
8
Skill: APPLICATION
31. Social psychologists had African American students do carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments
regarding their good qualities outside of school. This type of self-affirmation will not be effective in bolstering
self-esteem unless
a. it is overly inflated.
b. it is overly positive and untrue.
c. it is overly negative and untrue.
d. it is realistic.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
32. All of the following processes EXCEPT ________ are motivated by the need to preserve or maintain self-
esteem.
a. changing one’s attitude in the direction of one’s behavior
b. distancing oneself from a close other who outdoes one in a domain one cares about
c. making upward social comparisons
d. blaming the victim
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page(s) in Text: 162–163
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
33. According to the authors of your text, people experience dissonance

a. every time they make a decision.
b. when they know they did the wrong thing.
c. when their goals do not match what society expects of them.
d. when they make biased decisions.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
34. According to the authors of your text, after carefully making a decision, what is likely to happen?
a. You will focus on the negative aspects of the choice you made.
b. You will experience dissonance for several days.
c. You will start to think more and more about the good qualities of your decision.
d. You will begin to regret all the time you put into making your decision.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
35. According to the authors, every time we make a decision, we experience some amount of dissonance. Why?
a. After people invest effort, they are motivated to second-guess themselves.
b. The rejected alternative is seldom completely positive.
c. The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive.
9
d. People seldom seek out objective information before decision-making.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
36. ________ refers to the dissonance aroused after we have chosen between two or more alternatives.
a. Justification of effort
b. Postdecision dissonance
c. Insufficient justification
d. Decisional regret
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: FACTUAL
37. Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psychology or a sociology course, both of which looked
interesting. She finally chose the psychology course. Now, because she is experiencing ________, she raves
about the psychology course to her friends.
a. insufficient justification
b. postdecision dissonance
c. a justification of effort
d. a threat to self-evaluation maintenance
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
38. Ying just purchased a rather expensive wristwatch. She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different
styles before making her final decision. It’s now likely that Ying will
a. continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy.
b. emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch.
c. wish that she purchased the other watch.
d. return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
39. Someone reminds you to be appropriately grateful for the gifts you receive. Were a dissonance theorist to
remind you to be thankful, he or she would be giving you advice on how to
a. avoid cognitive dissonance.
b. avoid things that might be costly.
c. prevent consonance in your cognitions.
d. prevent insufficient justification.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
10
40. Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them
to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances,
including the one they chose. Women tended to rate the alternatives they rejected lower than they had
originally, and to rate their chosen appliance more positively. These results suggest that people
a. seldom collect enough information before making decisions.
b. reduce dissonance by overestimating differences between chosen and unchosen alternatives.
c. are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance when decisions are irrevocable.
d. experience more dissonance when their decisions implicate their self-concepts as rational and reasonable.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
41. Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances, and then allowed
them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances,
including the one they chose. According to his findings, which of the following (fictitious) participants would
rate the toaster lower than she had originally?
a. June, who chose the waffle iron instead
b. Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron
c. Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset
d. Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
42. Maria is on a limited budget, and can only afford one album. She really likes two in particular: Frank Sinatra’s
Greatest Hits and the soundtrack from the musical Wicked. When she gets to listen to the Frank Sinatra album,
she cannot imagine why she ever considered the Wicked album. This is because
a. Maria has to justify buying an album, given her limited budget.
b. Frank Sinatra music reminds Maria of her childhood.
c. Maria was motivated to reduce her postdecision dissonance.
d. Maria wasn’t sure about the online store’s return policy.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
43. Why do people often experience postdecision dissonance?

a. They are motivated to believe in a just world.
b. Almost every alternative has both an upside and a downside, and people feel uncomfortable.
c. People fear that indecision will be evaluated negatively by others.
d. It’s easier to value an option we’ve chosen than to disparage an option we’ve rejected.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
44. Anita spent two months trying to decide whether to buy a PC or a Mac. She finally decided on a Mac. Now,
Anita most likely
11
a. wishes she’d bought the PC.
b. is certain she made the right decision.
c. still thinks PCs and Macs are equally good computers.
d. tries to convince all her friends to buy PCs.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
45. After reducing postdecision dissonance, people are more likely to rate the chosen and unchosen alternatives as
a. being very similar, with about equal strengths and weaknesses.
b. having an equal number of strengths, but the chosen alternative as having fewer weaknesses.
c. being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is much more desirable than the unchosen one.
d. being similar in terms of weaknesses, but the chosen alternative has more strengths.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
46. In general, the more ________ a decision between alternatives, the ________ the postdecision dissonance.
a. permanent; greater
b. revocable; greater
c. trivial; greater
d. free; less
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
47. All things being equal, it would generate the most dissonance to decide which of two
a. classes to take.
b. computers to buy.
c. apartments to rent.
d. people to marry.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
48. Researchers (Knox & Inkster, 1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses, both
before and after they had placed their bets. They found that people who ________ were more confident in their
betting decisions because ________.
a. had already placed their bets; their bets changed the odds
b. had already placed their bets; they couldn’t change their minds
c. had placed small, two-dollar bets; they stood to lose less
d. were waiting to place large bets; they reported more experience
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
12
49. People who had already placed their two-dollar bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line
to place their bets (Knox & Inkster, 1968). These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate
more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not.
a. important
b. coerced
c. irrevocable
d. trivial
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
50. After filing your ballot for an election, you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you
voted for the best candidate. This example illustrates the idea that when decisions are _______, individuals
engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction.
a. imminent
b. ambiguous
c. irrevocable
d. simple
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
51. The Pattersons bought their TV from a store with a thirty-day return policy, and the Stevensons bought the
same TV from a different store with a policy that “All Sales Are Final!” Based on what the text reports about
cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied with their TV?
a. the Pattersons
b. the Stevensons
c. they will be equally happy
d. the Pattersons, but only if they paid less than the Stevensons
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
52. According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs. Some were
told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice
was final. Which group of students liked their photograph best?
a. Those who were given the exchange period, because in the U.S., students value choice.
b. Those who were not given an exchange period, because the decision was irrevocable.
c. They both liked their photos equally well.
d. Those who could exchange the photo, because they could copy the first, then get the second as well.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
13
was final. What was the independent variable of this experiment?
a. condition: choice or no choice
b. condition: photograph 1 or photograph 2
c. how much they liked the photos
d. the five-day exchange period
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
was final. What was the dependent variable of this experiment?
a. condition: choice or no choice
b. condition: photograph 1 or photograph 2
c. how much they liked the photos
d. the five day exchange period
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
55. People generally ________ think they would like to be able to easily change a decision they’ve made; however,
the research on cognitive dissonance suggests that people actually are ________ with their choice when a
decision is more permanent.
a. do; happier
b. do; not as happy
c. do not; happier
d. do not; not as happy
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
56. Of the four people presented below, which one would feel the LEAST regret about altering her appearance,
based on information in your text about cognitive dissonance?
a. Cheryl, who just got a tattoo
b. Lisa, who is wearing a new outfit
c. Misty, who just got her nails painted
d. Darlene, who is wearing a new shade of lipstick
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
57. The term ________ refers to a practice whereby a salesperson initially accepts a customer’s offer, but then
claims an error and quotes the customer a higher price.
a. horse-trading
b. bait-and-switch
c. lowballing
14
d. highrolling
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
58. Carla has just written out a check for $18,999 to pay for her new car. Although the salesperson had initially
accepted her check, she is now told that there was a mistake and that the final total should really be $19,250.
Carla writes another check to cover the difference so that she can drive out with her new car. Carla has just
fallen prey to a questionable sales practice called
a. “lowballing.”
b. “bait-and-switch.”
c. the “dissonance game.”
d. “keep ‘em guessing.”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
59. Petar and Nikolas love the house that they just toured. It is a short sale for $180,000, which is a great price.
They are very excited and want to put in an offer. After they begin the paperwork, their realtor tells them that
the price does not include the fixtures or the appliances. Those will likely cost an extra $20,000. What tactic is
the realtor using?
a. lowballing
b. bait and switch
c. intrinsic motivation
d. priming
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
60. When unscrupulous salespeople use lowballing as a means of selling cars, they take advantage of buyers’
illusions that their decision to buy a particular car was
a. freely chosen.
b. irrevocable.
c. easy to make.
d. coerced.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
61. In which case is lowballing LEAST likely to work?

a. Jeremy is lowballed after he puts a down payment on a car he has been planning to buy for months.
b. Cassie is lowballed after she spends thirty minutes filling out contracts on her car purchase.
c. Tess is lowballed, and although before the lowball she could get the car she wanted for $50 less at the
dealer she chose, after the lowball she would save $800 if she backed out of her deal.
d. Philip is lowballed, and he’s in a hurry to close the deal because he’s trying to finish it on his lunch break.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
15
Skill: APPLICATION
62. Lisa is a car salesperson. She has just gotten you to agree to a deal on a new car and to write out a check for the
down payment. She takes this to her manager and comes back a while later saying that, because of taxes and
fees, the price of the car will actually come out to $600 over what you agreed upon. According to the research
on lowballing, which of the following is most likely to occur?
a. You would decide to buy the car anyway because you realize the decision is reversible.
b. You would decide to buy the car only if you are not excited by the anticipation of the event.
c. You would decide to buy the car anyway because there is an illusion of irrevocability (i.e., you don’t feel
that you can reverse your decision).
d. You would not buy the car because salespeople are generally ineffective at persuading buyers to do what
they want.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
63. The authors of your text report that lowballing works as a persuasion technique for three reasons. Which of the
following is NOT one of those reasons?
a. The customer feels committed to his or her decision.
b. The customer likes the salesperson.
c. The customer is excited about his or her purchase.
d. The customer probably wouldn’t get that much better of a deal elsewhere.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
64. Mariah has had a hard semester, and her grades have suffered. She really needs a good grade in psychology to
get off academic probation and stay in school. On the next psychology exam, Mariah is sorely tempted to cheat,
but she decides not to. Which of the following pairs of cognitions best reflects the source of any dissonance
Mariah might experience while deciding not to cheat?
a. “My school life could be over”; “I just gave up a chance to help myself.”
b. “I’m basically a decent, honest person”; “These exam questions are ambiguous and tricky.”
c. “I’m a basically an honest person”; “I’ve never seen any of my friends cheat.”
d. “So much is riding on this exam”; “I just know that if I try it, I’ll get caught.”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: APPLICATION
65. Imagine that before a test, the professor told Jake that if he is caught cheating, he will be expelled. Imagine that
the professor told Amanda that, if caught cheating, her only punishment will be to write a short paper about
why cheating is wrong. If both students don’t cheat, what would dissonance theory predict?
a. Amanda will feel more honest than Jake will.
b. Jake will feel more honest than Amanda will.
c. Amanda and Jake will each feel as honest as the other.
d. Neither Jake nor Amanda will feel honest because they were both threatened.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
16
Skill: APPLICATION
66. According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous,
unconscionable, and unforgivable act?
a. Mark, who was tempted to lie, but told the truth instead
b. Dan, who has always told the truth
c. Bill, who lies quite often
d. Julius, who knew he should tell the truth, but lied instead
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
67. Your text describes several situations in which a person may decide to behave immorally, a behavior which is
likely to arouse a fair amount of cognitive dissonance. How are people most likely to reduce this dissonance
stemming from an immoral act such as lying or cheating?
a. change the behavior and act morally
b. add cognitions
c. change their attitude about the immoral behavior
d. bolster their decision through downward social comparison
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
68. Lisa and Marcie have a really tough exam in anthropology. Both women are considering cheating on the exam.
Based on what you read about cognitive dissonance, Lisa, who ________, is likely to later report that all
cheaters should be punished severely, and Marcie, who ________, is likely to report that cheating really is no
big deal because there are no victims.
a. cheated; did not cheat
b. cheated; cheated
c. did not cheat; cheated
d. did not cheat; did not cheat
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
69. According to the authors of your text, when people are tempted to behave immorally and they choose to be
either moral or immoral in that situation, how do they justify their actions?
a. They actually change their attitudes to concur with their actions.
b. They merely rationalize their actions, and retain their attitudes.
c. They add cognitions to reduce the dissonance.
d. They become less satisfied with their behaviors.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
17
70. Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes. The children could cheat to win the
prizes, but they didn’t know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters. Some children
cheated, and others did not. The next day,
a. none of the students endorsed cheating as acceptable.
b. those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating.
c. those who didn’t cheat earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating.
d. when they were offered a large inducement to cheat, most students cheated.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: FACTUAL
71. Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behavior, which of
the following people would be most likely to condone having an extramarital affair?
a. Sarah, who is not married
b. Jessie, who cheated on her husband long ago, but didn’t get caught
c. Laura, who is faithful to her husband
d. any of these
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
72. The authors of your text present a study in which monkeys were given a choice between different colors of
M&Ms—later, their preference for different colors of M&Ms was reassessed. The researchers found that the
monkeys
a. couldn’t remember what they picked.
b. selected colors only at random.
c. showed postdecision dissonance.
d. couldn’t see the colors.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
73. The authors of your text present a study in which monkeys were given a choice between different colors of
M&Ms—later, their preference for different colors of M&Ms was reassessed. The researchers found that the
monkeys
a. later preferred the choice they had originally disliked.
b. reduced their liking for the colors of M&Ms they hadn’t chosen.
c. reduced their liking for the colors of M&Ms they had chosen.
d. only experienced dissonance when they had observed it in other monkeys.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
74. Researchers have found evidence of cognitive dissonance in the form of postdecision dissonance in which of
the following animals?
a. dolphins
18
b. cheetahs
c. monkeys
d. domestic housecats
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
75. The fact that there is research demonstrating that other animals experience dissonance—and that it has a
biological basis—suggests that cognitive dissonance may have (in part) a(n) ________ explanation.
a. cultural
b. personality
c. ethnographic
d. evolutionary
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
76. Research in which participants’ brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a dissonance-producing task
showed that when people encounter dissonance, the ________ areas of the brain decrease in activity, and when
dissonance is resolved, the ________ areas of the brain “light up.”
a. emotion; reasoning
b. reasoning; memory
c. memory; emotion
d. reasoning; emotion
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
77. Research using MRIs suggests that when people experience cognitive dissonance, they
a. rely heavily on reason and logic.
b. repress the memory of such events.
c. do not rely on reason much at all.
d. experience anger and fear.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
78. A recent MRI study revealed that when participants successfully reduced and resolved their cognitive
dissonance, they experienced
a. a surge of activity in the reasoning areas of the brain.
b. a reduced capacity in the motor areas of the brain.
c. pleasurable emotions.
d. an increase in activation of the rear hemisphere.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
19
Skill: FACTUAL
79. Based on MRI research on people who were experiencing and later resolved cognitive dissonance, what would
you expect to happen to Mary, who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by
telling herself that she isn’t genetically predisposed to skin cancer, so it won’t affect her?
a. She will next experience nervousness.
b. She will experience pleasant feelings.
c. She will be able think critically about other things.
d. She will be unable to encode new memories for up to ten minutes.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
80. A number of researchers have found that people from ________ cultures are less likely to engage in obvious
attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance.
a. industrialized
b. independent
c. primitive
d. interdependent
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: FACTUAL
81. Yuriko, a Japanese student, and Jill, an American student, have both participated in an experiment in which
they have been asked—and agreed—to write a counterattitudinal essay. According to findings on dissonance
reduction across cultures by Sakai (1999), who is more likely to engage in dissonance reduction?
a. Yuriko
b. Jill
c. both Yuriko and Jill
d. neither Yuriko nor Jill
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
82. A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing
behaviors. Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participants observe the dissonance-reducing behavior.
The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was. Results indicated that the
observers experienced
a. no dissonance and no dissonance reduction.
b. strong dissonance.
c. no dissonance reduction.
d. a similar level of dissonance reduction as the participant.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
20
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of L'hostal de la
Bolla
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: L'hostal de la Bolla
Costums i llenguatge vulgar de Mallorca
Author: Miquel dels Sants Oliver
Release date: February 10, 2024 [eBook #72925]
Language: Catalan
Original publication: Barcelona: Tip. L'avenç, 1903
Credits: Joan Queralt Gil
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK L'HOSTAL

DE LA BOLLA ***
L’hostal de la Bolla
Costums i llenguatge vulgar de Mallorca
Miquel dels Sants Oliver
1903
Aquest text ha estat digitalitzat i processat per l’Institut

d’Estudis Catalans, com a part del projecte Corpus Textual
Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana.
I
Aquell dematí n’Armando, el barber de la cantonada, s’havia aixecat
de bona hora. Obrí la botiga mentres el mocet, qui ja s’havia posat la
brusa, —la honrada toga del trabajo, com deia l mestre,— agranava
la carrera y la banyava tirant-hi un parell de regadores d’aigua.
N’Armando!… Ja no n’hi ha d’artistes com aquell. S’havia nodrit en

les darreries de l’escola romántica, i no podia, ai!, adondar-se an els
nostres temps positivistes, com diuen els lletruts, o de pa-en-
butxaca, com diem nosaltres ignorants. N’Armando tenia idees
propries sobre una porció de coses: en politica era partidari den Prim
i de l’amortisació; en musica li agradava sobre tot La Traviata per lo
dramatic, i L’Elissir d’amore per lo comic. En quant a lletres
humanes, no deixava mai Los dos sargentos franceses ni La oración
de la tarde, quan la representaven on-se-vulla que fos; i havia llegit
dues centes vegades Maclovia y Federico, Simbad el Marino, La
Inquisición por dentro i Genoveva de Brabante… Però res li feia tant
efecte com el castellà antic de Men Rodríguez de Sanabria, den
Fernández y González. Com se veu, estava fort en historia, encara
que no n’abusava.
Passaria dels vinticinc, però no arribava an els trenta. Era allanguit i

bastant alt, tenia la cara afilada i els ulls descolorits com els grans de
magrana aubà. De per tot el redós li queia damunt el front una
corona de reganyols; i amb això, i els estudis, i esser fadrí, se podrà
veure que no descuidava l seu cap. Gastava punys postiços, amples,
am gemelos de mirallet. Qui l’hagués vist en un retrat, amb el seu
posat melancolic, amb el seu coll escotat, a la marinera, l’hauria pres
per un artista d’òpera o un dilettante de la bona epoca de l’Oliva
Pavani i en Marinozzi. Afegiu a tot això uns calçons de daus
escocesos, que a Mayagüez o a Ponce haurien fet sensació; un jaqué
pait, curt i entallat, i un capellet tirolès xapat en mig, passat de
moda, però que ell duia a manera de protesta contra la prosa del
temps, tombadet com un motllo de flam damunt l’estufera dels
cabells… Oh! Més de tres i més de quatre Violettas de taller sen
recorden encara. Era lo que s va dir, quasi fins llavores, un joven
interesante.
L’interior de la seva botiga —encara no s deia salón per tot arreu—

demostrava que aquell era un home d’aspiracions i no un escanya-
barbes així com així. Hi havia dos portals: un a dins el carrer, quasi
davant l’Hostal de la Bolla; l’altre, a la plaça o placeta o confluencia
de carrers que s’hi abocaven. Les parets de l’establiment, com
llavores s’estilava, estaven cobertes, en lo que no eren miralls o
penjadors, d’estampes, gravats i figures retallades; però no s’hi veien
aquells numeros de periodic am caricatures pintades de groc i
vermell; allà “predominaven, com deia l mestre, els artistes lirics
damunt els toreros”; hi havia qualque savi; un retrat, record, també,
de Lamartine, i un del rei Amadeu, a pesar de que ns trobavem de ple
dins la restauració alfonsina; i litografies en colors, d’aquelles am
que en Planas il·lustrava les noveles sentimentals del temps del
mirinyac i de la “petacada”.
—Ai, Senyor! —solia dir n’Armando quan tenia en el sillón un
parroquià novell o foraster que s prestava.— Què li farem!… Vaig
néixer per qualque cosa més que tot això…
I se girava, descrivint un arc, am la brotxa plena d’ensavonada.
—Vaig néixer artista… Sí, senyor, vaig fer tots els estudis de
vocalisació am l’Uetam. Ah, si no hagués tengut sa desgracia des cop
d’aire, qui m’engolà sa veu!… Jo le hi jur: ara no tendria es gust de
poder-lo servir… I quan es sino l persegueix a un… Es trist això de
trobar-se esclau, fermat com es ca a sa cadena, a una professió
perduda, com sa nostra… Perduda, sí, senyor; perquè, per molt que
sia professió lliberal, què se fa avui?… No res: taiar els cabeis al rape,
feina de segador; a lo més, deixar botxes a quatre infladors
d’escorxador, a quatre ordinaris, qui volen pan i toros… Però, trabais
de fantasia? Ni una mica de gracia ni una mica de deseo veurà en els
pentinats: tot-hom com un quinto.
Seguia una pausa, mirava escampat, i continuava:
—Jo me record de quan era aprenent: es meu mestre servia molts de

senyors des Balear, i en dia de ball no paravem; deixavem uns caps
com una meravella: cabeieres a la romana, rissos, bucles, pomades,
cosmetics dels més fins… Es clar: d’una coua de cavall n’hauriem feta
una troca de seda… Però, ara… Peces de cabeis? Tiñones, bissoñés?
Ningú n demana: tot-hom vol esser calvo… Perruques? No més en du
es virell. Vostè diria que en tot aquest any soliament he posat
paperines una vegada an en Baltasanet des costat, per anar an el
Corpus de Sant Miquel?
Fracassat com a cantant, descontent com a perruquer de vuelos,
n’Armando havia d’apagar de qualque manera aquella set d’ideal que
no l deixava viure. La musica l’encisava. Ell ho deia,
sentenciosament:
—Podré no esser music, però som filarmònic.
La guitarra, aquella guitarra de sempre, era cosa massa ordinaria,

massa sentida. Ell, n’Armando, ¿agafaria una mala capsa de posts
pera tocar, com en Xesc de la taverna, el Jarabe andaluz i bocins de
Marina, o pera acompanyar a na Carme, la brodadora, el Cielo Santo,
yo padezco? No: ell desitjava qualque cosa millor, més fina…
“Necessitava més art.”
Aprengué l’acordeon. El primer que dugueren a Mallorca va esser per

n’Armando. Encara m sembla escoltar aquella peça d’empenyo
estrenada un dissabte de les Verges. Es veritat que no digitava molt,
però la deia amb uns “lánguidos” i “ralentandos” que xapaven les
pedres: Ad-di-o, de-e-el pas-sàa-to!…
II
No puc seguir parlant d’aquestes coses sense que m’espiretgin els
ulls. Jo era atlot, que anava fet un alarbe, i ma mare m solia dir cada
quinze dies: —Hala, a taiâ aquest llanado!— I ja era partit, de cap a
cân Armando l perruquer. Poc a poc mos ferem amics i vaig acabar
per esser un estaló de la casa. Totes les hores que ls estudis i el
colomer me deixaven lliures les passava allà; i les escenes, els
records, l’aspecte i fins les olors d’aquell barri, a pesar d’haver passat
quinze anys anant a lloguer d’un cap a l’altre de ciutat, els tinc dins
l’ànima i mai més ne podran sortir.
El tiralinies i el béc de grua han passat una i altra vegada per aquells
voltants, però no han pogut esborrar la fesomia del paratge… Es com
una d’aquelles escriptures primitives que, per molt que hi grati l
raspador, surten damunt lo que s’hi ha volgut escriure de bell nou.
Tal era la brinada que duien, desde l’antiguea, aquells carrers coberts
de doble filera de voltes i soportals, entrecreuats de carreronets per
on podria passar de travers una persona de mitges carns; aquelles
botigues am soterrani i reixats de ferro; aquells munts de cordes, de
llenderes, de senalles, d’esportins, d’estormies, de sarrions, de
graneretes i tota casta d’obra de pauma.
Aleshores s’hi trobava com una recordança vivent de la Mercaderia

de sigles passats: olors de llonja de queviures, polsim de magatzems i
cortera. Si hi passava el dematí, de cinquanta passes lluny
m’alegraven la vista ls munts, composts i simetrics, de pebre mòlt a
cada banda de taulell; els rosaris d’aigua-cuit; les traginades plenes
de cercols de fil de ferro i les vidrieres cobertes de tota casta d’eines,
a les drogueries. M’agafava de ple una ratxa d’aromes astringents on
se fonien mil ressabis de pintura fresca, d’aigua-ras, d’esperits
medecinals i d’especies fortes. Si era els vespres d’hivern quan hi
passava, anant a casa, pel portelló o pel portal obert de pinta-en-
ample, descobria aquells interiors tebis i abrigats, on s’agombolaven
vells, joves i nins de la familia, entre sacs de bessó i senalles de
llegum. La botiga, coberta fins a mitjans parets de rajoles verniçades,
lluïa com un argent; la pica de l’oli, am sos grans embuts i mesures,
talment pareixia brunyida; damunt el portal, mirant an el carrer,
s’obria, com una estrella de platallons, la bóta d’arengades, amb un
llum d’encrulla penjant.
¿Què vos he de dir, si ho sabeu molt millor que jo, si recordeu

aquelles entrades i sortides de fatxades, aquell envitricollament de
placetes, i la tenda del guitarrer, i el botigó del qui feia bauls, i la
papereria, am sos fulls de minyons i soldats de color?… Idò, passant
per allà i torcent ara a l’esquerra, ara a la dreta, s’arribava a la plaça
que n deien de la Font Vella. Dels cinc carrers que n partien, un, el
més famós, el principal se pot dir, era l de l’Hostal de la Bolla. No l
cerqueu a la guia o en el pla de Ciutat, perquè ha desaparegut; no vos
rompeu el cap per endavinar les semblances d’aquesta historia,
perquè, com aucells de passada, els insignes personatges que hi
trobareu, tots han volat.
Basti dir-vos que desde un observatori tant bo com la perruqueria de

n’Armando vaig veure per més de quatre anys el rebull d’aquell
Hostal, cort de tota casta de miracles, posada de pelegrins i cercadors
de bones i males ventures, despesa de missatgers i traginers, torre de
Babel on se parlaven moltes llengües i s’hi aplegaven els escolims de
cent pobles de la terra. Eren desarrelats del seu terrer, pobrea
volandera, trescadors de món, sense casa ni fogar, corrent per
infortuni o malfaneria, com a condemnats a mudar de llit cada
vespre, am la vida a lloure i sense politxó propria de la Cosmopolis,
sempre a terra extranya, lluny dels seus.
III
Quan n’Armando s’havia aixecat, devallava sempre a la botiga com
aquell dematí, i lo primer que feia era posar-se damunt el portal, am
les mans dins les butxaques, mirant la facecia o l trull del carrer,
pegant una ullada an el cel i una altra a ses chinel·les de canyamaç. A
poc poc s’anaven obrint botigons i escaletes: el taconer del costat
treia l gavió del passarell; les planxadores de devora començaven a
escobletjar; les atlotes de câ la sastressa, en el piset de damunt,
cantaven a chor:
Ai faal-so, ai-faal-soa-mor! Ai-faal-soa-moooor!… el baratillero de

més enfòra arreglava ls pengeringolls de panders i fabiols, el
repussall de mirallets i llibres vells, i posava el cartell d’anunci: Se
venden y compran muebles usados y excremento de palomo… Per la
gran portalada de l’Hostal de la Bolla, just allà davant, s’engolien
carros envelats que anaven arribant de la pagesia; i devers les set i
mitja compareixien, movent avalot, les tres diligencies que s’hi
aturaven, tastanetjant per damunt l’empedregat… El ferro-carril,
com més s’ha anat extenent, ha arreconat aquells bucs pintats de
verd i groc, d’on devallaven, am les cames arronsades, l’estudiant
pagès amb boliquet davall el braç, qualque vicari amb un paraigua,
un argenter amb el caixó de les alhages i una madona plantosa.
L’Hostal era un mare-magnum; estava fet de troços i afegitons.

L’ingrés principal consistia en una gran portaça, i se trobava tot-
d’una una quadra espaiosa com una boal, alta de sòtil, amb el bigam
a la vista. Allà hi quedaven estotjats els bucs de les diligencies i els
carros i carretons. No s’hi veia més que estaques aficades a la paret,
d’on penjaven colleres i guarnicions de bestia, i, a l’enfront del portal,
un retaule de Sant Antoni, amb un llantió. Desde aquesta entrada
s’extenia tot l’edifici; un carreró estret duia fins a la botelleria i
menjador; un portal, a mà esquerra, donava dins un patiet ont els
gitanos i mercaders de bestiar feien la garceta a qualque poltro
renego o a qualque somera vella; un altre passadiç humid donava a la
bugaderia, i tot seguit venia un gran tapial que tancava les corralaces
plenes de gavies d’aviram i conills… Per tot arreu, sacs de bessó i
fardos de sola, coves de pomes emmurtats, odres d’oli, olors de
fruita, pregonaven el trafec que allà s duia. I escaletes de fusta,
llenyams corcats, arrambadors de corda, finestrons, portes plenes de
clivells i retxilleres, donaven a compendre l séns fi de fotumbos,
quartets i lliteres en que s dividia la casa, propris pera donar hostatge
a la distingida parroquia de l’establiment.
Lo que es d’aquesta parroquia un no sab com parlar-ne, perquè era

de lo més curiós i entremaliat que pogueu creure. Ah! Tota quanta
notabilitat artistica venia a Mallorca, de les que fan renou devora les
voltes de la Plaça i en el Mercat, de les que recorren els carrers de la
població am musica davant i amb atlots darrera, per força anava a
posar a l’Hostal de la Bolla. Aquelles cadires descordades i aquelles
taules coixes, si poguessin parlar, vos contarien l’historia dels mil i
mil hostes de campanilles que havien conegut i tractat. Havien
conegut, pel temps de que vos parlo, més de vint panyeros d’Alcoi i
no sé quants venedors de tapetes de hule, cercadors de galones de
plata y oro quién vende, calderers, adobadors de paielles, tocadors
d’orgue, harpistes, passejadors de moneies, emigrats de Polonia o de
Toscana, escolims de la Commune, gent que s’enginyava pera no
acabar-se de morir de fam i anava trescant terres, lluny de la seva,
que per ventura no tornaria a veure. Havien concedit també més
d’una dotzena de niñas colossals, dues o tres cegues que tocaven el
violí amb els peus i hei feien calça, els germans aferrats per
l’esquena, toreros sense cua, ferits de la guerra d’Africa, que s treien
vinticinc canes de floc de dins la boca, una mala fi de jòcs de vistes i
de pájaros sabios, d’aquells que disparen el canó i treuen un bitlletet
am la bona-ventura. I no parlem dels titareros que per allà havien
desfilat, ni dels francesos venedors de gemelos, lentes, tiqueras et
altros instrumants de opticà perquè d’aquests ja n’havien perdut el
compte.
Idò, com deia, aquell dematí n’Armando, damunt el portal, mirava la

facecia. Els primers de tota la companyia sortiren l’aragonès cego,
amb el mocadoret enrevoltat pel cap, i la dòna que l duia de la mà.
Era dissabte i se n’anaven a córrer els carrers amb el feix de
romanços i la guitarra penjada al coll. La barberia era com una
especie de sucursal, com un afegitó de l’Hostal mateix, i n’Armando
el perruquer nato de tots els que s’hi aturaven. Quan el cego passà
per allà davant, li donà l Bon dia, i n’Armando contestà
familiarment:
—Adiós, Bibiano, y buena suerte!
Encara no havien passat un parell de carrers, i en Bibiano ja tenia la

guitarra despenjada, la posava a to i començava l cant:
Santa Lucía les guarde, señoras y caballeros…

En els balcons, les criades s’aturaven d’atupar estorins i d’espolsar
llençols; de tant en tant queia qualque peça de dos; i la cantoria
esquerdada i el renou metalic del guitarró s’anava allunyant i
engolint dins la maror dels carrers atrafegats. En Bibiano era cego
llegitim: ho duia escrit a la cara; i si hagués hagut de contar les seves
vicissituts, n’hi havia per estona. Era de Cariñena i havia trescat tot
quant hi ha per trescar. Coneixia a Espanya la red general de
carreteras com cap enginyer; hauria pogut donar noticia de totes les
posades, hostals, tavernetes, cel·les, porxades i apeaderos; i en els
calçons vells, esfilagaçats i plens de tacos, s’hi trobaria encara pols i
fang de totes les procedencies i de tots els camins. Quan havien fet el
distrito i passat la capta, se solien aturar per devers el carrer den
Cirerol o baix de la costa de cân Berga; i allà extenien, enfilats a una
cordellina, tot el tresor de romanços, cançons, histories, trovos
nuevos para cantar los galanes á sus damas, y horrorosos
sucedidos… Devegades, si l’aconteixement havia estat gros, se
proveïa d’una pintura feta a cân Xesc de la placeta, el pintor de
lletreros i persianes, que tenia la mà trencada en fer un cadalso en un
dos per tres i posar-hi guardies civils, el reo i un estol de caperutxes.
Encara m sembla sentir-li pregonar la Verídica relación del terrible
asesinato de la calle del Conde del Asalto, quan deia:
Concededle, Virgen santa, á mi corazón aliento para contar á la

gente un espantoso suceso. Oigan mis palabras todas y aprendan
de ellas ejemplo, que da principio el relato del conmovedor suceso.
En la calle del Asalto vivía un rico esterero llamado Pedro Batllori,
hombre ya canoso y viejo. De su esposa divorciado, vivía libre y
contento. Una criada tenía para el que hacer doméstico; Gregoria
Foix se llamaba este reptil carnicero…
I què n direm del séns fi d’historias i folletos que li compraven les
criades, els cabos de la guarnició, els fadrinetxos il·lustrats, i qualque
senyor de levita, americano enriquit? Tenia, entre altres obres,
romanços i glosades: Abelardo y Eloísa, La Lámpara de Aladino, La
Cabaña de Tom, El Cura Merino, Diego Corrientes, Felicitaciones
en verso, Manual de los enamorados, Saballs, cabecilla carlista,
Libro de cuentas hechas, Nerón y sus crímenes, Pelayo, Jaime el
Barbudo i mil i mil llibrets, impresos i plaguetes de tota casta, de les
que més han contribuit a donar a Mallorca aquell grau d’il·lustració
que tant la recomana.
IV
Encara no havien passat els cegos, quan començaven a desfilar,
cadascú dirigint-se an els seus quefers, els altres hostes de la casa.
Sortia l Quimet, venedor català a la menuda, qui passejava una
especie de carrereta am tota casta de baratijas… Ell hi feia ls òssos
vells per dins l’Hostal. Que hi havia fira de Sant Tomàs, juguetes del
Ram, dijous bo a Inca? En Quimet estava en dança: un trast, una
caseta de fusta, un plat de bacallà amb aioli i un porró de vi. Que no
hi havia res d’això? En Quimet, amb ajuda del noi, passejava damunt
les parihuelas tot el seu comerç: trobigueres, calcetins am costura,
mocadors d’indiana, llapiç que no senyaven, pastilles de savó de
coco, ampolletes d’essencia de rosa, camisetes d’una rentada,
mirallets rodons pera les criades, tot fals i destenyit, que, quan plovia
i se banyava, feia un regalim de colors.
Darrera l Quimet sortia un esmolador francès, M. Pointu, que de mal

nom li deien n’Egalité, empenyent la mola i cridant desiara:
Amuladú! Duia una cama de calçons dins el bolceguí; nas i galtes
encesos del vermell d’atzerola més pur que pogueu imaginar; i, pera
que no desmeresqués aquell llustre de cirereta de pastor, conten que
solia engolir tantes copes com tisores i ganivets buidava. El senyor
Mandilego, alcalde de barri per aquells dies, assegurava que l tenia
assentat en el llibre de sospechosos, ja que li havien arribat noticies
de que era flam-masó i partidari de la liquidación social.
I darrera n’Egalité se n’anaven el sen Pere de les taperes, i en Tomeu
el cocouer, i D. Nemesi Fernández de Córdoba, castellà, hidalgo,
cobrador de contribucions, executor d’apremis, plantó dels
Ajuntaments endarrerits, qui ja va néixer cesante de Estancadas i
d’aquí no havia passat… I més tard sortia d’un quarto de
“preferencia” enCuanito del Rafal, jove, pagès, agitanat, am tufos,
jugador, blanc de cara, d’un blanc de serena, caner de bou, sapat com
un gra d’all; i més tard que ell, n’Olindo i na Laura, comic tronat el
primer i cantarina la segona, que anaven d’escenari en escenari i de
poble en poble feia vuit anys i pico, donant beneficis para costear el
viaje á dos artistas faltos de recursos. I així tots els altres, perquè
l’Hostal era la Maina i no passava dia que no entressin o sortissin
notabilitats de l’establiment.
Sense anar més lluny, aquell dissabte, que havia arribat vapor de
Barcelona, tingueren renovellada. Quan tornà del Moll en Xerafí,
moço i ganxo de la casa, duia amb ell un turc, i amb el turc un onso
subjecte per una anella passada an el nas; i endemés, havia donat la
direcció a un personatge destinat a fer molt de renou dins la gran
ciutat de Palma: metge, herbolari, “home de ciencia”, qui fins i tot
duia un parell de bauls d’equipatge, am cantoneres de llautó; i que
havia pres un carril per ell tot sol.
Duia aquest senyor trona lluenta; tenia les celles un poc afegides,
molt negres, i les patilles negres també, com de trabucaire. Vestia
guarda-pits escotats am gran cadena. Tenia sobretodo. Quan devallà
a l’Hostal, n’Armando, qui encara estava dret damunt el portal de la
barberia, no pogué contenir un gesto d’admiració. Li pareixia mucho
hombre, aquél. Ja conegué, amb el cop de vista que tenia, que allò
era un home de qui fa fer. Entre sí mateix, n’Armando deia: —Els
diaris en parlaran. —I quedà naturalment curiós i esperant el
moment de que anés a la barberia pera servirse, a fi de poder-ne
treure claricia… Per ell, per n’Armando, tenien un prestigi superior
aquestes figures qui desiara se presenten havent trescat món i
corregut terres… Com anyorava, ell, l’espai que no coneixia, la vida
que no havia tastat, la llibertat andoiadora del qui vaivereja sempre
seguit!
—Es mateix turco qui avui es arribat, —pensava, —am sa poiera

estufada, es fez vermei i s’anell a s’oreia; es mateix onso es més
persona i té motius d’esser més il·lustrat que un servidor. —(El
barber deia sempre un servidor, encara que pensés per ell mateix.)
Allà, a devòra l’Hostal, veient el trafec diari, el moviment, les anades

i vingudes, aquelles ones seguides d’un riu qui venia de lo desconegut
i anava a lo ignorat, n’hi havia pres, com an el pobre guarda-agulles,
fixo a devòra la caseta de fusta, entre dues estacions de molt lluny, en
mig d’un desert: passen volant, dos pams enfòra, trens i més trens,
carregats d’una generació que no coneix, qui va d’unes terres que ell
no ha vistes a unes altres que no ha de veure… I ell, allà, clavat com
un soldat de paper a una fusta, aguantant la bandereta verda… Vía
libre! Vía libre! per tot-hom, manco pel guarda-agulles.
Per això, ja que no podia seguir la corrent, n’Armando n’aprofitava

l’aturada, a un recó de la torrentera. I se pot dir que vivia en comú
am tota aquella forasterada de l’Hostal. Cada dematí, allà a les dotze
i mitja, abans de dinar (sobre tot l’hivern, que feia bon sol), el barber
se n’hi anava a passar l’estona, mentres dins el patiet s’aplegava,

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6. Cognitive dissonance always

33. According to the authors of your text, people experience dissonance

43. Why do people often experience postdecision dissonance?

61. In which case is lowballing LEAST likely to work?

Author: Miquel dels Sants Oliver

Release date: February 10, 2024 [eBook #72925]

Original publication: Barcelona: Tip. L'avenç, 1903

Credits: Joan Queralt Gil

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK L'HOSTAL

Miquel dels Sants Oliver

Aquest text ha estat digitalitzat i processat per l’Institut

N’Armando!… Ja no n’hi ha d’artistes com aquell. S’havia nodrit en

Passaria dels vinticinc, però no arribava an els trenta. Era allanguit i

L’interior de la seva botiga —encara no s deia salón per tot arreu—

I se girava, descrivint un arc, am la brotxa plena d’ensavonada.

Seguia una pausa, mirava escampat, i continuava:

—Jo me record de quan era aprenent: es meu mestre servia molts de

—Podré no esser music, però som filarmònic.

La guitarra, aquella guitarra de sempre, era cosa massa ordinaria,

Aprengué l’acordeon. El primer que dugueren a Mallorca va esser per

Aleshores s’hi trobava com una recordança vivent de la Mercaderia

¿Què vos he de dir, si ho sabeu molt millor que jo, si recordeu

Basti dir-vos que desde un observatori tant bo com la perruqueria de

Ai faal-so, ai-faal-soa-mor! Ai-faal-soa-moooor!… el baratillero de

L’Hostal era un mare-magnum; estava fet de troços i afegitons.

Lo que es d’aquesta parroquia un no sab com parlar-ne, perquè era

Idò, com deia, aquell dematí n’Armando, damunt el portal, mirava la

—Adiós, Bibiano, y buena suerte!

Encara no havien passat un parell de carrers, i en Bibiano ja tenia la

Santa Lucía les guarde, señoras y caballeros…

Concededle, Virgen santa, á mi corazón aliento para contar á la

Darrera l Quimet sortia un esmolador francès, M. Pointu, que de mal

—Es mateix turco qui avui es arribat, —pensava, —am sa poiera

Allà, a devòra l’Hostal, veient el trafec diari, el moviment, les anades

Per això, ja que no podia seguir la corrent, n’Armando n’aprofitava

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